8-79

Review Problems


8-95 Refrigerant-134a is expanded adiabatically in an expansion valve. The work potential of R-134a at
the inlet, the exergy destruction, and the second-law efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) The properties of the refrigerant at the inlet and exit of the valve and at dead state are (Tables
A-11 through A-13)
180 kPa
R-134a
1.2 MPa
40C

kJ/kg.K 0918 . 1
kJ/kg 17 . 272
C 20
kPa 100
kJ/kg.K 42271 . 0
kJ/kg 23 . 108
kPa 180
kJ/kg.K 39424 . 0
kJ/kg 23 . 108
C 40
MPa 2 . 1
0
0
0
0
2
1 2
2
1
1
1
1
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
)
`

= =
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
T
P
s
h h
P
s
h
T
P
The specific exergy of the refrigerant at the inlet and exit of the valve are
kJ/kg 40.55 = + = = kg.K 1.0918)kJ/ - K)(0.39424 273.15 (20 - kJ/kg ) 17 . 272 23 . 108 ( ) (
0 1 0 0 1 1
s s T h h
kJ/kg 32.20 kJ/kg.K 1.0918 K)(0.42271 273.15 (20 kJ/kg ) 17 . 272 23 . 108 ( ) (
0 2 0 0 2 2
= + = = s s T h h
(b) The exergy destruction is determined to be
kJ/kg 8.34 = + = = /kg.K 0.39424)kJ - K)(0.42271 273.15 (20 ) (
1 2 0 dest
s s T x
(c) The second-law efficiency for this process may be determined from
0.794 = = =
kJ/kg 55 . 40
kJ/kg 20 . 32
1
2
II

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-80
8-96 Steam is accelerated in an adiabatic nozzle. The exit velocity, the rate of exergy destruction, and the
second-law efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) The properties of the steam at the inlet and exit of the turbine and at the dead state are (Tables
A-4 through A-6)
kJ/kg.K 2678 . 0
kJ/kg 54 . 75
0
C 18
kJ/kg.K 6753 . 6
kJ/kg 9 . 2919
C 250
kPa 6 . 1
kJ/kg.K 4484 . 6
kJ/kg 4 . 2978
C 300
MPa 5 . 3
0
0 0
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
x
T
s
h
T
P
s
h
T
P

Steam
3.5 MPa
300C
1.6 MPa
250C
Vel
2

The exit velocity is determined from an energy balance on the nozzle
m/s 342.0 =
|
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+
+ = +
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 1
2
V
kJ/kg 9 . 2919
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 1
2
m/s) (0
kJ/kg 4 . 2978
2 2
V
V
h
V
h

(b) The rate of exergy destruction is the exergy decrease of the steam in the nozzle
kW 26.41 =
(
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
(
(

+ =
kJ/kg.K ) 4484 . 6 6753 . 6 )( K 291 (
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 1
2
0 m/s) (342
kg 2978.4)kJ/ (2919.9
kg/s) 4 . 0 (
(
2
2 2
2
1 2 0
2
1
2
2
1 2 dest
s s T
V V
h h m X &
&

(c) The exergy of the refrigerant at the inlet is
| |
kW 72 . 441
kJ/kg.K ) 2678 . 0 4484 . 6 )( K 291 ( 0 kJ/kg ) 54 . 75 (2978.4 kg/s) 4 . 0 (
(
2
0 1 0
2
1
0 1 1
=
+ =
(
(

+ = s s T
V
h h m X &
&

The second-law efficiency for this device may be defined as the exergy output divided by the exergy input:
0.940 = = = =
kW 72 . 441
kW 41 . 26
1 1
1
dest
1
2
II
X
X
X
X
&
&
&
&

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-81
8-97 An electrical radiator is placed in a room and it is turned on for a period of time. The time period for
which the heater was on, the exergy destruction, and the second-law efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant
specific heats. 3 The room is well-sealed. 4 Standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa is assumed.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are R = 0.287 kPa.m
3
/kg.K, c
p
= 1.005 kJ/kg.K, c
v
=
0.718 kJ/kg.K (Table A-2). The properties of oil are given to be = 950 kg/m
3
, c
oil
= 2.2 kJ/kg.K.
Analysis (a) The masses of air and oil are
kg 36 . 62
K) 273 K)(10 /kg m kPa (0.287
) m kPa)(50 (101.3
3
3
1
1
=
+
= =
RT
P
m
a
V

kg 50 . 28 ) m )(0.030 kg/m (950
3 3
oil oil oil
= = = V m
An energy balance on the system can be used to
determine time period for which the heater was kept on

| | | |
| | |
min 34 s 2038 = =
+ =
+ =
t
t
T T mc T T mc t Q W
a
C ) 10 C)(50 kJ/kg. kg)(2.2 50 . 28 ( C ) 10 C)(20 kJ/kg. kg)(0.718 36 . 62 ( kW) 35 . 0 8 . 1 (
) ( ) ( ) (
oil 1 2 1 2 out in v
& &
|
Room
Radiator
Q
10C
(b) The pressure of the air at the final state is
kPa 9 . 104
m 50
K) 273 K)(20 /kg m kPa kg)(0.287 (62.36
3
3
2
2
=
+
= =
V
a a
a
RT m
P
The amount of heat transfer to the surroundings is
kJ 5 . 713 s) kJ/s)(2038 (0.35
out out
= = = t Q Q
&
The entropy generation is the sum of the entropy changes of air, oil, and the surroundings

kJ/K 5548 . 1
kPa 101.3
kPa 104.9
kJ/kg.K)ln (0.287
K 273) (10
K 273) (20
kJ/kg.K)ln (1.005 kg) (62.36
ln ln
1
2
1
2
=
(

+
+
=
(

=
P
P
R
T
T
c m S
p a
kJ/K 2893 . 8
K 273) (10
K 273) (50
kJ/kg.K)ln kg)(2.2 (28.50 ln
1
2
oil
=
+
+
= =
T
T
mc S
kJ/K 521 . 2
K 273) (10
kJ 713.5
surr
out
surr
=
+
= =
T
Q
S
kJ/K 365 . 12 521 . 2 2893 . 8 5548 . 1
surr oil a gen
= + + = + + = S S S S
The exergy destruction is determined from
kJ 3500 = + = = kJ/K) K)(12.365 273 (10
gen 0 dest
S T X
(c) The second-law efficiency may be defined in this case as the ratio of the exergy recovered to the exergy
input. That is,
| |
| | kJ 729 . 7 kJ/K) K)(1.5548 273 10 ( C 10) - C)(20 kJ/kg. (0.718 kg) (62.36
) (
0 1 2 2 ,
= + =
=
a a
S T T T c m X
v

| |
| | kJ 13 . 162 kJ/K) K)(8.2893 273 10 ( C 10) - C)(50 kJ/kg. (2.2 kg) (28.50
) (
0 1 2 2 , oil
= + =
=
a
S T T T C m X

4.6% 0.046 = =
+
=

+
= =
s) kJ/s)(2038 (1.8
kJ 162.13) (7.729
in
oil,2 ,2
supplied
recovered
t W
X X
X
X
a
II
&


PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-82
8-98 Hot exhaust gases leaving an internal combustion engine is to be used to obtain saturated steam in an
adiabatic heat exchanger. The rate at which the steam is obtained, the rate of exergy destruction, and the
second-law efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3
Air properties are used for exhaust gases. 4 Pressure drops in the heat exchanger are negligible.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJkg.K. The specific heat of air at the average temperature
of exhaust gases (650 K) is c
p
= 1.063 kJ/kg.K (Table A-2).
Analysis (a) We denote the inlet and exit states of exhaust gases by (1) and (2) and that of the water by (3)
and (4). The properties of water are (Table A-4)
350C
Heat
Exchanger
Sat. vap.
200C
Water
20C
Exh. gas
400C
150 kPa
kJ/kg.K 4302 . 6
kJ/kg 0 . 2792
1
C 200
kJ/kg.K 29649 . 0
kJ/kg 91 . 83
0
C 20
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
x
T
s
h
x
T

An energy balance on the heat exchanger gives
kg/s 0.01570 =
=
=
+ = +
w
w
w p a
w a w a
m
m
h h m T T c m
h m h m h m h m
&
&
& &
& & & &
kJ/kg ) 91 . 83 0 . 2792 ( C ) 350 400 ( C) kJ/kg 3 kg/s)(1.06 8 . 0 (
) ( ) (
3 4 2 1
4 2 3 1

(b) The specific exergy changes of each stream as it flows in the heat exchanger is
kJ/kg.K 08206 . 0
K 273) (400
K 273) (350
kJ/kg.K)ln 3 kg/s)(1.06 (0.8 ln
1
2
=
+
+
= =
T
T
c s
p a

kJ/kg 106 . 29
kJ/kg.K) 6 K)(-0.0820 273 (20 C 400) - C)(350 kJ/kg. 063 . 1 (
) (
0 1 2
=
+ =
=
a p a
s T T T c

kJ/kg 913 . 910
)kJ/kg.K 29649 . 0 K)(6.4302 273 (20 kJ/kg ) 91 . 83 0 . 2792 (
) (
3 4 0 3 4
=
+ =
= s s T h h
w

The exergy destruction is determined from an exergy balance on the heat exchanger to be
or
kW 8.98 =
= + = + =
dest
dest
kW 98 . 8 kJ/kg ) 913 . 910 )( kg/s 01570 . 0 ( kJ/kg) 106 kg/s)(-29. 8 . 0 (
X
m m X
w w a a
&
& &
&

(c) The second-law efficiency for a heat exchanger may be defined as the exergy increase of the cold fluid
divided by the exergy decrease of the hot fluid. That is,
0.614 =

=


=
kJ/kg) 106 kg/s)(-29. 8 . 0 (
kJ/kg) 913 . 910 )( kg/s 01570 . 0 (
II
a a
w w
m
m

&
&

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-83
8-99 The inner and outer surfaces of a brick wall are maintained at specified temperatures. The rate of
exergy destruction is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the wall remain
constant at the specified values. 2 The environment temperature is given to be T
0
= 0C.
Analysis We take the wall to be the system, which is a closed
system. Under steady conditions, the rate form of the entropy
balance for the wall simplifies to
30
Q
Brick Wall

{
W/K 0.166 0
K 278
W 900
K 293
W 900
0
0
wall gen, wall gen,
wall gen,
out b,
out
in b,
in
entropy of
change of Rate
0
system
generation
entropy of Rate
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr net of Rate
out in
= = +
= +
= = +
S S
S
T
Q
T
Q
S S S S
& &
&
& &
43 42 1
& &
43 42 1
& &


5C 20C
The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from an exergy balance or directly from its
definition ,
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
W 45.3 = = = ) W/K 166 . 0 ( K) 273 (
gen 0 destroyed
S T X
& &




8-100 A 1000-W iron is left on the iron board with its base exposed to air. The rate of exergy destruction in
steady operation is to be determined.
Assumptions Steady operating conditions exist.
Analysis The rate of total entropy generation during this process is determined by applying the entropy
balance on an extended system that includes the iron and its immediate surroundings so that the boundary
temperature of the extended system is 20C at all times. It gives

{
0
0
gen
out b,
out
entropy of
change of Rate
0
system
generation
entropy of Rate
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr net of Rate
out in
= +
= = +
S
T
Q
S S S S
&
&
43 42 1
& &
43 42 1
& &


Therefore,
W/K 3.413
K 293
W 1000
0 out b,
out
gen
= = = =
T
Q
T
Q
S
& &
&

The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from an exergy balance or directly from its
definition ,
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
W 1000 = = = ) W/K 413 . 3 ( K) 293 (
gen 0 destroyed
S T X
& &

Discussion The rate of entropy generation within the iron can be determined by performing an entropy
balance on the iron alone (it gives 2.21 W/K). Therefore, about one-third of the entropy generation and
thus exergy destruction occurs within the iron. The rest occurs in the air surrounding the iron as the
temperature drops from 150C to 20C without serving any useful purpose.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-84
8-101 The heating of a passive solar house at night is to be assisted by solar heated water. The amount of
heating this water will provide to the house at night and the exergy destruction during this heat transfer
process are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Water is an incompressible substance with constant specific heats. 2 The energy stored in
the glass containers themselves is negligible relative to the energy stored in water. 3 The house is
maintained at 22C at all times. 4 The outdoor temperature is given to be 5C.
Properties The density and specific heat of water at room temperature are = 997 kg/m
3
and c = 4.18
kJ/kgC (Table A-3).
Analysis The total mass of water is
( )( ) kg 95 . 348 m 0.350 kg/m 997
3 3
= = = V
w
m
water
45C

22C
The amount of heat this water storage system can provide is
determined from an energy balance on the 350-L water storage system
water 1 2 system out
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in Change
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra Net
out in
) ( T T mc U Q
E E E
= =
=
43 42 1
43 42 1

Substituting,
kJ 33,548 = C 22) - C)(45 kJ/kg kg)(4.18 (348.95
out
= Q
The entropy generated during this process is determined by applying the entropy
balance on an extended system that includes the water and its immediate
surroundings so that the boundary temperature of the extended system is the
environment temperature at all times. It gives

{
water gen
out b,
out
entropy in
Change
system
generation
Entropy
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr Net
out in
S S
T
Q
S S S S
= +
= +
43 42 1
43 42 1

Substituting,
( )( )
K kJ 215 . 4
K 295
kJ 33,548
K 318
K 295
ln K kJ/kg 4.18 kg 348.95
ln
room
out
water
1
2
out b,
out
water gen
/ =
+ =
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
T
Q
T
T
mc
T
Q
S S

The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from an exergy balance or directly from its
definition ,
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
kJ 1172 = = = ) kJ/K 215 . 4 ( K) 278 (
gen 0 destroyed
S T X
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-85
8-102 The inner and outer surfaces of a window glass are maintained at specified temperatures. The
amount of heat loss and the amount of exergy destruction in 5 h are to be determined
Assumptions Steady operating conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the glass remain constant
at the specified values.
Analysis We take the glass to be the system, which is a closed system. The amount of heat loss is
determined from
J k 57,600 = = = s) 3600 kJ/s)(5 (3.2 t Q Q
&
Under steady conditions, the rate form of the entropy balance for the glass simplifies to

{
W/K 0.2868 0
K 276
W 3200
K 283
W 3200
0
0
glass gen, wall gen,
glass gen,
out b,
out
in b,
in
entropy of
change of Rate
0
system
generation
entropy of Rate
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr net of Rate
out in
= = +
= +
= = +
S S
S
T
Q
T
Q
S S S S
& &
&
& &
43 42 1
& &
43 42 1
& &


Glass
3C 10C
Then the amount of entropy generation over a period of 5 h becomes
J/K 5162 s) 3600 K)(5 / W 2868 . (0
glass gen, glass gen,
= = = t S S
&
The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from an exergy balance or directly from its
definition ,
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
kJ 1435 = = = ) kJ/K 162 . 5 ( K) 278 (
gen 0 destroyed
S T X
Discussion The total entropy generated during this process can be determined by applying the entropy
balance on an extended system that includes the glass and its immediate surroundings on both sides so that
the boundary temperature of the extended system is the room temperature on one side and the environment
temperature on the other side at all times. Using this value of entropy generation will give the total exergy
destroyed during the process, including the temperature gradient zones on both sides of the window.



8-103 Heat is transferred steadily to boiling water in the pan through its bottom. The inner and outer
surface temperatures of the bottom of the pan are given. The rate of exergy destruction within the bottom
plate is to be determined.
Assumptions Steady operating conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the pan remain constant
at the specified values.
Analysis We take the bottom of the pan to be the system, which is a closed system. Under steady
conditions, the rate form of the entropy balance for this system can be expressed as

{
W/K 0.00561 0
K 377
W 800
K 378
W 800
0
0
system gen, system gen,
system gen,
out b,
out
in b,
in
entropy of
change of Rate
0
system
generation
entropy of Rate
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr net of Rate
out in
= = +
= +
= = +
S S
S
T
Q
T
Q
S S S S
& &
&
& &
43 42 1
& &
43 42 1
& &


800 W
104C
The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from an
exergy balance or directly from its definition ,
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
105C
W 1.67 = = = ) W/K 00561 . 0 ( K) 298 (
gen 0 destroyed
S T X
& &

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-86
8-104 A elevation, base area, and the depth of a crater lake are given. The maximum amount of electricity
that can be generated by a hydroelectric power plant is to be determined.
Assumptions The evaporation of water from the lake is negligible.
Analysis The exergy or work potential of the water is the potential energy it possesses relative to the
ground level,
mgh = PE = Exergy
d
z
12 m
140 m
Therefore,
( )
kWh 10 9.55
4
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= =
= = = =

2 2
2 2
2 2 4 3
2
1
2
2
s / m 1000
kJ/kg 1
s 3600
h 1
) m 140 ( m) 152 (
) m/s 81 . 9 )( m 10 2 )( kg/m 1000 ( 5 . 0
2 / ) (
) ( Exergy
2
1
z z Ag zdz Ag
Adz gz dm gz dPE PE
z
z

8-105E The 2
nd
-law efficiency of a refrigerator and the refrigeration rate are given. The power input to the
refrigerator is to be determined.
Analysis From the definition of the second law efficiency, the COP of the refrigerator is determined to be

57 . 5 375 . 12 45 . 0 COP COP
COP
COP
375 . 12
1 495 / 535
1
1 /
1
COP
rev R, II R
rev R,
R
rev R,
= = = =
=

=

II
L H
T T

II
= 0.45
200 Btu/min
R
75F
35F
Thus the power input is
hp 0.85 = |
.
|

\
|
= =
Btu/min 42.41
hp 1
57 . 5
Btu/min 0 20
COP
R
in
L
Q
W
&
&

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-87
8-106 Writing energy and entropy balances, a relation for the reversible work is to be obtained for a closed
system that exchanges heat with surroundings at T
0
in the amount of Q
0
as well as a heat reservoir at
temperature T
R
in the amount Q
R
.
Assumptions Kinetic and potential changes are negligible.
Analysis We take the direction of heat transfers to be to the system (heat input) and the direction of work
transfer to be from the system (work output). The result obtained is still general since quantities wit
opposite directions can be handled the same way by using negative signs. The energy and entropy balances
for this stationary closed system can be expressed as
Energy balance: (1)
R R
Q Q U U W U U W Q Q E E E + + = = + =
0 2 1 1 2 0 system out in

Entropy balance:
0
0
1 2 gen system gen out in
) (
T
Q
T
Q
S S S S S S S
R
R

+

+ = = + (2)
Solving for Q
0
from (2) and substituting in (1) yields
Q
R
Source
T
R
System

gen 0
0
2 1 0 2 1
1 ) ( ) ( S T
T
T
Q S S T U U W
R
R

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
The useful work relation for a closed system is obtained from

) ( 1 ) ( ) (
1 2 0 gen 0
0
2 1 0 2 1
surr
V V
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
P S T
T
T
Q S S T U U
W W W
R
R
u

Then the reversible work relation is obtained by substituting S
gen
= 0,

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
R
R
T
T
Q P S S T U U W
0
2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 rev
1 ) ( ) ( ) ( V V
A positive result for W
rev
indicates work output, and a negative result work input. Also, the Q
R
is a positive
quantity for heat transfer to the system, and a negative quantity for heat transfer from the system.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-88
8-107 Writing energy and entropy balances, a relation for the reversible work is to be obtained for a
steady-flow system that exchanges heat with surroundings at T
0
at a rate of Q as well as a heat reservoir
at temperature T
&
0
R
in the amount Q .
&
R

Analysis We take the direction of heat transfers to be to the system (heat input) and the direction of work
transfer to be from the system (work output). The result obtained is still general since quantities wit
opposite directions can be handled the same way by using negative signs. The energy and entropy balances
for this stationary closed system can be expressed as
Energy balance:
out in system out in
E E E E E
& & & & &
= =
)
2
( )
2
(
2 2
0 i
i
i i e
e
e e R
gz
V
h m gz
V
h m W Q Q + + + + = + & &
& & &


System
or
R e
e
e e i
i
i i
Q Q gz
V
h m gz
V
h m W
& &
& &
&
+ + + + + + =
0
2 2
)
2
( )
2
( (1)
Entropy balance:
in out gen system gen out in
S S S S S S S
& & & & & & &
= = +

0
0
gen
T
Q
T
Q
s m s m S
R
R
i i e e

+

+ =
&
& &
&
(2)
Solving for from (2) and substituting in (1) yields
&
Q
0

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + =
R
R e e
e
e e i i
i
i i
T
T
Q S T s T gz
V
h m s T gz
V
h m W
0
gen 0 0
2
0
2
1 )
2
( )
2
(
& &
& &
&

Then the reversible work relation is obtained by substituting S
gen
= 0,

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + =
R
R e e
e
e e i i
i
i i
T
T
Q s T gz
V
h m s T gz
V
h m W
0
0
2
0
2
rev
1 )
2
( )
2
(
&
& &
&

A positive result for W
rev
indicates work output, and a negative result work input. Also, the Q
R
is a positive
quantity for heat transfer to the system, and a negative quantity for heat transfer from the system.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-89
8-108 Writing energy and entropy balances, a relation for the reversible work is to be obtained for a
uniform-flow system that exchanges heat with surroundings at T
0
in the amount of Q
0
as well as a heat
reservoir at temperature T
R
in the amount Q
R
.
Assumptions Kinetic and potential changes are negligible.
Analysis We take the direction of heat transfers to be to the system (heat input) and the direction of work
transfer to be from the system (work output). The result obtained is still general since quantities wit
opposite directions can be handled the same way by using negative signs. The energy and entropy balances
for this stationary closed system can be expressed as
Energy balance:
system out in
E E E =
cv i
i
i i e
e
e e R
U U gz
V
h m gz
V
h m W Q Q ) ( )
2
( )
2
(
1 2
2 2
0
+ + + + + = +
or,
R cv e
e
e e i
i
i i
Q Q U U gz
V
h m gz
V
h m W + + + + + + =
0 1 2
2 2
) ( )
2
( )
2
( (1)
Entropy balance:
system gen out in
S S S S = +
Source
T
R
Q


System

0
0
1 2 gen
) (
T
Q
T
Q
s m s m S S S
R
R
i i e e cv

+

+ + = (2)
Solving for Q
0
from (2) and substituting in (1) yields

| |
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ + + + =
R
R gen cv
e e
e
e e i i
i
i i
T
T
Q S T S S T U U
s T gz
V
h m s T gz
V
h m W
0
0 2 1 0 2 1
0
2
0
2
1 ) ( ) (
)
2
( )
2
(

m
e
The useful work relation for a closed system is obtained from

| | ) ( 1 ) ( ) (
)
2
( )
2
(
1 2 0
0
gen 0 2 1 0 2 1
0
2
0
2
surr
V V
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ + + + = =
P
T
T
Q S T S S T U U
s T gz
V
h m s T gz
V
h m W W W
R
R cv
e e
e
e e i i
i
i i u

Then the reversible work relation is obtained by substituting S
gen
= 0,

| |
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ + + + =
R
R cv
e e
e
e e i i
i
i i
T
T
Q P S S T U U
s T gz
V
h m s T gz
V
h m W
0
2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1
0
2
0
2
rev
1 ) ( ) ( ) (
)
2
( )
2
(
V V

A positive result for W
rev
indicates work output, and a negative result work input. Also, the Q
R
is a positive
quantity for heat transfer to the system, and a negative quantity for heat transfer from the system.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-90
8-109 An electric resistance heater is immersed in water. The time it will take for the electric heater to
raise the water temperature to a specified temperature, the minimum work input, and the exergy destroyed
during this process are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Water is an incompressible substance with constant specific heats. 2 The energy stored in
the container itself and the heater is negligible. 3 Heat loss from the container is negligible. 4 The
environment temperature is given to be T
0
= 20C.
Properties The specific heat of water at room temperature is c = 4.18 kJ/kgC (Table A-3).
Analysis Taking the water in the container as the system, which is a closed system, the energy balance can
be expressed as
water 1 2 in e,
water in e,
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in Change
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra Net
out in
) (
) (
T T mc t W
U W
E E E
=
=
=
&
43 42 1
43 42 1

Heater
Water
40 kg
Substituting, (800 J/s)t = (40 kg)(4180 J/kgC)(80 - 20)C
Solving for t gives
t = 12,544 s = 209.1 min = 3.484 h
Again we take the water in the tank to be the system. Noting that no heat or mass crosses the
boundaries of this system and the energy and entropy contents of the heater are negligible, the entropy
balance for it can be expressed as

{
water gen
entropy in
Change
system
generation
Entropy
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr Net
out in
0 S S
S S S S
= +
= +
43 42 1
43 42 1
Therefore, the entropy generated during this process is
( )( ) kJ/K 31.18
K 293
K 353
ln K kJ/kg 4.184 kg 40 ln
1
2
water gen
= = = =
T
T
mc S S
The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from an exergy balance or directly from its
definition ,
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
kJ 9136 = = = ) kJ/K 18 . 31 ( K) 293 (
gen 0 destroyed
S T X
The actual work input for this process is
kJ 042 , 10 = s) 52 kJ/s)(12,5 8 . 0 (
in act, in act,
= = t W W
&
Then the reversible (or minimum required )work input becomes
kJ 906 = = = 9136 042 , 10
destroyed in act, in rev,
X W W

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-91
8-110 A hot water pipe at a specified temperature is losing heat to the surrounding air at a specified rate.
The rate at which the work potential is wasted during this process is to be determined.
Assumptions Steady operating conditions exist.
Analysis We take the air in the vicinity of the pipe (excluding the pipe) as our system, which is a closed
system.. The system extends from the outer surface of the pipe to a distance at which the temperature drops
to the surroundings temperature. In steady operation, the rate form of the entropy balance for this system
can be expressed as

{
W/K 0.0344 0
K 278
W 45
K 353
W 45
0
0
system gen, system gen,
system gen,
out b,
out
in b,
in
entropy of
change of Rate
0
system
generation
entropy of Rate
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr net of Rate
out in
= = +
= +
= = +
S S
S
T
Q
T
Q
S S S S
& &
&
& &
43 42 1
& &
43 42 1
& &


80C
L = 10 m
D = 5 cm
Q
Air, 5C
The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from an exergy balance or directly from its
definition ,
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
W 9.56 = = = ) W/K 0344 . 0 ( K) 278 (
gen 0 destroyed
S T X
& &

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-92
8-111 Two rigid tanks that contain water at different states are connected by a valve. The valve is opened
and steam flows from tank A to tank B until the pressure in tank A drops to a specified value. Tank B loses
heat to the surroundings. The final temperature in each tank and the work potential wasted during this
process are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Tank A is insulated and thus heat transfer is negligible. 2 The water that remains in tank A
undergoes a reversible adiabatic process. 3 The thermal energy stored in the tanks themselves is negligible.
4 The system is stationary and thus kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 5 There are no
work interactions.
Analysis (a) The steam in tank A undergoes a reversible, adiabatic process, and thus s
2
= s
1
. From the
steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6),

( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
K kJ/kg 7.7100
kJ/kg 2731.4
/kg m 1.1989
C 250
kPa 200
kJ/kg 2125.9 kJ/kg 1982.1 7895 . 0 11 . 561
/kg m 0.47850 001073 . 0 60582 . 0 7895 . 0 001073 . 0
7895 . 0
3200 . 5
6717 . 1 8717 . 5
mixture sat.
kPa 300
K kJ/kg 5.8717 1191 . 5 8 . 0 7765 . 1
kJ/kg 2163.3 9 . 1948 8 . 0 22 . 604
/kg m 0.37015 001084 . 0 46242 . 0 8 . 0 001084 . 0
8 . 0
kPa 400
, 1
, 1
3
, 1
1
1
, 2 , 2
3
, 2 , 2
, 2
, 2
300 @ , 2
1 2
2
1 , 1
1 , 1
3
1 , 1
1
1
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
= + = + =
= + = + =
=

=
= =

=
=
= + = + =
= + = + =
= + = + =
)
`

=
=
B
B
B
fg A f A
fg A f A
fg
f A
A
kPa sat A
fg f A
fg f A
fg f A
s
u
T
P
u x u u
x
s
s s
x
T T
s s
P
s x s s
u x u u
x
x
P
v
v v v
v v v
: B Tank
: A Tank
C 133.52

900 kJ

B
m = 3 kg
steam
T = 250C
P = 200 kPa
A
V = 0.2 m
3

steam
P = 400 kPa
x = 0.8
The initial and the final masses in tank A are
and
kg 0.4180
/kg m 0.479
m 0.2
kg 0.5403
/kg m 0.37015
m 0.2
3
3
, 2
, 2
3
3
, 1
, 1
= = =
= = =
A
A
A
A
A
A
m
m
v
V
v
V

Thus, 0.540 - 0.418 = 0.122 kg of mass flows into tank B. Then,
m m
B B 2 1
0122 3 0122
, ,
. . = = + = 3.122 kg
The final specific volume of steam in tank B is determined from

( ) ( )( )
/kg m 1.152
m 3.122
/kg m 1.1989 kg 3
3
3
3
, 2
1 1
, 2
, 2
= = = =
B
B
B
B
B
m
v m
m
v
V

We take the entire contents of both tanks as the system, which is a closed system. The energy balance for
this stationary closed system can be expressed as
( ) ( )
B A
B A
u m u m u m u m Q
W U U U Q
E E E
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 out
out
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in Change
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra Net
out in
0) = PE = KE (since ) ( ) (
+ =
= + = =
=
43 42 1
43 42 1

Substituting,
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8-93

( )( ) ( )( ) { } ( ) ( )( ) { }
kJ/kg 2425.9
4 . 2731 3 122 . 3 3 . 2163 5403 . 0 9 . 2125 418 . 0 900
, 2
, 2
=
+ =
B
B
u
u

Thus,

K kJ/kg .9772 6
kJ/kg 2425.9
/kg m 1.152
, 2
, 2
, 2
3
, 2
=
=

=
=
B
B
B
B
s
T
u
C 110.1 v
(b) The total entropy generation during this process is determined by applying the entropy balance on an
extended system that includes both tanks and their immediate surroundings so that the boundary
temperature of the extended system is the temperature of the surroundings at all times. It gives

{
B A gen
surr b,
out
entropy in
Change
system
generation
Entropy
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr Net
out in
S S S
T
Q
S S S S
+ = +
= +
43 42 1
43 42 1

Rearranging and substituting, the total entropy generated during this process is determined to be
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) { } ( )( ) ( )( ) { }
kJ/K 234 . 1
K 273
kJ 900
7100 . 7 3 9772 . 6 122 . 3 8717 . 5 5403 . 0 8717 . 5 418 . 0
surr b,
out
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
surr b,
out
gen
=
+ + =
+ + = + + =
T
Q
s m s m s m s m
T
Q
S S S
B A B A

The work potential wasted is equivalent to the exergy destroyed during a process, which can be determined
from an exergy balance or directly from its definition ,
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
kJ 337 = = = ) kJ/K 234 . 1 ( K) 273 (
gen 0 destroyed
S T X

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8-94
8-112E A cylinder initially filled with helium gas at a specified state is compressed polytropically to a
specified temperature and pressure. The actual work consumed and the minimum useful work input needed
are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Helium is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. 2 The cylinder is stationary and thus the
kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is
negligible. 4 The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium. 5 The environment temperature is
70F.
Properties The gas constant of helium is R = 2.6805 psia.ft
3
/lbm.R = 0.4961 Btu/lbm.R (Table A-1E). The
specific heats of helium are c
v
= 0.753 and c
v
= 1.25 Btu/lbm.R (Table A-2E).
Analysis (a) Helium at specified conditions can be treated as an ideal gas. The mass of helium is
lbm 0.264
) R 530 )( R /lbm ft psia 2.6805 (
) ft 15 )( psia 25 (
3
3
1
1 1
=

= =
RT
P
m
V

Q
HELIUM
15 ft
3

PV
n
= const
The exponent n and the boundary work for this polytropic process are
determined to be
539 . 1
682 . 7
15
25
70
ft 7.682 ) ft 15 (
) psia 70 )( R 530 (
) psia 25 )( R 760 (
2
1
1
2
1 1 2 2
3 3
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2 2
1
1 1
= |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = = =
n
P
P
P P
P
P
T
T
T
P
T
P
n
n
n n
V
V
V V
V V
V V

Then the boundary work for this polytropic process can be determined from

( )
( )( )( )
Btu 55.9
1.539 1
R 530 760 R Btu/lbm 0.4961 lbm 0.264
1 1
1 2 1 1 2 2
2
1
in b,
=

= =

n
T T mR
n
P P
d P W
V V
V

Also,
Thus,
Btu 36.0 = = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
9 . 19 9 . 55
Btu 9 . 19
ft psia 5.4039
Btu 1
ft 5) 1 2 psia)(7.68 7 . 14 ( ) (
in surr, in b, in u,
3
3
1 2 0 in surr,
W W W
P W V V

(b) We take the helium in the cylinder as the system, which is a closed system. Taking the direction of heat
transfer to be from the cylinder, the energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as
) (
) (
) (
1 2 in b, out
in b, 1 2 out
1 2 in b, out
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in Change
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra Net
out in
T T mc W Q
W u u m Q
u u m U W Q
E E E
=
=
= = +
=
v
43 42 1
43 42 1

Substituting,
( )( )( ) Btu 10.2 R 530 760 R Btu/lbm 0.753 lbm 0.264 Btu 55.9
out
= = Q
The total entropy generation during this process is determined by applying the entropy balance on an
extended system that includes the cylinder and its immediate surroundings so that the boundary temperature
of the extended system is the temperature of the surroundings at all times. It gives
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-95

{
sys gen
surr b,
out
entropy in
Change
system
generation
Entropy
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr Net
out in
S S
T
Q
S S S S
= +
= +
43 42 1
43 42 1

where the entropy change of helium is

R Btu 0159 0
psia 25
psia 70
ln ) R Btu/lbm 0.4961 (
R 530
R 760
ln ) R Btu/lbm 1.25 ( ) lbm 0.264 (
ln ln
1
2
1
2
avg , helium sys
/ . =
(

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
P
P
R
T
T
c m S S
p

Rearranging and substituting, the total entropy generated during this process is determined to be
Btu/R 003345 0
R 530
Btu 10.2
Btu/R) 0159 . 0 (
0
out
helium gen
. = + = + =
T
Q
S S
The work potential wasted is equivalent to the exergy destroyed during a process, which can be determined
from an exergy balance or directly from its definition ,
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
Btu 1.77 ) Btu/R 003345 . 0 ( R) 530 (
gen 0 destroyed
= = = S T X
The minimum work with which this process could be accomplished is the reversible work input, W
rev, in
.
which can be determined directly from
Btu 34.23 = = = 77 . 1 0 . 36
destroyed in act, in rev,
X W W
Discussion The reversible work input, which represents the minimum work input W
rev,in
in this case can be
determined from the exergy balance by setting the exergy destruction term equal to zero,
1 2 in rev,
exergy in
Change
system
n destructio
Exergy
e) (reversibl 0
destroyed
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer exergy tra Net
out in
X X W X X X X = =
43 42 1 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 2 1
43 42 1

Substituting the closed system exergy relation, the reversible work input during this process is determined
to be

Btu 34.24 =

=
+ =
] ft psia Btu/5.4039 [ ft ) 15 682 . 7 psia)( (14.7 +
Btu/R) R)(-0.0159 530 ( F 70) R)(300 Btu/lbm lbm)(0.753 264 . 0 (
) ( ) ( ) (
3 3
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 rev
V V P S S T U U W

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.