= GU PHAR TIENG A ect =DLOI NOI DAU uén "Ngit phap tiéng Anh" nay dugc bién soan nhim muc dich phuc vu viée hoc tiéng Anh trong cdc trudng Dai hoe va Trung hoc chuyén nghiép déng théi cing nhim déng gop vao viéc hoc tiéng Anh ca hoc sinh cdc trudng phé théng, cae lép tai chtte va cdc ban tu hoc. Né6 cé tinh chat cha mét cuén Ngit phap tiéng Anh ca ban va thue hanh, noi dung cha yéu nham gidi thiéu nhiing quy tac co ban va thong dung, kém theo nhiéu bai tap dé gidp ngudi hoc van dung dude cdc quy tac trong viéc rén luyén ky nang néi, nghe, doc, viét tiéng Anh. Do dé sach nay chua dé cap dén nhiing van dé phic tap, ft gap va it ding, cing khéng di s4u vao ng phap ly thuyét. Mat khac, dé dam bdo “Tinh chat Viét Nam va hién dai", ching téi cing cha y dua vao kinh nghiém thyc té day tiéng Anh cho ngudi Viét két hgp véi nhitng thanh tuu cia ngén ngi hoc va phuong phap gidng day ngoai ngit hién dai dé trinh bay cAc van dé ngit phap mét cach don gian, ngin gon nhung ro rang, dé hiéu, dé nhd, thich hop véi déi tugng ngudi Viét. Vé mat thuat ngi, chting t6i cha truong ding nhiing thuat ngit tiéng Viét va tiéng Anh cia ngit phap truyén théng, cé chon lee va tinh gian trong sO nhiing thuat ngi da quen ding, dé ngudi hoc khdi bd nga. ‘ Vé6i nhitng .dac diém nhu trén, chting téi hy vong cuén sach ~ sé dap ting duige yéu cdu cua déng dao cac ban hoc tiéng Anh. N66 thé ding lam gido trinh day ngit ph4p d trong lép, lam tai liéu 6n tap va tham khdo ngu phap cho hoe sinh va giao vién. Sau day chung téi gidi thiéu bé cuc cuén sach va mét sé goi y huéng d4n cach st dung. 1) Cuén sach gém 8 phan lén: Phan I gém 11 chugng, 31 bai, gidi thiéu cha yéu cach phan loai, hinh thai cdu tao, chtte nang va cach diing cac ti loai trong tiéng Anh, c6 két hop giai quyét mot sé van dé ct php (cach dat cAu) lién quan dén viéc st dung tix loai d6. Phan II gém 5 chuong, 14 bai, gidi thiéu cha yéu c&c van dé cu phap co ban, cé tinh ch&t nang cao va khai quat héa cach dat cau tiéng Anh theo nhiing cau tric, céng thtic, mAu co ban. Phan III 1a dap an cdc bai tap khé, nhdm gitp cdc ban tu hoc c6 thé tu kiém tra, danh gia két qua hoc tap cha minh. 2) Méi bai gdm ph4n trinh bay nhiing quy tac va phan bai tap ting dung, nham gidi thiéu gon va tap trung mét hay nhiéu v&én dé ngit phap co lién quan, theo tiing buée tir d& dén kho. Tuy nhién, cé nhiéu van dé khéng thé gidi quyét gon mét lan la xong duge, vi cé nhiéu diém lién quan dén cae van dé kh4e, thi chung t6i gidi thiéu tig phan, phan sau cé nhac lai, ciing cd, bd sung va nang cao phan truéc. Cac ban hoc nén chi y diém nay: hoc phan sau nén 6n lai va déi chiéu véi phan truéc, nhu vay mdi hiéu duge van dé mot céch ddy di, su va chdc. 3) Phan trinh bay quy tde trong méi bai duce viét theo tinh than tinh gidn, ngan gon, kém theo nhiéu thi dy minh hoa. Chiing t6i st dung réng rai cach trinh bay tom tat duéi dang cc bang téng hop, biéu dé, so dé va céng thie kém theo nhiing 131 ghi, nhiing cht thich can thiét.Cae ban hoe cén cha ¥ doc ky, hiéu chdc va hoc thude cdc thi du trong bai vi chting khéng nhiing cé tac dung minh hoa, gitip ngudi hoc ndém viing duge quy tac thay cho ldi gidi thfch tritu tugng, ma con 1a nhiing cau tiéu biéu cho cach dién dat cha ngudi Anh cé thé duoc sit dung trong nhiéu tinh huéng khac nhau. 4) Cac bai tap trong méi bai khéng tap trung 6 cudi ma dude bé tri rai ra trong titng muc nhé, theo phusng cham “hoc dén dau luyén dén dé", nhim gitip ngudi hoc vita ndm duge quy tc ngi phap via rén luyén dude ky nang stt dung ngén ngi. Cac bai tap duge danh s6 tha ty lién tuc trong tiing bai dé dé déi chiéu véi phan dap an. C&c ban hoe cfn dic biét cht ¥ lam céc bai tap mét cach ddy da, nghiém tic va luyén cho dén mite thudn thuc. Muén vay khéng nén chi nhin bing mat va viét ra gidy ngay, ma cén thong qua khau luyén miéng. Can doc to va nhac lai nhiéu lan nhiing cau tap da lam ding. . 5) Nhtng cau thi du va cau cho trong bai tap duge chon theo tiéu chudn tiéng Anh hién dai, pho thong, c6 néi dung thuc tién va tu tuéng tét, déng théi chi ding mét sé von tit ngit don gian (trudng hgp cé tit ngit khé thi chia nghia tiéng Viét). Cac ban gido vién huéng din cé thé tay theo trinh dé va von tit cha ngudi hgc ma cho thém thi dy hode bai tap thich hgp. Cuén "Ngit phap tiéng Anh" nay duge bién soan ldn dau, chdc chén khéng thé tranh khdi thiéu st. Mong cdc ban gép ¥ kién nhan xét dé ching téi hoan chinh cuén sach nhim pkac vu t6t hon cho viée hoc tiéng Anh cia déng dao ban doc. Cac tac gidPHAN MOTCHUONG MOT TU VA CAU (Words and Sentences) TU LoAI VA CAU TRUC CAU (Word Classes and Sentence Structures) L GIGI THIEU Cac khai niém vé tif loai va cau tric cdu trong tiéng Anh c6 nhiing diém gidng tiéng Viét, nhung do dic diém riéng cua ting ngon ngit, nén tat nhién cing cé nhiéu diém khac. Thi dy nhiing khai niém chung vé danh tit, déng ti, tinh ti, chi ngi, vi ngi... thi giéng, nhung di vao chi tiét cdu tao, chic nang, vi tri v.v... thi hae nhau nhiéu. Co nhiing khai niém chi tiéng Anh co ma tiéng Viét khong cé nhu c4ch sé hitu cia danh ti, thi ca déng tir, dong tinh tw, déng danh tw v.v... Bai dau nay nham gidi thiéu tong quat vé tw loai va céu tric cau tigng Anh dé ngudi hoe cé khai niém chung truéc khi di vao cc chi tiét cy thé. IL TU LOAI (Word Classes, hay cén ggi la Parts of Speech) C6 nhiéu cach phan loai, nhung theo ngit phap truyén thong Anh, ta cé thé chia 1am tam loai nhu sau: 11Tén tit logi Céng dung | Thi du 1. Danh tw (Noun) Chi ngudi, vat, sw iéc hay khai niém Jooy, table, cat, freedom, lhappiness. 2. Dai tw (Pronoun) [Dung thay cho danh ter II, he, them, who, which, Imine, this... 3. Tinh tu (Adjective) ps nghia (néi r6 jthém) cho danh tit. |Gém nhiéu loai, ké cdi lmao tix (article) va sé ttt (numeral) ja good worker, the heroic Vietnamese people, my first lesson, some new books, those two houses are large. 4. Dong tix (Verb) ‘Chi hanh déng hoac 'e are learning tinh ti hode pho tit khac trang thai English. {The enemy was defeated, ‘5. Phé tix (Adverb) |Bé nghia cho déng tit, They work very hard. |He came here esterday. II was too tired. 6. Gidi tir bi trudc danh tw hodell spoke to him. \Preposition) {dai tir dé chi quan hé The desk of the pa chting véi céc tit teacher is near the Ikhae indow. (7. Lién tix INGi cc tit, cum tit. You and I. He is poor (Conjunction) hhoac cau véi nhau, put honest; he will _ me if you ask him. “8. Than ty Dién ta cam xtc ih! Ah! Hello! Alas! (Interjection) 12Ghi cha: Can luw ¥ mét diém quan trong 1a viée phan chia tit loai trong tiéng Anh chi yéu dua vao chic nang cac tir dé trong cau. Do d6, mét tY cd thé khi 1A danh ti, khi 1a déng tw, hoac khi 1a tinh ti, khi la dai tw v.v... Nhiing tit nhu vay tuong déi nhiéu, can chu y hoc cach ding cu thé cua ching. Thi du: T have two hands - (Téi cé hai tay - hands 1a danh tit). He hands me the paper (Anh 4y dua cho t6i ta gidy - hand la dong ti). Around table (Cai ban tron - round la tinh ti). A round of beer. (Mét chau bia - round 1a danh tit). The earth moves round the sun (Trai dat quay xung quanh mat trdi - round 1a gidi tt). The police rounded them up (Canh sat quay ho lai - round 1a dong tw). This is his hat (Day 1a cai mit cua anh y - This la dai tu, his la tinh tiv sd hitu). This hat is his (CAi mi nay 1A cha anh 4y - This 1a tinh tu, his 1a dai tit sé hitu). Bai tap 1. Doc to nhiing cdu sau, tim hiéu ¥ nghia va ni ré tit logi cua nhitng tit in nghiéng. . 1. It is hard work, but I know you can work hard. 2. He éame by a very fast train. He can run very fast, but he is running slowly. 133. I like to drink tea. Let us have another drink. 4. These oranges are bigger than those. 5. This is my book. It is not yours. 6. The room is quite dark. He is not sitting in the dark, 7. This lamp gives a poor light. Light the other lamp, please. 8. Cotton is not heavy, it is light. 9. Nam is sitting at the back of the class. He has come back through the back door. 10. Let's go for a walk. We shall walk down the street. 11. CAU TRUC CAU (Sentence Structures) Mét cau tiéng Anh don gidn c6 thé chia lam hai phan chinh 1a cha ngit (Subject) va vi ngit (Predicate). Phan vi ngit trong cau tiéng Anh luén gém mét dong tit da chia vA néu cdn thi co thém tan ngit (Odject) hodc bé ngit (Complement). Ngoai ra, cau con cé nhiing thanh phan thit yéu 1a trang ngit (Adverbial Modifier) va tinh ngit (Adjective Modifier). Nhiing van dé nay sé hoc ky trong phan II ca sach nay, 6 day chi gidi thiéu so b6 dé cé khai niém chung khi hoe cc tit loai. C6 thé tom tat cau tric cu co ban nhat trong tigng Anh bing hai biéu dé nhu sau: A - Truéng hop cau chi cé nhiing thanh phan cha yéu (goi la cau hat nhan hay cau téi thiéu) 14. Predicate Subject Verb Object or Complement 1. The door is opened. 2. He is running. 3. The boy opened the door. 4, We speak English. 5. That man is my brother. 6. They will become __| workers. Ja cdu mé réng) B - Trudng hgp cau c6 thém nhiing thanh phan thi yéu (goi Subject Predicate Subject + Adjective Verb Object or Adverbial Modifiers | Complement Modifier 1. The green door is opened lat once. Chiéc ctta xanh mo Ingay lap tric. 2. A little boy jis running lin the street. Mét cau bé \dang chay Itrén dudng pho. 3. The boy in the blue jopened the back dour |this morning. hat ICau bé déi mai xanh = |md Ictia sau hic sang nay 4. We all in this class |speak English irather well. IPat c& chting ta trong |ndi tiéng Anh kha tot. lép nay 5. That man there lis Imy big brother. INgudi dan éng d6 ila lanh trai tdi. . _ |6. These young men _|willbecome factory workers |next vear. INhiing thanh nién nay |sé tré thanh|céng nhan lvao sang nam. nha may 15Ghi cha: Cau luu ¥ nhiing diém sau cé phan nao khac véi ng phap tiéng Viét hoac khac véi cach ding thuat nga 6 mét vai tai liéu ngit phap khac. a) Tan ngif chi déi tugng cha hanh dong (cé tai liéu goi la bd ngit déi tugng) tra 1éi cau héi: Gi? Cai gi? Ai? Tan ngit bé ng cho ngoai dong ti. Trudng hop ndi déng ti thi khéng cé tan ngit. Thi du 1 trong bang trén "The door opened", opened 14 ndi dong tix kh6ng cé tan ngit, nhung trong thi du 3, néu cau diing lai sau opened thi chua du nghia, vi opened day 1a ngoai dng tit ddi hdi phai cé tan ngi. b) Bo ngw (complement, cdn goi 1a predicative) 1A mét bd phan khéng thé thiéu duge cha vi nga, nhung khong chi déi tong nhv tan ngi. Bé ngit thudng 1a danh tw (nhu thf du 5 va 6 trong cc bang trén), nhung cing cé thé 1a tinh tit hay phé tu, nhu: Lam hungry. - Toi déi. They are here. - Ho 6 day. He looks different. ~ Anh ta tréng khac. G day ta thay ché khdc nhau gitia tiéng Anh va tiéng Viét. Téi déi (d6i 14 vi ngit) lam hungry (hungry khéng ding m6t minh 1Am vi ngit dugc) Vi ngii la: am (dong tw) + hungry (bé ngii). Chung téi dang thuat ngit bd ng vdi nghia hep nhu vay, khéng phai theo nghia rong 1a bat ctf tiv nao bé nghia cho déng tix nhu m6t vai tai liéu khac. . c) Trang ngw (adverbial modifier) thudng 1a phé tu hay cum ti tuong duong véi pho ti lam nhiém vy bé nghia cho déng tif hay cho ca cau dé néi 16 thém vé cach thiéc, thdi gian, noi chon vv... cia hanh déng hay su viéc. Nhiing thi du trong bang B cho ta 16thay trang ngi la thanh phan phy, thém vao thi ré y hon, nhung khdng c6 né céu van di nghia. d) Tinh ti (adjective modifier) cin goi la dink ngit (attributive) 1A mét ty hay cum tit bé nghia cho danh ti. N6 1a thanh phan phu di kém véi danh ti, dd danh tir dé la cha ngi, tan ngii, bé ngit hay nim trong trang ngit cla cau cing thé. Bai tap 2. Ding nhitng tit trong cét 2 dién vao nhitng cdu trong cét 1 lam tan ngit cho dé nghia. Méi tit cé thé dién vao nhiéu céu néu nghia thich hop. 1 2 1. They are looking at... him, the house 2.1 don't know... >| your name, English 3. The student is doing... his work, that 4. She can see... the new factory, that river 5. My friend likes... this exercise, those books 3. Ding nhitng tit trong cot 2 dién vao nhitng céu trong cét 1 lam trang ngit. Céch lam nhu trén. 1 2 1, My brother is... an engineer, happy 2. The boys were... students, there 3. He seems to be... a good teacher, quite well 4. These girls will become... factory workers 5. They look... strong, tired 174. Ding nhitng tit trong cét 2 dién vao nhitng cau trong cét 1 lam trang ngi?. Céch lam nhut trén. 1 2 1. He is running... fast, now 2. They walked... to the station, yesterday 3. My father is working... today, in the garden 4, 1 saw many children... in the street, last week 5. You cannot play football... here, everyday 18 Cha ¥: Co thé thém mét hay nhiéu trang ngit vao cau. Thi du: He is running fast. He is running to the station. N6 dang chay nhanh. N6é dang chay tdi ga. He is running fast to the station. Nb dang chay nhanh tdi ga.CHUONG HAIL DANH TU (Nouns) DANH TU: DANG VA CHUC NANG (Nouns: Forms and Functions) 1. CAC LOAI DANH TU A- C6 nam loai danh tix 1. Danh tw chung (common noun): dog, table, man... 2. Danh tw riéng (proper noun): London, England, Fred... 8. Danh ti chi chat liéu (material noun): water, rice, ink... 4. Danh tt triu tugng (abstract noun): beauty, happiness, courage... 5. Danh tw tap hgp (collective noun): team, crowd, flock... Ghi nhé: Trong thuc tién, vé mat ng phap cdn phan biét trong tiéng Anh: 1. Nhing danh ti dém duge (countable noun): boy, chair, hou 1. Nhing danh tit khéng dém duoe (uncountable noun): - water, milk, ink, beauty, happiness, courage... B- Quy tc cau tao danh tw Nhiing quy tac chinh 1920 1) Danh tu dém duge Verb + er: to teach — teacher Verb + or: to direct + director to govern -> governor Verb + ing: to build -> building to write > writing 2) Danh tw tritu tugng a) adjective + ness kind — kindness happy — happiness lazy — laziness (Chu ¥: Khi chuyén sang danh tw: y > i) b) noun + ship friend — friendship workman -> workmanship c) noun adj + dom king > kingdom wise > wisdom free — freedom @) adjective + th wide > width true > truth (Cha y: Khi chuyén thanh danh tit: bd e thém th). 3) Danh ti ghép a) adjective + noun black + board — blackboard grand + parent > grandparent6) noun + noun bed + room — bedroom shop + keeper — shopkeeper c) gerund + noun looking + glass -» looking-glass writing + paper — writing-paper Chu y: Trong nhiing danh tw ghép trén, tit diing trudc cé gia tri mét dinh ngit lam ré nghia tit ding sau. d) Dang khdac Mother-in-law, passer-by, commander-in-chief Bai tap 1. Phan loai nhiing danh tit dui day: dog, cat, man, woman, country, crowd, team, happiness, beauty, health, patience, army, flock, desk, door. Paris, window, kindness, courage, house, building, poverty. France, pleasure, wood, paper, air, steam, family, sand, bread, ink, truth. Henry, chair, table, rice, salt. George, tree, flower, water, honey, grass, fame. 2. Tim trong sé danh tit d bai tap trén nhitng danh tit dém duge va nhitng danh tit khéng dém duoc. 3. Cau tao danh tit tudng ing cho nhitng tit dudi day: scholar, friend, boy, man, woman, long, wide, strong, warm, deep, true, to wash, to manage, to sing, neat, good, tender, dark, soft, sweet, neighbour, young. 4. Tao nhitng danh tit ghép dé dién ta: A knife for cutting paper. A glass for holding wine. A box for holding matches. A desk for writing at. 21A needle used to darn socks with. A driver of taxi. A floor made of stone. A machine for washing clothes. A wall made of brick. A room where you have meals. A room in which you sleep. A brush with which we brush our teeth. Il. GIONG : Danh ti tiéng Anh rat dé xac dinh gidng cin cu theo y nghia cha ti. Gidng duc Nhiing danh ti chi| boy, man, father, (masculine gender) | vat giéng duc ram Gidng cai (feminine.| Nhiing danh tit chi| girl, woman, gender) vat ging cdi mother, ewe... Gidng trung Nhiing danh_ ti| child, person, (common gender) | chung cho ca duc, | parent, sheep... cai Trung tinh (neutral | Nhiing danh tir vé| table, chair, house... gender) tinh Ghi nhée: 1. Cé.rat nhiéu danh ti chung thudc trung tinh desk, lamp, stool, door, window... 2. Nhiing danh tw tritu tudng, chi chat liéu, tap hop bao gid cing thuéc loai trung tinh patience, kindness, water, rice, crowd, team... 3. C6 3 cach chinh dé phan biét mot danh ti thude gidng dye hay gidéng cai. a) Khéec han vé hinh thie: boy, girl, man, woman...b) Céng thém mét danh tix hay dai tiv (thude gidng duc hay giéng cai) vao mét danh ti gidng trung: boy-cousin, girl-cousin, he-wolf, she-wolf c) Thém vao mét danh tiv gidng duc (dé chuyén thanh danh tix gidéng cAi): poet - poetess host - hostess actor - actress Bai tap 5. Phan biét giéng ctia cdc danh tit dudi day: husband, wife, artist, cook, lady, gentleman, neighbour, doctor, writer, visitor, musician, school-boy, school-girl, school, uncle, aunt, cousin, bird, father, mother, parent, friend, enemy, pen, pencil, book, son, daughter, courage, poverty, health, friendship, kindness, love, truth. 6. Tim nhitng danh tit ging cdi cua nhiéng danh tit dudi day: boy, husband, brother, bull, father, gentleman, uncle-son, nephew, king, cock-sparrow, he-goat, man, school, master, prince, lion, tiger, cock, waiter. UL. SO NHIEU CUA DANH TU Quy tac chung 1. Muén chuyén mét danh tiv sé it sang sé nhiéu thi thém s va ding sau: book - books dog - dogs 2. Chi nhiing danh tiv dém duc (countable noun) mdi cé dang sé nhiéu "thém s". Nhiing danh tiv khéng dém duge (non- 23countable) khéng cé dang sé nhiéu, (trit nhitng trudng hep ghi cha 6 cudi bai 4). Ghi nhé: a) - Nhiing danh ti tan ctng bang s, x, ch, sh, thém es (va doc 1a fiz]). glass - glasses; box - boxes; branch - branches; brush - brushes. . - Nhiing danh ti tan clung bang o thém es: hero - heroes, potato - potatoes, tomato - tomatoes Mét sé danh tif nguén géec nude ngoai khéng theo quy tic nay: piano - pianos; dynamo - dynamos; photo - photos. - Nhiing danh tw tan cing bang y ding sau mét phu 4m, truéc khi thém s, déi y thanh ie: lady - ladies, fly - flies, country - countries; (néu y ding sau m6t nguyén dm, chi cén thém s: boy-boys; toy-toys; day-days). - Nhiing danh tix tan cling bang f hoi fe, bé f hoac fe, thém ves: wife - wives; life - lives; wolf - wolves; self - selves; leaf - leaves; thief - thieves. Tuy nhién, c6 mét sé danh ti tan cing f hoac fe vin theo quy tac chung: cliff - cliffs; handkerchief - handkerchiefs; roof - roofs. C6 mét sé viét duge ca hai cAch: scarf - scarfs hoae scarves wharf - wharfs hodc wharves b) Cé mét sé danh tix khong theo quy tac chung man - men; woman - women; child- children; tooth - teeth; 24foot - feet; mouse - mice; louse - lice; goose - geese; basis - bases; crisis - crises; sheep - sheep (khéng thay déi), memorandum - memorandums va memoranda (hai dang) v.v... c) Déi véi danh ti ghép - Thudng 1a chi thém s vao tit dting sau. armchair - armchairs; school-boy — school-boys. - Nhung néu dung truéc 1A man hay woman, thi ca hai tw déu chuyén sang sé nhiéu. manservant - menservants. - C6 mét sé danh tit ghép véi gidi tu hoac pho tw thi chi thém s vao tit ding trudc. sister-in-law — sisters-in-law. looker-on - lookers-on. d) Cach doc Am cuéi 6 danh ti sé nhiéu (Cha ¥ cach phat 4m theo phién 4m quéc té, khéng theo chinh ta). Danh ti tan cing bang! Doc la Thi du cac Am: Phu 4m v6 thanh, [f], [s] | roofs, books, lakes, shops, (kl, (pl, [4] hopes, hats. Nguyén 4m va phu 4m [z] days, birds, dogs, pens, hitu thanh walls, years, rows Phu 4m [iz] | horses, boxes, roses, (sl, [2], Ul, (tl, [dz] brushes, watches, villages. Bai tap 7. Viét sang sé nhiéu nhitng ti trong ngode dun. 1. Study the next three (chapter). 2526 2. Can you recommend some good (book)? 3. Lhad two (tooth) pulled out the other day. 4, You can always hear (echo) in these mountains. 5. They are proud of their (son-in-law). 6. Did you raise these (tomato) in your garden? 7. I think we need two (radio). 8. My (foot) really hurt. 9. The (roof) of these houses are tiled. 10. How many (day) are there in this month? 11. Get me two (loaf) of bread. , 12. The (mouse) were running all over the empty house. 8. Chita nhitng ché sai (néu cd) 6 nhitng cdu dudi day: 1. He had a bag of rices. 2. There are many dirts on the wall. 3. We want more fuels than that. 4. He drank two milks. 5. Ten inks are needed for our class. 6. He gave me a great deal of troubles. 7. He learnt three poetries by heart. 8. He sent me many foods. 9. Many golds were found there. 10. Cows eat grasses, 11. The rain has left many waters.cACH SO HUU (Possessive Case) 1. GIGI THIEU - Cau "edi vudn cia cha toi" cé thé dién dat bang hai cach: Ding gidi tit "of" Ding cach sd hitu The garden of my father. My father's garden. Quy tie: - Dat “my father" (danh t& chi ngudi cé quyén sé hitu) lén trén. - Thém "s" vao ngay dang sau danh tir do. - Danh tit chi vat thude quyén sé hitu ditng sau "s" va bd mao tt "the". - Chi ¥: Déi véi danh tit sé nhiéu da cé s réi,-chi thé. dau’, nhung déi véi danh tit riéng tan cing bang s, thudng cing van thém 's (triy mét vai truéng hgp dac biét). The desk of the pupils ~- The pupils' desks. The clothes of the boys ~ The boys' clothes. The poems of Keats — Keats's poems. (Chit y khi doc: Keats's [ki:tsiz]). Léi ghi: Theo quy tae cd ban, cach sé hitu chi 4p dung cho nhiing danh tit chi déng vat, chtt khéng 4p dung cho nhiing danh tu chi vat dung. Thi du: Ngudi ta khéng viét The room's window. Ma viét: The window of the room. 27(Tuy nhién trong thuc té, tiéng Anh, My hién dai ngudi ta dan dan cé khuynh huéng 4p dung cach sd hitu mét cach rong rai cho ca danh ttt chi vat dung). Bai tap 1. Ding cach sd hitu viét lai nhiing cau dudi day (theo quy tac co ban). 1. This is the book of Nam. 2. The tool of the mason was heavy. 3. She prepared the outfit of her children. 4. The coat of the boy was torn. 5. Mr. Van is the friend of Mr. Dong. 6. The windows of the house are green. 7. The caps of the boys are on the shelves. 8. The desks of the pupils are always clean. 9. He likes to read the poems of John Keats. 10. The house of my mother-in-law is in the country. Léi ghi: Cach sd hitu cé thé ap dung cho nhitng danh tit vé khéng gian va thdi gian. 28 Thidu: an hour's walk a year's absence today's lesson a mile's distance 2, Ding cach sé hitu viét lai nhiing cau dudi day khi c6 thé dude. 1. Tell me if the work of yesterday was well done. 2. It is a distance of two miles from the village to the town. 3. A drive of 500 miles in a small car is very tiring.4. This is the lesson of today. 5. The exercises of yesterday were very difficult for him. 6. We have a splendid morning after the heavy rain of last night. 7. Will you attend the meeting of tonight? 8. He returned home after a holiday of two weeks at the sea side. 9. She has done the work of a whole day. 10. He had a talk of fifteen minutes. Léi ghi: Co nhiéu danh tw (house, home, office, shop, church, cathedral) cé thé hiéu ngdm sau 's duge néu trong cau c6 ngu y 3 nhiing nai dé hode dén nhitng noi do. Thi du: I live at the house of my uncle, - live at my uncle's. I go to the shop of the baker. - I go to the baker's. So sénh véi nhiing cau dudi day: My uncle's house is in the country. My baker's shop is at the end of the street. (house va shop khéng hiéu ngim duge vi trong cdu khéng ngu y ta 6 hode dén ndi dé). 3. Ding cach sé hitu viét lai nhiing cdu dudi day khi co thé dugc. 1. [have my hair cut at the shop of the barber. 2. We had dinner at the house of Comrade Nam. 3. Van is going to the office of his father. 4,1 stayed at the house of my aunt. 5. He bought his clothes at the shop of the outfitter. 6. The office of his father is in the center of the city. 297. T saw him at the house of my friend. 8. I got these cakes at the shop of the pastry-cook. Loi ghi: Ding cach sé hitu dé tranh su nhac di nhac lai mét ti (dat trude hay sau). - I have read some of Shakespeare's plays but none of Shaw's (plays). - Nam's is the only homework that is never badly done. 4,Ap dung quy tac trén viét lai cau didi day: 1. This is not my book, it is the book of Van. 2. The voice of my sister is the sweetest voice I have ever heard. 3. Whose book is this? It is the book of Nam. 4. He has no bicycle of his own and must. use the bicycle of his brother. 5. She put her arm through the arm of her mother. 6. His task is always better than the task of his friend. 7. The house of Doctor Ban is the sort of house I should like. 8. This is the room of my father, the room of my uncle is on the second floor. Il. MOT VAI CHI TIET CAN NHG THEM VE CACH SO HUU 1. Nam and Van's books (sch chung cua Nam va Van) ho&c Nam's and Van's books . hoac Nam's books and Van's (sch cua Nam va sach cia Van, cua riéng ting ngudi) 2. He is a friend of Nam's = he is one of Nam's friends. (Anh ay lA mét trong nhiing ngudi ban cua Nam). 303. We saw a play of Shakespeare's = We saw one of the plays of Shakespeare. (Chung t6i xem mét trong nhiing vd kich cia Shakespeare). 3. Trong mét vai thanh ngw Out of harm's way. At his wit's end. For mercy's sake. To his heart's content. In my mind's cye. At his fingers's ends. For pity's sake. 31CHUONG BA MAO TU (Articles) BAI4 MAO TU BAT DINH (Indefinit e Articles) VA MAO TU XAC DINH (Definite Articles) 1. GIGI THIEU 1. Mao tit bat dinh va mao tw xac dinh Mao ti bat] a |[@] trwéc Am phy 4m dinh (Indefinite Articles) an |[@y] trudéc 4m nguyén am la boy, a girl, al university lan egg, an apple, an| hour IMao ti xe| the |[3é] trudc Am phy am| dinh (Definite Articles) {oi} trude am nguyén am the boy, the girl, the; university the egg, the apple,| the hour Loi ghi: a) Mao tii bat dinh khéng thay ddi chung): a boy, a girl, a table. b) Mao tit x4c dinh khéng thay déi theo the boy the boys the girl the girls the table the tables 32 theo gidng (duc, cdi, gidng va sé2. Danh tit dém duge (countable noun) va danh tit khéng dém duge (none-countable noun). Mudén dang mao ti cho dting phai ph4n biét hai loai danh tu nay. a) "Countable noun" chi nhiing ci dém dude nhu: boy, girl, book, chair... Nhing danh tv nay cé thé c6 sé nhiéu: boys, girls, books, chairs... b) "non-countable noun" chi nhiing cai khéng dém dugc (danh ti chi chat liéu, triu tugng...): water, milk, air, oil, tea... liberty, freedom, science... Nhiing danh ti nay thuéng khong ding sé nhiéu (xem ghi chit cudi bai). I. QUY TAC CHUNG VE CACH DUNG A. Mao ti ding voi danh ti chi cai dém dugc Sé it Sé nhiéu 1. Néu noi chung, ding Néu noi chung, khong c6 mao tit a,an la dog is an animal. Dogs are animals. la chair is a thing. Chairs are things. ia child must obey his parents.|Children must obey their parents. 2. Néu chi mot edi, mét don vi\Thudng ding vdi tinh tit chi sd ding a, an lwong: some, many, a few, three... (Xem bai 8) | havea pen I have three (many, some...) pens There isan English book in |There are many (some... my bookcase. books in my bookcase. English 33|3. Néw da xdc dinh dung the I want the book on your desk. The picture on the wall is| beautiful. \Néu da xde dinh ding the i want the books on your desk. wall The pictures on the are| beautiful. B. Mao tit ding véi dan! h ti’ chi céi khong dém duge Sé it S6 nhiéu 1. Néu noi chung: - Khéng c6 mao ti. I like coffee. (Téi thich uéng ca phé) Water is composed of hydrogen| and oxygen. (Nude gém hidré va éxy) Honesty is the best policy. (Trung thyc 1a chinh sch tét| nhat) Néu néi chung - Khong ding sé nhiéu - Muon chi mét 6 lung nao dé cé thé ding tink ti chi sé luong: Isome, much, a little... (xem bai tinh tix chi sé lugng). ‘There is some milk in that bottle. (C6 mét it sta trong chai dé) I drink a little coffee. (Téi udng mét it cd phé) 2. Néu da xdc dinh: ding the I can't drink the coffee in this| icup. (Tdi khong thé udng thit ca phé trong tach nay) The water in this basin is very dirty. [Khong ding sé nhiéu (xem ghi chi Io cudi bai) 34(Nuée 6 chau nay rat ban) The honesty of these people is} admirable. Su chan that cia nhiing ngudi nay that dang than! phuc) Bai tap 1. Déi sang sé’ nhiéu 1. A chair is made of wood. 2. A cow gives milk. 3. A buffalo eats grass. 4. A fly is an insect. 5. A writer writes a book. 6. We fill our pen with ink. 7. We drink tea out of a cup. 8. We can make a cake with flour, milk and sugar. 9. A boy likes to play football. 10. A pen is necessary for a pupil. 2. Déi sang sé it 1. Horses are animals. 2. Balls are toys. 3. Tables are pieces of furniture. 4, Roses are beautiful flowers. 5. Cities are big towns. 6. Oranges are good to eat. 7. Children must go to school. 358. Grammar exercises are not always easy for beginners. 9, Knives are made of metal. 10. Houses have roofs. 3. Dién vao ché tréng bang a, an, the, hotic some khi can thiét. milk come from... cow. 2. ... window is made of... glass. 3. ... table is made of ... wood. 4. We can write... letter on... paper. 5. We eat... soup with ... spoon. 6. I can write ... letter in... ink or with... pencil. 7. There is... dirts on this plate and... dirty mark on the tablecloth. 8. I want... glass of lemonade with... sugar in it. 9. like... music very much. 10. . il 12. I received ... letter this morning, ... letter was from my brother. doors of our room are broken. man standing at the door is my brother. 13. ... meat that we bought yesterday has spoiled. 14. ... birds can fly very high in... sky. Ghi nhé: a) Nhiéu khi mét "danh tit khong dém duge" cé thé duge dung nhu mét "danh tix dém duge" (thudng 1a véi nghia dac biét). Trong nhting truéng hop Ay c6 thé ding mao tiv a, vA khi 6 sO nhiéu 06 thé thém s. Nghién citu so s4nh nhiing c4u sau day: 1. I like to drink tea. 36The teas of India arc of several varieties. (ngu ¥ néi cde loai tra cha An Dé) 2. What is democracy? What is the difference between a republic and a democracy? (Ngu y mét nude theo ché dé dan chi) 3. Science has contributed much to human progress. (khoa hoc néi chung) Would you call psychology a science? (mét b6 mén khoa hoc) 4. There isn't much water in this basin. ‘The territorial waters of Vietnam are defended by our navy. (ving bién cada Viét Nam) b) Ngoai céch dang chung, mao ti bat dinh @ cén duge ding trong nhiéu thanh ngi, dic ngi va cu trie dic biét cua tiéng Anh, c4n hoc cu thé qua bai khéa, khong néu hét trong bai nay duge. Thi du: as a rule, in a hurry, all of a sudden. with a view to, have a drink, go for a walk. what a pity, such a busy day, many a ship. quite a lot of people, a Mr. Brown (mét dng Brown nao dé)... 37CACH DUNG MAO TU XAC DINH "THE" (Uses of Definite Article "THE" I. DUNG "the" Quy tde Thi dy 1. Véi danh tu di dude xdc dinh ré rang; bat cit trong truéng hdp nao The clock on the wall is keeping very good time. The man that came here yesterday is a doctor. Nam is the most diligent of all the boys in my class. I can't bear the heat of summer. This is the book that I promised to lend you. He was born on the 10 th of January. Once upon a time there was an old man who lived in a cottage. The cottage was on the border of a river and the old man had lived there all his life. 2. Véi nhiing danh ti chi vat 6 tinh chat "duy nhat" The sun rises in the East and sets in the West. The Earth moves round the sun. 3.V6i nhéing danh ti sé nhiéu chi tén nude (va mt vai trudng hop sé it) The US.S.R; The United Kingdom; The United States; The Congo; The Netherlands. 384, Véi tan séng, day nti,| The Mekong; the Alps; the Black Sea; dai duong, vinh, eo bién,|the Atlantic; the West Indies, the quan dao. Hebrides, the Straits of Gibraltar 5, Véi danh ti chi nhac|She learnt to play the flute. cu. She can play the piano well. 6. Véi mét tinh tit hodc| Braille is a system of printing and dong tinh ti dung lam| writing for the blind. danh tit (chi mét tap thé,| We should help the sick and the poor. mét loai ngudi). The wounded were carried away. Il. KHONG DUNG MAO TU the Nhiing van dé dung the (néu da xac dinh) 1. Véi mét danh ti/Mr. Nam went toll don't want the Mr. riéng (proper noun)|Haiphong yesterday. |Nam who works at tén ngudi, tén nude,|Hanoi is the capitallyour office. I want the! tén thanh pho. lof Vietnam lother one (the other (Vietnam is a rich and|Mr. Nam) beautiful country 2. Véi nhiing danh|Brave men never|The independence and Quy tac Thi du tx tritu tugng|fear death. freedom of every country (abstract noun) cé|Nothing is more must be respected. nghia chung. precious than independence, freedom! 3. Véi danh tix chi|Rice is grown every[You may drink the chat liéu (material}where in our country. |milk in this cup. noun) co nghialMilk is necessary for| chung. children. 394. Véi nhiing danh tty chi tude hiéu, theo sau 1a tén ngudi. President Ho Chi Minh Professor John Bernal The President of the} Democratic lof Vietnam. Republic} 5. Vdi nhiing danh tit chi hé, ngon nui, nui, khi dat lién) truée tén riéng. Lake Leman \Mount Everest Cape Cod The lake of Lucern. The Hope. Cape of Good’ 6. Véi nhiing danh| tt? chi thang val ngay trong tuan She was born onl [March 14th, 1963; ‘Sunday is my day-off. [Do you remember the' ‘Sunday I spent with lyou? ‘7. Véi nhitng danh ttt chi cAc mén hoe, ngon ngi, mau sdc. We learn history. She can speak English! well. 1 I like green. We learn the history ol Greece. dress. like the green of your 8. Vdi nhiing danh tit cu thé sé nhiéul ngu y chung ‘Books are my best| friends, The books on the table are mine. 9. Trong mét sé) thanh ngit To go to church, to go to school, to go to bed, to go to market, to stay at home, to be in| debt, to be in trouble, at dawn, at daybreak, at sunset, by land, by sea, by air, on foot... Bai tap 1. Dién vao ché trong bing a, an, the khi cdn thiét. 1. ... Mekong is the longest river in Indo-china. 2. Tomorrow, there will be... lecture on ... history of China. 3. ... Washington is ... capital of... United States of America. 404. Tcan't bear... heat of summer. 5. His daughter was born on... 20th of January. 6. That ship is bound for... Philippine Islands. 7. This is... finest diamond that I have ever seen. 8. Do you know where... Caroline Islands are? 9. ... Tunisia is located in ... North Africa. 10. ... Professor Nam was elected Chairman of... Chemical Society of Vietnam. 11. Never before has... Red River been so swollen with flood. 12. ... Lake Hoan Kiem is smaller than... Lake Ba Be. 13. She wants to learn.... Russian before she goes to... Soviet Union. 2. Chita nhiing cdu dudi déy khi cdn thiét. 1. The brave men are never afraid of the death. 2. The Italy has many ancient buildings. 3. Wool of this carpet is soft and thick. 4. The cotton does not grow well in North. 5. World war which began in 1914 lasted four years. 6. Peoples of Asia and Africa are fighting for freedom and independence of their countries. 7. [have strongest objection to your plan. 8. Wise and good are always admired. 9. Paris is capital of the France. 10. Pacific Ocean separates Asia trom America. 11. Earth moves round sun. 12. He goes to the school every morning. 4113. He got up at the dawn to learn his lesson. MOT VAI DIEM CAN GHI NHG THEM VE CACH DUNG MAO TU the a) The duge ding truée danh tit riéng chi: - Gia dinh, ho, dong ho: The Smiths, the Stuarts. - T6 chtic chfnh dang: The United Nations, the Communist Party. - Van kién, su kién lich su: The Paris Agreement, the Second World War. Bao chi: The Times, the Guardian. - Tau bé: The Queen Mary (tau Queen Mary) The M.L.G 21 (may bay Michs 21) - Khach san, cau lac b6, rap hat, rap chiéu bong: The Ritz Hotel, the Royal Theatre. The Odeon Cinema. b) the con duge ding truédc tinh ti 6 dang so sanh cao nhat: The best student in this class. va truée tinh tit é dang so sanh hon trong mét sé dac ngi: The more the merrier, the sooner the better v.v... (xem thém bai 7) 42CHUONG BON TINH TU (Adjectives) BAIL6 TINH TU MIEU TA (Descriptive Adjectives) I. CAC LOAI TINH TU Hiéu theo nghia rong, tinh ti gém nhiéu loai nhu sau: 1. Miéu ta (descriptive adjectives): square, good, golden, fat, heavy, dry, clever, English. 2. Chi dinh (demonstrative adjectives): this, that, these, those. 3. Bat dinh (indefinite adjectives): each, every, either, neither, some, any, no, few, many. 4. $6 tit (numeral adjectives): one, two, twenty... 5. Nghi van (interrogative adjectives): which, that, whose... 6. Sé hiiu (possessive adjectives): my, your, his, her, its, our, their. 7. Mao tui (articles): a, an, the. Cha y: Newdi ta thudng dang chit tinh tiv theo nghia hep 1a tinh ti miéu ta. Dé 1a ndi dung cla chung nay. Mao tit da gidi thiéu d ba 43bai trude, con cdc loai tinh tu khac hoc chung vdi dai tir trong chugng sau vi ching thudng vita 14 dai tt viva 14 tinh ti. I. QUY TAC CAU TAO TINH TU Duéi day la mot sé quy tac chinh vé edu tao. 44 a) Tinh tw don: Noun+y Noun + ly Noun + ful : Noun + less: Noun+en : Noun or rain+y = rainy cloud + y = cloudy daytly = daily man + ly = manly care+ful = careful beauty + ful = beautiful care+less = careless home + less = homeless gold +en = golden wooll+en = woollen Adjective + ish: girl+ish = girlish Noun + some: book + ish = bookish white + ish = whitish quarrel + some = quarrelsome trouble + some = troublesome b) Tinh tif ghép (compound adjectives) Adjective + adjective: a dark - blue coat a red - hot iron bar Noun + adjective: snow - white cottonthe oil - rich Middle East Noun + participle (present or past): a horse - drawn cart a heart - breaking story Adjective + participle (present or past): ready - made clothes a good - looking boy Adverb + participle (present or past): a newly - built house an ill - smelling odour Noun + noun-ed: a tile - roofed house Adjective + noun-ed a dark - haired girl A group of words: a twenty - year - old girl an eight - day trip an air - to - air missile a never - to - be - forgotten story Bai tap 1. Tim nhitng tinh tit tuong ung vdi nhitng tit dudi day: rain, sun, mud, wind, fog, gold, wonder, cheer, wool, wood, pain care, beauty, child, cloud, storm, woman, boy, mother, father, day, month, week. 2. Thay thé’ bang tinh tit ghép 1. A house with yellow walls. Mét ngéi nha cé tuéng mau vang. 2. A dress of the same blue as the sky. 45M6ét chiéc 4o xanh nhu mau tréi. 38. A man ina black coat. Mot ngudi dan éng mac ao khoae den. 4. Flowers which smell sweet. Hoa c6 huong diu ngot. 5. A plough drawn by oxen. Cay do bé kéo. 6. A country which produces tea.. Mét nude san xuat ché. 7. A face as white as the moon. Mét khuén mat trang nhu trang. 8. A girl whose hair is long. Mat cé gai téc dai. 9. A man with one leg. Mot nguéi dan 6ng cut chan. 10. A drawing made by hand. Mot bite vé bang tay. III, VI TRI VA CHUC NANG CUA TINH TU Lai ghi: Tinh tit tiéng Anh khéng thay déi. No chi co mét dang déi véi danh tii 6 it, sé nhiéu, gidng cai, gidng duc, gidng trung.... a good boy: good boys a good girl: good girls a good knife: good kives Tinh tit c6 thé dang lam tinh ngt (attributive use) hoac bo ngit (predicative use) 46A. Lam tinh ngit Quy tdée co ban: Khac vdi tiéng Viét khi ding lam tinh ngit tinh tie tiéng Anh thudng bao gid cing ditng true danh tit. This is a new car. It is a hot day. Nam will become a good worker. Nhitng truong hap dac biét a) Ding sau mot nhém t¥ ngu y do luéng + A river two hundred kilometers long. Mét con song dai hai tram cay sé. +A road fifty feet wide. Mét con dung réng nam mudi fut. +A man eighty-five years old. Mot ngudi dan 6ng tam mudi lam tudi. b) Ditng sau: something, anything, nothing, everything + T'll tell you something new. Ti sé néi cho anh biét diéu mdi. + That is nothing new. Khéng cé gi méi. + He'll provide everything necessary. Anh ay sé cung cap moi thit can thiét. c) Ding sau danh tu khi cén phai cé mét nhém tit bé nghia cho no +I wanta glass full of milk. Tdi mudn mét coc sita day. + He is a man greedy of money. Anh ta 1A mét ngudi dan éng ham tién. + All these are attention. matters worthy of Tat ca nhiing diéu nay 1a nhiing van dé dang chu y. 47d) Trong trudng hop ding nhiéu tinh ti hop véi mot danh tit c6 thé dat 6 dang sau + He is a man both witty and wise. Anh ay 1a mét ngudi vita df dém vita kh6n ngoan. + He had a face thin and worn, but eager and resolute. Anh Ay cé khuén mat gay gd va mét mdi nhung hang hai va quyét liét. B. Lam bé ng Tinh tiv lam bé ngit khi né két hgp voi mét d6ng tif lam thanh vi ngi (predicate) cla cau. Né thudng di sau cac déng ti to be, to become, to turn, to remain, to fall, to keep... (vdi nghia: 1a, tré nén, lam cho, v.v...). It is cold, wet and windy. Troi lanh, Nam has asleep. Nam da nga. uét va cé gid. That horse went lame. Con ngua ay qué. N6 cing cé thé di sau cA dong tit va tan ngit dé lAm bé ngit cho tan ngii nhu: The sun keeps us warm. Mat trdi lam chung ta am. This doesn't make me happy. Diéu dé khong lam cho téi sung suéng. (@iém nay sé hoc thém 6 phan ID 48Bai tap Ldi ghi: Hau hét cac tinh ti c6 thé dung duge 6 ca hai chute nang, tinh ngif va bé nga, trix mot sé it chi dang 1am bé ngii, nhu: asleep, afraid, awake, alone, aware, alive, afloat, ashamed. (Hau hét nhing tinh tix nay déu bat dau bang tién t6: a) 3. Dat tinh tit dé trong ngodc dun 6 nhiing cau dudi day cho ding cho. 1. Bring me something to drink (cool). no . The leaves turn in Autumn (yellow). ~ . Woullen clothes keep our bodies (warm). a . Shelley is poet (famous all over the world). . [thought him very (intelligent). on . Ping-pong is sport for boys and girls (good). . Lhave nothing to give you (interesting). ors . The corn waved in the wind (ripe, golden). 9, Vietnam is a country (rich and beautiful). 10. I found him still in his bed (asleep). 11. Constant rain kept the river (full). 12. Wealth doesn't make man (happy). 13. She has a basket of flowers (full). 14. Isn't she a girl (pretty)? 15. Aren't these oranges (delicious)? 16. Isn't the boy (clever)? Iv. TINH TU DUNG LAM DANH TU ‘Tinh tit cé thé dang lam danh ti trong mét sé trudng hgp. 49Thi du: We should do everything to help the poor. Ching ta nén lam moi thit dé gitip dé ngudi nghéo. The old and the sick should be looked after. Nhiing ngudi gia va ngudi 6m nén duge cham s6c. Tinh chat ctia nhiing ti nay 1a: a) Thuéng cé gia tri sé nhiéu (chi mét loai ngudi), nhung khéng bao gié c6 s. Bao gid cing 6 mao tl the dting truéc. Thi du A blind man is unhappy (mét ngudi ma...) The blind are unhappy (nhitng ngudi mi...) b) Khéng dung duge vdi cach sé hitu. Thi du The wisdom of the old (khéng thé viét: The old's wisdom) BAI? Quy TAC SO SANH CUA TINH TU (Comparison of Adjectives) I-SO SANH BANG (Comparison of Equality) Cau khang as+adj+as [Nam isas tallas Ba. dinh va cau . Nam cao bing Ba. di. Js Nam as tall as Ba? Nam cé cao bang Ba khong? Cau phu dinh | not so + adjective + |Nam is not so tall as Van, as Nam khéng cao bang Van. 50Bai tap 1. Ap dung quy tée so sinh bang ivong nhitng cau sau day. 1. The moon is not... the sun (bright). 2. Is the moon... the sun (bright)? 3. There are... days in July as in August (many)? 4. Are there . days in July as in August (many)? 5. Autumn is... Summer (pleasant). 6. Is Summer... Autumn (pleasant)? 7. Our teacher is... he looks (severe). 8. It is ... today as it was yesterday (hot). 9. Are you... your friend (strong)? 10. Is she... her sister (careful)? 2, Déi nhiing cau sau déy sang dang phit dinh: 1. Winter is a pleasant. as Spring. 2. Butterflies are as useful as bees. 3. There are as many insects in Spring as in Summer. 4. It is as cold today as it was yesterday. 5. He made as many mistakes as Nam. 6. She is as careful as her brother. 7. She gave me as much milk as I wanted. 8. Hanoi is as large as Moscow. Cha y: Nhan xét cach viét nhiing cau dudi day: 1. Viét nhu trén la dung quy tac nga phap, nhung déi khi trong thuc té ngudi ta vin viét: He did not make as many mistakes as Nam. 512. Trong cau nghi van pha dinh van thudng ding as... as. Aren't you as strong as your brother? I, SO SANH KEM (Comparison of Inferiority) les: adjective + than. English is less difficult than Russian. Tiéng Anh khéng kho bang tiéng Nga. Tuy nhién dang “not so... as" thuéng dude ding hon dang trén: English is not as difficult as Vietnamese. Y trong cau: "he is less stupid than I thought he was "cé thé din bang hai cach khac hay hon: - He is not so stupid as [ thought he was. Anh ta khéng ngu nhv tdi nghi. - He is cleverer than I thought he was. (Xem muc So sanh hon) Bai tap 3. Viét lai nhitng cau dudi day cho hay hon (nhitng cau dudi khong hay): 1. Your house is less near than I thought it was. 2. A train is less quick than a bus. 3. This street is less wide than the next one. 4. Nam is much less intelligent than his sister. 5. February is less hot than July. 6. Ready-made clothes are less expensive than tailor-made clothes. 527. The hill is less low than I thought it was. 8. My aunt is less old than you think she is. 9. The river was less shallow than he expected. 10. The sea was less smooth than I had hoped. II. SO SANH HON (Comparison of Superiority) Tinh tit ngdn (mot! hoac hai Am tiét) adj+er+than |Van is taller than Ba. \Van cao hon Ba. ‘Tinh tu dai more + adj + than|English is more difficult] than Vietnamese. ITigng Anh khé hon tiéng Viet. Ghi nhé: 1. Chi ¥ cach vidt mét sé tinh tiv 6 dang so sanh hon: a) heavy — heavier, happy — happier. y sau phy 4m chuyén thanh ier: b) hot — hotter, big - bigger. ‘Tinh tit tan cung bing mét nguyén 4m + mét phu am khi chuyén sang so sanh hon thi thém mét phu Gm + er: 2. C6 mét sé tinh tit cé dang so sanh hon dc biét Dang thudng Dang so sanh hon dac biét Good (well) better Bad (ill) lworse Little less (lesser) Many Much more 53F farther ar further older Old elder late . Late oer latter Bai tap 4,Ap dung quy tac so sinh hon, dat céu vdi nhitng tu dudi day: 1. Leaf, wood (heavy) 2. Boys, girls (strong) 3. Highway, country road (narrow) 4. A train, a bus (slow) 5. A story-book, a school-book (interesting) 6. Nam, his brother (industrious) 7. Nam's work, Van's work (good) 8. Lan, Huong (old) 9. This exercise, the last one (difficult) 10. Summer, spring (hot) NHUNG CHI TIET DANG GHI NHO THEM VE TINH TU G DANG SO SANH HON 1. Véi nghia: Cang ngdy.... cing (double comparative) Tinh titngén | adj + er and adj +er [Days are getting shorter] and shorter. Ngay cang| ngay cang ngan di. Tinh tit dai more and more + adj |Our lessons become more! and more difficult. Bai hoc cha ching tdi cang! + ___|ngay cang khé hon. 54- The weather is getting colder and colder. Thdi tiét ngay mét lanh hon. - In the Autumn the days grow shorter and shorter and the nights longer and longer. Vao mia thu ngay cang ngay cang ngdn hon va dém cang ngay cang dai hon. - The story seems more and more interesting. Cau chuyén hinh nhu ngay mét thd vi hon. 2. Chu ¥ cach dang tinh ti dang so sénh hon trong nhiing cau dudi day: a) The higher the sun (is), the shorter the shadow. Mat trai cang cao, bong cang ngan. b) The lower the sun (is), the longer the shadow. Mat trdi cang xuéng thap, bong cang dai ra. The more the merrier. Cang dong cang vui. b) The other day I went to the theatre. The play seemed the finer ta me as I had never seen it before. Hom no téi di téi nha hat. Déi vi t6i, vo kich dudng nhu Jai cang hay hon, nhu truée day téi chua xem bao gid. I am reading a curious book, it seems the more interesting to me as it is the first time I read it. Toi dang doc mot cuén sach day ta mo. Déi véi téi lai cang ly tha han vi la lan dau tién tdi duge doe. 3. Tinh tt 6 dang so sénh cé thé déing mét minh (khong di vdi than). — Véi mét danh tt hoac "onc": I want a better job. 55Tdi muén mét cong viéc tét hon. This box is too small, give me a bigger one. Cai hép nay nhé qua, cho téi mt cai 1én han. — Lam bé ngit He is better now. Bay gid anh ay da kha hon. It is warmer this morning. Sang nay trdi dm hon. ~ Sau mét danh ti hode dai ti (dé lam bé ngii cho tan ngit) They have made the house bigger. Ho da lam cho ngéi nha én hon. You must keep your room cleaner. Anh phai git cho phéng cia anh sach hon. Trong tat ca nhiing trudng hdp trén déu c6 ngu ¥ so sanh tuy kh6ng ndi ra. 4. M6t sé tinh tu nhu: senior, junior, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, ban than ching di ngu y so s4nh hgn, nén khéng thém "more", va theo sau 18 "to" cht khong phai "than". Tam junior to him. Toi nhé tudi han anh ay. His strength is superior to me. Stic cha anh Ay lén hon stic téi. IV. SO SANH CAO NHAT (Superlative of Superiority) Léi ghi: Quy tac so sanh bing, hon, kém chi dude 4p dung khi muén so snh mét ngudi (hoac mét vat) vdi mét ngudi (hodc mot vat) khac, gitta hai ngudi (vat) vdi nhau. 56Khi muén so sanh mét ngudi (hoac mot vat) véi tat ca trong nhém thi ding quy tae "so sanh cao nhat". 1. So sanh cao nhat ‘Tinh ti ngan| the + adj + est |February is the shortest month of the year. Thang hai la thang ngdn nhat! trong nam. [Tinh tit dai | the most + adj |He is the most diligent of all the boys in my class. N6 1a hoc sinh] siéng nang nhat ldp téi. Thi du: This is the largest room of the house. Autumn is the finest season of the year. He is the tallest boy in my class. This is the most difficult of our lessons. 2, So sanh kém nhat (Superlative of Inferiority). Tat ca | the least |+ Ba is the least tall of the family. Ba thap| cac tinh + hat (kém cao) nhat trong nha. ti | adjective|+ She is the least diligent girl in my class. Co ay 1a hoe sinh kém siéng nang nhat trong lép téi. Cha y: Trong thuc té dang so sanh kém nhat it dung. Bang trén cé tinh chat gidi thiéu dé biét. Ghi cha: 1. Cé mét sé tinh tw d dang so sanh cao nhat khéng theo quy tac trén (xem muc So sanh hon) 57Dang thuéng _|Dang so sAnh hon Dang so sanh cao nhat | Good (well) better best Bad (ill) worse worst Little less (lesser) least Many ‘ more mos Much farther farthest. Far further furthest, ola older loldest elder eldest lat latest Late er ates’ latter last 2. Trong cau dang tinh tw 6 dang so sanh cao nhat thudng dung in va of - in truée nhiing danh tw chi ndi chén hay thdi gian. - of trong tat ca cdc trudng hgp. Thi du: February is the shortest month of the year (in a year). Thang hai la thang ngan nhat trong nam. Steel is the most useful of all metals. Bai tap 5. Ap dung quy tdc so sinh cao nhét viét nhitng cau dudi day 1, Summer is (hot) month in a year. 2. Autumn is (pleasant) season of the year. 3. Nam is (intelligent) of Mr. Minh's sons. 4. Ba is (bad) boy at English in my class.5. Lomonosov is one of (great) Russian scientists. 6. He is (good) boy at mathematics in his class. 7. Van took (ripe) of all the oranges. 8. Lan is (pretty) of them all. MOT VAI CHI TIET CAN GHI NHG THEM 1. Trong trudng hop so sanh mét ngudi (hoadc mét vat) vdi ca nhém ma chi gém c6 hai, ta van dig dang so sénh han, c6 thé ding trudc. She is the older and the more beautiful of the two sisters. Trong hai chi em, cé ay 1a chi va dep hon. My right hand is the stronger one, Tay phai cha téi 1A cAi tay khoé hon. 2. Older va oldest: Cé nghia 14 "gia hon", "gia nhat", cd thé dang cho ca ngudi lin vat. Nam is older than Van. Nam nhiéu tudi hdn Van. Nam is the oldest boy in my class. Nam 1a hoc sinh nhiéu tuéi nhat ldp téi. That is the oldest house in the city. Dé 1a ngéi nha cé nhat trong thanh phd. Elder va eldest: Chi dang véi ngudi va dé so sanh vé tudi cha anh chi em trong mét gia dinh cé nghia 1A: anh (chi) lén, anh (chi) ca. My elder brother is three years older than I. Anb téi hon téi ba tuéi. Nam is Linh's elder brother. Nam 14 anh cua Linh. 59Lan is my eldest sister. Lan 1a chi ea. 3. Farther va farthest: Thuéng duge ding dé néi vé khoang cach, khéng gian. Haiphong is farther from Hanoi than Haiduong is. Hai Phong xa Ha Noi hon Hai Duong. Further va furthest: C6 thé ding dé néi vé khong gian, thdi gian, va further con cé nghia 14 "thém vao", "hon nia", It's not further than a mile from here. N6 cach day khéng qua mét dam. I will give you further details later. Téi sé cung c&p cho anh thém chi tiét. I shall need further help with this. Téi sé cAn sy gitip dé tiép tuc déi véi van dé nay. 4. Most + tinh tie. C6 thé dang dé dién ta "hét stic", "rat", "lam lm"... Trong nhitng truéng hgp nay ding mao tit a hodc khéng dung mao ti (néu danh tix sé nhiéu). 60 He is a most diligent boy. N6 1a mét em bé hét stic cn cu cham chi. He wrote me a most interesting letter. Anh ta da viét cho téi mét bic thu rat hay. There are most delicious cakes. C6 nhiing chiéc banh ngot rat ngon Janh.CHUGNG NAM DAI TU VA TINH TU (Pronouns and Adjectives) BAIS TINH TU VA DAI TU CHi DINH, BAT DINH, SO TU (Demonstrative and Indefinite Adjectives and Pronouns, Numerals) I. GIGI THIEU Dai tw trong tiéng Anh cé nhiéu loai, trong dé co nhiing tir vita 1a dai ti viva 1a tinh tii. Cé thé chia ra nhu sau: 1. Dai tix chi ngéi (personal pronouns): I, we, you, he... 2. Dai tt chi dinh (demonstrative pronouns): This, that, these, those. 3. Dai tit bat dinh (indefinite pronouns): Some, any, each, one, somebody, everything... 4, S6 tu (numerals): Two, a hundred, the first... 5. Dai tit nghi van (interrogative pronouns): Who, what, which... 6. Dai tix sd hitu (possessive pronouns): Mine, yours... 7. Dai ty phan than (reflexive pronouns): Myself, yourself... 618. Dai tt quan hé (relative pronouns): _ Who, which, that... Chudng nay sé lan lugt gidi thiéu cdc loai dai tw va tinh ti, tri tinh tir miéu ta d& hoc d bai trude. IL. TINH TU VA DAI TU CHi DINH This, that, these, those 1. Tinh tw chi dinh So it + This book is mine. (Cuén sdch nay 1A cua tdi. + That book is yours. S4ch kia 1a cha anh. Sé nhiéu + These books are mince. Those books are yours. Nhan xét: Tinh tit chi dinh khong thay di theo gidng (cai, duc, trung). This boy, these boys; That man, those men. This girl, these girl; That woman, those women. This book, these books; That house, those houses. 2. Dai tw’ chi dinh So it + This is my brother. + That is my friend. Day 14 anh téi. ‘Kia la ban tdi. - What is this? |- What is that? - Itis a book. |- It is a pen. Sénhiéu These are my brothers. |Those are my friends. - What are these? - What are those? - They are books. - They are pens. 623. Ding véi dai tiv one/ones C6 thé dung "this, that, those" véi "one /ones" (néu trong cau 6 ngu y so sanh hodc chon lua). Tuy nhién cing khéng bat buéc tri trvdng hgp cé mét tinh tir di theo. Thi du: That chair is too big. I'll sit in this (one) Cai ghé kia 1én qua. T6i sé ngdi 6 (chiéc) nay. Don't buy those oranges, buy these (ones). Ding mua nhiing qua cam dé, hay mua nhiing qua nay. T want a dress. I'll buy this green one Téi can mét chiée vay. Toi sé mua c4i mau xanh nay. You carry the heavy cases. I'll bring these light ones. Anh mang nhiing chiéc vali nang. Tdi sé mang nhiing chiée nhe nay. HL. TINH TU VA DAI TU BAT DINH 1. Each, every - Each: Méi (trong hai hoac nhiéu nguii, vat...) Each vita 1a tinh tu via 1a dai ti. - Every: Moi, tat cA (ngudi, v: tinh tir. Sau "Each" va "Every", dong ti 6 ngéi thit ba sé it. Thi du: The teacher gave two books to each boy. Thay gido cho méi cau hai quyén sach. Two boys entered. Each (boy) was carrying a suitcase (every khéng ding dude trong trudng hgp nay). . Every chi duge dang lam Hai dita bé trai di vao. Méi dwa mang mét chiée vali. 63This was a very long procession, every (each) man carrying a torch. Day la m6t dam ruéc rat dai, méi ngudi mang mét ngon dude. 2, Everybody, everyone, everything Everybody, everyone (moi ngudi, ai ai), everything (moi vat, moi tht, moi diéu) 1A dai tu. Tuy ham y sé nhiéu nhung dong tix luén luén 6 ngéi thi ba sé it. Thi du: Everyone (everybody) likes him. Moi ngudi déu thich anh ay. Everybody (everyone) who comes here admires the scenery. Tat ca nhitng ngudi dén day déu mé phong canh nay. I was late, everybody else was early. Téi dén mudn, tat ca nhiing ngudi khéc déu dén sém. He told the news to everybody. Anh 4y noi cho moi ngudi biét tin dé. Everything is in good order. Moi thit déu dau vao day, Everything that he said was true. Moi diéu anh ay néi déu ding. He thinks he knows everything. Anh dy nghi anh ay biét tat ca. 3. Either, neither Either, neither vita la tinh tw vita la dai tw a) Either: mot trong hai (ngudi, vat) Thi du: You may go by either road. Ban cé thé di theo mét trong hai con dutng. (Bang mét trong hai con dudng, hoac con dwang nay, hoac con dung kia, cA hai déu dugc) 64There are shops on either side. (Cé ctta hiéu 6 ca hai bén dudng) (ca bén nay lan bén kia, 6 ca hai bén dudng déu c6 ctta hiéu) You can take either of these roads to the village. Ban cé thé di mét trong hai con dudng nay téi lang do. (M6ét trong hai con dudng) Do you like either of these? - No, I don't like either, (Ban cé thich ca c4i nay 14n cai kia khéng?) - khong thich c4 hai. no. either cé nghia "cing khéng" (either 1a pho ti, twing dudng vdi too trong cau khang dinh). Thi du: He is not an artist. I am not an artist, either. Anh ay khéng phai la nghé si. Tdi cing khéng. If you don't go, I shall not either. Néu anh khéng di, téi cing khong di. : b) Neither + dong tit 6 dang khang dinh = either + déng ti phi dinh. I like neither = I don't like either. Tai khéng thich cai nao ca. I can’t agree in either case = Téi khéng thé déng ¥ véi ca hai truéng hop. I can not agree in either case. Toi khéng thé déng ¥ vdi truéng hp nao hét. Neither hay duge diing 6 ddu edu va cé thé ding mét minh trong cau tra di cho mét cau hdi. Neither of them was any good. Which did you buy? - Neither. Ca hai déu khéng tét. Anh mua cai ndo? Chang cai nao-ca. Neither of the books is of use to me. Which will you have? - Neither. 654. Some, any, no a) Some, any, no: dung lam ti ‘inh ti Co thé ding cA véi danh ti chi vat dém duge (countable noun) va danh tit chi vat khéng dém duge (non - countable noun). quy TAC CO BAN 1. Some ding trong c4u khang! dinh I have some books. There is some milk in the glass. [Any ding trong cau phu dinh,| Inghi van. No = not any. I have not any books. I have no book. Have you any books? There is not any milk in the’ glass. There is no milk in the glass. Is! there any milk in the glass? 2. Some c6 thé dang trong cAu Ihoi: ja) Khi ngu y mdi moc, yéu cau, dé nghi. {Will you have some tea? Will you have some wine? Will you carry some of these cases for me, please? b) Khi ngudi ta dén truéc, doan chac ho&e mong dgi cau tra 1di "06" Did you put some matches in lyour pocket? (ngu ¥ chae 1a anh cO mang mot it diém trong tui) roi chi?) 66 [Any duoc ding sau “hardly", “barely scarely" va "it" ys Ihave hardly any money. There are scarcely any flowers jin the garden. If I find any of your books, I'll send them to you. If you have any difficulty, ask; me for help. iAny trong cau khang dinh thwdng cé nghia 1a bat ctt (ngudi| nao, cai gi?...) You can take any book you like from my bookcase. (Anh ¢6 thé lay bat ct cuén sAch nao anh Unich trén gid sdch cua téi).b) Some, any, one ding lam dai tit Léi ghi: No khéng ding lam dai ttt duge, phai dang none. None cé thé ding cho ca ngudi ln vat. Thi du: I like these roses, please, give me some. Toi thich nhiing béng héng nay, lam on cho tdi vai bong I want to buy some flowers, [ haven't any in my garden. Téi muén mua vai béng hoa, trong vudn tdi khéng ed bing nao. I want some tea, have you any? Téi muén udng tra, anh cé khéng? : He wants some more coffee but there was none left. Anh Ay muén uéng thém ca phé nia nhung khdng con. None of his pupils failed their examination. Khéng cé hoe sinh nao cua 6ng thi truat. c) Any dung lam phé tu. Thi du: Iam sorry to say, he isn't any better. I couldn't come any sooner. 5. Nhitng tiv tao bdi some, any, not Someone; somebody: something | Anyone; anybody; anything | _No one; nobody; nothing j cing theo quy tac cd ban trén.1. Someone, somebody, something: ding trong cau khang dinh There is someone (somebody) in the room. There is something I want to lask you. 2. Someone, somebody; something c6 thé dang trong cau héi: a) khi ngu ¥ mdi moe, yéu cau, dé nghi: [Would you like to drink something? Will you ask someone to carry this bag for me, please! b) Khi ngudi ta don trudc, doan ichdc ho&c mong dgi cAu tra 1éi "co": Is someone coming this afternoon? (ngu ¥ chac 1a cé ai dén) Have you lost something? (ngul ly chdc 1a cé mat cai gi...) Anyone, anybody, anything ding trong cau pha dinh va: Inot anyone = no one not anybody = nobody not anything = nothing There isn't anyone in the room. (anybody) There is no one in the room. (nobody) Is there anyone in the room? (anybody) (There is not anything I want to! lask you. [There is nothing I want to ask| you. Is there anything you want to| ask me? Anyone, anybody, anything’ dude ding sau "hardly", "barely", "scarcely", "if". [There is hardly anything left Ihis bag. If you have anything difficul in| your work, ask me for help. Dude ding trong cau khang! dinh. Anyone, anybody: bat citi jai. Anything: bat cif cai gi. [Anybody can show you the way. /You can take anything you like. 68Cha y: Somewhere, anywhere, nowhere 1a nhiing phé tit chi nai chon cing duge dung theo quy tac nhu trén. Thi du: They went somewhere after supper. They didn't go anywhere after supper. They went nowhere after supper. Didn't they go anywhere after supper? Have you seen him before somewhere? (ngu ¥ chdc chan 1 anh da gap han ta 6 dau). Bai tap 1. Dién vao ché tréng bang "some", "any", “one /ones". 1. Go and ask him for... more paper, I haven't... in my desk. 2. can't eat... more potatoes, but I should like... more beans. 3. There is... tea in the kitchen, but there isn't... milk. 4. You must tell us... more of your adventures. 5. L asked him for... soap, but he hadn't... 6. I've lost my pencil. Have you... to lend me? 7. Don't make... noise. He wants to get...sleep. 8. Are there... more books? I've read all those old... 9. I doubt if there is... tea left. You'd better give me... hot water. 10. If I find... of your books, I'll send them to you. 11. Will you have... more vegetables? 12. Did you go.. where last night? 13. You're expecting... one to call, aren't you? 6914. Can you give me... more information? 15. These aren't my books. Did | take... of yours by mistake? 16. Have you read... good books lately? 17. We have... new shirts in today. Do you want to buy This blue... is very nice. 18. There are scarcely... flowers in the garden. 19. ... student can answer the question. 20. Come... day you like. 21. You must give an excuse for not going... excuse will do. 2. Viet Iai nhiing cau dudi déy, thay thé dang "No..." bang dang “not... any". 1. [have no time to help you. 2. T can see ny hat nowhere. 3. There was nobody in the garden. 4. He can see nothing to drink. 5. He gave me nothing to drink. 6. They found nobody at home. 7. I've been nowhere this summer. 8. We met nobody on the way back. 9. He gave me no ink, so I could write no more. 10. I'll give it to nobody else. 3. Ding "nothing", "nobody", hode “no one", "nowhere", “neither”, "none" dé tra loi phi: dinh nhiing cau hoi sau day: Chi ¥: Dung "neither" trong truéng hop co hai ngudi, vat. Dung "none" trong truéng hgp cé nhiéu ngudi, vat.Thi du: How many books are there on the table? - None. Which of these two books have you read? - Neither. 1. What is on the table? 2. Where are you going? 3. What are you doing? 4, What do you want? 5. How many exercises have you done today? 6. Who is in the dining room? 7. How many of these are mine? 8. Where did you go last night? 9. Which foot have you hurt? 10. Which of the two girls is your sister? 11. Which of these two hats is mine? 12. What are you thinking about? 13. Who told you to do that? 14. How many fish did you catch? 6. Many, much, few, little a) Many, much - Many ding véi danh tit chi cai dém duge (countable noun) - Much ding voi danh ti chi cai khéng dém duge (non - countable noun). Thi du: I haven't much time. Tdi khéng cé nhiéu thi gid. 71There is not much sugar in the sugar bowl. Khéng cé nhiéu duéng trong lo. How many English books are there in your bookcase? Trong ta cia anh cé bao nhiéu sach tiéng Anh? Many va much c6 thé ding lam dai ti Thi du: You have plenty of petrol but I haven't much. Anh c6 nhiéu xang nhung t6i khong c6 nhiéu. Nam got lots of letters but An didn't get many. Nam nhn dugc nhiéu thu nhung An khéng nhan dude nhiéy. Trong 16i néi thong thudng nhiing cau khang dinh ngudi ta thudng thay: much va many bang a lot of, lots of, a large quantity, plenty of, a good deal of: dae biét much rat tt duge ding trong cdu khang dinh. Thi du: There is plenty of sugar in the sugar bowl. Cé nhiéu dudng trong lo dudng. He has done a good deal of research on that subject. Anh ay nghién ctu nhiéu vé van dé do. He will have a lot of time to spare when he has finished his work, Khi xong viée anh dy sé cé nhiéu thi gid ranh. She has a lot of hens. Ba ay cé nhiéu ga mai. There are plenty of chairs for everyone. C6 nhiéu ghé di cho moi ngudi. “72Cha : Mét sd chi tiét can nhé thém + Ngudi ta khéng néi: He has much time; tuy vé ngd phap khong cé gi sai; nhung théng thudng ngudi ta ndi: He has a lot of time. He has a lot of hens thudng hay duge néi hon 1a: he has many hens. - Tuy nhién sau "so, too, as, how" ngudi ta van phai dang much va many trong nhiing cau khang dinh. Thi du: He has so much money. Anh ay cé rat nhiéu tién. (Anh dy cé nhiéu tién dén thé) There are too many mistakes in your exercises. CAc bai tap cia anh cé qua nhiéu 1éi. He has drunk too much beer. Anh ay da udng qua nhiéu bia. You can have as much sugar as you want. Anh cé thé ding nhiéu dudng nhu anh muén. - Much cé thé ding lam phé ti (adverb). Thi du: + He doesn't swim much. +I don’t think much of it. + You must work much more carefully. - Many a (hon mot, nhiéu) Many a ship has (many ships have) been wrecked on those rocks. 73,+ I've been there many a time. b) Few, little - Few ding véi danh ti dém duge (countable noun) - Little dang véi danh ti khéng dém dude (no - countable noun). Few = not many; Little = not much; Ca hai déu co nghia 1a it, hau nhu khéng cé (ngy y phi dinh). Thi du: : Few people would agree with you. ft ngudi sé déng ¥ véi anh. He has very little knowledge of the matter. Anh ay biét rat it vé vain dé nay. - Few va Little 06 thé dang lam dai tit. Many people read Einstein's book but few understood it. Nhiéu ngudi doe sAch cia Einstein nhung it ngudi hiéu diige Few of my friends were there. ft ban t6id do. We must keep what little we have. Chung ta phai giit cdi it 6i ching ta c6. The little of his work that I have seen is excellent. Mot chut bai cua cau ta tdi da xem 1a rat tot. -A few va a little cé nghia 1a mét chut, mét it (ngu ¥ khang dinh) A few dang vdi countable noun.A little dang véi non- countable noun. Thi du: We are going away for a few days. Chung ta sé di vai ngay. Only a few people could understand the book. Chi mét ft ngudi cé thé hiéu dude cudn sach do. I would like a few more of these. Téi muén thém mot it nay nia. He had only a little food and water. Anh ay chi cén it thite an va nuéc. He knows a little of everything. Anh ta biét mdi tht mot chit. Chi y: Little. a little c6 thé ding lam pho tit (adverb). Thi du: He slept very little last night. (Dém truée anh ay ngu rat it). 1 little thought that I could solve that problem (Ii khéng nghi 1a téi c6 thé giai quyét dude vain dé dé). He is little better this morning (N6 da kha hdn m6t chut sang nay). This room is a little too large (Can phéng nay hoi qua rong) Bai tap 4, Ding a lot of (lots of), plenty of, a large quantity of, a great deal of dé viet nhitng cau sau day d dang khang dinh: 1. They haven't many friends. 2. He has not invited many people to his wedding-party. 753. My brother doesn't read many books. 4. You haven't got much time. 5. They didn't smoke many cigarettes. 6. There was not much dirt in the hall. 7. There are not many trees in the garden. 8. He hasn't got much work to do, 9. The children don't make much noise. 10. I haven't seen many people there. 5. Dién vao cde ché trong bang few, a few, little, a little. 1. "Is there any tea left in the pot?" - "Yes...", 2. "Do you smoke at all?” - "Yes, but very..." 3. "Do you smoke at all?” - "Yes..." 4. He is a lonely man, he has... friends. 5. He has... friends who came to see him quite frequently. 6. He is a man of... words. 7. Very... people live to the age of one hundred. 8. We have very... time left. 9. He made... tea. 10. Give me... more, please. 7. Mét s6 dai tii va tinh tix bat dinh khac a) All (tat ca), Both (ca hai), Other (khac), Another (mét cdi khac) cing ding vita 14 dai tt vita la tinh ti Hay nghién cttu nhiing thi du sau: 76Tinh ti Dai tu All the money is spent. All is not lost. All the boys have come. All are welcome. They all agreed to this. All of them were happy. Both men were strong. I have two brothers: both are engineers. I want the other books. Some people like tea, others like coffee. Please give me another pencil |This pencil is broken, can you lend me another? b) Each other va One another thudng duce goi la dai tw tudng hé (reciprocal pronoun) vi né dién dat y "lan nhau". They looked at each other. Ho nhin nhau. We should help one another. Chung ta nén gitp dé lan nhau. Iv.s6 TU (numerals) 1, S6 tw c6 hai loai S6 dém (cardinal numerals) one, two, twenty, fifty-six, a dozen, a hundred, a thousand and six. Sé tha tu (ordinal numerals) _ | the first, the eighth, the forty- second, the hundredth. Chay: - $6 thit tu cau tao bang cach thém th vao sau so dém, trit cae sé 1 (first), 2 (second), 3 (third) eting nhu sé ghép vdi-ching nhu 21 (twenty-first...). 77- C6 nhing truéng hop chinh ta bién d6i nhu: nine-ninth, twenty-twenticth (y = ie). 2. Cach ding sé tiv a) Nhu tinh tv Five men, two hundred books, two dozen eggs, the third lesson. b) Nhu dai tw them. He is the first to come. I want twenty of c) Nhu danh ti army. There are hundreds of people in the station. Thousands of young men have joined the BAIg TINH TU, DAI TU VA PHO TU NGHI VAN (Interrogative Adjectives, Pronouns and Adverbs) I. WHO, WHO(M), WHOSE Ti nghi van Cau héi Cau tra loi Nhan xét Who (ai)? Dai tu chu ngit Who is at the door? Who are those boys? Who broke the Nam is. They are Dr. Ban's sons. Lan did. Vi tri: 6 dau cau hdi. Dong tw trong céu chia 6 dang thuéng pencil? (shiing — dinh Who can't] Van can't. hoac phu dinh) answer my question? _r _ Tw nghi van ai) 1. Tinh wir 2. Dai ti on the table? Whose _ bicycle is this? Whose pen are you using? Whose are these books? Whose is this bag? It is mine. Nam's. They are yours. It's Lan's. Cauhdi —_ |Cautrdlei_|Nhan xét Who(m)? Dai} Who.(m) did you} I saw Nam. - C6 thé ding ta tan ngtt see at the door? "who" hoac "whom". Who (m)_ is|(e is speaking)|- Vi tri: ¢ d@u speaking to? | to the teacher. | cAu hdi. Who (m) are|They are Dong tit 6 your children|playing with — | trong c4u chia 6 playing with? |their friends. _| dang nghi van. Whose? —_ (cita| Whose books are)They are Tan's, |- Vi tri: dat 4 dau cau h - Dong tit cau chia 6 dang thuéng (khang dinh hoae phu dinh) hay ¢@ dang nghi tay theo trudng "Who: lam tan ny Bai tap " di vai danh tit lam cha ngw hay danh tit oi. trong: i van tung hop 1. Dung "who", who(m), whose" dat céu hdi cho phan in nghiéng cua nhitng cau sau day: 1. My brother helps me in my work 2. We are speaking English to our teacher. 3. The children are playing in the school-yard.4. He took his sons to the movies yesterday evening. 5. The pupils hats are on the shelves. 6. This is Lan’s pen. 7. She must take Mrs. Minh’s son to the kindergarden every morning. 8. He went with his father to Haiphong yesterday morning. 9. Nam is writing on the blackboard. 10. Lan and Huong are Mrs. Minh's daughters. Tl. WHAT Tw nghi van Cau héi Nhan xét What (cai gi, | What is on the table? | - Vi tri: dat d dau cfu héi. gi)? What has happened? | - Déng tit trong cfu chia theo 1. Dai titchd |What makes men|dang thuing (khang dinh ngwt happy? hoe phui dink). What delayed you? 80 2. Dai tittan | What are you doing? |- Vi tri: dat 6 dau cu héi. ngit What did they eat? |- Dong tit trong cau chia 6 What did they eat|dangnghi van, with? What are they speaking about? 3. Tinh tu What people live in}- Vi tri: dat 6 dau cau hdi. this country? What city the capital of Vietnam? is - Dong ti trong cdu chia theo dang thudng (khang dinh hoac phu dinh).a) Di vdi What books are these? danh ti lam | What foreign language chu ngi. can help you most in your study? What foreign language must you learn at. school? b) Di vai What papers do you|- Vi tri: dat d dau cau hdi. danh titlam | read? : Déng ti trong cu chia 6 tan ngit. dang nghi van. Bai tap 2. Dién vao ché tréng bing "Who, Who (m), Whose, What". Ll... eo reo eee Pe Serna r wp . went with you to Haiphong last week? .. gave you those flowers? ... is yours friend's name? .. is wrong with the clock? ... bus goes to Hadong? ... river flows through Hanoi? ... did you want to see? .. can I do to help you? «. pencil is this, Nam's or Lan's? is the matter with him? .. are they talking about? . hat is on the table? . ... school did she attend? would you like to drink? 813. Dat eu héi cho phan in nghiéng cia nhitng chu sau day. 1. The boy learned many subjects at school. 2. Mr. Minh taught me English. 3. The doctor told her to stay in bed. 4. That house is mine. 5. She has broken a glass. 6. I usually prepare my English lesson in the evening. 7. That tooth is hurting me. 8. I bought hirh a present. 9. The prize for the competition was a handbag. 10. L like to read English novels. 11. Van has broken the window. ‘12. He met his old friend at the theatre yesterday. 4. Viét lai nhiing cau sau déy cho hop vdi léi noi thong thutng (bang céch d6i vi tri cita gidi ti). Ghi nhé: Trong truéng hgp dai ti nghi van (whom, what...) di theo vdi gidi tw, thong thudng khéng nén dé gidi ti 6 ddu cau héi truée tix nghi van. 82 Thi du: Khéng nén néi: To whom is he speaking? About what are they speaking? Nén néi: Whom is he speaking to? What are they speaking about? 1, About what are you thinking? 2. At what are they looking?3. With what are you cutting your pencil? 4, For whom are you waiting? 5, With whom is he playing? 6. In what room shall I sleep? 7. From what library did you get this book? 8. To whom does she want to speak? 9. Of what is butter made? MOT VAI DANG CAU HOI VOI "What" CAN GHI NHG THEM. 1. What ... for? a) Dé lam gi (for what purpose). What must you learn foreign languages for? Anh phai hoe ngoai ngit dé 1am gi? What's this money for? Tién nay dé lam gi? b) Tai sao (why) What did you do that for? (c6 thé hiéu 1a: Anh lam cdi dé dé 1am gi? Tai sao anh lam cai d6?) 2. What + (to be) + like? Ding dé héi vé tinh chat hoac hinh dang bé ngodi. Co thé ding dé hdi vé cA ngudi, vat, su viée: Thi du: What was the weather like? ‘Thdi tiét ra sao? 83- It was very wet and cold. Rat wét va lanh. What was he like? Anh ay 18 ngudi thé nao? - He is a friendly sort of man. Anh ay 14 ngudi cdi md. - He is a tall man with a black beard. Anh 4y 18 ngudi cao cé b6 rau quai nén den. So sénh cfu hdi trén véi cau: What does he / it look like? Cau nay ngy y hdi vé hinh dang bé ngoai. Thi du: What does he look like? Anh ay ngudi nhu thé nao? - He is tall and thin. Anh Ay cao va gay. What does it look like? N6 ra lam sao? - It is white and puffy. N6 trang va sung hip lén. TI. WHICH Léi ghi: Which bao ham mét su chon Ifa (cé thé ding dé héi ca ngudi lan vat). So sanh cach dang giita: who, what va which trong nhiing cu sau day: 1.- Who do you want to speak to? (co tinh chat hdi chung chung) 84- | want to speak to Mr. Minh. - We have two Smiths here: which do you want? (ngu ¥ trong hai ngudéi thi anh muén hdi ai?) 2 - What will you have to drink? (héi chung chung) - Beer. - There're beer, lemonade and milk, which will you have? (ngu ¥ lua chon trong ba thit, anh muén dang thi gi?) - Beer. Tw nghi van Cau héi. Nhan xét Which Which is the way to] - Vi tri: 6 ddu céu héi. 1, Dai tit chai | the station? - Dong tit chia 6 dang thudng ngit Which is the longest | (khang dinh hodc phi dinh). river in Vietnam? Which of these books is your favourite? Which of ' my questions can't you answer? 2. Dai titan | Which will you have, |- Vi tri: dat 6 dau cdu héi. ngit tea or coffe? - Dong t¥ cau chia 6 dang Which of these pens] nghi vin. may I use? Which of them do you like to talk to? 3.Tinh tx | Which way leads to}- Vi tri: 6 dau cau hdi. a) Di véi the station? - Dong tit trong c4u chia theo danh tit]am |Which book belongs} dang thudng. chi nga. to you, this or that? 85b) Di voi Which language do|- Vi tri: é dau c4u hdi. danh tilam |you like .to learn,}. Dong tit trong cau chia 6 tan nga. English or Russian? | dang nghi van. Which doctor will you visit, Dr. N or Dr. B? Bai tap 5. Dién vao ché tréng bang nhitng tit nghi vén"Who, Who(m), What, Which": . 1. ... boy won the first prize? «did he go with? .. asked you to write this? is the healthier place the country or the sea-side? ... is the largest town in the world? .. is the way to the factory? of you can do this exercise? .. picture do you prefer, this or that? .. European language is the easiest to learn? 10. ... hat is yours, this or that? has taken my pencil? PS ernaap wn a ic 12. ... of these girls is the youngest? 86IV. WHERE, WHEN, WHY, HOW Léi ghi: Where, when, why, how déu ding lam pho tié nghi van. Tw nghi van Cau héi Nhan xét 1. Where (6 dau) [Where is your house? Vi tri: 6 dau cau héi. Phé tix nghi vdn |Where are his books? Péng tix chia 6 dang! Where do you live? inghi van. Where must he go? 2. When (khi | When are you at home? Vi tri: dat 6 dau cau) nao) Ph6 tit —_| When do you usually get up? [hdi. nghi van When will you go to Moscow? |Dong tit cau chia 4 dang nghi van. 3. Why (tai sao) |Why are you so late? Vi tri: 6 dau cau hoi. Phé tit nghi van. |Why do you like this book? [Déng tw chia 6 dang Why must you work hard at} English? inghi vain. 4, How (thé nao, ra sao, bang cach nao?) Phé tix nghi van. [How are you? - Quite well. How did you come? I came by plane How can you start the| engine? (by pressing this| button) (How can he speak English?) Vi tri: 6 dau cau hdi. Déng tit chia 6 dang| (very well) 87Ghi nhé: Mét sé cau héi véi "How" Cau héi Cau tra 13i (c6 thé dutge) 1. How + Many |How much water do you - a little much? (bao want? nhiéu) How much does it cost? - ten pounds How many students are - fifty, there in the room? 12. How + ‘How tall are you - Lam six feet tall. Adjective How old is he? - He is forty five. How high is Mount Everest? |- It is over five miles| high. How wide is that river? - It is fifty yards wide. L How long is this room? - It is ten feet long. 3. How + Adverb/How fast does he drive? - He drives at fifty; kilometers an hour. How often do you go|-I go every year. abroad? How long does it take you to| - Twenty minutes. go to your office? Bai tap 6. Disng where, when, why, how... dé dat cau hdi cho phdn in nghiéng & nhiing cau sau day: 1. His sister works at a factory. 2. T usually get up at five in the morning. 883. We must learn foreign languages because they are necessary for our work. 4. He didn't go to school yesterday because he was ill. 5. We usually have dinner at eleven. 6. They live in the center of the city. 7. It takes him halfan hour to do these grammar exercises. 8. His working day lasts eight hours. 9. He begins his work at 6 o'clock.” 10. This bicycle costs 300,000 VND. 11. Every Sunday, my father takes me to the movies. 12. There are forty students in our class. 13. She is fifteen years old. 14. The playground is forty yards long. 15. He can come here by bus. 16 She can speak English very fluently. 17. I go to the library twice a week. 18. He always gets bad marks because he is very lazy. 19. He can swim two miles in an hour. 89DAI TU CHI NGOI (Personal Pronouns) TINH TU VA DAI TU SO HOU (Posessive Adjectives and Pronouns) DAI TU PHAN THAN VA DAI TU NHAN MANH (Reflexive and Emphasizing Pronouns) I. DAI TU CHI NGOI (Personal Pronouns) 1. Gidi thigu 7 SO it Sénhiéu Neoi Changi | Tanngz | Changi | Tanngd 1 I I we us 2 you (1) you (1) you lyou 3 (giéng duc) /he him: (gidng cai) {she her | they them (trung tinh) it it. (bat dinh) [one lone (1) Ng@i thit hai s6 it trong tho va trong van cé ngudi ta dang Thou (chi ngii) va Thee (tan ngit) 2. Chive nang a) Dai tix chi ngit lam chi: ngit cho m6t dong tiy chia rdi trong cau. Chu ngi (subject) Vi ngi (Predicate) We were there. Ching téi bdo. I came here with Nam. TSi }dén day véi Nam. She usually gets up at 5. Cé ay thudng day hic 5 gid. 90b) Dai tw tan ngi: + Lam tan ngit cho mét déng tt trong céu Tan ngit truc tiép (direct object) Tan ngit gidi ti 'The teacher punished him. IThay giao phat no. I'll ask her to help me. Téi sé yéu cau c6 Ay gitip tdi. ‘They warned us not to be late. Ho bao truéc cho ching téi khong dén cham. They are laughing at him. (prepositional object)|Ho cdi né. We are talking about it. Chiing téi néi chuyén vé viée dé. She had to look after them. Cé ay phai cham séc ching. Tan ngit gian tiép (Indirect object) I told a story to her. I told her a story. IT6i ké cho cd ay nghe mot c4u chiuyen. I bought a ball for them. 'T bought them a ball. 'T6i mua mot qua bong cho ching 'Téi mua cho ching mét qua béng. She gave a new pen to him. She gave him a new pen. [Ba ay cho né mét cai but mdi. + Ding sau giéi tit: Thi du: They stood behind him. The question before us is a very difficult one. Thad a letter from her. 913. Sau déng tiz"to be" + Thudng dung dai ti cht ngit, tuy nhién trong 1éi ndi thong thudng cé thé ding dai tit tan nga. Thi du: Was it they? (hoac Was it them?) + Nhung néu vé ¥ 14 chi ngi cho mét déng tix 6 mét ménh dé tiép theo sau thi phai ding dai tt cha ngit: Thi du: It was he who told me about it. It was I who did it. Bai tap 1. Chon dai tit chi ngéi (trong ngodc don) viét nhitng cau sau day) 1. (We, us) all went with (them, they) 2. They knew all about my friend and (I, me) 3. Mr. Nam and (he, him) came last night. 4. He told Ba and (me, I) to go with (he, him) to the stadium. 5. There are some letters for you and (I, me). 6. Go with Van and (she, her) to visit (they, them). 7, What is the name of (him, he) who came first? 8. Who is there? - It is only (me, I) and my friend Ban. 9. What would you do if you were (he, him)? 10. I thought it was (they, them) who went with (she, her). 11. It was (he, him) I was talking about. 12. Just between you and (me, J), it's (him, he) I'm afraid of not (she, her). 92IT A. LAM CHU NGU 1. Dai tw chi ng6i: (ngéi tht ba aé it, trung tinh) ding dé thay cho mét danh tit trung tinh, danh ti chi mdt dé vat va cac sinh vat nho. Thi du: "Where is my book?" - "It is here". Sach cta téi dau? — No day. Look at that bird. It is a sparrow. It always comes to this window. Hay nhin con chim nay. Né 1a mét con chim sé. Né luén luén téi cia s6 nay. Theard his name mentioned. J¢ struck me as familiar. Toi nghe nhac tén anh ay. No quen quen. 2. Dai tit v6 nhan xung (impersonal pronoun) Dang trong nhiing trudng hop néi vé: a) Nhiing hién tugng thién nhién (thdi tiét, maa...) Jt is raining. Trdi dang mua. It is getting dark. Trdi t6i dan. It is early spring. Trdi vao dau xuan. Jt was a bright sunny day. Dé 1a mot ngay nang sang. It dewed heavily last night. Dém qua sudng roi nang hat. 9394 It was very cold (hot, warm) Trdi rat lanh (néng, 4m). b) Thdi gian (gid, ngay, thang...) What time is it? May gid réi? It is 6 o'clock. 6 gid. It is rather late. Kha mué6n. It is still early. Con sém. What day is it? Hom nay thi may. It is Monday. Tha hai. What is the date? Hém nay ngay may? It is the third of March. Méng ba thang Ba. c) Khoang cach: It is only three miles to the railway-station. Téi nha ga chi cé ba dam. It is a long way to the sea. Ra bién con xa. How far is it to the station? Ra ga bao xa?It is three miles. Ba dam. 3. Dai tiv cha ngit gidi thiéu trudc (anticipatory subject) a) Maul Tt + (to be) Bé ngit (tinh tix hodc}Cha ng thuc (éng ti danh tit) Inguyén. thé) It is leasy to do that. It will be wiser to drive slowly. It's a pity to waste it. It would be la mistake to ignore his advice. Nhan xét: Trong nhitng cau thf du trén if 1A cht ngit gidi thiéu trudec; cha ngi thuc 1a: "To do that, to drive slowly, to waste it, to ignore his advice". Cé thé viét nhu sau: To do that is easy. To drive slowly will be wiser. b) Mau 2 It + (to be) Bé ngit (tinh ti hoac|Cha ngit thus (déng danh ti! \danh tix) - gerund) Tt is foolish behaving like that. It is difficult getting everything ready in| time. Itis Ino use crying over spoilt milk. Itis Ino good hoping for their help. 95Nhan xét: Cang nhu 6 mau 1, 6 day i# 1a cht ngi gidi thiéu truéc. Cha ngi thuc la: behaving like that, getting everything ready in time, crying over spoilt milk, hoping for their help. C6 thé viét nhu sau: Behaving like that is foolish. Hoping for their help is no good. c) Mau3 It+(tobe) | Bé nga (tinh tir | Chui ngit thue (ménh dé danh ti, hoac danh tw) noun-clause) It is strange that he is always late. It is doubtful whether he will be able to come. It was a pity that you couldn't come. It was a strange thing |that he couldn't solve this ‘problem. Nhan xét: Cang nhu hai mau trén, 6 day it 1A cha nga gidi thiéu truée. Chu ngii thuc 1A nhiing ménh dé: That he is always late, whether he will be able to come, that you couldn't come, that he couldn't solve this problem. 96 Co thé viét nhu sau (tuy khéng thong thudng): Whether he will be able to come is doubtful. That you couldn't solve this problem was a strange thing. Chia y: Déi khi ngudi ta ding "to seem", "to appear" thay cho "to be". Ji seemed useless to go on. It seemes a pity not to use it. It appears unlikely that we shall arrive in time.Dai tit chi dinh gidi thiéu trudc Nhan dinh: cach ding nay cha it duge thé hién trong nhiing thi du duéi day: - Who came to see you yesterday? Hém qua ai dén tham anh? It was an old friend of mine. D6 1A mét ngudi ban ci cha téi. - It was she (her) whom I saw yesterday. Chinh cé ta 14 ngudi téi da gap hém qua. - It was he who showed me the way. Chinh anh 1a nguéi da chi duéng cho téi. - It is oranges that I like best. Cam 1a thit qua ma tdi thich nhat. B, LAM TAN NGU 1. Dai ti chi ngéi: (ngoi thit ba sé it, trung tinh) + Thay cho mét danh tu trung tinh, danh ttf chi do vat va cée sinh vat nhé lam tan ngii cho mét d6ng tw. Thi du: She has got a new pen. She puts i¢ in her bag. Cé Ay c6 mot cdi bit mdi. Cé dy dé n6 trong tui. Look at that bird. J¢ always comes to this window. Hay nhin con chim d6. Né luén luén téi cia sé nay. Did you give it anything to eat? Anh cé cho né an cai gi khong? - Yes, I always feed it. - C6. Téi luén cho né an. 97This is your new lesson, you learn it by heart. Day 1a bai hoc mdi ctia cc em, cdc em hay hoc thudc long. + Thay cho ca mét su viée (dude dién dat bing cA mét cau hoe ménh dé). Thi du: You have saved my life, I shall never forget it. Anh da cttu mang tdi, téi sé khong bao gid quén diéu dé. He is trying to win a scholarship to the University, he won't find it easy. . Anh dy dang cé gianh hoc béng vao Dai hoc, anh ay thay diéu dé khong dé. If he gets home by 8 o'clock, I call i¢ good luck. Néu anh ay vé nha hic 8 gid, thi téi cho la may man. 2. Dai ti tan ngif gidi thiéu trudc (anticipatory object). Cha ng +) Tan nga | Bé ngit (tinh | Tan ngit thuc (dong tir Dong tit | gidi thiéu | ti, danh tu) | nguyén thé, dong danh ti, trude it ménh dé) We all consider it lwrong to cheat in examination. Tfound fit difficult ito refuse his invitation. T think it la pity ito waste them. We think it most to your climbing the dangerous mountain alone. 1 think it. a pity that you didn't try harder. I took it for granted {that you would stay with | jus. 98Nhan xét: Trong nhiing cau thf dy trén i 1a tan ngi gidi thiéu truéc, thay cho nhiing tan ngit thuc 6 cot 4. Bai tap 2. Dién vao ché trong bang dang It is va gidi thich nhitng cau dudi day. a pity that he is so stupid. .. a long time ago. .. early when we left home. |. a wonder that you didn't hurt yourself. .. not very far to walk. .. wonderful to see you again next week. . wrong to think that those people are greedy for money. . cruel to beat a boy like that. .. possible that he doesn't understand English? .. lime to go to bed. .. most delightful to sit by the fire with a book. ... he who helped me in my work. onmnrnarnr ene Hoe a) m s w w@ . they who showed us the way through the forest. ... his mother, not his father, who said that. S 15. ... the training that he had as a young man that made him such a good engineer. 3. Ding it la dai tw tan ngit gidi thiéu trude viét lai nhiing cdu dudi day. Thi du: - We all consider that it is wrong to cheat in examination. 99We all consider it wrong to cheat in examination. - I think that it is a pity to waste them. I think it a pity to waste them. 1. We all consider that it is wrong to cheat in examination. 2. Don't you think that it is unwise to climb the mountain without a guide? 3. We think that it is most dangerous for you to climb the mountain alone. 4. I found that it was very difficult to refuse him his request. 5. Do you think it is strange that he hasn't eaten any meat since he was a boy? 6. I believe that it is very hard to undertake this work. 7. [suppose you think it is very odd that I have to change my room. 8. We consider that it is a sacred duty to serve our country. 9. He imagines that it is very interesting to fly to the moon in a spaceship. 10. He found that it was hard to solve this problem. One Léi ghi: "One 1a dai tit bat dinh c6 nghia la "ngudi ta". One cé thé ding lam cha ngi va tan ngi. Cha ngit One uses milk for making butter and cheese. One must be careful when driving a car. Tan ngi This book gives one a good idea of the National Liberation movement throughout the world. 100Tuy nhién ngudi ta khéng hay ding né. Dé dién ta cing mat ¥ trén théng thudng ngudi ta a) Dang dang bi déng: Milk is used for making butter and cheese. b) Thay one bang we, you, they (chi ngii), us, you, them (tan ngit) You (we) must be careful when driving a car. This book gives you (us) a good idea of the National Liberation movement throughout the world. They say we shall have a hot summer. Nhung ngudi ta hay ding dang sé hitu One's khi ngu y chung: It is easy to lose one’s way in a big town. It is a pity to waste away one’s time. I. TINH TU VA DAI TU SG HUU (Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns) 1. Gidi thigu Tinh tit sé hitu Dai tiv sd hitu my mine your yours his his her hers its its our ours your yours their theirs 101Thi du: That is my book. That book is mine. That is his book. That book is his. That is your book. That book is yours That is her book. That book is hers. That is our book. That book is ours. That is their book. That book is theirs. (Cha y: 6 ngoi thé hai sé it, trong van cd va thd ngudi ta dang Thy (Possessive adjective) va Thine (Possessive Pronoun). 2. Cach dung a) Tinh tt sé hitu hop véi "ngudi" hodc "vat" cé quyén sé hitu. N6 khéng thay déi theo gidng va sd (gidng due, gidng cdi... sd it, so nhiéu...) cia dang tit chi vat thudc quyén sd hitu. Thi du: Thave a pencil. It is my pencil. She has a pencil. It is her pencil. He has many pencils. They are his pencils. A tree drops its leaves in autumn. A dog wags its tail when it is happy. * * * My mother, my father, my brother (s), my sister (s) My book (s), Ais father, his brother (s), his sister (s), his book (s) b) Dai tit sd hitu duge ding dé thay thé cho tinh ti sd hitu + danh tit. Thi du: T have my pen; have you got yours (= your pen?). 102Is thts my English book? No, it isn't yours (= your English book). It is mine © my English book). Are these their books? No, they aren't theirs (= their books). They are ours (= our books). Cha y: Dai tit sd hitu ts rat hiém khi duge dang. c) Ghi nhé: .. of mine = one of my... ... of yours = one of your... .. of his = one of his... etc... Thi du: He is a friend of mine = He is one of my friends. A sister of hers = One of her sisters. Bai tap 4. Dién vao ché tréng bang tinh tit hodc dai tit sd hitu. 1. [see that he has lost... pencil; perhaps you can lend him. 2. Tell him not to forget... ticket; she mustn't forget... either. 3. We have taken our share, has she taken...? 4. I gave him some plants of... in exchange for some of... 5. Nam has come to see me, ... father and... were school friends. 6. He wants you to return a book of... you borrowed last week. 7. You said you would introduce me to a friend of ... who had a very good dictionary. 1038. This is not our class-room, ... is on the first floor. 9. She wants to know if you have seen a book of ... lying about somewhere. 10. She had no pen, so I gave her... * TL. DgI TU PHAN THAN VA DAITU NHAN MANH (Reflexive and Emphasizing Pronouns) 1. Gidi thiéu Séit Sénhiéu Ngéi 1 myself ourselves Ngéi 2 yourself (thyself) yourselves Ngdi 3: Gidng duc himself Gidng cai herself themselves Trung tinh itself Bat dinh oneself. Cha y: Trong van cé va tho 6 ng6i thit hai sé it thudng dang "thyself" 2. Cach ding: a) Dai tit phan than dung trong truéng hop minh tu lam cho chinh ban thén minh. N6 lam tan ngi, bd gi trong cau, trong truéng hgp nay chi ngit vdi tan ngi hoc bd ngit chi 1A mot. Thi du: I shave myself every morning. ‘Ti tu cao rau cho téi méi budi sang They blamed themselves for the accident. Ho tu trach ban than ho vé tai nan dé. 104He spoke to himself. Anh 4y tu ndi véi minh... He was quite himself again. Anh ta lai nhu ci... b) Dai ty nhan manh dang dé nhdn manh thém mot danh tit hay dai tw trong cu. N6é khéng cé chtic nang riéng biét ma tring véi chtic nang cua ti nd nhan manh. ay. Lan herself opened the door. Chinh cé Lan da mé cia. Co thé viet: Lan opened the door herself. I should like to see Mr. Ban himself and not his wife. Téi muén duge gap chinh éng Ban chu khéng phai ba vg 6ng The play itself was good, but the actors were bad. Ban than v6 kich thi hay, nhung dién vién thi dd. Cha y: Dai tt nhdn manh thudng duge dat ngay ding sau danh ti hoac dai tt ma no nhaén manh. Trong truéng hep ding dé nhan manh vao chinh chi ngii cia cau thi cé thé dat 6 cudi cau. Thi du: I myself do it, hoac: I do it myself. Nam himself went to Haiphong, hoac: Nam went to Haiphong by himself. 105Bai tap 5. Dién vdo ché tréng bing dai tit phan than hode dai ti nhdn manh (tim hiéu nghia ding cia tig céu). 1. It is pleasant to warm... before a good fire. 2. There was no much noise that he could not hear... speak. 3. She was angry with... for breaking her doll. 4. They looked at... in the looking-glass. 5. Ba, go and hide... behind the curtain. 6. Never leave to others what you ought to do... 7. I want to see Mrs. Linh..., not her husband. 8. You... told me the story. 9. I hope you will enjoy... at the party. 10, You must learn your lesson... nobody can do it for you. MOT VAI CHI TIET CAN GHI NHO THEM 1. by + myself (yourself, himself...) : mot minh Thi du: He sat by himself. Han ta ngéi mét minh. I did it by myself. TOi lam viée d6 cé mét minh (khéng c6 su giup dé cia ai) 2. Dimg nhdm Dai tu phan than véi Dai te tuong hd (reciprocal pronouns): each other, one another. Thi du: They looked at themselves in the looking-glass. Chung né tu soi guong. 106They looked at each other. Ho nhin nhau. They are very selfish, they only think of themselves (... chi nghi dén ban than). Good friends thinks of one another when they are away. (... nghi dén nhau). . DAI TU QUAN HE VA MENH DE TINH NGU (Relative Pronouns and Adjective Clauses) 1. GIGI THIEU 1. Vai tré cha dai tt quan hé: Thi du: a) The man/who is standing at the door/ is my teacher. b) My son is the boy/ whom you see at the desk. + Cu (a) c6 hai ménh dé: - The man is my teacher. ~.who is standing at the door. Theo nguyén tac chung, méi tw trong cau chi co thé git mot chiic nang. "The man" da lam chu ngit cho déng ti "is" 6 ménh dé chinh thi khong thé lam cha ngit cho dong ti "is standing" 6 ménh dé phu nita. Phdi ding dai tt quan hé "who" dé thay thé cho "the man" lam chi: ngit cho “is standing". 107+ C4u (b) c6é hai ménh dé: - My son is the boy. - Whom you see at the desk. V&n theo nguyén tac trén. "The boy" da 1am bé ngif cho “is" 6 ménh dé chinh thi khéng thé lam tan ngit cho "see" & ménh dé phy nia. Phdi ding dai tit quan hé "whom" dé thay thé cho "the boy" lam tan ngit cho "see". 2, Ménh dé tinh ngit (Adjective Clause) Xét tit hai thi du trén, ta thay nhiing ménh dé phu bat dau bang dai ti quan hé c6 tinh chat nhu nhiing tinh ngiz bé nghia (xac dinh, 14m ro...) cho danh tw (hode dai ti) ding truéc né. Dé 1a loai ménh dé tinh ngit. I. DAI TU QUAN HE XAC DINH (Defining Relative Pronouns) Léi ghi: Dai tw quan hé x4e dinh gidi thigu mét ménh dé tinh ngit cé nhiém vu xac dinh rd danh tit (hodc dai ti) ma né hgp véi. Ménh dé dé can thiét vi néu khéng cé né, ngudi ta sé khong x4c dinh ré danh ti dé chi ai (néu thay cho ngudi) hodc cAi nao, vat nao (néu thay cho vat), nén goi la ménh dé tinh ngit xac dinh. Thi du: The man who told me this refused to give me his name (ménh dé tinh ngit "who told me this" xAc dinh ré "the man" 1A "Cai ngudi ndi véi téi diéu dé" chit khong phai ngudi nado khac...) The street which leads to the station is very wide, (ménh dé tinh ngw "which leads to the station" x4c dinh ré "The street" 1A "Cai phd dan dén nha ga" chit khong phai cdi phé nao khac...) 1081. Nhitng dai tiv quan hé x4c dinh Chu ngit Tan ngit Sd hitu (subject) (object) (possessive) Thay cho nguéi | Who Whom Whose That That Thay cho vat | Which Which of which, whose Thi du: a) Thay cho ngudi. + Lam chi ngii: (who, that) The boy who sits next to me is very clever. (that) I don't like the men who don't speak the truth. (that) Cha y: Ngudi ta thuéng ding "who" hon "that", xem thém 6 dudi, muc 3 trong nhiing trudng hop ding "that". + Lam tan ngit: (whom, that) Thi du: The doctor whom she visited is my brother. (that) The man who you are speaking to is my teacher. (that) Cha y: Ngudi ta co thé dung Whom hay that. Nhung trong van néi, ngudi ta cing ding Who. The man who you are speaking to is my teacher. Ngudi ta cing cé thé an dai tiv quan hé. The doctor she visited is my brother. 109The man you are speaking to is my teacher. (xem muc "Khi nao cé thé an duge dai tiv quan hé xc dinh") + Chi sé hitu: (whose) , Mr. X is the barber whose shop is opposite my house. b) Thay cho vat: + Lam chi ngit (which, that) The pencil which is lying on the desk is mine. (that) You can see the plane which is flying over our head. (that) Cha y: Ngudi ta thudng ding which hon that. (xem thém muc "Nhiing truéng hop chi ding that") + Lam tan ngit (which, that) The flowers which I cut this morning are still fresh. (that) The picture which you are talking about is very beautiful. (that) Cha y: Neudi ta thudng dung which hon that (xem thém muc "Nhiing trudng hgp chi ding that") hoa nguii ta c6 thé An duge: The flowers I cut this morning are still fresh. The picture you are talking about is very beautiful. (Xem muc : "Khi nao c6 thé an duge dai ti’ quan hé") + Chi sé hitu (of which) Ihave a chair the leg of which is broken. The book the cover of which is torn is mine. Cha y: Hai cu trén viét nhu vay chi ding vé mat ngit phap nhung thuc ra rat vung. 110Tét hon nén viét: Thave a chair with broken leg. TOi c6 cai ghé gay chan The book with the torn cover is mine. Cuén sach rach bia 1a cha tdi. Hién nay, ngudi ta cé khuynh huéng ding whose cho ca vat. Thave a chair whose leg is broken. She was gazing into the pool whose calm surface reflected her features like a mirror. 2. Khi nao c6 thé an duge dai ti quan hé xc dinh? Dai tit quan hé xdc dinh chit ngit khong thé dn duge. Chi cd thé dn & truéng hop né lam tan ngit. a) Truéng hap tan ngit truc tiép (direct object) The man (whom) you see at the door is my friend. (that) The flowers (which) I cut this morning are still fresh. (that) b) Truéng hop tan ngit cach tré bang gidi tir (prepositional hodac indirect object) Chi dn dugc khi gidi tix 3 sau d6ng tiy trong ménh dé tinh ngi. The man (whom) you are speaking to is my teacher. (that) The picture (which) you are talking about is very beautiful. (that) Khéng 4n duge khi gidi tix duge dat 4 trude dai tit quan hé xac dinh. Trong trudng hgp nay chi ding duge whom, which va khong thay duge bang that. 111The man ¢o whom you are speaking is my teacher. The picture about which you are talking is very beautiful. 8. Nhiing trwong hop thudng chi ding that. Nhu trén da chu thich nguéi ta thuéng ding who, whom, which hon that, tuy nhién trong mét sé truéng hop ngudi ta thudng ding that nhiéu hon nhu: - Sau mét tinh tw d dang so sanh tuyét déi (superlative). - Sau all, any, only, it is - Khi tit dting trwéc bao gém ca ngudi lin vat. Thi du: He is the most courageous man that ever lived. Anh 4y 1a ngudi diing cam nhat ti xua dén nay. All the people (that) I have met disliked him. Tat cA nhiing ngudi téi gap déu khong thich anh ay. Any paper (that) you read will give you the same story. Bao nao anh doc cing dang chuyén dé. It is the teacher that decides what you read. Thay giao 1a ngudi quyét dinh anh doc gi. He is the only boy that can answer all the questions in the test. N6 la cau bé duy nhat cé thé tra 1di tat cA cdc cu héi trong bai kiém tra. Bai ap 1. Dién vao ché tréng bang dai tit quan hé xde dinh thich hop. 1. A child... lives at school is a boarder. 2. The magazine... you lent me yesterday is very interesting. 1123. The letter... I received yesterday had no stamp on it. 4. What's the name of the boy... came here yesterday? 5. The butcher... shop is opposite my house... always sells good meat. 6. Do you know the man... lives opposite my house? 7. I gave him all the stamps... I had. 8. Show me the picture of... you are talking about. 9. Is the street... leads to your school very wide? 10. The boy.. is sitting next to me is not very clever. 11. Any man... listens to you is a fool. 12. He is the most intelligent boy... I have ever met. 13. He is a man... word you can rely on. 14. He is the boy.. father came to see you yesterday. 2. An dai tit quan hé xde dinh trong tring hop 6 thé duge (néu can c6 thé chuyén vi tri cia gidi tit) 1. The concert to which we listened came from England. 2. The old man who lives next door is a famous doctor. 3. He is the only man that can solve this problem. 4, The people whom you lived with in Haiphong are coming to see you. 5. I know the boy whom you are talking about. 6. The pen which I lost was a good one. 7. The boy who threw that stone will be punished. 8. Where is the shop which sells picture-postcards? 9. Did you give him all the books that you had? 10. The knife which we use to cut the bread is very sharp. 11. The glass out of which you are drinking hasn't been washed. 11312. The paint on the seat on which you are siting is still wet. Ill. DAI TU QUAN HE KHONG XAC DINH (No-defining Relative Pronouns) Loi ghi: Dai tt’ quan hé khong xac dinh gidi thiéu mét ménh dé tinh nga khéng c6 nhiém vy xéc dinh ro danh ti (hoac dai tty) ma né hgp véi. Danh tit d6 tu no da xc dinh réi. Ménh dé tinh ngif nay chi cé gia tri thém ¥, va duge goi 1A ménh dé tinh ngi khéng xac dinh. 1. Nhiing dai ti¢ quan hé khéng xc dinh Chui ngit Tan nga 86 hitu Thay cho ngudi_|Who Whom Whose Thay cho vat Which Which of which, whose Ghi nha: 1. Khéng dang that. 2. Trong bat cit trudng hgp nao cing khong an duge. 3. Ménh dé tinh ngi khong xac dinh bao gid cing dat gitta {u phy () Thi du: a) Thay cho ngudi. + Lam chi nga: Who Marie Curie, who discovered radium, is one of the greatest women of our age. + Lam tan ngit: Whom My brother Nam, wiiom you saw yesterday, wants to speak to you. hai 114Beethoven, whom you are speaking about, was one of the world's finest composer. (or: Beethoven about whom you are speaking was one of the world's finest composer). Cha ¥: Vi tri cia gidi tu about 6 céu thi du tha 2. + Chi sd hitu: Whose Chopin, whose works are world-famous, was born in Poland. b) Thay cho vat: + Lam chu ngit: Which Budapest, which is on the Danube, is a beautiful city. Swimming, which is a good sport, make us strong. + Lam tan ngtt: Which Air, which we breathe is made up of many gases. Geometry, which he knows nothing about, seems a very dull subject for him. hoac: Geometry, about which he knows nothing, seems a very dull subject for him. Cha y: Vi tri cia gidi tit about 6 cdu thi du 2. + Chi sé hitu : of which His thesis, of which the last hundred pages are absolute nonsense, will be probably criticized. Cha y: Trong ng phap méi ngudi ta cé khuynh hudng thay which bang whose: His thesis, whose last hundred pages... 115tap 3. Dién vao ché trong bang dai tit quan hé (xc dinh hode khong xe dinh thich hop: them déu phéy (,) khi cén thiét. An dai tit quan hé khi co thé duge. 1, Oxford University... is one of the oldest in the world has many different colleges. 2. Smoking... is a bad habit is nevertheless popular. 3. "Hamlet"... you are going to see tomorrow was written by Shakespeare. 4. The man... you spoke to in the street is my eldest brother. 5. His book is the best... has ever been written on that subject. 6. He is one of the men... I feel I can trust. 7. Can you remember the man... you took it from? 8. The knife... we use to cut the pencil is very dull. 9. Fear... is an evil may lead to sin. 10. The science of medicine in... progress has been very rapid lately is perhaps the most important of all science. 11. Mozart.... music you have just been listening to was one of the world's finest composers. 12. My uncle Nam in... I have great confidence says I will pass my examination if I work hard. 116 13. What is the name of the girl... came here last night? 14. His stepmother... he is living with is not very kind to him. Cha y: Tam quan trong cia d&u phay trudée ménh dé tinh ngit. Thi du: He has a brother, who is an artist. Anh ta cé mét ngudi anh, anh dy 1a mét nghé si.Ménh dé who is an artist trong edu 1a ménh dé tinh ngit khong xdc dinh. He has a brother who is an artist. Anh ta cé mét ngudi anh 1a nghé si. (con nhiing nguéi anh kh4e c6 thé lam nghé khéc...) Ménh dé who is an artist trong cau 1a ménh dé tinh ngit xdc dinh. IV- DAI TU QUAN HE TIEP NOI (Connective Relative Pronouns) Léi ghi: Dai yu quan hé tiép néi thudng duge ding dé néi hai y cha mét cau. Ngudi,ta thudng ding who va which. 1. Dai tw quan'hé tip ndi ding dé néi hai ménh dé, hai cau... Thi du: + CAu: I met Lan. She gave me this. C6 thé duge viét nhu sau: I met Lan and she gave me this. hoae: I met Lan who gave me this. +Cau: I bought this map. It helped me a lot, c6 thé viét: I bought this map, which helped me a lot. 2. Which con dude ding dé thay cho ca mat ménh dé (mét ¥) 4 trén. + He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. Han ta bao truéc day han ta chua gap chi dy bao gid, 1a diéu khong ding su that. + We had to sleep in our wet clothes, which was most uncomfortable. 117Chung t6i phai mae quén 4o uét ma nga, diéu dé that kh6 chiu. Cha y: Nhiing ménh dé bat dau bang dai tt quan hé tiép néi bao gid cing c6 d&u phay (,) 6 trudée va thudc loai ménh dé tinh ngit khong xée dinh. V. MOT SO DIEM KHAC CAN GHI NHO THEM. 1, Ménh dé tinh ngi cé thé bat ddu bang: Where, when, why (goi 1a pho tix quan hé) + When: in/on which. Dung thay cho danh ti chi thi gian. Iremember the day when we first met (ménh dé xc dinh). We will put off the picnic until the next week, when the weather may be better (ménh dé khéng xéc dinh). + Where: in/at which. Dang thay cho danh ti chi nai chén. This is the house where he lived with his parents in his childhood (ménh dé xac dinh). They went to Badinh square, where they would attend a big meeting (ménh dé kh6ng xdc dinh). + Why: for which. Dang thay cho danh ti chi nguyén nhan, ly do. I know the reason why he was so angry. The reason why he came is not very convincing. 2. Sau same va such mot ménh dé tinh nga thudng duge bit dau bang as. 118Thi du : She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister usually does. I never heard such stories as he tells. Cha ¥: Tuy nhién sau same ngudi ta van cé thé ding that duge. She wore the same dress that she wore at her friend's wedding. 3. What cing cé trudng hgp dang lam dai tit quan hé. No c6 dac diém 1a khong thay cho mét danh ti hay dai tit nao diing trude nd, va do dé tudng dudng vdi: - the thing that (ci ma... diéu ma...) - the things that (nhiing cai ma... nhiing diéu ma...) Thi du: Tell me what you want to know. N6i cho téi hay nhitng diéu ma anh muén bi When she sees what you have done, she will be furious... Khi cé ta thay nhiing vide anh da gay ra, cd dy sé dién tiét. 119CHUGNG SAU PHO TU VA GIGI TU (Adverbs and Prepositions) BAI 12 PHO TU (Adverbs) ~ I. GIGI THIEU C6 7 loai pho ta: 1. Thé céch (of manner): quickly, bravely, happily, hard, well. 2. Noi chén (of place): here, there, everywhere... 38. Thdi gian (of time): now, soon, then, today... 4. Tan suat (of frequency) : often, never, always, usually... 5. Mite dé (of degree): very, rather, quite, too... 6. Nghi van (interrogative): when? why? how? (xem bai 9) 7. Quan hé (relative): when, where, why (xem bai 11) IL Quy TAC CAU TAO PHO TU, TINH TU Hau hét nhiing phé ti thé cach {adverb of manner) va mét sé ph6 tit mite dé (adverb of degree) duge edu tao theo quy tae: adjective + ly slow +ly =slowly grave +ly =gravely immediate + ly = immediately 120Cha y: Cach viet Cach viét iy déi y ra i truée khilgay — gaily thém ly e van giit nguyén e,|extreme - extremely thém ly sincere — sincerely trit: true - truly due - duly whole — wholly able/ible bd e cuéi cing trudc] sensible — sensibly khi thém ly capable — capably nguyén 4m +/ van gid J, them Ly final - finally beautiful - beautifully IIL. QUY TAC SO SANH PHO TU (xem lai bai 7) 1. So sanh bang Khang dinh (+) Nghi van (?) as+adv+as He can swim as far as Nam. Can he swim as far as Nam? Phi dinh () so/as +advt as He can't swim so/as far as Ba. 2. So sanh hon Pho ti ngin advter + than He works harder than Van. Phé tix dai moretadv+than She can speak English more fluently than her friend. 1213. So sanh tuyét déi Pho ti ngan | (the) advtest He rans (the) fastest of all. Phé tidai | (the) mosttadv {She can speak English (the) most fluently of all. Cha ¥: Ngudi ta thutng bé the 6 trudng hgp so sanh tuyét déi vdi phé ti. 4. So sanh diép khic (cang ngay...cang) Phé tit ngdn jadvter and advter |She works harder and harder every year. Pho tu dai more and more+adv |She speaks English more and more fluently every day. Cha y: Nhiing trudng hgp bat thuéng Co mét sé phé tit khéng theo quy tée chung. Pho ta So sanh hon So sénh tuyét d6i well better best badly worse worst late later last little less least much more most | farther { farthest further furthest 122Bai tap 1. Tixy truéng hop, dién vao ché trong bang phé tit 6 dang so sdnh hon hode so sanh tuyét doi. 1. He arrived... than his friend (early). 2. He can swim. .. of all (far). 3. He pronounces the word... than Nam (distinctly). 4. Nam came promptly, Ba came...than Nam, Déng came.. of all (promptly). 5. Llike swimming ... of all (well). 6. He can speak Russian... than his friend (well). 7. You are playing much.. than you did last week (badly). 8. He went ... than the other travellers (far). 9. He went... of all the travellers (far). 10. The wind blew... and the waves rose... than ever (hard, high). IV. CHUC NANG CUA PHO TU Phé tix c6 thé ding dé bé nghia cho Pong ty He ran quickly. Come here. He went to Moscow yesterday. Tinh ti (hoadc déng tinh ti) It is very hot today. Are you quite comfortable? She is seriously wounded. Pho tit He plays extremely well. He drives too fast. She can speak English very fluently. 123Mét nhém tit (b4t}I am almost through my work. dau bang gidi tit) | His remarks were not quite to the point, Put it right in the middle of the room. Ca mét cau Fortunately, I remembered in time who he was. Indeed, 1 won't do it. Bai tap 2. Gach dudi nhitng pho tit trong nhiing cau dudi day. Phan loai nhitng pho tit dé. Tim ra nhitng tit duge bé nghia. 1, They worked fast to cover the distance before the breakfast hour. 2. He wanted to go there at once. 3. He is extremely careful in his work. 4. He walked farther than I did. 5. They got up very early. 6. Are you quite sure of this? 7. I didn't know it so well as he. 8. Today I feel somewhat better. 9. He does his work quite differently his brother. 10. I wish he could write more plainly, so that I could read his letters easily. 11. They usually begin to work at 6 o'clock in the morning. 12. He is well spoken of. 13. The children of our school were all neatly dressed. 14. He works hard all day. 124V. VI TRi CUA PHO TU (VA TRANG NGU) 1. Pho tit (hoae trang ngi) thé cach (manner) Doi véi ndi 6 dang sau déng tir He spoke slowly. She worked hard. He spoke loudly. ngoai déng tir (transitive verb) dong . ta He spoke in a low voice. (intransitiv He went by bus. e verb) zt - 6 dau céu khi muén| Suddenly the door opened. nhan manh At full speed he run away. Khéng duge dat xen vao gitta déng ti va tAn ng cia nd: a) sau tan ng He answered the letter promptly. Dé véi He lifted the heavy box with b) tride dong tu a great effort. He promptly answered the letter. Trit truéng hop tan ngit qua dai, c6 thé dé xen vdo giita. He answered correctly all the given by the teacher in the test. questions 6 dau cu khi muén nhan manh Slowly, he opened the door. With a great effort he lifted the heavy box. 1252. Pho ti (hoac trang ngi) noi chén (place) Doi voi dong tx néi|Sau dong ti He is here. She is upstairs. He is in the park. He walked across the street. Déi vdi ngoai| Sau tan ng dong tir Put your hat up there. Hang your coat on the hook. Dé nhan manh co thé viét duéi hai dang (Chu y: néu chi ngit 1a dai tay thi chi ding duge 6 dang 1) 1 2 |Adv + (pro)noun + verb | [Adv + verb + noun There |Nam stood. There stood |Nam. Away the went. \Away went |Lan and Nga. Up we climbed. | |Over the door |was_-|a sign. 3. Pho tix (hode trang ti) théi gian (time) Cuéi ménh dé (hod cau) — He is coming tomorrow. He left a week ago. Sau d6ng tit (néu 1a ndi dong ti) He prepares his homework in the evening. Sau tan ngii (néu 1a ngoai dong tw) I write to her every week. Hoae 6 dau cau Yesterday I went downtown to meet Mr. Nam. Every morning he drinks coffee at home. 4. Phé tit chi tan suat (fre quency) (sometimes, usually, generally, often, always, never, ever, seldom, rarely....) 126a) Véi "To be" Subject (to be) _| Freq.adv Complement He is never later for his classes. She is always in time for meals. b) Véi dong tiv thudng Subject. Freq.adv__| Verb Complement I often take my son to the movies. He usually gets up {at 5 in the morning. Nam always gets good marks. Cha y: Néu co tro dong tii thi dat phé tiv vao gitta tro dong tir va dong tw chinh: He has never asked me about you. Thave seldom met him. 5. Pho tiv chi mic dé (degree): very, almost, nearly, quite, too, all, enough... a) Pho ti chi muc a6 thudng chi dang dé bé nghia cho mét tinh tig hoac mot phé ti khac. Bao gid cing ding truée tinh tz hode phé ti (triv enough). She is very tired. Cé ay rat mét. It is raining very hard. Troi dang mua rat to. Are you quite sure we are on the right road? Anh cé hoan toan chae la ching ta di ding duéng khong? I know him quite well. ‘Téi biét anh ta rat rd, 127The box is heavy enough. H6p nay kha nang. He didn't work quickly enough: Anh 4y lam viéc chua du nhanh. b) Nhiing pho tit chi mite dé: very much, very little, a little, a lot, too much, va enough cé thé bé nghia cho dong tit va thudng duge dit sau déng tit (néu 1a néi déng td) hoac sau tan ngit (néu 14 ngoai déng ti). Thi du: She talks too much. Tlike that hat very much. She laughs very little. You don't relax enough. c) Almost, nearly, quite, hardly, scarcely, barely, just, ciing cé thé bé nghia cho déng tt, thudng due dat truéc dong tit chinh. Thi du: I can hardly understand him. lam just going. 6. Pho tiv nghi van (interrogative) - Xem bai 9, muc IV. 7. Pho tit quan hé (relative) - Xem bai 11, muc V. 8. Trudng hgp cé nhiéu phé tix khac loai nhu: thé cach, noi chén, thdi gian trong mét cau, a) Trat tu thuéng 1a manner place time He spoke well at the debate | this morning. He prepared his |carefully |at home yesterday. lesson 128b) Néu déng ti chi sy di chuyén tdi mot chd nao hoac 6 mét ché nao thi trat tu sé la place manner ___|time He went to the station | by taxi early this morning. They came _ {here secretly twice a week. She stayed | there quietly all day. c) Pho tit thdi gian c6 thé dé 4 ddu cau. Every Sunday he takes his sons to the movies. Yesterday morning J met him at the station. Bai tap 3. Dat nhiing pho tit hodc trang ngit (trong ngode don) vao ding ché ciia né trong cau. . He has read that book... (already). . This book is interesting... (extremely). . [haven't been there... (before). . He is on time... (seldom). . The elevator operates... (automatically). . He arrives... (on time, never, at the meeting). . I saw Dan... (at the lecture, last night). 1 2. 3. 4. 5. He has a bad in his chest ... (today, very). 6. 7. 8. 9. . I will We there... (certainly, by 2 o'clock). 10. He left the office... (this afternoon, early). 11. She will return the book... (next week, to, the library). 12. She weht... (at 6 o'clock, to school). 13. He was born ... (in 1392, at 10 am, on June 14th). 14. They stayed... (all day, quietly, there). 12915. I shall meet you... (outside your office, tomorrow, at 2 o'clock). cla 16. Let's go... (tonight, to the movies). 4. Dat nhitng pho tit tan sudt (trong ngodc don) vao dung ché n6 trong céu. 1. I go to the pictures (often). 2. She is a good student (always). 3. I have heard of it (never). 4. He forget his homework (sometimes). 5. I drink my coffee with milk (generally). 6. We have met a more ill-mannered man (seldom). 7. You ought to get off a tram when it is moving, (never). 8. She does her homework in the evening (usually). 9. None of them had been there before (ever) and they wanted to go again (never), 10. The children quarrel with each other (often). VI. MOT SO CHI TIET CAN GHI NHO THEM. 130 1. Ghi nhé cach ding cia mét vai pho tw. a) too, enough. + Too: Qua. It was so cold that we couldn't go out. It was too cold for us to go out. Tréi lanh qua nén ching tdi khéng ra ngoai duce. Ghi nhé dang cau: +... too + adjective + (for (pro) noun) + infinitiveT've got too |fat to wear this dress now. The fields are still |too | wet to be ploughed. This problem is too |difficult |for him |to solve. + Enough: Di He is very tall and can touch the ceiling. He is tall enough to touch the ceiling. Anh ay kha cao (dii dé) c6 thé véi téi tran. Ghi nhé dang cau: ... adjective + enough + infinitive It was cold enough | to freeze our fingers. He was clever jenough ;to solve any mathematical problems. This battery is|strong |enough | to last forty-eight hours. b) Too, also, as well: Nhiing pho tif trén déu c6 nghia 1a "cing". Chi ¥ vi tri cha nhiing phé tit d6 trong edu: You must also buy yourself a new hat. You must buy yourself a new hat too. You must buy yourself a new hat as well. The fruit crops are also good this year. The fruit crops are good this year too. The fruit crops are good this year as well. c) Ever (Bao gid, tit truéc tdi nay, hang, ting) Thi du: This is the most interesting book I've ever read. Dé 1a cuén sach hay nhat ma tdi da ting doc. 131132 Have you ever been to Moscow? Anh da ting dén Matxcova bao gid chua? Did you ever meet Nam while you were in Haiphong? Co bao gid anh gap Nam héi anh cén 6 Hai Phong khéng? If you ever see Nam, give him my kind regards. d) Hardly, barely, scarcely Nhiing pho tix trén déu cé nghia twong tu va bao ham y phi dinh. + Hardly: hay dude dung véi any, ever, can. Hardly any: rat it, hdu nhu khéng 6. Thi du: Lhave hardly any money. ‘TOi cé rat it tién (hdu nhu khong c6). Hardly ever: r&t hiém khi, hau nhu khéng cé khi nao I hardly ever go out. ‘Téi rat ft di ra ngoai (hau nhu khéng khi nao di ra ngoai) Hardly ding véi can: khé ma, hau nhu khéng. Ican hardly see the plane far away. Toi hau nhu khong nhin thdy ro cai may bay 6 phfa xa. + Barely: hau nhu, chi vita di, khéng hon hau nhu khéng. Thi du: He had barely enough time to catch the train. Han ta hau nhv chi con vita da théi gian dé bat kip chuyén tau. We had barely enough to eat. Chung téi hdu nhu chi cé vita di dé an. He was barely sixteen. N6 vita dit 16 tuéi. Ican barely see it.Toi hau nhu khong tréng ré cai dd. + Scarcely: (c6 nghia tuong tu nhu hardly, barely). Thi du: You are scarcely ever at home. Anh hau nhu it khi c6 6 nha. I scarcely heard what he said. Toi hau nhu khéng nghe.ré anh ta néi gi. 2. Ghi nhé vi tri nhan manh cua mét sé pho tz Cé mét so phé tix (hoac trang ngi) thudng dude dat 6 dau cau khi muén nh4n manh. Dong tit trong cau phai chuyén sang dang dao. Nhting pho tw dé la: Never, seldom, scarcely, ever, hardly... when, scarcely... when, no sooner... than, nowhere, in no circumstances, on no account, only by, only then, only when, only in this way, not only, so, neither, nor. (Nhiing pho tix nay bao ham y pha dinh hodc gidi han thu hep). Thi du : Hardly had | reached the station when the train started. Téi vita méi dén ga thi tau chay. No sooner had he arrived than he was ordered to start back again. Anh vita mdi dén xong thi lai dugc lénh phai tré vé ngay. Seldom have I seen such wonderful flowers. Hiém khi t6i dude trong thay nhiing béng hoa dep tuyét vii nhu thé. Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able to make himself heard. 133Chi cé hét that to anh ay mdi lam cho moi ngudi nghe thay duge. Only then did he realize the truth. Chi mai dén hic d6 anh ta mdi nhan ra su that. BAI 13 GIGI TU (Preposition) 1. GIOI TU 1. Gidi thiéu + Gidi tix 1 tit néi dang dé néi danh tw hay dai tit véi ti dting trudée. + Gidi ti cé thé 1a mée tit riéng Lé: at, after, by, from, to, with, for, in, on. Thi du: He works at the cotton factory. Anh ay lam viée 6 nha may béng. She put the book on the table. C6 ay dé cudn sch lén ban. Gidi tit c6 thé 1A mét cum tir: instead of, in front of, for the sake of, with regard to, at the back of, in spite of, on account of... Thi du: He will come instead of me. Anh ay sé dén thay cho téi. 134The teacher stood in front of the class. Thay giao dting truéc lép. What did he say with regard to my proposals? Ong ay néi sao vé nhiing dé nghi cua tdi? 2. Chite nang cua gidi tiv Gidi tit ding truée mét danh tix (hoac dai ti) dé tao thanh mét cum tit, Cum tif d6 6 thé 1a a) Trang ngit (bé nghia cho mét dong tt) Thi du: I looked through the window. Téi nhin qua cia sd. I shall go there on Friday. Tdi sé tdi dé vao ngay tht Sau. He spoke in a loud voice. Ong ay néi to. b) Tinh ngi (bé nghia cho mét danh tt) Thi du: The house with the big garden is Mr.Nam's. Ng@i nha cé vuGn 1én 1a nha 6ng Nam. I don't like the sound of a jet engine. ‘Téi khong thich tiéng dong co may bay phan luc. Cha y: Can phan biét hai chtte nang nay. Cang mét cum ti cd thé 8 trudng hgp nay 1a trang ngi, 6 truéng hgp khac lai la tinh ngt. Thi du: He usually does his morning exercises in the open air. (trang ngit, bé nghia cho does) 135Exercise in the open air is healthy. (trang ngi, bé nghia cho exercise) He lives at the end of the village. (trang ngit, bé nghia cho lives) The house at the end of the village is a shop. (trang ngit, bé nghia cho house) 3. Vi tri cha gidi tw a) Thudng bao gid cing diing ngay trudc tix ma né chi phi. He spoke to me. Anh ay néi vdi tdi. He prevented me from speaking. Anh ay ngan khong cho téi néi. We travel on horseback. Ching téi di ngua. b) C6 thé ding 6 cudi. + Cau nghi van: (xem bai 9: Ty nghi van) Whom are you looking at? Anh nhin ai? Where do you come from? Anh 6 dau tdi? What is it made of? Cai d6 lam bang gi? Whom did you ask for? Anh héi ai? + Ménh dé tinh ngu: (xem bai 11: Dai tiv quan hé) The engineer (whom) you are speaking about is a good specialist. 136Neguéi ki su (ma) anh ni tdi 1a mot chuyén gia gidi. This is the book that I came for. Day 1a quyén sach téi tim. It was the song (which) she always delighted in. Dé 1a bai ca cd dy luén luén thich. c) Ditng 6 cudi cau trong dé déng ti chia d dang thu déng Everything he said was laughed at. Tat c& nhiing diéu anh dy noi déu bi cudi nhao. He is a man whose word can be relied on. Anh ay 1A ngudi ma Idi néi 6 thé tin. He is well spoken of. Negudi ta ndi tét vé anh dy. UL. GIGI TU, PHO TU 1. Mot sé tit 6 thé vita ding lam gidi tif vita ding lam pho tw. Nhiing tix thudc loai nay 1a: in, on, up, down, of, near, through, along, across, over, under, round... Can phan biét chic nang cha nhiing tit dé trong ting cau. Thi du: a) He put the book on the table. (gidi tt) b) Put your coat on. (phé tit) ¢) Lan is in the garden (gidi ti) a) L opened the door and he came in.(phé ti) e) She ran along the passage. (gidi ttt) g) Come along, we are late already. (pho ti) 2. Nhiing ti loai gidi ti/ pho tit nay thwdng con duge gan lién véi mét dong tix. Két c&u nay 1am cho déng tit c6 mot sc thai y nghia khac véi 137dong t géc. C6 thé noi 1a két céu nay da tao nén mét dong tiv riéng biét. 138 Thi du: He put on his shirt. Anh ta mac sd mi vao. I will put out the light. Ti sé tat dén. Turn on the radio. Hay bat radio lén. Turn off the radio. Hay tat radio di. I should give up smoking. Téi phai bé cai théi hut thudc nay. He came in. Anh ta di vao. She read on. Chi ay doc tiép (tiép tuc doc). His plans fell through. Ké hoach ctia anh ay that bai hon toan. Chi Vi tri cha tan ng. 1. Néu la danh tu, n6 diing sau dong tit. He put out the light. He put the light out. 2. Néu 1a dai tit, phai dé vio gitta. He put it out.ILL. MOT SO GIGI TU/PHO TU THUONG GAP Léi ghi: Méi giéi tx Anh bao ham nhiéu sac thai nghia. Cach van dung cing rat phite tap. Trong pham vi mgt bai khéng thé nao trinh bay hét. Chi cé thé hiéu théfu va van dung duge qua viée doc nhiéu cac bai van hay va cac tac phém cua nhiéu tac gia. Duéi day chi gidi thiéu mot sé gidi ti/phé tir thudng gap véi she thai y nghia hay dung (sap xép theo trinh tif a, b, c...) About + Khoang dé, vao khoang... His father died about ten years. Bo anh ta mat khoang mudi nam truéc day. T'll see you at about 6 o'clock. Téi sé gap anh vao khoang 6 gid. + Quanh quan, day do... All about the house, there are mosquitoes. Quanh nha ché nao ciing co mudi. Igo about the country a good eal and have seen many interesting things. Toi da di nhiéu mién quanh ving nay va da duge thay nhiéu diéu hay. + (ndi, ban...) vé. I want you to tell me about our work. Toi muén anh ban vdi téi vé céng viée cua ching ta. 1 am thinking about you all the time. Toi luén luén nghi vé anh. Can you recommend me a book about the history of Greece? Anh c6 thé gidi thiéu cho tdi mét cuén séch ndi vé lich st Hy Lap khéng? 139140 + 6 (ai, cai gi...) There is an air of innocence about her. (6) Cé ta c6 mat vé v6 tan. Above +6 trén We flew above the clouds. + Trén, cao han, qua... This job is above my capabilities. Cong viéc nay qué kha nang cia toi: There were above 100 people at the meeting. He is above meaness. Anh ay khéng thé nao ma ti tién duge. Across + Qua, ngang, ngang qua... The tree had fallen down across the railway line. Cay dé nam ngang qua dung xe hita. He swam across the river. Anh ta da boi qua séng. +O (phia) bén kia... There is a sand hill across the river. Cé mét déi cat bén kia séng. + Bat chéo, thanh hinh ché thap. He drew two lines across a cheque. Anh ta gach hai dudng chéo trén td séc, He stood with his arms across. Anh ta ding khoanh tay.After + Sau, sau khi, theo sau. He usually takes a nap after dinner. Anh 4y thuéng chgp mat mot lat sau bia an. IL ran after the boy but couldn't catch him. They came to Moscow after us. + Theo, phéng theo... Saigon is named after President Ho Chi Minh. Sai Gén duge dat theo tén Chi tich Hé Chi Minh. This is a painting after Rubens. DAy 1a mét bic hoa kiéu Ruy-bin. + Ngu ¥: theo dudi, tim kiém, mong muén, trong nom, tham Who is he after? Anh ay dang tim ai? She often inquires after your health. Ba ay thudng hoi tham stic khoé cua chi. She has to look after her children at home. Ba ay phai tréng nom con cai 6 nha. + Neu y: dt sao After all, he was a kind man. Da sao anh ta ciing 1A ngwdi tot. Against + Chong lai, ngugc lai, trai véi, twong phan vii... The Vietnamese people rise up to fight against aggression. Nh4n dan Viét Nam ding lén chéng x4m luge. Are you for or against the plan? 141142 Anh ung hé hay chéng lai ké hoach d6? He acted against my advice. Anh ta hanh déng trai véi ldi khuyén cua téi. + Twa vao, ty vao, ap vao... He stood against the wall. Anh ta ditng dua vao tudng. The rain beat against the window. Mua dap vao ctta sé. + Ngu ¥ phong ngwa He was armed against any unexpected danger. Anh ay duce vii trang phong ngifa su bat trac. Along + Doc theo, theo chiéu dai... We were walking along the river. + Sudt theo, tiép, di theo, di cing... The dog was running along behind the boy. Con ché ct chay theo sau difa bé trai. Don't stop, move along! Ditng dting lai, di tiép di! Among (amongst) + Gitta, 6 gitta, trong dam, trong sé... He did himself among the trees. He is sitting among (st) his friends. Shelley is among the world’s greatest poets. Se-li la mét trong nhiing nha tho lén cua thé gidi. Share these sweets among the children. Hay dem chia nhiing chiéc keo nay cho bon tré.Around + Quanh, xung quanh, vong quanh... He looked around. Han nhin quanh. The children run around the garden. + Do day, khap... We travelled around the country. Chiing téi di dé day khap ving... At +6, tai (chi vj tri) Will he be at the meeting tonight? Anh ta sé cd mat d cudc hop téi nay cht? Is Mr.Nam at home? Ong Nam cé nha hay khong? + Vao hic, vao héi (chi thdi gian) T'll see you at school at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning. Téi sé gdp anh 6 trudng vao 9 gid sang mai. + Dang, dang hic, d vao tinh trang nao dé... What are you at ? Anh dang lam gi d6? He is aé work in his garden. Anh ay dang lam viéc 6 ngoai van. His mind is never at rest. Dau 6c anh ay khéng bao gid dude yén. + Vao, nh&m vao, vé phfa... The soldiers rushed at the enemy. Bé di lao vao ké tha. 143He threw a stone at the dog. N6 ném hon da vao con cho. + V6i (chi vé gia ca) He bought these oranges at 2 VND per kilogram. Anh 4y mua s6 cam nay (vdi gia) hai déng mdt can. + Vé (mét mén nao) He is very good at mathematics. Anh ta rat gidi toan. She is very good at cooking. Cé ay nau nuéng rat gidi. + Theo We did it at his request. Chiing téi lam viée d6 theo yéu cau ctia anh ta. Cha y: 1. Dung at truée mét danh tu chi dia diém nhé, in truée mot danh tit chi dia diém lén. We arrived at a village. Ching téi vé lang. We arrived in Moscow. Ching téi dén Matxcova. 2. Dung at trude mét danh tu chi "diém thi gian", in truéc danh tit chi "khoang thdi gian". 144 I'll come to see you at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Toi sé dén tham anh hic 3 gid chiéu nay. 3. So sanh I threw a stone at the dog.Téi ném hon da vdo con ché. I threw the ball to Nam. Téi ném qua bong cho Nam. Before + Trude (khéng gian, thdi gian) He stood before the fire. Anh ta ding trudéc 16 suéi. Come and see me tomorrow before ten o'clock! Hay dén gap tdi ngay mai truéc 10 gid! Thave never been here before. T6i chua bao gid 6 day tit truéc tdi nay/trude day. Please! go in before me. Xin mdi anh vao trude (téi). Behind + Sau, 6 dang sau... Look behind! Nhin lai ding sau! The garage is behind the house. Ga-ra 6 ding sau ngéi nha nay. Never say anything behind a person's back. Khéng bao gid nén ni bat ct diéu gi sau lung ai. + Ngu y: cham tré The train is behind time. Tau dén cham. Lan is a long way behind with his work. Lan cham tré céng viéc nhiéu lam. 145146 Below + Thap hon, duéi, 6 dudi... Today the temperature is below 30°. Hém nay nhiét dé duéi 30 dé. A captain is below a lieutenant colonel in rank. Vé c&p bac thi mét dai uy th&p hon mét trung ta. It is below your dignity to do such a thing. Lam mét viée nhu vay 1a khéng xting véi pham cach cia anh. Beneath +6 duéi, bén duéi... The wild flowers were growing beneath the trees. Hoa dai moc 6 dudi nhiing lum cdy. We climbed the hill, the valley lay beneath. Chiing téi tréo 1én déi, thung lang nim rai ra 6 bén duéi. + Khong dang, khong xting... He is beneath contempt. Han khéng dang dé cho ngudi ta khinh. That is beneath you. Viéc dé that khéng xing dang véi anh. Beside + Bén, bén canh. His house is beside the river. Ngoi nha cua anh ta é bén bé song. Come and sit beside me! Hay lai ngéi canh toi! Besides + Ngoai ra, hon nita, va Iai...Did he give you any other books besides this one? Ngoai cuén sach nay ra anh dy cé dua cho anh cuén nao khac nita khéng? Who else was there besides you? Ngoai anh ra con ¢6 ai khac 6 day nita khéng? Between + Gitta, 6 gitia (hai ngudi hoac hai vat gi) A river flows between its banks. How many stations are there between Hanoi and Haiphong? It weighs between 50 kilogram and 60 kilogram. Cai dé can nang khoang gitta 50 va 60 can. A dispute arose between the two brothers. Gitta hai anh em xay ra su tranh cai. Beyond +6 bén kia, qua xa... The sea is beyond that big hill. Bén kia ngon déi ln 1a bién. Don't go beyond the last house. Diing di qua can nha cuéi cing. + Qua, ngoai (stic...) vudt xa... This book is beyond me. Quyén sach nay déi véi t6i kh6 qua. That is beyond my imagination. Diéu dé that ngoai site tudng tugng cha téi. By + Gan, canh, ké, bén... Come and sit by me. Hay lai ngéi canh tdi. 147