Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni Kh in t Vin thng Khoa th

K thut nh v v dn ng in t
Electronics Positioning and Navigations
TS. Trng Tun B mn K thut thng tin
H Ni, 8-2010

Phn 1 K thut Radar

 1. Khi nim v phn loi Radar (tip theo)

Nguyn l c bn ca Radar xung

tn s lm vic f0

cos(0t t+0)
ON a(t) s(t) echo sr( (t) ) o tr t c ly mc tiu Thi gian OFF T

s(t) = a(t)cos(0t+0) a(t) : ng bao xung - pulsed radar

Tnh ton c ly y
Range Calculation C ly l - Range, R R=( (c TR)/2 Range : km hoc nm (nautical miles) TR : s (microseconds) ( i d ) R(km) = 0.15TR(s) R( i) = 0 R(nmi) 0.081 081 TR (s) ) 1k km 6.67 6 67 s 1 nmi 12,34 s hoc

Tnh ton c ly Range Calculation

Xc nh c ly theo n v km v nmi tng ng vi tr thi gian 27 s? R(km) = 0.15TR(s) hay R(nmi) = 0.081 TR (s) = 0.15 0 15 27 hay = 0.081 0 081 27 = 4.05 km hay = 2.187 nmi

Tnh ton c ly Range Calculation

M #2, #2 18 km

M #1, , 6 km Radar s cp PRF = 10 kHz thi gian g seconds

Tnh ton c ly Range Calculation

Bin

Xung pht

0.1 01
ambiguous range : c ly xy ra nhm ln

Thi gian, t (ms)

V d 2
Gi s mt trm Radar gim st hng khng c cng sut nh l 100 KW, bc x tn hiu theo kiu xung vi rng 10 s v chu k lp xung l 1 ms. ms Hy xc nh c ly lm vic (ti a v ti thiu) v phn gii v mt c ly ca trm Radar trn ?

Rmax

c(T ) = 2

Rmin

c = 2

 phn gii c ly - Range Resolution

R: phn gii c ly

 phn p g gii c ly y - Range g Resolution

unresolved return

a. Hai mc tiu khng th phn bit v c ly

c + t 2

b. Hai mc tiu c th phn bit v c ly

V d
Mt h thng Radar xung c c ly lm vic ti a 3000 km v bng thng l 3.33 3 33 kHz. kHz Hy xc nh: a. Tn s lp xung PRF (fr) yu cu b. Chu k lp xung PRT ( IPP = T) c. rng g xung gp pht . d. C ly phn gii mc tiu R e Hy cho bit nh hng ca cc tham s n c ly e. lm vic ti a ca mt h thng Radar.

nh hng ca cc tham s n c ly lm vic

Rmax

c(T ) = 2
Power Pulse Width PRT PRF Frequency

ca h thng Radar xung Range Range Range Range Range

 2. C s vt l ca Radar

C s vt l Radar
Radar lm vic da trn 4 tnh cht ca sng in t:
1. 2. 3. 4. Sng in t truyn lan vi vn tc hu hn , khng i. c = 3 *108 (m/s) ( / ) Sng in t truyn thng. Nng lng sng in t s phn x khi gp mi trng khng ng nht (mc tiu). Tn s thu c ti trm Radar sai lch so vi tn s pht, gy nn do s chuyn ng tng i gia mc tiu v trm Radar v c xc nh thng qua hiu ng Doppler.

tn s lm vic ca radar

Anten radar bc x nh hng

echo h RS Kch thc bp sng ti mc na cng sut ( cng sut nh gim i mt na suy hao 3 dB) theo phng gc t

theo phng gc phng v

M u b c x Radiation pattern
Kch thc bp sng ti mc na cng sut ( suy hao 3 dB)

Phng g v Gc ngng

HPBW: half power beam width

 rng bp sng quan tr t ng hn cng sut

RADAR

THE PLAN

POSITION INDICATOR

rng bp sng ln
PPI

 rng b bp sng quan trng hn cng sut

RADAR

THE PLAN

POSITION INDICATOR

rng bp sng nh
PPI

M u b c x Radiation pattern

Anten Parabol

=
Kch thc bp sng ti mc na cng sut ( suy hao 3 dB)
0 0

(rad )

60 = (deg ree) d
d: m anten (m) - apeture : bc sng g lm vic ( (m) )

rng thep hng v rng theo hng gc t

HPBW: half power beam width

41253 G= 0 0
(From Understanding Radar Systems)

a = r sin

H s khuch i anten
b = r sin
S = ab = r 2 sin sin

Dien _ tich _ mat _ cau G= Dien _ tich _ mat _ cat _ bup _ song _ tai _ muc _ nua _ cong _ suat
4r 2 4 G= 2 = r sin sin sin sin

G =?

H s khuch i anten
a = r sin b = r sin S = ab = r 2 sin sin Dien _ tich _ mat _ cau G= Dien _ tich _ mat _ cat _ bup _ song _ tai _ muc _ nua _ cong _ suat 4r 2 4 G= 2 = r sin sin sin sin

4 4 4 360 360 41253 41253 G= = = or = sin sin (radian ) 2 2 ( deg ree) ( deg ree)

H s khuch i anten
=

d1

G = f ( Ae , ) = ?

Kch thc anten nh bp sng l? n (small antenna wide beam width)

V d
Gi s h thng Radar thi tit lm vic ti Bng C, tn s 5625 Mhz, s dng anten parabol c ngknh 2,44 m. Hy xc nh kch thc bp sng v h s khuch i ca a anten te G(d G(dB) )?

H s khuch i ca anten

41253 G= 0 0

Hiu ng Doppler

Hiu ng Doppler
Dch tn Doppler

fD =

trong :

c = ft
fr
'

ft
fr

ft = f r

'

'

Hiu ng Doppler
Dch tn Doppler

fD =

trong :

Theo hng RS M:

f r = ft f D

'

f r = ft

'

f t = f t (1 ) c c

c = ft f D = ft c

f r = ft f
f r = ft'

'

' D

fD =
'

ft

'

f t ' = f t ' (1 ) c c

ft = f r

'

'

f r = f t (1 ) 2 c

2 2 f r = f t 1 + c c

Hiu ng Doppler
2 2 f r = f t 1 + c c
<< c
2

Rt nh b qua

2 f r = f t 1 c

Hiu ng Doppler
2 2 fT f R = (1 ) fT = fT 2 = fT = fT f D c c
Du + : vo gn ; du - : ra xa

2 f = f R fT = fT c

fD =

fD =

cos( ) =

o vn tc v <-> o lch tn s f

gc = 0 c f = 2 fT

Hiu ng Doppler

Hiu ng Doppler

fd =

cos( ) cos( ) = cos( ) cos( )

V d
Hy xc nh vn tc (knots) ca my bay khi trm radar lm vic ti tn s 3 GHz bit rng tn hiu phn x thu c sai lch so vi tn s pht l 5 KHz.

 3. 3 Cc bc x l tn hiu Radar

Cc bc x l tn hiu Radar
1. Bc 1: Pht hin mc tiu ( Detection ).

2 Bc 2: o c tham s ( Measurement ~ Ranging). 2. Ranging)

3. Bc 3: Phn bit mc tiu ( Display ).

4. Bc 4: Nhn bit mc tiu (Recorgnition)

Bc 1: pht hin mc tiu

Cng sut tn hiu thu ( echo)

Pngng

ngng

thi gian g ngng cng sut pht hin mc tiu quyt nh bi t s S/N ca trm Radar Xc sut pht hin nhm: gy nn do tn hiu phn x t cc i tng khng cn quan st (clutter) hoc nhiu.

Bc 2: o c
C ly R o tr o gc ( ,) cn c vo hng tnh ca bp sng radar. o vn tc hiu ng Doppler xc nh c v tr v v c qu o ca mc tiu ( i tng) M tnh c gia tc ca M

Bc 3: phn bit mc tiu

Th tch phn bit

Vpb= R* *

Th tch phn bit l th tch m hai mc tiu k nhau t ti tm ca hai th tch c th c phn bit t. .

Th tch phn bit

mc tiu mc tiu ti

Mc tiu

Vpb= R* *

Bc 4 : nhn bit mc tiu

Ch thc hin c vi Radar ch ng th cp. Radar ch ng th cp l h thng radar c kh nng trao i th thng ti ( truy tin t n s liu ) vi i tng (m ( c tiu) ti ) Qu trnh trao i s liu gia M v RS c thc hin khi M nm lt trong bp sng radar. Thi gian trao i s liu ph thuc vo tc qut cnh sng v kch thc bp sng ca trm Radar

M B pht p transponder

Radar mode S RS

Bc 4 : nhn bit mc tiu

Radar th cp truyn cc tn hiu c m ha n b pht p ca mc tiu. Transponder phc p bng bn tin c m ha vi cc thng tin ca i tng ( airplane ) Mt transponder c th thit lp ti a khong 4096 m nhn dng - identifying codes Trong lnh vc qun s , cc transponders c gi l IFF (Identification, Friend or Foe)

S xung phn x t mc tiu

Kch thc bp sng tnh theo radian

np =

(rad d ) Tsc (sec/ ( / vng ) PRF ( xung / sec) ) ( xung / vng ) 2 (rad )

Kch thc bp sng tnh theo

0 Tsc (sec/ ( / vng ) PRF ( xung / sec) ) ? np = ( xung / vng ) 0 360

np: S xung ph hn x/ vng TSC: Thi gian bp sng qut ht mt vng (giy/vng) PRF: Tn s lp xung (xung/giy)

V d
Gi s mt trm Radar c rng bp sng ti mc na cng sut theo phng ngang l 30, tc qut ca bp sng l 450/sec vi tn s lp xung l 300Hz . Hy xc nh s xung phn x t mc tiu v trm Radar sau mi vng qut ?