69

70

*..

4.1



( 100 2.5 .)
(proton) (neutron)

(electron)

(compound) (calcite)
CaCO3 92 8
98
(O) 46.60 (Si) 27.72 (Al) 8.13 (Fe) 5.00 (Ca) 3.63
(Na) 2.83 (K) 2.59 (Mg) 2.09
6

(ductility)
(industrial mineral)
(sulfur) (diamond)
4.1.1





*

71

4
(ion bond) (covalent bond)
(Van de Waals bond) (metallic bond)

(halide)
(halite- NaCl) (sylvite- KCl) (fluorite - CaF2)
B

( 4-1 )

(C)
(sphalerite- ZnS)
B

(graphite) (clay minerals) (mica) (talc)

( 4-1 )
B

72

(tenacity)

(galena- PbS) ( 4-1 ),
(pyrite- FeS2) (chalcopyrite- CuFeS2)

4-1 ) ) )
4.1.2
(mineral)

B (ion)

B (Au) (Ag)
(Cu) (S) (cassiterite) (galenaPbS) (quartz- SiO2) (pyrite- FeS2)
B
(mineralogy)
4.1.3

(optical property)
(thin section)
1.

73

(malachite)
(azurite)

2. (streak)

(streak plate)
(hematite)
3. (luster)
3
(metallic luster) (non-metallic luster) (sub-metallic
luster)
3.1
(magnetite)
3.2
2.6-2.7

J (vitreous luster) (topaz)

(corundum) (andalusite)
J (adamentine luster) (cerussite)
J (resinous luster) (waxy luster)
(pyromorphite)
J (pearly luster) (muscovite)
(sanbornite)
J (greasy luster) (opal) (witherite)
J (silky luster) (asbestos)
(tiger's eye) (gypsum) (satin spar)
J (earthy luster dull luster) (rosette
barite rose) (chalk) (kaolinite) (limonite)
3.3
(ilmenite) (chromite)
(chalcocite)

74

4. (diaphaneity or transparency)
3
L (transparent)
(rock crystal)
L (translucent)
(chalcedony) (zincite)
L (opaque)

(milky quartz) (flint) (chatoyancy)
(tigers eyes)
(iridescence)

5. (cleavage)

(perfect) (shiny)
(distinct) (good)
(indistinct) (imperfect)
(poor) (difficult)

1
(basal cleavage) ( 4-2 ) (orthoclase) ( 4-2
) (amphibole) ( 4-2 ) 3
( 4-2 ) 4 ( 4-2 ) 6
( 4-2 )
6. (crystal)
(crystal form)

75

4-2

(X-ray
diffractometer- XRD) (scanning electron microscope- SEM)
(crystallography) (twin
crystals) (contact twin) (penetration twin)
(staurolite) (polysynthetic twin)
( 4-3 ) (cyclic twin) ( 4-3 )
6

1. (isometric system) 3

(garnet) (halite)
2. (tetragonal system) 2 3

(zircon)
3. (hexagonal system) 4 3
120 4

4. (orthorhombic system) 3
(olivine) (columbite)

76

5. (monoclinic system) 3
(hornblende) (augite)
6. (triclinic system)
(plagioclase) (rhodonite) (chalcanthite)
7. (crystal habit)

2

( 4-3 -) (acicular) (natrolite)
(goethite) (bladed) (kyanite) (blocky)
(tabular) (wulfenite) (cube) (prism)
(columnar) (tourmaline) (indicolite)
(micas) (equant)
( 4-4 -) (fibrous) (okenite)
(stubby) (mamillary) (prehnite)
(micaceous) (lamellar) (platy) (reniform)
(botryoidal) (dendritic) (pyrolusite)
(arborescent) (oolitic) (hematite) (granular)
(globular) (gyrolite) (massive)
(azurite) (chromite) (stalactitic) (rhodocrosite)
(radiated) (atacamite) (drusy) (salammoniac)
(nodular)
8. (parting)

(octahedral)
(pyroxene) (rhombohedral)
( 4-6 )
9. (fracture)

(conchoidal) (even) (magnesite)

77

(uneven) (jasper) (rhodonite) (splintery)

(hackly)
10. (hardness)

(Mohs scale of hardness)
10 ( 4.1)
4.1

5
(apatite)

6
7
8
9
10

2.5
3-3.5
5-6
6.5-7

11. (tenacity)

C (sectile) (selenite)
C (malleable) ()
C (brittle)
C (ductile)
C (flexible)
C (elastic)

78

) - )

) - )

) -

) - ) - ) - ) -

) -

) - ) -

) -

4-3

79

) - ) - ) - ) -

) - ) - ) - ) -

) ) - ) ) , -

) )

) ()

4-4

80

12. (luminescence)

(fluorescence) (scheelite)
(hydrozincite)
(phosphorescence) (willemite)

(thermoluminescence)
(triboluminescence) (lepidolite)
13. (specific gravity)
( 4.1) (.
.) .. 7.5 19.3 .. 21.46 6.8-7.1 ..
2.65 2.56-2.59 4.3-4.6 ()
.. (bromoform)
.. 2.8 (methyline iodide) .. 3.33
4.2
1 2
2 -2.5
2.5 3
3 -3.5
3.5 4
4 5
5 7
7 10
10+

1 -3
3 -4
4 -5
5 -6
6 -7
7 -10
10 -20
20+

14.

(pyrrhotite)

81

15. (taste)
(halite) (sylvite)
16. (odor)

(arsenopyrite)
17.

(uraninite)
(monazite) (samarskite) (torbernite)
4.1.4

(fusibility test) (charcoal in blowpiping)
(flame test) (bead test)
1. :
(H2S)
2. :
() ()

() (cobalt)

3. (flame test) :

4. :
(2543)
4.1.5

( 2543)

82

1. (native elements) (Au) (Ag) (As)

(C) (S) (Hg)
2. (sulfides) (PbS) (FeS2) (CuFeS2)
3. (sulfosalts) (jamsonite- Pb4FeSb6S14)
4. (oxides & hydroxides) (Fe2O3)
(SnO2) (Fe3O4) (psilomelane- BaMnO9(OH)4) (gibbsiteAl(OH)3) (rutile- TiO2)
5. (halides) (halite- NaCl) (CaF2)
6. (carbonates) (CaCO3) (dolomiteCaMg(CO3) 2) (PbCO3) (Cu2 (CO3)(OH) 2) (MnCO3)
7. (nitrates) (niter- KNO3)
8. (borates) (borax-Na2B4O7.10H2O) (ulexiteNaCaB5O9.8H2O) (colemanite-CaB3O4(OH) 3.H2O)
9. (sulfates & chromates) (BaSO4)
(CaSO4.2H2O) (CaSO4) (crocoite- PbCrO4)
10. (tungstates & molybdates)
(wolframite- FeMnWO4) (scheelite- CaWO4) (wulfenite- PbMoO4)
11. (phosphates, arsenates & vanadates)
(monazite (Ce,La,Y,Th)PO4) (turquoise -CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8.4H2O)
12. (silicates) 6 (nesosilicates)
(sorosilicates) (cyclosilicates) (inosilicates)
(phyllosilicates) (tectosilicates) (SiO4)
(citrine)
(agate) (chert) (amethyst)

(mineraloids) (amorphous)
(opal) (obsidian)
4.1.6

(silicates)

83

4 (tetrahedron)

()
7 .. 2.65

2 (K
feldspar) (plagioclase - Na, Ca feldspar)
90 6 .. 2.55-2.76
2

(actinolite) 5-6 .. 2.85-3.4
2 57
(augite)
2 5-7 .
. 3.2-3.6
12 ()
6.5-7.5 .. 3.5-4.3
(pyrope) (almandite) (andradite)
6.5-7 .. 3.27-4.37

2
(biotite) (phlogopite)
60 120
2-5 .. 2.76-3.2

(illite) (montmorillonite)





84

) () )

) ()

4-5

85

) - )

) -

) -

4-6

86

(carbonates)
(aragonite)
3 3-4 .. 2.71-2.95

(evaporite)

4-7

4.1.7

1. (magma) (lava)
2. (hydrothermal)

3.
4. (pneumatolysis)

5. (replacement)
6.

7.