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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 12, NO. 4, MAY 1994

Performance of a Cellular Hybrid C/TDMA Mobile Radio System Applying Joint Detection and Coherent Receiver Antenna Diversity
Josef Blanz, Anja Klein, Student Member, IEEE, Markus NaBhan, and Andreas Steil
Absfruct-For future mobile radio systems, an appropriately chosen multiple access technique is a critical issue. Multiple access techniques presently under discussion are code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and hybrids of both. In this paper, a hybrid CRDMA system using joint detection (JD-CD'DMA) with coherent receiver antenna diversity (CRAD) at the base station (BS) receiver is proposed. Some attractive features of the JD-C/TDMA system are the possibility to flexibly offer voice and data services with different bit rates, soft capacity, inherent frequency and interferer diversity, and high system capacity due to JD. Furthermore, due to JD, a cluster size equal to 1 can be realized without needing soft handover. The single cell E ~ / N o performance and the interference situation in a cellular environment of the uplink of a JD-CD'DMA mobile radio system with CRAD is investigated in detail. It is shown that the cellular spectrum efficiency is remarkably high, taking values up to 0.2 bit/s/Hz/BS in the uplink, depending on the actual transmission conditions.

I. INTRODUCTION

OR future mobile radio systems, the selection of appropriate multiple access techniques is a critical issue having major impact on the system capacity or cellular spectrum efficiency, the radio network planning, the services being supported, and the flexibility with respect to further system evolution [ 11. Multiple access techniques presently under discussion are code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and hybrids of both [2]-[4]. Fast frequency hopping (FFH) seems to be a less attractive candidate, mainly due to the sophisticated code management and synthesizers required [l]. Therefore, FFH will not be discussed in this paper. Each conceivable system will most likely include a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) component since the total available system bandwidth has to be split into subbands for technological reasons, to set up umbrella cells or to support multioperator networks [ 11. An advanced TDMA system approach could evolve from the present day standards of the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), the ADC (American Digital Cellular), and the JDC (Japanese Digital Cellular) systems [5].
Manuscript received June 28, 1993; revised Nov. 25, 1993. This work was supported by a research contract granted by Siemens AG, Munich, Germany. This paper was presented in part at the International Zurich Seminar, Zurich, March 8-11, 1994. The authors are with the University of Kaiserlautem, D-67653 Kaiserlautem. Germanv. IEEE Log N u h e r 9215408.

In a TDMA system, the users transmit in bursts, and the bursts of different users, spread in duration due to multipath reception, are separated by setting time windows at the receiver. This requires multiple access management entailing overheads for protocolling, channel estimation, guard intervals, and synchronization. On the other hand, a TDMA component makes it easily possible to offer voice and data services with different bit rates. TDMA systems are operated with cluster sizes larger than 1 requiring either frequency planning or adaptive channel allocation (ACA) [ 5 ] . By ACA, channels are allocated depending on the actual traffic and interference situation leading to higher capacity and more flexibility [5]. The CDMA multiple access technique has been especially promoted by the proposal of a CDMA mobile radio system by Qualcomm, Inc., claiming a large capacity increase over TDMA [6]. In a CDMA system, a number of user signals arrive at the receiver simultaneously in the same frequency band, only separable by different user-specific signature sequences. Due to time variance and multipath propagation of the mobile radio channel, both intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple access intereference (MAI) occur at the receiver. Interference can be treated in the receiver in different ways. Irrespective of the chosen receiver structure, resulting from the larger user bandwidth of CDMA systems as compared to TDMA systems, CDMA systems provide inherent frequency diversity and, due to the larger number of cochannel interferers, inherent interferer diversity [7]. Furthermore, CDMA systems provide soft capacity, which means that the number of traffic channels available in a cell is not strictly fixed by the number of time slots and frequency bands available, but is, up to a certain bound, a flexible parameter determined by the amount of interference and the required service quality [l], [6]. However, this feature is not relevant in a fully loaded system [l]. A CDMA system can be designed to handle speech and data services with different bit rates and also variable bit-rate services like variable bit-rate speech and packet data since, on the average, a service takes only as much of the capacity of the system as is actually needed [l], [6], [34]. In general, a cluster size of 1 can be realized, requiring no frequency planning [6]. However, even for a cluster size of 1, planning of a system with and adjacent Or overlapping cells of different sizes is necessary [ 11. Basically, two types of receivers may be distinguished: one treating IS1 and MA1 as noise, and the other exploiting same or all knowledge about IS1 and MAL The first type of receiver can

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BLANZ et al.: CELLULAR HYBRID CmDMA MOBILE RADIO SYSTEM

569

be realized, e.g., by a conventional matched filter or RAKE receiver [8]. A RAKE receiver is able to resolve and combine signals of one user received over different propagation paths. However, both IS1 and MA1 still occur at its output. This first type of receiver allows a flexible multiple access needing only little effort for multiple access management, since it does not exploit any information about interfering signals. It allows the exploitation of the benefits of voice activity monitoring [6] and cell sectorization [6] practically without additional expense and organization overhead. On the other hand, it requires a very tight power control [6] and leads to an interference-limited system requiring soft handover [6] in order to be able to provide service to users, e.g., at the cell boundaries experiencing much interference. Soft handover entails a large data exchange between different base stations (BS's). The second type of receiver exploits knowledge about IS1 and MA1 either by interference cancellation (IC) or by joint detection (JD). IC means the subtraction of interference either by serial cancellation, i.e., subtraction of the users' signals in the order of decreasing signal strengths [2], 191-11 11, or by parallel cancellation, i.e., creation and subtraction of cochannel interference replica to produce a "cleaned" signal of each user [9], [IZ], [13]. JD means the simultaneous detection of all users' signals, which has to be done anyhow by the BS for uplink transmission, using the knowledge about IS1 and MAI. The optimum JD receiver derived in [35], [14], unfortunately, is too complex to be implemented at present. Suboptimum JD algorithms are proposed in [15]-[17], [4], [36], [37]. Going from conventional-type CDMA receivers to IC and JD, the performance of the receiver improves and thus capacity may be increased because successively more knowledge about the received signal is exploited. However, this improvement has to be paid for by an increasing demand for multiple access management. In this paper, a hybrid system termed JD-CRDMA system using a combination of TDMA and CDMA with JD is presented, combining the characteristics of both. Although only the uplink is considered, the term system is used throughout. Cellular spectrum efficiency of the uplink of the JD-CRDMA system will be investigated in detail. A poor cellular spectrum efficiency could, of course, be compensated by smaller cells [l]. However, future mobile radio systems should be able to handle high traffic densities with the restriction of a limited system bandwidth without increasing infrastructure costs. Therefore, the cellular spectrum efficiency is one of the most important parameters of mobile radio systems. Both the TDMA and CDMA components of the JD-C/TDMA system enable voice and data services with different bit rates, leading to a very flexible system. By introducing the CDMA component, the advantages of inherent frequency and interferer diversity and soft capacity can be exploited. Clearly, the TDMA component entails the need of multiple access management leading to overheads. However, this multiple access management makes it possible to use JD in the CDMA receiver, resulting in increased system capacity compared to the conventional CDMA receivers including those using IC. Furthermore, due to JD, a cluster size equal to 1 can be realized without needing soft handover. Slow frequency hopping (SFH)

Fig. 1. System model of the uplink of the JD-C/TDMA mobile radio system with CRAD.

can be introduced to further increase interferer diversity. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 11, the model of the uplink of the considered JD-C/TDMA mobile radio system is presented. In this system, coherent receiver antenna diversity (CRAD) is used at the BS receiver, leading to both energy and diversity gain. A JD data estimation algorithm, with CRAD according to [18], is described in Section 111. The single cell Eb/No performance of the uplink of the JDCRDMA mobile radio system with CRAD is investigated in Section IV for typical mobile radio situations. In Section V, the interference situation in the uplink of the JD-C/TDMA mobile radio system with CRAD in a cellular environment is treated. From the results presented in Section IV and V, in Section VI the cellular spectrum efficiency in terms of bit/s/Hz/BS of the uplink of the cellular JD-C/TDMA mobile radio system with CRAD is determined. The method for determining the cellular spectrum efficiency is a general approach, and can also be applied to other mobile radio systems.
11. SYSTEM MODEL

In this section, the equivalent lowpass model of the uplink of a JD-C/TDMA mobile radio system with CRAD including forward error correction (FEC) coding will be described. The model of the uplink of a JD-C/TDMA mobile radio system without CRAD and without FEC coding has been presented in [19]. The basic structure of the uplink is depicted in Fig. 1. Within the same cell in the same frequency band of width B , a number of K users, i.e., mobile stations (MS's), are simultaneously active, which are only separable by their different user-specific signature sequences. Each MS is assumed to have a single transmitter antenna. The transmitted signals are received at the uplink receiver, i.e., the BS, over K , receiver antennas. Therefore, the transmission of the K user signals takes place over K . K , different radio channels with the time-variant complex impulse responses /-z('"'"")T, t ) ,IC = 1 ...IT, IC, = 1 ...Ka, where the radio channel with the impulse response b('"IkQ)(~, t ) refers to the connection of mobile IC with receiver antenna IC,. The parameter T denotes the delay time referring to time spreading of the transmitted signals due to multipath reception and t denotes the real time referring to the time variance of each radio channel. Each of the K users transmits in bursts. The duration Tbu of each burst is chosen such that during the transmission of one burst, the radio channel can be assumed to be timeinvariant. The burst structure is shown in Fig. 2. Like in the GSM, each burst consists of two data blocks, a user-specific

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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 12, NO. 4, MAY 1994

K, antennas. The set of samples resulting from K user bursts is separated into a subset of samples corresponding to the K midambles of the K users and two subsets of samples corresponding to the K . N data symbols of the K user bursts transmitted before and after the midamble, respectively. A subset of samples corresponding to the K midambles of the K users exists if the K , receiver antennas are not too far apart from each other since the K bursts are assumed to arrive synchronously at the receiver. Distances of Fig. 2. Burst structure. the K , receiver antennas of a few wavelengths are sufficient to generate independent fading processes at the K, antennas [21]. From the subset of samples corresponding to the K midambles, estimates of the K channel impulse responses h ( k , k a )t), ( ~k, = 1 . .K, bandlimited to the user bandwidth B , are determined by channel estimator k,. Channel estimation can be performed by applying the algorithm described in [22]. A data estimator applying a JD algorithm with CRAD deterFig. 3. Block structure of transmitter k . mines continuous valued estimates of the K . N data symbols transmitted before and after the midamble, respectively, using midamble, i.e., a training sequence, which is used for chanel the knowledge about the estimates of the K . K, channel = 1... K,, estimation, and a guard interval to prevent subsequent bursts impulse responses h ( k 3 k a ) ( T ,t ) ,k = I . . K , IC, from overlapping at the receiver. Each data block contains the K user-specific signature sequences and the K , subsets of a number N of data symbols of duration T, and each data samples corresponding to the K .N data symbols transmitted symbol consists of Q chips of duration T, = T,/Q denoting before or after the midamble, respectively. The user-specific the user-specific signature sequence. The midamble consists signature sequences are known at the uplink receiver, as they of Lmid chips and the duration of the guard interval is Tg. are allocated to each mobile by the base station during first The bursts of the K users, which are simultaneously active access or handover. The 2 . N complex, continuous valued in the same frequency band, are assumed to be synchronized estimates of the data symbols transmitted by user k,k = at the receiver except for a timing error in the order of a l . - . K , are mapped onto a real-valued data stream. This fraction of the symbol duration T,. By allocating a time data stream is deinterleaved and convolutionally decoded in slot to each K-tuple of bursts, the TDMA component is a soft input decoder. Furthermore, a reliability measure may introduced in the JD-C/TDMA system. The JD-C/TDMA be processed in the convolutional decoder as the sum of the K, system is also capable of providing an FDMA component. energies of the K , estimates of the channel impulse responses h('>")(~,t),lc, = l...K,, for fixed k, which differs from In the JD-C/TDMA system, services with different bit rates can be provided without changing the chip duration T , and burst to burst. More sophisticated reliability measures could also take into account the distance of the data symbols of the spreading factor Q. The transmitter and receiver structures (see Fig. 1) shall one burst from the midamble and the velocity of the mobile be discussed in more detail. In Fig. 3, the block structure of since, with increasing distance and increasing velocity, the transmitter k is shown. A bit stream representing voice or difference between the true channel impulse response and the data information is convolutionally encoded and interleaved corresponding estimate increases. to avoid burst errors. More significant bits may be protected by stronger coding than less significant bits, similar to the 111. JD DATAESTIMATION ALGORITHM WITH CRAD coding scheme for speech transmission of the GSM [20]. The
L

T,

encoded binary data stream is mapped onto a symbol stream consisting, in general, of complex data symbols. Each data symbol is spread by a user-specific signature sequence. Bursts as shown in Fig. 2 are generated by linking together two data blocks and the user-specific midamble. After linear modulation and D/A-conversion, the signal is passed through a transmitter filter for lowpass filtering and an amplifier. The block structure of the uplink receiver is illustrated in Fig. 4. The amplified signal received at receiver antenna k, is the sum of K user signals. This sum is filtered for band limitation and noise suppression, and AD-converted. The sampling frequency is the inverse of the chip duration T,. A synchronization unit in the receiver has to compensate for the slightly different delay times of the K , received signals resulting from the different propagation paths to the

A JD data estimation algorithm with CRAD based on zero forcing (ZF) equalization [18] is described. In [41, [15]-[17], [23], JD data estimation algorithms have been proposed for the single receiver antenna case. In [18], JD data estimation algorithms with CRAD based on ZF and minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization with and without descision feedback are introduced. The description of the JD data estimation algorithm with CRAD based on ZF equalization considered in this paper emerges from a discrete-time lowpass representation of the uplink of the JD-C/TDMA mobile radio system with CRAD, (see Fig. 9, representing the blocks between the data-to-symbol mapper in Fig. 3 and the symbol-todata mapper in Fig. 4. The sample interval for the discrete-time modeling is the chip duration T,. In the following, sequences, vectors and matrices are in boldface, complex values are

BLANZ et al.: CELLULAR HYBRID CITDMA MOBILE RADIO SYSTEM

sample

channel estimator 11

- - I

symbol to data mapping 1

convol-

deinterleaver 1

utiond to data
decoder 1 sink 1

. .
antenna receiver
1 -

JD
I

synchronization

:
channel with data

estimator

CRAD

-J fip: 1
1

I~
I

separator

mapping

~ H ~ H
utional
to data

. . .

leaver

decoder

sink K

s ynchrkization

Fig. 4. Block structure of the uplink receiver.

underlined and the symbols (.)* and ( . ) T designate complex conjugation and transposition, respectively. The discrete-time modeling is derived analogously to the single antenna receiver case described in [4]. The transmission of one single data block before or after the midamble, (see Fig. 2) is considered, and the influence of the midamble on the data blocks due to multipath reception is assumed to be perfectly eliminated. The K users, which are simultaneously active in the same frequency band, are transmitting finite data symbol sequences:

( I .

dk) = (&I,

&)

. . . &')T,

&)

y,
(1)

1'
I

k = l . . . K , n = l . . . N , K,NIN

of N M-ary complex data symbols gLk)with duration T, which are taken from the complex set:

V={v,,v,...IM),vp
p = l . . . M , MEIN.

e,
(2)

7&)

JD

data

estimator with

The size M of the set and, thus, the actual data rate may be varied due to the service provided or due to the desired transmission quality. Each of the data symbols clLk), n = 1. . . N , of mobile IC is spread by the user-specific signature sequence:
=

. . . CQ (k) T 'CQ (k) E c,

(3)
Discrete-time lowpass representation of the uplink of the J 6 Q T D M A mobile radio sytem with CRAD.
--

k = l . . . K , q = l . . . Q , K,QEW

consisting of Q complex chips of duration T,. The influence of the modulator in Fig. 3, the analog components in Figs. 3 and 4, and the mobile radio channel with the t ) is represented by the discreteimpulse response b(k>ka)(~, time channel impulse response:
h(k,ka) =

h(k>ka) * c(k),
= 1 . . . K,,

(h,

(k,ka)

(k&a), rb3

. . (k W ) T

hw'

>

t p ) c, IC = 1 . . . K , IC,
E

h c ' k a ) E C ,k = l . . . K , IC,=l...K,,

1 = 1. . . Q

+ W - 1, K , K,, Q, W E IN

(5)

w = 1. . . W, K , K,, W E IN

(4)

consisting of W complex samples hc,kQ) taken at the chip rate l/Tc. The combined channel impulse responses are defined as:
b(k,ka)

= (b("'"a)
-1

b(k,'"a). 7-2

. .bQ+W-,) (k,ka)

i.e., as the discrete-time convolution of h("'"-) introduced in (4) with the signature sequences g ( k )defined by (3). First, the well-known case of a single receiver antenna with label ka is considered [4]. According to Fig. 5, the received sequence of length ( N . Q W - 1) prevails at antenna

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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 12, NO. 4, MAY 1994

where the components of

dN.(k-l)+-n

d are given by:

?

with
G(N.Q+W-l).(k,-l)+n %fe(k.),
--n

%f d-n (k)

k , = 1 . . .K a ,

k = 1...K,
(9)

n = l . . . N . Q +W - 1,

n = l - - . N , K,N E N
a n i defining the (N . Q

Kay N , Ql W E N. (17)
The combined received factor e, according to (16), is processed in a JD data estimator with CRAD in order to determine continuous valued estimates:

+ W - 1) x K . N

matrix

A(ka) =(A!'U)), i = 1 . . . N . Q + W - 1 , --2J j = l - . - K . N , k,=l...K,,

( loa)

i=(d

,d ...= (41, 4 2 , . . . d N . K )

-(lIT

-(2)T

kKlT)T

(18)

of d defined by (8). The basic concept of the JD technique with CRAD considered in this paper is given by the set of

else the received sequence can be represented by:

,(ka)

where

. ..

M=(A&),
T

('a)

%"Q+W-l)

i=l...K.N, j = 1 ... K a . ( N . Q + W - 1)

(20)

-A(Ica)d (ka) -+ n -

ka - I . . . Ka7 Ka, N , Q , W E N.

(11)

Now, the unified mathematical representation for the case of Ka receiver antennas is presented. With the Ka . ( N . Q + W - 1) x K . N matrix:

A =(~(11T A ( ~ ) T. . .A ( K ~ ) T ) T ,jya E I N
1-

(12)

and, with the combined noise vector,

is a K . N x K, . ( N . Q W - 1) matrix. The choice of the matrix M determines the equalizer type. In the following, the representation of M is introduced for the zero forcing block linear equalizer (ZF-BLE) for JD with CRAD [18]. The representation of M for the minimum mean square emor block linear equalizer (MMSE-BLE) can be found in [18]. For the derivation, it is assumed that the combined channel impulse responses b(k7ka) [see (5)] are perfectly known at the receiver. The ZF-BLE [24], [4], [23], which is based on the

BLANZ et al.: CELLULAR HYBRID CmDMA MOBILE RADIO SYSTEM

513

of defined in (8). The estimate d is free of IS1 and MA1 but still contains a perturbation term represented by filtered noise. The computational effort to calculate d according to (22) is significantly higher compared to the effort in the case of a conventional matched filter or RAKE receiver, but much lower than the effort needed for the optimum JD receiver proposed in [ 141. For a deeper insight and for the sake of completeness, a decomposition of the matrix M will be explained and the SNR per symbol

the data symbols are determined starting from the adjusted received signal. Steps one and two are repeatedly performed. Nevertheless, for the decision feedback versions, it would be possible to generate soft inputs for the convolutional decoder by using the quantized estimates for decision feedback and the continuous-valued estimates before quantization for decoding. Decision feedback versions will not be considered in this paper. IV. Eb/No PERFORMANCE OF THE UPLINK OF A JD-C/TDMA MOBILE RADIOSYSTEM WITH CRAD

k = 1 ...K,
&,.(k-l)+n

n=l..-N

(23)

a,f the output of ZF-BLE associated with the estimate of the data symbol cifk) transmitted by user IC is determined. With the Cholesky decompositions [27],
A*T&lA = H*T.E.EH

(24)

where H is a normalized upper triangular matrix, valued diagonal matrix, and

-n

E is a real
(25)

In this section, the advantage bit error rate (BER) pb in the uplink of a JD-CRDMA mobile radio system with CRAD is investigated for a single cell as a function of the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) & / N o per net information bit and per antenna at the receiver input based on a continuoustime system model. The additive stationary noise sequence in (13), which could be caused by intercell interference in the interference-limited case, is assumed to be white and Gaussian distributed with zero mean and covariance matrix

= 1 L*T .I; -

&=u2.1,

a2ER,

u2>o

(28)

where L is an upper triangular matrix, the matrix displayed as

M = (A*%,-

can be

IS1 and MA1 canceler matched filter MF

- 'A*%,(IJ*T.E) -1

whitening filter WF2

whitening filter WF1

(L)

. (26)

Therefore, the JD data estimator with CRAD of Fig. 5 contains a whitening or decorrelating filter WFI for noise prewhitening, a matched filter MF matched to the concatenation of the combined channel impulse responses b("'""), and the impulse response of the whitening filter WFI, a second whitening filter WF2, and an IS1 and MA1 canceler, cf. [18], [23]. With (23), the SNR y('>,) per symbol at the output of the ZF-BLE is equal to:

k = l . * . K , n = l . . - N , K,NEIN

(27)

with the element in the ith row and i t h column of the matrix X. After symbol-to;data mapping-cf. Fig. 4, the continuous valued estimates d are taken as soft inputs to the convolutional decoder. In [18], [23], versions of the ZF and MMSE equalizers with decision feedback are presented, which perform better than the corresponding linear equalizer types. In equalizers using decision feedback, as a first step a subset of the continuous valued estimates n = 1. . . N , k = 1. . . K is quantized, and the influence of the quantized, i.e., discretevalued estimates, is subtracted from the received signal. In a second step, new continuous-valued estimates for the rest of

df),

with I the identity matrix and u2 the variance of the noise. Variations of the received power due to path loss and shadowing, i.e., lognormal fading, are assumed to be perfectly eliminated by power control. However, the variations of the received power due to Rayleigh fading are present in the received signals. The time-variant Rayleigh fading channels are simulated according to the channel models specified by COST207 [28], [29] for bad urban area (BU) and rural area (RA). Channel estimation is performed by the algorithm described in [22] with channel estimate postprocessing according to [30]. The parameters of the JD-C/TDMA mobile radio system with CRAD used for the simulations are given in Table I. The user bandwidth B of 1.6 MHz is smaller than the inverse of the chip duration T,. This results from the choice of a digital chip impulse filter, i.e., linear modulator with impulse response equal to the GMSK basic impulse CO(.) of time bandwidth product 0.3 [31], leading to a compact spectrum. Furthermore, the digital chip impulse filter and the user-specific signature sequences have been designed in such a way that the magnitude of the complex envelope of the transmitted signals is approximately constant except at the transition between two consecutive data symbols. The userspecific signature sequences are nonorthogonal. Two antennas with uncorrelated channel impulse responses, i.e., independent fading processes, are assumed. The data symbols are 4PSK modulated. In the symbol-to-data mapper (see Fig. 4), the in-phase and quadrature components are separated. The convolutional decoder processes the soft input information and a reliability information which is the sum of the K, energies of the K , estimates of the channel impulse responses, (see Section 11). A rate 1/2 convolutional code with constraint length K , equal to 5 is assumed, which is also used in the GSM for the most significant bits [20]. Block interleaving over I o equal to four bursts is underlying the simulations with a time gap Dbu equal to 6 ms between the beginning of two

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TABLE I PARAMETERS OF THE JD-CRDMA MOBILE RADIO SYSTEM WITH CRAD FOR THE SIMULATIONS
user bandwidth antennas burst structure: burst duration midamble chips guard interval data symbols per data block symbol duration chips per symbol chip duration size of data symbol alphabet convolutional encoder: constraint length rate interleaver interleaving depth time beginning gap between of two the consecutive bursts of the same user resulting net data rate per user filters transmitter filter receiver filter

B h ' ,
Tbu

1.6MHz 2, independent

0.5 ms
268

Lmid
TR

30 ps
24

N T.

7P
14

I
I

T C
M
K,

II

0.5 f i s
4 (4PSK)

5
112

R,
ID
Dbu

%'[

4 bursts
6 ms
01 :

8 kbit/s

001

w:::
(a)
1

K=8

Butterworth filter of order 4 Butterworth filter of order 10

0001 7

by the interleaving depth ID. Due to the TDMA component, The performance enhancement by voice activity monitoring the data rate per user can easily be varied. If one user-specific will not be covered in the following. signature sequence is assigned to a user in every time slot, the In Fig. 6(b), the average BER Pb is shown versus the resulting maximum net data rate per user achievable is equal average & / N o at the receiver input for the RA channel to 96 kb/s. The net data rate per user can further be increased model, a velocity w of the mobiles of 150 km/h with respect by assigning more than one user-specific signature sequence. to a carrier frequency fo of 1800 MHz for a number K of However, these assignments have impacts on the distribution active users equal to 2, 4, 6, and 8. For simplicity, when of intercell interference, which is discussed in Section V. simulating the RA channel model, the amplitude of the lineThe simulation results given in the following show the of-sight path was assumed to be Rayleigh instead of Ricean performance of the JD-CRDMA mobile radio system with distributed, representing a worst-case situation. Compared to CRAD with the parameters of Table I in two typical mobile the BU channel model [see Fig. 6(a)], the inherent frequency radio situations for different numbers K of active users and for diversity is much lower for the RA channel model. Thus, the the ZF-BLE for JD-see Section 111. In Fig. 6(a), the average gain achievable by interleaving and CRAD is larger for the RA BER Pb is depicted versus the average SNR Eb/No per channel model than for the BU channel model. With increasing antenna and per net information bit at the receiver input for the velocity w of the mobiles, on the one hand, the interleaving BU channel model, a velocity w of the mobiles of 30 km/h with gain increases further but, on the other hand, errors due to respect to a carrier frequency fo of 1800 MHz for numbers the fact that the channel estimates differ from the true channel K of active users equal to 2, 4, 6, and 8. With increasing K, impulse responses, in particular towards the beginning and end the & , / N orequired for a given BER Pb increases. This well- of the burst, lead to performance degradation. From Fig. 6(a) known effect in CDMA systems is called soft degradation or and (b), it turns out that the performance of the JD-CRDMA soft capacity. It gives the possibility to overload the system system is better for the BU channel model and w equal to 30 occasionally at the price of a reduced service quality for all km/h than for the RA channel model and w equal to 150 km/h. users. By applying voice activity monitoring [6] for voice services, the performance of the JD-CRDMA mobile radio v. INTERFERENCE SITUATION IN THE UPLINK OF A CELLULAR JD-CRDMA MOBILE RADIOSYSTEM WITH CRAD system with CRAD can be further enhanced, on the one hand The & / N o performance discussed in the previous section because of the decreasing requirements for & / N o and on the other hand because of the decreasing intercell interference. gives the performance of the uplink of a JD-CRDMA mobile

BLANZ et al.: CELLULAR HYBRID C F D M A MOBILE RADIO SYSTEM

575

radio system with CRAD if a single cell is considered. To analyze the performance of the uplink of the JD-CRDMA mobile radio system with CRAD in a cellular environment, the interference situation in the interference-limited case shall be investigated. The statistics of the effective interference power are derived from the cochannel interference when neglecting adjacent channel interference. In this section, the cumulative distribution function (cdf) [24] of the effective carrier-tointerference ratio C/I for the JD-CRDMA system with CRAD obtained by simulation is presented for different cluster sizes r and different grades of interferer diversity. The knowledge of the cdf of the effective C/I will be used to determine the cellular spectrum efficiency later on. In general, the total interference power Itot experienced by a BS can be expressed by:
Itot

..
-

._
.

= Iintra

+ I i n t e r -k N t h

(29)
reference cluster
Fig. 7. Regular cellular structure for
T

with Iintra denoting the intracell interference power produced by MSs inside the BSs cell, Iinter the intercell interference power produced by MSs outside the BSs cell, and N t h thermal noise power. For the JD-CRDMA system under consideration in this paper, the signals originating from MSs inside the BSs cell are perfectly separated due to the application of the ZF-BLE discussed in Section 111. Thus, I i n t r a in (29) does not contribute to the effective interference power. Furthermore, since the interference-limited case is considered, N t h is set to zero. Therefore, the effective interference power I is solely given by the intercell interference l i n t e r . In order to derive the cdf of C/I by simulation, the following assumptions are made: The attenuation of a link BS-MS is the same for all K , antennas and is given by path loss and shadowing. The path loss is proportional to d - , where d is the distance between BS and MS. The attenuation exponent a , which depends on the environment and the antenna height, is assumed to be equal to 4 [6], [32]. The attenuation due to shadowing is lognormally distributed with a standard deviation qog of 8 dB. Local correlations of the attenuations due to shadowing are not taken into account. An idealized regular cellular structure of equally sized hexagons is considered, (see Fig. 7). In the middle of each hexagonal cell, a BS is located. The MSs are uniformly distributed over the whole cellular structure. Frequency reuse patterns with cluster sizes r equal to 1, 3, and 4 are regarded. For a cluster size r , the total available system bandwidth is divided up into r disjoint subsets, each of them containing several disjoint frequency bands of width B . Each particular subset is reused in each r t h cell. Since adjacent channel interference is neglected, without loss of generality, only one particular frequency band of width B of each subset is considered. Thus, a total amount of r frequency bands of width B is used to calculate the interference. These r frequency bands are distinguished by an index p, p = 1. . . T (see Fig. 7). Power control is ideal, i.e., the variations of the power received at a BS from a MS affiliated to this BS due to path loss and shadowing shall be perfectly eliminated by power control. Handover is perfectly power controlled, which implies that a MS is always connected to the BS with minimum attenuation. By doing so, a lower interference margin is obtained.

= 3.

To determine the effective interference power I , a reference cluster is introduced, (see Fig. 7). Each BS of the reference cluster experiences an interference power I ( P )p, = 1. . . r, which is the sum over all received powers Ik),where 12)is the power received from the particular MS m not located in the reference cluster but using the same frequency band p, i.e.,
d l m outside reference c l u s t e r

The interference power 12)produced by MS m served by BS b outside the reference cluster at BS 0 of the reference cluster using the same frequency band p is given by the distance: ; 6 between MS m and BS b and the lognormal variable defining path loss and shadowing, respectively, of the link between MS m and BS b (cf. Fig. 7) and the quantities and characterizing the attenuation of the link between MS m and BS 0 according to:

(22,
6gi

! :<

The constant C is the power received at BS b originating from MS rn affiliated to it. Due to ideal power control, the received carrier power C is the same for all links. Now, with (30) and (31), the carrier-to-interference ratio for each BS of the reference cluster is:

reference c l u s t e r

(32) The cdf of the random variable C/I(P)is the same for all p, p = 1 . .. r. Therefore, the index p is omitted in what follows. The cdf of C/I for the uplink of the JD-CRDMA

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mobile radio system with CRAD depends on the cluster size T and the average number of MS's which are simultaneously active within the same cell in the same frequency band. In Fig. S(a)-(c), the cdf of C/I for the uplink of the JD-CDDMA mobile radio system with C U D is depicted for cluster sizes T equal to 1, 3, and 4 with as a parameter (dashed lines). For a given C/I increases with increasing cluster size T because of increasing distance, i.e., path loss, between cells using the same frequency band. For a given T , C/I decreases with increasing K,i.e., average number of interferers per cell, but the slope of the curves gets steeper. The increasing steepness of the curves results from an increasing grade of interferer diversity [l], [6]. A steeper curve results in a more constant C/I, which is desirable in order to maintain a constant service quality. Another measure to reduce the fluctuations of C/I and, thus, to increase interferer diversity is to apply slow frequency hopping (SFH) in combination with interleaving and coding, (see Section IV). When interleaving over U bursts with one hop per burst is performed, different MS's are interfering from burst to burst and the effective carrier-to-interference ratio is given by

Prob (10 . log,,

1

(F)

<z )

r,

0.1

0.01

0.0oj -15

-10

-5

10

15

0
X

( 7 ) 1.2 (4)
=
U

(33)

u'=l

U'

with (C/I)v~ the carrier-to-interference ratio according to (32) measured in the time slot used for transmission of burst U ' . For the simulations, it is assumed that the interference situations at the BS's of the reference cluster are statistically independent from hop to hop. In a real system in the uplink, this can approximately be achieved by using different hopping sequences in cells with the same frequeEy band as in the GSM [20]. In Fig. S(a)-(c), the cdf of (C/I) of the uplink of the JD-C/TDMA mobile radio system with CRAD and SFH over U equal to four frequency bands is shown for cluster sizes T equal to 1, 3, and 4 with K as a parameter (solid lines). As expected, the curves with SFH are steeper than the curves without SFH. Note that the expectation of the carrierto-interference ratio with SFH is the same as without SFH, cf. (33). A similar increase in interferer diversity can be achieved by applying time hopping (TH) instead of SFH. The steepness of the curves can further be increased by applying C/I control instead of power control, which will not be considered in this paper. The steeper the curves, the faster and more reliable the handover procedure has to be in a real system [ 5 ] .
VI. CELLULAR SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY OF THE UPLINK OF A CELLULAR JD-CRDMA MOBILE RADIOSYSTEM WITH CRAD

-10

-5

10

15

20
X

(b)

Prob (10' log,,

( y ) < z)

-10

-5

0
(C)

10

15

20
X

The cellular spectrum efficiency Q in terms of bit/s/Hz/BS [7], [33] is determined in the interference-limited case for the uplink of the cellular JD-CDDMA mobile radio system with CRAD. First, the exact method to determine the cellular spectrum efficiency Q is explained, and second, a simplified method applied in this paper is described. Both methods originate from the assumption that a BER Pb equal to is necessary to obtain the desired service quality, which is a common value for mobile radio transmission. The situation of

Fig. 8. cdf o f C/l of the uplink of the JD-CWMA system with I; as a parameter without SFH (- - -) and with SFH (-) over four frequency bands. . (a) T = 1. (b) r = 3. ( c ) T = 4

interest is an evenly loaded system, i.e., a system with the same average number of users in every cell. The outage probability Pout gives the probability that Pb equal to lop3 cannot be achieved in a cellular environment for a certain cluster size T and a certain average number K of users in every cell, i.e.,

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band of width B,Dbu the time gap between two bursts of the same user (cf. Table I), T b u the burst duration, and R the For simulation performed according to the exact method, for a resulting net data rate per user. Note that K . Dbu/Tbu is the fixed spatial deployment of the MSs of the assumed uniform number of users per frequency band of width B , each having distribution and a fixed cluster size T , (cf. Section V), two the net data rate R. parameters have to be obtained for the cell in the reference In Fig. 9(a) and (b), Pout is depicted versus q according cluster using frequency band p, p = 1. . . ,T , namely the actual to (34) and (36) with T as parameter for the uplink of the number K of users and the actual C/I at the BS. The actual JD-C/TDMA mobile radio system with CRAD according to C/I corresponds to an actual & / N o . An outage occurs if the Table I, for the same channel models and velocities w of the b belonging to this actual & / N o and K is larger than mobiles as in Fig. 6 with and without SFH. The values of q BER P lop3, (cf. Fig. 6), which means that the actual &,/No is lower belonging to integer values of E are marked by crosses. These than the & / N o required to achieve lop3. For a sufficiently crosses are interconnected by interpolating curves, since the large number of spatial deployments of the MSs, an estimate average number of users per cell is not restricted to be an of the probability Pout of an outage can be determined for a integer value. In the considerations presented, the maximum given E . The cellular spectrum efficiency q achievable with number K = of users which are active simultaneously is determined from E and T . For within the same frequency band is fixed to eight for the this outage probability Pout the simplified method, an outage is assumed to occur if the following reason. For eight users, the channel estimation BER P b belonging to the actual & / N o and to instead algorithm of 1221 applied in the system presupposes for the For K < E , which is true for parameters in Table I that the sum of the lengths of the eight of K is larger than about 60% of the cases, the &,/No required for for channel impulse responses to be estimated is smaller than is larger than the & / N o required for K , resulting in a too about 120 ps 1221, which means an average length of a channel in a too low impulse response of 15ps - a reasonable value for mobile large number of outages and in turn for K > number of outages. Thus, the difference between the results radio applications. The larger the number K of users, the obtained by the exact and simplified method can be expected smaller must be the sum of lengths of the K channel impulse to be small. In what follows, it will be discussed in detail how responses to be estimated 1221. In order not to be restricted in the cellular spectrum efficiency 77 can be calculated according the following considerations by channel estimation, the upper to the simplified method using the results given in Sections bound of K equal to eight is chosen. Note that K equal to eight IV and V. is not an upper bound of a real system with the parameters of For a fixed number K = of users and the chosen channel Table I. From (36), it follows that for a maximum number model and velocity w of the mobiles, the &/No required in the of K equal to eight and E = K , the maximum spectrum JD-C/TDMA system with CRAD to achieve a BER of lov3 efficiency q achievable with a cluster size T of one is equal is determined from the corresponding curve in Fig. 6. The C/I to 0.48 bit/s/Hz/BS, for T equal to three 0.16 bit/s/Hz/BS, and per antenna corresponding to the &,/No per antenna and per for T equal to four 0.12 bit/s/Hz/BS. The curves for T = 4 net information bit required at the receiver input is given by: with SFH in Fig. 9(a) and (b) are not depicted because in these cases, for all values of q smaller than the maximum CEb R,.log,M - -. (35) spectrum efficiency, the outage probability Poutis smaller I No B . Q . T c than 0.1%. The curves in Fig. 9 valid for the case with SFH with R, the rate of the convolutional encoder, M the size represent a worst-case situation since they are derived from of the data symbol alphabet [cf. (2)], B the user bandwidth, the curves in Fig. 6, which were obtained without applying Q the number of chips per symbol, [cf. (3)], and T, the SFH. Applying SFH over four bursts entails interleaving over chip duration. Note that log, M is the number of bits per four bursts received via channels with impulse responses data symbol and Q . T,/log, M is the bit duration at the with statistically independent Rayleigh fading characteristics output of the convolutional encoder. One net information bit leading to a higer interleaving gain than is included in Fig. is transmitted ina duration of Q . T,/(R, . log, M ) . In Fig. 6. As expected, the cellular spectrum efficiency q can be 6, determining Eb/No, intercell interference is assumed to be considerably increased by introducing interferer diversity by Gaussian, which is a good approximation since it is determined applying SFH. If a value of 1% for the outage probability by a relatively large number of users so that the law of Pout can be tolerated in the system, the cellular spectrum large numbers 1241 holds. The probability that the value of efficiency 7 is equal to 0.2 bit/s/Hz/BS for BU and U equal C/I calculated from (35) cannot be achieved in the cellular to 30 km/h, and equal to 0.142 bit/s/Hz/BS for RA and 2) environment with cluster size T with or without SFH is read equal to 150 km/h with SFH and for a cluster size T equal to from the curve for E = K in Fig. 8. one. The spectrum efficiency 7 for RA represents a worstTolerating a certain value for Pout in the system, the cellular case situation since the amplitude of the line-of-sight path spectrum efficiency achievable is: was assumed to be Rayleigh instead of Ricean distributed (Section IV). Furthermore, cellular spectrum efficiency could be increased, e.g., by JD algorithms with decision feedback (Section 111), stronger coding, voice activity monitoring, cell with T the cluster size, E the average number of active users sectorization, and C/I control instead of power control (Section per cell which are simultaneously active within a frequency V). No soft handover 161 is necessary to obtain this cellular (34)

Pout = Prob{Pb > w 3 } .

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(bit/s/Hz/WS)

(a)

CDMA with JD has been presented and its performance has been investigated. In this system, it is easily possible to offer voice and data services with different bit rates. Coherent receiver antenna diversity (CRAD) is used at the BS receiver, leading to both an energy and diversity gain. With an increasing number of active users, the &/NO performance of the system gradually degrades, which is the soft capacity feature. The cdf of C/I characterizing the interference situation in a cellular environment is rather steep due to inherent interferer diversity, and its steepness can be further enhanced by providing additional interferer diversity by introducing SFH. The cellular spectrum efficiency, which is one of the most important parameters of mobile radio systems, takes values up to 0.2 bit/s/Hz/BS in the uplink, depending on the actual transmission conditions. This is achieved for a cluster size of 1 without application of soft handover. For a balanced statement, certainly other important points besides cellular spectrum efficiency need more detailed investigations than could be given in this paper, e.g., radio network planning, flexibility with respect to future system evolution, performance improvements achievable by cell sectorization and voice activity monitoring, sensitivity to imperfections, and expense in terms of infrastructure and handheld cost. At a first glance, most of these points seem to be in favor of the proposed JD-C/TDMA system with CRAD.

.05

.I

.15

.2
7

.25 .3 (bit/s/Hz/WS)

(b) Fig. 9. Pout versus 9 with T as a parameter of the uplink of the JD-C/TDMA system with CRAD according to Table I, fo = 1800 MHz, without SFH -) and with SFH (-). (a) BU channel model, ti = 30 kmh. (b) RA channel m h . model, t i = 150 k

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper is devoted to Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Paul Walter Baier on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Research Group for RF Communications. The authors wish to thank the staff of the computer center Regionales Hochschulrechenzentrum Kaiserslautern (RHRK) and acknowledge the usage of the SiemensFujitsu VPlOO supercomputer. The authors are grateful to Dip1.-Phys. Dr.-Ing. P. Jung for major contributions to the theory of joint detection with coherent receiver antenna diversity presented in Sections I1 and 111. Furthermore, the authors wish to thank Dip1.-Ing. B. Steiner for numerous helpful discussions. The authors are also grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. REFERENCES
A. Baier and W. Koch, Potential of CDMA for 3rd generation mobile radio systems, in Proc. Mobile Radio Con&, Nice, Italy, 1991. P. Dent, B. Gudmundson, and M. Ewerbring, CDMA-IC: A novel code division multiple access scheme based on interference cancellation, in Proc. 3rd IEEE Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Commun., Boston, MA, 1992, pp. 98-102. D. Akerberg, Novel radio access principles useful for third generation mobile radio systems, in Proc. 3rd IEEE Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Commun., Boston, MA, 1992, pp. 4-9. A. Klein and P. W. Baier, Linear unbiased data estimation in mobile radio systems applying CDMA, IEEE J . Select. Areas Commun., vol. 1 1 , pp. 1058-1066, 1993. K. Raith and J. Uddenfeldt, Capacity of digital cellular TDMA systems, IEEE Trans. Vehic. Terhnol., vol. 40, pp. 323-332, 1991. K. S. Gilhousen, I. M. Jacobs, R. Padovani, A. J. Viterbi, L. A. Weaver, and C. E. Wbeatly, On the capacity of a cellular CDMA system, IEEE Trans. Vehic. Technol., vol. 40, pp. 303-312, 1991. A. J. Viterbi, Wireless digital communications: A view based on three lessons learned, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 29, pp. 33-36, 1991. M. Schwartz, W. R. Bennett, and S . Stein, Communication Systems and Techniques. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.

spectrum efficiency 7.Of course, cellular spectrum efficiency could be further increased by applying soft handover. The capacity of the digital cellular TDMA systems ADC, GSM, and JDC is discussed in detail in [ 5 ] . For the sake of comparison, a very rough estimate of cellular spectrum efficiency 7 of the GSM yields 8 . (13 . 103)/[(200 . lo3) . 3 ] bit/s/Hz/BS = 0.173 bit/s/Hz/BS, since a maximum number of eight users with a net data rate of 13 kb/s can be active in a frequency band of 200 kHz. The cluster size T for which this number of users can be achieved is 3, which is a rather optimistic assumption [ 5 ] . For a cluster size T equal to 4, the cellular spectrum efficiency 7 of the GSM roughly equals 0.13 bit/s/Hz/BS. Although cellular spectrum efficiency is a major issue, for detailed system comparisons other important points have to be considered like additional features, e.g., system flexibility concerning the introduction of new cell sites, new frequencies and umbrella cells, traffic planning, handling of services with different bit rates, sensitivity to imperfections of, e.g., power control and handover, irregular cellular structures and planning constraints, expense in terms of need for frequency planning, receiver complexity, cost and power consumption, and additional gains achievable. VII. CONCLUSION In the present paper, the uplink of a hybrid JD-CRDMA mobile radio system applying a combination of TDMA and

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R. Kohno, H. Imai, M. Hatori, and S. Pasupathy, Combination of an adaptive array antenna and a canceller of interference for directsequence spread-spectrum multiple-access system, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 8, pp. 675-682, 1990. S. Kubota, S. Kato, and K. Feher, Inter-channel interference cancellation technique for CDMA mobile/personal communication systems, in Proc. 3rd IEEE Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Commun., Boston, MA, 1992, pp. 112-117. A. J. Viterbi, Very low rate convolutional codes for maximum theoretical performance of spread-spectrum multiple-access channels, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 8, pp. 641-649, 1990. Y. C. Yoon, R. Kohno, and H. Imai, A spread-spectrum multiaccess system with a cascade of cochannel interference cancellers for multipath fading channels, in Proc. 2nd IEEE Int. Symp. Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, Yokohama, Japan, 1992, pp. 87-90. S. Mowbray, R. D. Fringle, and P. M. Grant, Increased CDMA system capacity through adaptive cochannel noise regeneration and cancellation, IEE Proc., pt. I, vol. 193, pp. 515-524, 1992. S. Verdu, Minimum probability of error for asynchronous Gaussian multiple-access channels, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 32, pp. 85-96, 1986. R. Lupas and S. Verdu, Linear multiuser detectors for synchronous code-division multiple-access channels, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 35, pp. 123-136, 1989. 2. Xie, R. T. Short, and C. K. Rushforth, A family of suboptimum detectors for coherent multiuser communications, IEEE J. Select Areas Commun., vol. 8, pp. 683-690, 1990. A. Kajiwara and M. Nakagawa, Crosscorrelation cancellation in SS/DS block demodulator, IEICE Trans., vol. E 74, pp. 2596-2602, 1991. P. Jung, J. Blanz, and P. W. Baier, Coherent receiver antenna diversity for CDMA mobile radio systems using joint detection, in Proc. 4th IEEE Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Commun., Yokohama, Japan, 1993, pp. 488492. M. NaRhan, P. Jung, A. Steil, and P. W. Baier, On the effects of quantization, nonlinear amplification and band-limitation in CDMA mobile radio systems using joint detection, in Proc. Wireless Commun. Conj, Calgary, 1993, pp. 173-186. CEPT/CCH/GSM Recommend. Series 1- 11. F. Adachi, M. T. Feeney, A. G. Williamson, and J. D. Parsons, Crosscorrelation between the envelopes of 900 MHz signals received t . F, vol. 133, pp. at a mobile radio base station site, IEE Proc., P 506-512, 1986. B. Steiner and P. W. Baier, Low cost channel estimation in the uplink receiver of CDMA mobile radio systems, Frequenz., vol. 47, pp. 292-298, 1993. X. Lasne, C. Baroux, and G. Kawas Kaleh, Joint reception of multiuser data for synchronous code-division multiple access, in Proc. COST 231 TD(92)85, Helsinki, Finland, 1992. A. Papoulis, Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984. A. D. Whalen, Detection ofSignals in Noise. New York: Academic, 1971. K. Brammer and G. SitHing, Kalman-Bury-Filter - Deterministische Beobachtungen und stochastische Filterung. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1975. S. W. Marple, Digital Spectral Analysis with Applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1987. P. Hoher, A statistical discrete-time model for the WSSUS multipath channel, IEEE Trans. Vehic. Technol., vol. 41, pp. 461468. 1992. COST 207, Digital Land Mobile Radio Communications. Final Report. Luxembourgh: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1989. B. Steiner, M. NaRhan, P. Jung, and P. W. Baier, Ein Konzept der Kanalschatzung, Interferenzeliminierng und Leistungsregelung fur CDMA-Mobilfunksysteme, in Proc. ITG-Fachtagung Mobile Kommunikation, Neu-Ulm, 1993, pp. 77-88. P. Jung and P. W. Baier, On the representation of CPM signals by linear superposition of impulses in the bandpass domain, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 10, pp. 12361242, 1992. J. Walfisch and H. L. Bertoni, A theoretical model of UHF propagation in urban environments, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., vol. 36, pp. 1788-1 796, 1988. W. C. Y. Lee, Spectrum efficiency in cellular, IEEE Trans. Vehic. Technol., vol. 38, pp. 69-75, 1989.

[34] W. van Etten, Maximum likelihood receiver for multiple channel transmission systems, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 24, pp. 276-283, 1976. [35] A. Baier, Multirate DS-CDMA: A promising access technique for third-generation mobile radio systems, in Proc. 4th IEEE Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Commun., Yokahama, Japan, 1993, pp. 114-118. [36] A. Radovic and B. Aazhang, Iterative algorithms for joint data detection and delay estimation for code division multiple access communication systems, in Proc. 31st Ann. Allerton Con5 Commun., Control and Computing, Univ. Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1993. [37] W. Sauer-Greff and R. A. Kennedy, Suboptimal MLSE for distorted multiple-access channels using the M-algorithm, in Proc. Aachener Kolloquium Signaltheorie, Aachen, Germany, 1994, pp. 267-270.

Josef Blanz was bom in Kaiserslautem, Germany, in 1967. He received the Dipl-Ing. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Kaiserslautem in 1993. During 1990-1992, he freelanced with the Microelectronics Centre of the University of Kaiserslautem, where he was engaged in the design of digital circuits with field programmable gate arrays. In March 1993, he joined the Research Group for RF Communications of the University of Kaiserslautern as a Research Assistant. His present research interests are in the field of antenna diversity techniques for mobile radio systems.

Anja Klein (S93) was bom in Kaiserslautem, Germany, in 1967. She received the Dip1.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Kaiserslautern in 1991. Since then, she has been a Research Assistant with the Research Group for RF Communications of the University of Kaiserslautem. Her research interests are mainly concentrated on mobile radio communications and estimation theory.

Markus NaRhan was born in Zweibriicken, Germany, in 1965. He received the Dip1.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Kaiserslautem in 1992. Since then, he has been a Research Assistant with the Research Group for RF Communications of the University of Kaiserslautem. His research interests are mainly concentrated on simulation techniques and multiple access techniques for mobile radio systems.

Andreas Steil was bom in Cochem, Germany, in 1964. He received the Dipl.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Kaiserslautem in 1991. Since then, he has been a Research Assistant with the Research Group for RF Communications of the University of Kaiserslautem. His present research interests are mobile radio systems, especially cellular aspects and spectral efficiency.