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Chapter 6
Humans
Learning
Objectives
Questions to answer!
2. What is nutrition?
3. Which parts of the body are involved in
digestion?
4. What is digestion?
5. What happens to the food after
digestion?
What is Nutrition?
Objective 1:
Objective 2:
• Consists of the
alimentary canal and the
glands and organs
associated with it.
• The alimentary canal is
like a tube that extends
from the mouth to the
anus.
• Most of its length is
coiled in the abdominal
cavity.
Which parts of the
body are involved The Digestive
in digestion?
System
mouth salivary gland
teeth pharynx
oesophagus
liver stomach
oesophagus
The Digestive System -
Oesophagus
PERISTALSIS
• When circular muscles contract, longitudinal
muscles relax. The gut wall constricts (becomes
narrower and longer). Food is squeezed or
pushed forward.
• When longitudinal muscles contract, circular
muscles relax. The gut wallwall
dilates (becomes
dilates to
wider and shorter). This widens
allowthe
foodlumen
to for
food to enter. enter circular muscle
longitudinal
muscles
food mass
Process of
Which parts of the body are
involved in digestion?
Objective 2:
• Consists of 3 parts:
– Duodenumprogres
– Jejunum sively
– Ileum more
coiled
The Digestive System – Small
Intestine
• Wall of small
intestine has 2
functions:
– Contains glands
which secrete
intestinal juice. It
contains digestive
enzymes.
– Wall is adapted to
absorb digested
food products and
water.
Process of
The Digestive System – Large
Intestine
large
• The large intestine intestine
rectum
The Digestive System – Large
Intestine
• Between the small
and large intestines lie
the caecum and
appendix.
• The caecum has no
function in humans.
• The appendix contains
bacteria that are
useful to the body.
caecum
appendix
Process of
Which parts of the
body are involved The Digestive
in digestion?
System
Which parts of the body are
involved in digestion?
Objective 3:
oesophagus
liver stomach
Process of
What is Digestion?
Objective 4:
Objective 5:
hydrochloric
pepsinog acid
pepsi
en n
pepsin
protein polypeptid
s es
What is Chemical
Digestion?
Digestion
In the stomach... Action of Rennin
Prorennin is activated to rennin by
hydrochloric acid.
Rennin curdles milk proteins by converting
soluble protein caseinogen into insoluble
casein.
– Soluble caseinogen would pass through the
stomach as easily as water and not be
hydrochloric
prorenni
digested.
acid
renni
n
– Insoluble n remain in the stomach to
casein can
rennin
be digested.
caseinog casei
en n
pepsin
casein polypeptid
es
What is Chemical
Digestion?
Digestion
In the stomach... Purpose of Hydrochloric
Acid
denaturing
Stops the activity of salivary amylase by
pepsin
it
rennin
Activates pepsinogen and prorennin to form
and respectively
Provides acidic medium for the action of
pepsin and rennin
Kills harmful microorganisms in food
What is Chemical
Digestion?
Digestion
In the small intestine...
When chyme enters the small intestine, it
stimulates 3 glands:
– Intestinal glands secrete intestinal juice,
which contains enzymes sucrase, maltase,
intestinal lipase, lactase, enterokinase,
SMILEE!
and erepsin.
– Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, which
ALT
contains pancreatic amylase, pancreatic
lipase, and trypsinogen.
– Gall bladder releases bile. It does not
contain enzyme
What is Chemical
Digestion?
Digestion
In the small intestine...
All 3 fluids are alkaline:
– Neutralize acidic chyme
– Provide suitable pH for the action of
pancreatic and intestinal enzymes
What is Chemical
Digestion?
Digestion
In the small intestine... Carbohydrate
digestion
pancreatic
amylase maltase
starc maltos gluco
h e se
lactase
lactose glucose +
galactose
sucrase
sucros glucose +
e fructose
What is Chemical
Digestion?
Digestion
In the small intestine... Protein digestion
enterokinas
trypsinog e
trypsi
en n
trypsin
proteins polypeptid
es
erepsin
polypeptid amino
es acids
What is Chemical
Digestion?
Digestion
In the small intestine... Fat digestion
lipase
f fatty acids +
ats glycerol
Recall: What
process
speeds up fat
digestion in
the small
intestine?
What is Digestive
Digestion?
Enzymes
Carbohydrate digestion
mouth
salivary
star amylase maltose
ch
pancreatic
small intestine
n rennin
n
caseinog casei
h
en n
pepsin
casein polypeptid
es
enterokinas
trypsinog trypsi
intestine
e
small
en trypsin n
proteins polypeptid
es
erepsin
polypeptid amino
es acids
What happens to the food
after digestion?
Objective 6:
3. Concentration Gradient
• In each villus is a lacteal (lymphatic
capillary) surrounded by blood capillaries.
• The lacteal continually transports
fats away
from the villus, while the blood capillaries
sugars
transports
amino and away.
acids
• This maintains the concentration gradient
needed for the absorption of food
substances.
What happens to
food after Egestion
digestion?
Objective 7:
Objective 8:
3. Protein Synthesis
• Blood plasma contains amino acids from the
diet.
• The liver synthesizes these amino acids to
form proteins, e.g.:
– Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen (for blood
clotting)
What happens to
food after
Functions of the
digestion? Liver
4. Iron Storage
• Red blood cells contain a iron, which is
involved in the transportation of oxygen
around the body.
• These cells become worn out after some
time.
• They are destroyed in the spleen, a gland
near the liver.
• Haemoglobin from red blood cells is brought
to the liver.
• Haemoglobin is broken down, forming iron
and bile.
What happens to
food after
Functions of the
digestion? Liver
5. Deamination of Amino Acids
• Excess amino acids are transported to the
liver.
• The amino groups are removed and
converted to urea.
• Urea leaves the body in urine.
• The remains of the amino glycogen
acid are
converted into glucose.
• Excess glucose is converted to
.
What happens to
food after
Functions of the
digestion? Liver
6. Detoxification
• This is the process of converting harmful
substances into harmless ones.
• Breaks down alcohol to acetaldehyde by the
action of alcohol dehydrogenase
• Acetaldehyde can be broken down to
compounds which can be used in
respiration.
• Excessive alcohol consumption stimulates
acid secretion in the stomach, increasing
the risk of gastric ulcers.
What happens to
food after
Functions of the
digestion? Liver
6. Detoxification
• Prolonged alcohol use can lead to cirrhosis
of the liver.
– Liver cells are being destroyed and replaced
with fibrous tissue
– Cells are less able to function
– Can lead to liver failure and death
What happens to
food after
Functions of the
digestion? Liver
7. Heat Production
• There are many chemical reactions taking
place in the liver.
• Heat is produced from these reactions.
• The heat is distributed by the blood to other
parts other body.
• Helps to maintain body temperature.
Pure Biology Chapter 6
Tongue
Liver Pancreas
Pharynx
Salivary contains
glands secretes
leads to
Gall bladder
Oesophagus stores
Pancreatic Hormones
Digestion Bile amylase
secreted into
consist
Stomach
of
Duodenum
Insulin
Tongue
Pharynx
Salivary contains
glands secretes
leads to
Gall bladder
stores
Pancreatic Hormones
amylase
secreted into
consist
of
Hepatic
portal vein Glucagon
Colon walls
have
unite to form
Folds
Rectum
Simple
Anus sugars
via
Amino
Microvilli
acids
via
Fats
absorbs