Chapter 4 Control Structure: Loop: Prof. Kuanquan Wang

Chapter 4 Control Structure: Loop
Prof. Kuanquan Wang

The School of Computer Science and Technology
Harbin Institute of technology
Knowledge: Understand the various concepts of loop control structure Skill: Be able to develop a program involving loop control structure
1
Outline
4.1 Review and introduction to loop flow control structure 4.2 Loop control with counter 4.3 Loop control with condition test 4.4 Loop control with sentinel
4.1 Review and introduction to loop flow control structure
How many basic flow control structure?
There are 3 kinds of basic flow control structure.
Sequence
Selection
Repetition or loop
How Loops are Controlled?
Counter Controlled 1, 2, 3, 4, , 4, 3, 2, 1
C Programming Language
Sentinel Controlled Condition Controlled

4
4.2 Counter Controlled Loop

counter initial Value
false test counter value true
Step x
Update counter Step n
Counter Controlled Loop

counter counter = initialValue initial Value
false test counter value true
Step x
Update counter Step n
Example:
Draw a flowchart for the following problem: Read 5 integer and display the value of their summation.
Input : 5 integer n1, n2, n3, n4, n5 Output: The summation of n1, n2, .., n5
Can you identify the input and output???
Input example: 2 3 4 5 6
Output example: 20
C Programming Language 7
Assume input example: 2 3 4 5 6
start
Input n1 n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 sum 2 3 4 5 6 20
This flowchart does not use loop, hence we need to use 6 different variables
Input n2 Input n3 input n4 input n5 sum n1+n2+n3+n4+n5 output sum
end
CounterAssume input Controlled example: 2 3 4 5 6 Loop
counter 1, sum 0
false
counter sum
1 2 3 4 5 6 14 20 0 2 5 9
14 0+ 2 5 9 +5 2 3 4 6
counter < 6 true input n sum sum + n
6 1 2 3 5 4 < < < 6 6 6
false true true
2 3 4 5 6
counter++ output sum

This loop Uses only is The counter counter-controlled 3 variables Increases by 1
Decreasing Counter-Controlled Loop counter 5, sum 0

false
counter > 0
true
input x sumsum+ x counter-output sum

Loop : for
Condition is tested first Loop is controlled by a counter Syntaxes for (initial value ; condition; update counter) statement;
Or
for (initial value ; condition; update counter) { statement; statement; }

i 0, sum 0
false
i< 5
true
input x sumsum+ x
i++
output sum
int x, sum, i; sum = 0; for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) { scanf(%d,&x); sum = sum + x; } printf(%d,sum);
12
for statement
???
Example: for ( num = 1; num <= 3; num++ ) printf(%d\t, num);

1 _ come to exit\n); printf(have
num
13
for statement
1
Example: for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++ ) printf(%d\t, num);
num
printf(have come to exit\n);

_
14
for statement
1
num

_
15
for statement
1
num

1 _
16
for statement
2
num

1 _
17
for statement
2
num

1 _
18
for statement
2
num

1 2 _
19
for statement
3
num

1 2 _
20
for statement
3
num

1 2 _
21
for statement
3
num

1 2 3 _
22
for statement
4
num

1 2 3 _
23
for statement
4
Example: for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++ ) printf(%d\t, num); printf(have come to exit\n);
num
24
for statement
4
Example: for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++ ) printf(%d\t, num); printf(have come to exit\n);
num
have come to exit_
25
4.3 Loop control with condition test
Loop Structure
Condition is tested first
Condition is tested later
26
Testing Condition First

Step a
false
condition
true
Step x Step y Step n

Testing Condition First

Step a
condition
Step x Step y Step n

Loop: while
Condition is tested first Loop is controlled by condition or a counter Syntax while (condition) statement; Or while (condition) { statement; statement; }
29
Testing condition later

Step a Step x Step y
true
condition
false
Step n
Testing condition later

Step a Step x Step y
true
condition
false
Step n
Do-while Loop

Statements in the loop are executed first (at least once), and condition is tested last Loop is controlled by a condition or counter Syntax do { statement; statement; } while (condition); statement;
Example: Draw a flowchart for this problem; Given an exam marks as input, display the appropriate message based on the rules below:

If marks is greater than 49, display PASS, otherwise display FAIL However, for input outside the 0-100 range, display WRONG INPUT and prompt the user to input again until a valid input is entered
33
Condition-Controlled Loop
m 110 57 5
Assume m=110 m=57 m=5 input m
WRONG INPUT
true
110 5 57 << 0 < 0 || 0 || 5 || 57 >100 110 >100 >100
m<0 || m>100
false
Condition-controlled 5 > 49 57 > 49 loop with its condition being tested at the end
true
m>49
false
PASS
FAIL
WRONG INPUT FAIL PASS
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input m
false
m<0 || m>100
true
WRONG INPUT
input m
Condition-controlled loop with its condition being tested first
true
m>49
false
PASS
FAIL
35
int marks; scanf(%d,&marks); while (marks<0) | | (marks>100) { printf(WRONG INPUT); scanf(%d,&marks); } if (marks>49) { printf(PASS); else printf(FAIL); }
Double Selection
36
do-while statement
??? 65 66 67 68
??? 67
start
end
Example : printf(Input start and end value : ); scanf(%d %d, &start, &end); do { printf(%c (%d)\n, start, start); start++; 66 <= 67 67 } while (start <= end) ; 68
_ Input start and end value : 65 _ 67 67_ A (65) _ (66) B _ (67) C Programming Language C
_
37
4.4 Sentinel-Controlled Loop

Draw a flowchart for a problem which: Receive a number of positive integers and display the summation and average of these integers. A negative or zero input indicate the end of input process
Can you Input: A set of identify integers the ending with a input and negative integer or a zero output???
Output: Summation and Average of these integers
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Input Example: 30 16 42 -9 Output Example: Sum = 88 Average = 29.33
Sentinel Value
39
Now What have you understand?
40
Try to understand
sum0
What will happen if this statement is deleted???
input x
false
x>0
true
input x sumsum+x
What happened if these 2 statements exchange places
input x sum sum+x

display sum
?
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Exercise

Given a set of integers with the last one being 999 Display the summation of all the integers.
Draw the flowchart for this problem
Input example: 1 3 23 999 Output example: Sum = 27

Sentinel-controlled loop
sum=0 input x
false #include <stdio.h> void main() { int sum, x; sum = 0; scanf(%d, &x); while (x != 999) {
x!=999
true
sum = sum + x;
scanf(%d, &x); }
sumsum+x input x output sum

printf(The sum : %d\n, sum);

}
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int sum, x; sum = 0; scanf(%d, &x); 3!= 999 != != 999 999 999 != 999 while (x != 999) { 123 sum = sum + x; scanf(%d, &x); } printf(\nThe sum : %d\n, sum);
? 999 23 1 3
sum
? 4+23 0+1 1+3 27 0 1 4
_ 1
23
999
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The sum : 27
Now Let us have a summary! The concept of Loop Structure

3 methods to control loop structure
Counter Controlled, Condition Controlled, Sentinel Controlled
3 statements in C language
for, while, do while
Thank you for your attention!

Now let us have a break!

Chapter 4 Control Structure: Loop: Prof. Kuanquan Wang

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Chapter 4 Control Structure: Loop: Prof. Kuanquan Wang

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Chapter 4 Control Structure: Loop

Prof. Kuanquan Wang

4.1 Review and introduction to loop flow control structure

How many basic flow control structure?

There are 3 kinds of basic flow control structure.

How Loops are Controlled?

Sentinel Controlled Condition Controlled

4.2 Counter Controlled Loop

Counter Controlled Loop

Can you identify the input and output???

Assume input example: 2 3 4 5 6

Input n2 Input n3 input n4 input n5 sum n1+n2+n3+n4+n5 output sum

CounterAssume input Controlled example: 2 3 4 5 6 Loop

counter < 6 true input n sum sum + n

6 1 2 3 5 4 < < < 6 6 6

false true true

counter++ output sum

This loop Uses only is The counter counter-controlled 3 variables Increases by 1

Decreasing Counter-Controlled Loop counter 5, sum 0

input x sumsum+ x counter-output sum

for (initial value ; condition; update counter) { statement; statement; }

Example: for ( num = 1; num <= 3; num++ ) printf(%d\t, num);

Example: for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++ ) printf(%d\t, num);

printf(have come to exit\n);

Example: for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++ ) printf(%d\t, num);

printf(have come to exit\n);

Example: for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++ ) printf(%d\t, num);

printf(have come to exit\n);

Example: for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++ ) printf(%d\t, num);

printf(have come to exit\n);

Example: for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++ ) printf(%d\t, num);

printf(have come to exit\n);

Example: for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++ ) printf(%d\t, num);

printf(have come to exit\n);

Example: for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++ ) printf(%d\t, num);

printf(have come to exit\n);

Example: for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++ ) printf(%d\t, num);

printf(have come to exit\n);

Example: for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++ ) printf(%d\t, num);

printf(have come to exit\n);

Example: for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++ ) printf(%d\t, num);

printf(have come to exit\n);

have come to exit_

4.3 Loop control with condition test

Condition is tested first

Condition is tested later

Testing Condition First

Step x Step y Step n

Testing Condition First

Step x Step y Step n

Testing condition later

Testing condition later

Assume m=110 m=57 m=5 input m

WRONG INPUT FAIL PASS

4.4 Sentinel-Controlled Loop

Output: Summation and Average of these integers

Input Example: 30 16 42 -9 Output Example: Sum = 88 Average = 29.33

Now What have you understand?

What will happen if this statement is deleted???

What happened if these 2 statements exchange places

input x sum sum+x

Draw the flowchart for this problem

Input example: 1 3 23 999 Output example: Sum = 27