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ABB Automation
Utility Communication Systems CHPAU NKT 27.06.2001
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Teleprotection - Contents
Introduction / Protection Systems Protection Schemes / Applications Parameters in Teleprotection Modulation Methods Transmission Principles Transmission Equipment
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Teleprotection - Introduction
What is it ? -> Tele-Communication + Protection - Signalling Where is it used ? -> Mainly at the higher and highest voltage levels Why is it used ? -> Clearance of faults within the shortest possible time
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CIGRE publications:
"Teleprotection Guide", Study Committees 34 + 35, Joint Working Group on Teleprotection, 1969; Revised Version "Protection Systems Using Telecommunication", 1985 Revised Version "Protection Using Telecommunications", 2000 (in preparation)
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Protection Relay
Teleprotection Equipment
Physical Link
Telecommunication System Teleprotection System Protection System
Teleprotection Equipment
Protection Relay
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Type of Information:
Continuous signals Magnitude and/or phase of power frequency currents
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Protection Systems
Protection system based on:
Local Information
Signal-transmission not required Not selective with time delay conditionally selective ABB Automation
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Distance Protection
Typical stepped distance/time characteristics
Operating Time
ZONE 3
ZONE 2
TA3 TB2 C
A RA
ZONE 1
TA2
B RB
TB
1
TA1
RC
Distance
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NSD
NSD
Substations Protected line section Protection relay Zone 1 reach, 85% of line section
Line fault
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RBC
NSD
NSD
Substations Protected line section Protection relay Zone 1 reach, 130% of line section
Line fault
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RBC
NSD
NSD
Substations Protected line section Protection relay Zone 1 reach, 85% of line section
Line fault
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Transformer Protection
Example for direct tripping
NSD 70C B
L
C
P L
NSD 70C
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Substations F Line fault Protected line section L Communication channel Protection relay (PLC, Microwave, Cable) Zone 1 reach, 130% in direction of the protected line section Range of protection relay in direction of busbars
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Disturbance, Impairments
Unwanted Command
Dependability
Security
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Isolater / breaker operation 50/60 Hz harmonics (pilot cables) Corona noise (PLC channels) Fading (microwave channels) Jitter (digital networks) Temporary loss of synchronism (digital networks) Signal interruptions etc.
Disturbed signals may cause protection equipment to maloperate
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Transmission Time
Security
(Probability of unwanted command)
Dependability
(Probability of missing command)
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Line Protection
Possible Signal Connections Between two Distance Relays
Designation Short description Typical distance relay setting (%) Step 1 Requirements for transmission channel as regards Speed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Permissive underreach transferred tripping Permissive overreach transferred tripping Permissive underreach transferred acceleration Blocking (direct overreach, transferred blocking) Blocking Unblocking Direct underreach transferred tripping Starting of distance relay permits tripping Directional comparison (signal permits tripping) Carrier acceleration by extension of step (*) Blocking signals are transmitted over healthy lines Signal inhibits step extension (*) Loss of guard signal permits tripping for limited time only Status of relay at receiving end not taken into account 85 130 85 (130*) 130 85 (130*) 130 85 M-H H H S H-S H M-H Security M-H M L-M L L M S Dependability H H H H M M H
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Total Fault-Clearance-Time
Time delay between fault occurrence and line tripping The fault-clearance time results from:
Relay-time (fault detection) TREL Command transmission time TAC Switching delay of line breaker TBR TREL
20 ms
Typical values:
TTotal =
75 ms =
+
+
TAC
15 ms
+
+
TBR
40 ms
Target: TTotal = less than 100 ms, Worst Case = 4.5 to 5 cycles max. (50 Hz)
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Analog systems
Digital systems
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NSD 70D for digital bearers with plug-in fibre optic line unit for dedicated fibres
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- addressable
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Digital Networks
High capacity = large number of channels Basic channel capacity = 64 kbit/s PDH (Plesiochronous digital hierarchy) Multiplexing into 2 Mbit/s ( 30 channels)
8 Mbit/s (120 channels) etc. ( ..... channels)
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) Multiplexing of n * 64 kbit/s or n * 2 Mbit/s into 155 Mbit/s Cross-connect functionality Radio or optical fibre links
etc.
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Network Management
Network management activities may have a detrimental impact on a protection system, unless adequate precautions are taken ABB Automation
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Digital network
Digital Cross-Connect
Protection terminal
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PUTT
A B C D
Coupling
POTT 1 Permissive overreach tripping NSD 70 indirect POTT 2 Permissive overreach tripping NSD 50 indirect RM 91 Directional comp. prot. NSD 70 indirect Earth fault protection NSD 50 indirect Breaker fail protection NSD 50 direct Generator protection NSD 50 direct
A NSD B 70 BFP
from generator
GSD
RE 93
A B C D NSD 50 ETL PLC 81 II
BFP
A NSD B 70
GSD
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PUTT
A B C D PLC NSD 550 ETL 580
LINE PROT I
Coupling
POTT 1 Permissive overreach tripping NSD 70 indirect POTT 2 Permissive overreach tripping NSD 550 indirect
A NSD B 70 BFP
RM 91
from generator
GSD
RE 93
A B TEBIT C D FOX A 515 B TEBIT C D
BFP
GSD
Optical fiber
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