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Fundamentals of Teleprotection Systems

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Utility Communication Systems CHPAU NKT 27.06.2001

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Teleprotection - Contents

Introduction / Protection Systems Protection Schemes / Applications Parameters in Teleprotection Modulation Methods Transmission Principles Transmission Equipment

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Teleprotection - Introduction

What is it ? -> Tele-Communication + Protection - Signalling Where is it used ? -> Mainly at the higher and highest voltage levels Why is it used ? -> Clearance of faults within the shortest possible time

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TPS Standards and Publications


IEC standards:
IEC 60834-1 Teleprotection equipment of power systems - Performance and testing Part 1: Narrow-band systems (First edition, 1988) Part 1: Command systems (Second edition, 1999) IEC 60834-2 Performance and testing of teleprotection equipment of power systems Part 2: Analogue comparison systems (First Edition 1993)

CIGRE publications:
"Teleprotection Guide", Study Committees 34 + 35, Joint Working Group on Teleprotection, 1969; Revised Version "Protection Systems Using Telecommunication", 1985 Revised Version "Protection Using Telecommunications", 2000 (in preparation)

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Protection System Architecture


Substation A HV-line Substation B

Protection Relay

Teleprotection Equipment

Physical Link
Telecommunication System Teleprotection System Protection System

Teleprotection Equipment

Protection Relay

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Protection Signal Transmission

Type of Information:
Continuous signals Magnitude and/or phase of power frequency currents

Command type signals (on/off)


Trip / do not trip

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Protection Systems
Protection system based on:

Local Information
Signal-transmission not required Not selective with time delay conditionally selective ABB Automation
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Information from all points


Signal-transmission required Selective No time delay

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Signal Transmission for Line Protection


Quantitative (analogue) Information Binary (yes / no) Information commands
Amplitude and/or Phase command = Blocking of breaker tripping command = Permission of / direct breaker tripping

SIGNAL TRANSMISSION IS ESSENTIAL

SIGNAL TRANSMISSION IS SUPPLEMENTARY

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Distance Protection
Typical stepped distance/time characteristics
Operating Time
ZONE 3

ZONE 2

TA3 TB2 C

A RA

ZONE 1

TA2

B RB
TB
1

TA1

RC

Distance

A, B, C RA,RB, RC TA1, TA2, TA3 TB1, TB2, TB3

Stations Protection Relay Operating Times, Relay A Operating Times, Relay B

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Distance Line Protection


Permissive Underreach Transferred Tripping (PUTT)
B F LBC C

BC1 RBC CB1 L RCB

NSD

NSD

B, C LBC RBC,RCB BC1, CB1

Substations Protected line section Protection relay Zone 1 reach, 85% of line section

Line fault

Communication channel (PLC, Microwave, Cable)

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Distance Line Protection


Permissive Overreach Transferred Tripping (POTT)
B F LBC C

RBC

BC1 CB1 RCB

NSD

NSD

B, C LBC RBC,RCB BC1, CB1

Substations Protected line section Protection relay Zone 1 reach, 130% of line section

Line fault

Communication channel (PLC, Microwave, Cable)

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Distance Line Protection


Direct Transfer Tripping (DTT)
B F LBC C

RBC

BC1 CB1 RCB

NSD

NSD

B, C LBC RBC,RCB BC1, CB1

Substations Protected line section Protection relay Zone 1 reach, 85% of line section

Line fault

Communication channel (PLC, Microwave, Cable)

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Transformer Protection
Example for direct tripping
NSD 70C B

L
C

P L

Pilot cable HV Transmission Line or -Cable

NSD 70C

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Distance Line Protection


Blocking
B LBC C F

RBC BCe BCi CBi RCB NSD L NSD CBe

B, C LBC RBC,RCB BCi, CBi BCe, CBe

Substations F Line fault Protected line section L Communication channel Protection relay (PLC, Microwave, Cable) Zone 1 reach, 130% in direction of the protected line section Range of protection relay in direction of busbars

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Teleprotection command transmission


Command input (local)

Transmission time Command output (remote) Genuine Command Missing Command

Disturbance, Impairments

Unwanted Command

Dependability

Security

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Telecommunication Channel Impairments


Impairments resulting from interference and noise

Isolater / breaker operation 50/60 Hz harmonics (pilot cables) Corona noise (PLC channels) Fading (microwave channels) Jitter (digital networks) Temporary loss of synchronism (digital networks) Signal interruptions etc.
Disturbed signals may cause protection equipment to maloperate

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Performance Criteria for Teleprotection

Transmission Time

Security
(Probability of unwanted command)

Dependability
(Probability of missing command)

Bandwidth or Data Rate

Optimization / Exchange according to application


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Line Protection
Possible Signal Connections Between two Distance Relays
Designation Short description Typical distance relay setting (%) Step 1 Requirements for transmission channel as regards Speed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Permissive underreach transferred tripping Permissive overreach transferred tripping Permissive underreach transferred acceleration Blocking (direct overreach, transferred blocking) Blocking Unblocking Direct underreach transferred tripping Starting of distance relay permits tripping Directional comparison (signal permits tripping) Carrier acceleration by extension of step (*) Blocking signals are transmitted over healthy lines Signal inhibits step extension (*) Loss of guard signal permits tripping for limited time only Status of relay at receiving end not taken into account 85 130 85 (130*) 130 85 (130*) 130 85 M-H H H S H-S H M-H Security M-H M L-M L L M S Dependability H H H H M M H

L = Low M = Medium H = High S = Very severe requirements

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Total Fault-Clearance-Time
Time delay between fault occurrence and line tripping The fault-clearance time results from:
Relay-time (fault detection) TREL Command transmission time TAC Switching delay of line breaker TBR TREL
20 ms

Typical values:
TTotal =
75 ms =

+
+

TAC
15 ms

+
+

TBR
40 ms

Target: TTotal = less than 100 ms, Worst Case = 4.5 to 5 cycles max. (50 Hz)

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Typical requirements for different applications

Line protection with permissive transfer tripping:


Transmission time Dependability Security Transmission time Dependability Security Transmission time Dependability Security
T0 = 10 ... 20 ms Plost command 10-2 ... 10-3 Pfalse command 10-3 ... 10-4 T0 = 6 ... 15 ms Plost command 10-3 Pfalse command 10-2 T0 = 20 ... 50 ms Plost command 10-3 ... 10-4 Pfalse command 10-5 ... 10-6

Line protection with blocking system:

Direct transfer tripping (e.g. transformer protection):

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Command Systems, Typical Figures


Blocking short transmission time moderate security high dependability Permissive tripping moderate transmission time moderate to high security moderate to high dependability Direct tripping moderate transmission time very high security very high dependability
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Analog systems

Digital systems

Tac Puc Pmc

< 15 ms < 1E-2 < 1E-3

< 10 ms < 1E-6 < 1E-3

Tac Puc Pmc

< 20 ms < 1E-3 ....1E-4 < 1E-2 ....1E-3

< 10 ms < 1E-6 < 1E-3

Tac Puc Pmc

< 40 ms < 1E-5 .... 1E-6 < 1E-3

< 10 ms < 1E-9 < 1E-3

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Teleprotection Equipment Command Systems


NSD 50 / NSD550 Plug in unit for multi-purpose Power Line Carrier type ETL HSD 50 Dedicated protection Power Line Carrier NSD 70, NSD 70C for analog bearers

cables speech channels of analog and digital links power line carrier channels

NSD 70D for digital bearers with plug-in fibre optic line unit for dedicated fibres
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digital multiplexers digital radio, fibre optic links

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TEBIT: Teleprotection & binary interface


TEBIT as teleprotection interface: - 4 commands, full-duplex

- addressable

TEBIT as binary interface:


- max. 12 binary inputs - max. 12 binary outputs as Mini-RTU

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Digital Networks
High capacity = large number of channels Basic channel capacity = 64 kbit/s PDH (Plesiochronous digital hierarchy) Multiplexing into 2 Mbit/s ( 30 channels)
8 Mbit/s (120 channels) etc. ( ..... channels)

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) Multiplexing of n * 64 kbit/s or n * 2 Mbit/s into 155 Mbit/s Cross-connect functionality Radio or optical fibre links

etc.

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Digital Cross-Connect Networks

Network Management

Network management activities may have a detrimental impact on a protection system, unless adequate precautions are taken ABB Automation
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Digital network
Digital Cross-Connect

Protection terminal

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Digital Cross-Connect Precautions


Increasing Security

Restricted authorisation for re-routing

Inhibit auto-rerouting (possibility of excessive delay)


Use (tele)protection equipment with addressing facility Use dedicated channels for protection signalling which are non-cross-connectable Use dedicated links for protection signalling

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800 kV redundant Line Protection


Breaker Transducers HV transmission line

(with NSD 50 and NSD 70)

PUTT
A B C D

PUTT LINE POTT1 PROT POTT2 I RM91 RE93

Permissive underreach tripping NSD 70 indirect

NSD 50 ETL PLC 81 I

Coupling

POTT 1 Permissive overreach tripping NSD 70 indirect POTT 2 Permissive overreach tripping NSD 50 indirect RM 91 Directional comp. prot. NSD 70 indirect Earth fault protection NSD 50 indirect Breaker fail protection NSD 50 direct Generator protection NSD 50 direct

A NSD B 70 BFP

from generator

GSD

RE 93
A B C D NSD 50 ETL PLC 81 II

PUTT LINE POTT1 PROT POTT2 II RM91 RE93

BFP

A NSD B 70

GSD

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800 kV redundant Line Protection


Breaker Transducers HV transmission line

PUTT
A B C D PLC NSD 550 ETL 580

LINE PROT I

PUTT POTT1 POTT2 RM91 RE93

Permissive underreach tripping NSD 70 indirect

Coupling

POTT 1 Permissive overreach tripping NSD 70 indirect POTT 2 Permissive overreach tripping NSD 550 indirect

A NSD B 70 BFP

RM 91
from generator
GSD

Directional comp. prot. NSD 70 indirect


Earth fault protection NSD 550 indirect Breaker fail protection NSD 550 direct Generator protection NSD 550 direct

RE 93
A B TEBIT C D FOX A 515 B TEBIT C D

PUTT LINE POTT1 PROT POTT2 II RM91 RE93

BFP

GSD

Optical fiber

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