H I

[1]

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//
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, MSc

, 2008

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( 10, .()2182/02).
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.

[3]

IEXOMENA

7
7
12
14
16
23
28

31
31
33
36
38
45
49

51
51
53
54
56
64
66
67
68

[5]


o Asteraceae (Compositae) Cynara. Cynara (Cynara scolymus) o (Cynara cardunculus), 5-6 .
, .
H o . Cynara scolymus
,
Cynara cardunculus. Cynara
.
, .
,
.
, , , , ,
. cyanara,
cardoon, globe artichoke, wild thistle artichoke, .

.
( ) , .


, .
, , -

. 1. .

[7]

[9]

. 2. .
( 1).

.
,
(. 1). (. 2). , ,
, .
( ),

1 ( ).
-, ,
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(
),
, .

 ( ),
( 4 /)
2.5 . ,
, , (stemleaves).
().
, 0.5 1.2 (
3.5 ).
.
(branch-leaves).
(. 3.03.6 g N m-2),
(50 kgCO2ha-1h-1) .
, - , . (.. 1 /2)
4050 , . , 10 15 . ( ). .

, ,
(. 2).
,
, -,
(. 2). ,
, .

/ ( )
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14 ,
. , , 1 2 ,
. , , ,
.
, 1/3
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 5 , 2 . , 3 ,
14 (. 3).
, 1.000 2050 (
3545 ).

[11]

. 3. , 2 ( ) >10
1 ( ).
. 4. 180
, 300 , 14 .



. (.
2).
,
, ( ),
() ( , , , ).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[1]
.

(1 ) (2 , ).
[2]
.
69 , .
[3]
. 90%
(:
).
[4]
( ). ,
.
(:
).
[5]
. , /
(: ).
[6]
.
90% ( , : ).
[7]
.
.
(: ).
[8]
( ).
, 90% (:
).
[9]
.

 -
. 5%
( 915%, , 1525%,
: ).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*
(1 )
(2 , )
,
. , ,
[4] . [4]
.

1. .
3040% ().
. (2 ).

[13]

(
/) 68C (
0 5C)
. 1520C
12 ,
( ) ( ). ,

, . 1923C, 22C
(). ,
(>25)
( ). (Q10 factor)
2.2, , 10C (.. 20 30C) .
(, )
34 ( 1). , 20C. ,
<5 C ,
, .

(. 5).

, , .
(1030% , 50%
).
,
. , 500 ,
, , .

H
. (50 kgCO2ha1 -1
h ) 600 W/m2.

. 5.
()
(). , 2007.

. , ,
.
.
( ,
) 400
.

, ,
(. 6).
(pH=6.58.2) , .
,
, , ,
.
. 6.

. ,
2007.

[15]


,
.
,
.


, ( < 68C). ,
.

3 5 .
, 1.53.0 ,
.
, , . ,
, ()
, .

.
, ( ) 46 /2. , 75 .
( /)
1.000 ,
, . ,
.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ 2 1000 10
= ----------------------------------------------------------------------






5.3 / 2 40 10
= -------------------------------------------------------- = 0.27 /

.. 95% .. 80%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.000 20 50
, (. ).
1.000 > 35 .
.
. , ,
, ..
,
: () , ()
, () , ()
.
.
.

, ,
( ).

(2535 ),
(
).
. (.. GSPARTO)
36 ( ).

[17]



. ,
, , (.. , )
. .

,
,
( 1 , . 7). , ,
,
.
, (.. alachlor, linuron trifluralin 350 /).
(12
) /, . .
, ,
.

. 7. ()
(). , 2008.

,
, . (.. ).

 .
, , (Pyrameis
cardui Platyptilia carduidactyla Riley), .
,
(Leveillula taurica) (Botrytis cinerea).

, ,
( 5 ), . , ,
23 .
. ., ,
11.5 /, 45 .
,
( 1.000 .. /)
1 4 ( 1), (). , ,

(0.71.1%). , 8
/.
37 . ,
, 1015 .
,
, .,
(.. 3.2% ,
0.65%). , , ( <15%) (nutrients remobilization)
( >60%).

, . 12 .
,
(> 3 /, . 8).
400 / .

[19]


.
( 2530 ) ,
.
,
. . .,
100150 ,
( ) 4050%.

. 8. (15 / , )
(3.2 / , ). , 2008.

() , () , () . , (
75%) .
, ( 912%)
(. 9).
2006, 20072008
2009. , ,
.
(. 10) (>1.7 ), (. 10) 1.7 .
5%

. 9. .

[21]

. 10. () ().

.
(>50% ) ().
( ), ,
400500 / (. 11).
. , , ,
. (2008) ,
. ,
, ,
(
, 100150 /m3 200350 /m3
, ).

 11.
(, ). ( Fedrizzi et al., 2007)
( Lavoie et al., 2008).

: [ 1] , [ 2]
13 ( 30 ), [ 3]
,
(
) [ 4]
(250350 /, . 12).
(25 / 125 /m3)
.
. .. , , 40 20 /.

[23]

. 12. ()
(). , 30 2008.

.
1. ( )
3.2 /.
,
,

 1 3 / , .
( =
* 4). , 400 / ,
400*4 = 1.600 / . (. 13).
(. , , . 1)
( )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(MJ/kg)

(%)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + 45%
17.67
16.47
36%
17.26
16.01

19%
23.43
21.88
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /
100%
18.61
17.33
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 13.
, 2008.

 , ( ) (.. ).
/ ,
12%.
, <12%
() . (. 14)
.
[25]

. 14. ()
5 KW ..
().

2. ()
24% (:
1932%) . -.
480 /,
70 330 /,
. , , ,
(. 15).

( 9%).
1015 .

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



1000

/

()
() (.)
()
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------< 3
8.2
0.4
0.04
24.5
34
15.3
3.3
0.21
27.2
45
23.2
7.1
0.30
28.3
56
40.3
13.1 0.33
29.6
67
44.3
16.2
0.36
39.4
78
51.9
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0.37
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> 8
62.0
23.1
0.37
49.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:
() = 0.42 * 3 ( 95%)
() = 5 * () 18 (
80% >4 ).
3.
() ,
1 , > 85% -

. 15. 3040%.

 300600 / ()
75% 515 /
( ).
, 30% (
-). ( )
1618%, ,
,
. ,
.
. , .
[27]

4.

, . , 4659%, - 25%
713%.
,
.
5. .
cynarin
silymarin. cynarin . silymarin

(). silymarin 0.92.7 %
.
6. .
, ( , )
50% , 3.8% , 0.8% , 0.93% 5.12%
. 1.000 / , 150 ,
40 110
( 11% ). / 50/3.8 =
13/1 ( C:N = 13:1).
C:N = 40:1, C:N = 80:1,
C:N = 13:1 C:N = 10:1.

, ,
.
.

Archontoulis SV, Danalatos NG, Struik PC, Vos J, Yin X, 2008. Agronomy of
Cynara cardunclulus growing in an aquic soil in central Greece. Proceedings of the International conference on Agricultural Engineering, Crete,
Greece, pp.115.
Archontoulis SV, Danalatos NG, Yin X, Struik PC, 2008. Leaf photosynthesis
and respiration of Cynara cardunculus. Proceeding of the 16th Biomass conference, Valencia, Spain (in press).
Curt MD, Sanchez G. Fernandez J, 2002. The potential of Cynara cardunculus for seed oil production in a perennial cultivation system. Biomass &
Bioenergy, 23, 3346.
Danalatos NG, 2008. Changing Roles: Cultivating Perennial Weeds vs. Conventional Crops for Bio-energy Production. The Case of Cynara cardunculus. Proceedings of the (CTSI) Clean Technology & Sustainable Industries
Conference, Boston, M.A, USA, 14 pp.
Danalatos NG, Archontoulis SV, Gianoulis K, Rozakis S, 2006. Miscanthus
and Cardoon as alternative energy crops for solid fuel production in central Greece. Proceedings of the Iinternational Conference, on information
systems, sustainable agriculture, agro-environment and food technology,
Volos, Greece, 387397.
Danalatos NG, Skoufogianni E, Giannoulis K, Archontoulis SV, 2007. Responses of Cynara Cardunculus to irrigation and N-fertilization in central
Greece. Proccedings of the 15th European Biomass Conference, Berlin, German (in press).
Danalatos NG, Tsibukas K, Archontoulis SV, Giannoulis K, Rozakis S, 2007.
Miscanthus and Cardoon as alternative energy crop for solid fuel production under new CAP conditions in Greece. Proceedings of the 15th European
Biomass Conference, Berlin, German (in press)
Danalatos NG, Archontoulis SV, Giannoulis K, Rozakis S, 2006. Miscanthus and Cardoon as alternative crops for solid fuel production in central
Greece. Proceedings of the International Conference, on Information Systems, Sustainable Agriculture, Agro-environment and Food Technology,
Volos, Greece, pp. 387397.
Fedrizzi M, Pari L, Curt M, Marquez L, Fernandez J, 2007. Strategies for the
mechanical harvest of cynara. Proccedings of the 15th European Biomass
Conference, Berlin, German (in press).
Grammelis P, Malliopoulou A, Basinas P, Danalatos NG, 2008. Cultivation
and characterization of Cynara cardunculus for solid biofuels production
in the Mediterranean region. International Journal of Molecular Science, 9,
12411258.

Fernandez J, Curt, Aguado PL, 2006. Industrial applications of Cynara cardunculus L. for energy and other uses. Industrial Crops and Products, 24,
222229.
Lavoie F, Savoie P, DAmours L, 2008. Design and Evaluation of a Versatile
Woody Biomass Harvester-Baler. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, (ASABE) Paper No. 083597, 10 pp.
Pari L, Fedrizzi M, Gallucci F, Pansini L., 2008. Cynara cardunculus exploitation for energy applications: Development of a combine head threshing
and concurrent residues collecting and utilization. Proceeding of the 16th
Biomass conference, Valencia, Spain (in press).
Raccuia SA, Melilli MG, 2007. Biomass and grain oil yields in Cynara cardunculus L. Genotypes grown in a Mediterranean environment. Field Crop
Research, 101, 187197.
Piscioneri I, Sharma N, Baviello G, Orlandini S, 2000. Promising industrial energy crop, Cynara cardunculus: a potential source for biomass production
and alternative energy. Energy Convers. Manage. 41, 10911105.

[29]



. ( Helianthus
petiolaris).
Helianthus annuus L. Compositae.
1550,
1780 , .
1969 , ,
.
, , .

( 40 ).
,
.
50100 30 .
80 230 cm. 3.5 .
, ,
. , , , .
.
, .
2030 /.
. , , .

(. 2).
.
.
(1030% ).
700 4.000 ,
(),
(, ) .

[31]

. 2. .
. 20
, 2008.

. 1 4 7 17
.
, .
.
, ,
( ) 2.5 /.
,
1.000 40 90 . , .


( ), (..
). 610 , 3040 ,
2030 , 712 30 .
-, 6070%,
3040%.
.
BBCH phenological growth stages
. 3 1.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *

1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0009
(
)
1019
( 9 )
3039
(
9 )
5059
(
)
6069
(
)
7079
( 75%
)
8089
(
.
20%)
9099

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[33]

 1. .
6575% ().
.
2006.

14

16

[35]

53

61

68

79

83

89

3.
(. 1 ).

4 8C ( 15 C).
, ,
. 4 C,
15 C (34 ). ( ) (5C),
67 ,
. 2533 C.
(.. 20C) , (.. > 35C), .
,
(> 25 C)
. ,
2530C 1520C.

. >550 W/m2 5.5

, C3 .
30C. ( ), .

(water-use efficiency).
/ (.. , , ).

1.7 .
( ).
(
). 20 20 .
70%.
,
5C, .

 ,
,
(-). , 50%
.

, p 5.68.2,
6 7.2. p
. p
, .

,
(. 4).
, ,
.
. 4.

.

.

[37]



( ) .
,
, .
- (120140 ).
(-), ,
90110 ,
.
,
.

2.53.0
. () ,
(3.06.0 ).
23 34
. , .
( 35
) .

: )
, ) ) . (34 /
2),
,
(67 /2). ,
(. 5). , , ,
6.67.4 /2, ,

35 /2 ( ).

. , > 8 /2,
(
). -


75 .

[39]

. 5. (6.6 /2, )
(2.6 /2, ) .
, 2008.

( /)
1000 ,
, . ,
510%
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ 2 1000 10
= ----------------------------------------------------------------






6.5 / 2 65.7 10
= -------------------------------------------------- = 0.56 /

.. 95% .. 80%
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2535 ) , .
-

. 6. 20 GASPARTO
( 2007).

. () , ,
.
1-2 .
,
.
(.. GSPARTO, . 6), (26
), 36
( ).

. ,

, (.. )
.

,
.
.

( 5 /).
,

 (..
, ).
1520%.
. (.. trifluralin, treflan 350
/) .
,
. ,

.


,
. ,
Homoesoma electellum Homoesoma nebulella .
) (Plasmopara halstedii)
( ),
) (Phomopsis helianthi)
) (Phoma oleracea), )
(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) Botrytis cinerea,
Alternaria heliathi, Verticillium dahliase, .
.
. .
, 2007
2008 30 60% (. 7).
/
( ) , . ,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
. , Avitrol
Mesurol, .

[41]

. 7.
. 20 , 2007.

. ,
. )
) )
.
(.. 37 ). . 300
/ 10.5
(), 1.3 ( 6 , P2O5) 2.2 ( 5.3 2).
.

, ,
(. 8), ( 1020 ).
,
. ( 3040%
) (6070% )
, ,
30 . ,
()
,
.

(
).

[43]

. 8.
. , 2008.

,
() .

(. ) . ( 6090 / 250350
/).
.
,
. 35
( ). 200
450 - ,
.

- - .
,
(. 3).
1520%
9%. (9%), -

 ( ,
).
, -,
(
).
( . , . 9),
,
( < 4 /). , , . , 2007 2008
( ,
), ,
.

. 9. 20 ( 2007
2008 )
( 2007 2008, ).



(. 1), , ,
, (. 2),
(. 3).
20 50%. 450500 /. (, , )
2007 2008 ( )
, , 240370 /,
6090 / ( 45% , 30% 53% ). (harvest index) 2535%,
.

1. 8 /
, .
6.6 /2, 1 .
3035% ,
3341% . (
20032004).

[45]

 2. .
2007 2008 .
2545% .

3. , 2007
2008. 23 (6070%
), ( 40%)
. 20 .



,
.., ( 123125
120 14214).
. .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Florigen
Panter
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
79 %

26 %

40.8 %
41.8%
( )
3.5 %
5.2%

18.7 %
19.6%
()
30.1 %
31.8%
(MJ/kg)
3339
(kg/lt)
0.40
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2007,
4448% (, )
4245%. 2007 , ,
3940% ( 9% 5%).
,
2830%.

[47]


Archontoulis SV, Danalatos NG, Struik PC, Tsalikis D, 2007. Irrigation and
N-fertilization effects on the growth and productivity of sunflower in an
aquic soil in central Greece. Proceedings of the 15th European Biomass
Conference, Berlin, German, May 2007 (in press)
Danalatos NG, Archontoulis SV, Geronikolou L, Papadakis G, 2005. Irrigation
and N-fertilization effects on growth and productivity of three sunflower
hybrids in an aquic soil in central Greece. Proceeding of the International
Conference on Industrial Crops and Rural Development, Murcia, Spain, pp
129138.
Danalatos NG, Archontoulis SV, Geronikolou L, Papadakis G, 2004. Potential
growth and productivity of three Sunflower hybrids in a soil with aquic
moisture regime in central Greek conditions. Proceedings of the 2nd World
Biomass Conference, Roma, Italy, pp 315318
Danalatos NG, Archontoulis SV, Giannoulis KD, Pasxonis K, Tsalikis D,
Pazaras B, Papadoulis N, Zaitoudis D, 2008. Cynara, sunflower, sweet and
fiber sorghum on-farm yields in north, central and south Greece in 2007.
Proceding of the International conference on Agricultural Engineering,
Crete, Greece, 113.
Geronikolou L, Papadakis G, Danalatos NG, Archontoulis, SV, Kyritsis S,
2005. Economic Opportunity for Seed Oil Production in S. Europe by New
Sunflower Varieties and under New C.A.P. Conditions. Proceedings of the 14th
European Biomass Conference, Paris, France, pp. 19171920.
Giannoulis KD, Archontoulis SV, Bastiaans L, Struik PC, Danalatos NG,
2008. Potential growth and seed yield of sunflower as affected by sowing
time, irrigation and N-fertilization in central Greece. Proceedings of the
International conference on Agricultural Engineering, Crete, Greece, 110
pp.
Goskoy, AT, Demir AO, Turan ZM, Dagustu N., 2004 Response of sunflower
(Helianthus annuus L.) to full and limited irrigation at different growth
stages. Field Crop Research, 87, 167178.
Meier U, 2001. Growth stages of mono-and dicotyledonous plants BBCH
Monograph. 2nd edition, 158 pp.
Rinaldi M, Losavio N, Flagella Z, 2003.Evaluation and application of the
OILCROP-SUN model for sunflower in southern Italy. Agric. Systems, 78,
1730.
Rinaldi M, 2001. Application of EPIC model for irrigation scheduling of
sunflower in southern Italy. Agric. Water Management, 49, 185196.
Ruffo ML, Garcia FO, Bollero GA, Fabrizzi K, Ruiz RA., 2003. Nitrogen balance
approach to sunflower fertilization. Communications in soil science and
plant analysis, 34, Nos. 17&18, pp. 26452657.
Ruiz RA, Maddonni GA., 2006. Sunflower seed weight and oil concentration
under different post-flowering source-sink rations. Crop Science, 46,
671680.

 Villalobos et al., 1996. OILCROP-SUN: A development, Growth and Yield

model for sunflower. Agronomy Journal 88, 403415
, 1986. . , , 27 .

[49]


To ( )
. 90%
( ) . ,
, , , , , ,
...
-. Poaceae (=Graminae) sorghum Sorghum bicolor.
(Sorghum halepense), , .
sorghum bicolour :
) (grain sorghum),
) (grass sorghum, Sudanense), ,
. (5 /)
45 ,
, 12 //
. .
) (sorgo, sweet sorghum) ()
(1015% ),
-.
) , .
(fiber sorghum)

,
, .
( )
. 2070 ,
14
. , ( 10 ,
), .
, 5.5 -

[51]

. 2. 5 , 2006.

,
(. 2).
,
1030% ( ) . 1520 ( ). ,
. 1000 10
50 ( ). ,
1.52 .
, ,
.
( )
. C4, ,
48
.
,
.



(.. , ). ,
4 () , ()
, () () .
( 510
), , 35 ( 2040 ).
. .
( 5060 //). , .

(1520 ).
. . , , .
.
. ( . 3)

) ( 100 , ), ) ( , /
,
> 40C), (
,
). 130180 ( ).

[53]

 1. . 2007.

(, , )
, /

(.. ). ,
. 812C (
), > 15C.
35C.
, .
1
12 . C4
(70 CO2ha-1h-1),
(light-use efficiency) ( 34
MJ PAR,
). ,
, , .
, ,
.
,
400700

[55]

. 3. : () , () 3 , ()
, () , () (
).

( 80% ).
.

. ,
, . ,
. pH 68.2 6.57.8.



. (),
( ).
. (<15C)

.

3 5 .
,
(1.52.5 ), . >4 . ,
,
.


( ) 75 .
79 /2
( 1419 ) 68
/2 ( 1723 ).
25 , 13 . ,
(logging) . .

 ( /)
1000 ,
, .
, /
,
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (133) 1000 35.5
(: 8 /2)
(Dale) 1000 15.1
(: 7 /2)

/ 2 1000 10
= -------------------------------------------------------------------------






8 7 / 2 35.5 15.1 10
= ------------------------------------------------ = 0.37 () 0.14

.. 95% .. 80%
() /
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( , ),
. , ,
( 1/31/2 ). (.. GSPARTO),
36 ( ).

.
, (
) (
).

. ,

[57]


,
,
C/N (). ,
.
( ).
, . , .. triflurarin,
. 3
.

. ( ) .
, .
,
. ,
. () , 40 (1
). .

2035
, (.
5). ( >15C)

(C4 ), ( C3 ).


.
(Agriotis sp.), (Heliothis armigera)
(Sesamia nonagrioides) .
2007 2008 .
. , ,
.

[59]

. 5.
.
20 . , 2008.

( ) . . (.. 37 ).

. ,
2 /
(85% 15% )
15 (), 1.8 ( 8.2
, P2O5) 13.5 ( 32
2). . ,

.
( ) ( , (. 6).
,
,
.

, , ,
. .

. 6. () ()
. 40 2008.

, , . ,
( 1020 ).
,
.
( 3040% )
(6070% )
, 30 . ,
() ,
.
, , (
). pH ,
(.. , .).

().

(.. , ).
- (. 7). 80%
. ,
(90100% ). (
),

. 7. ()
(). . >50%.

( ). ,
(.. ) .

, 50%
25% .

,
(, -, ),
.

( : ).
, ,
( 75%).
,
12 50%, .

. .
(. 8,),
35
50% (. 9).

[61]

. 8. ()
() 2007 ( 70%) .

. 8. 2006 (,
60%) 2007 ( 80%).
.

. 9.
. 50%.

-
( ).
15%,

, . 2007 2008 .

, 40%, > 50%

( , . 10)
( , , ).
, ,
(1 / ), .
( )
, (710 /
) (. 11). . , ( 75%)
,
(50100 / ).

. 10.
2008. .
40%.

[63]

. 11. .
20 , , 2007.

. , .
2007-2008 () .


( ), , , -
.
1314 / 3.54.5 / (. 12 . 2),
511 / 1.52.8 /
. -

[65]

. 12. ()
().
(, ). () (- )
14 / 7580%. 5 , 2008.

,
- .
- . 1015% , 85% ,
9% , 6% .
()
. , - (), , , .
(2 -).

Albrizio R, Steduto P, 2005. Resource use efficiency of field-grown sunflower, sorghum, wheat and chickpea. I. Radiation use efficiency (RUE). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 130: 254268.
Amaducci S, Amaducci MT, Benati R, Venturi G, 2000. Crop yield and quality
parameters of four annual fibre crops (hemp, kenaf, maize and sorghum) in
the north of Italy. Industrial Crops and Products 11: 179186.
Danalatos NG, Archontoulis SV, Dimitriadou MM, 2008. Potential growth
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