IELTSAcademicModulepreparation>Writing>Lesson5

Introduction InthislastIELTSlessonwelltakeatlookatonemoretypeofPart1academicwritingtask: describingadiagram.Youwill: practisereadingandunderstandingdiagrams learnlanguageforexpressingpurpose,causeandresult reviewandpractiserelativeclauses reviewandpractisepassivevoice

Inthesecondhalfofthelesson,wewilltakeafinallookatwritingdiscursiveessays.Inparticular,you will reviewsentencerelationshipsthatwehavecoveredinpreviouslessons. learnhowtoorganiseagoodacademicstyleparagraph. practisewritingmorecomplexsentences. practicecheckingyourworkformistakes. learnwhatmakesagoodconclusiontoyourcomposition.

IELTSWRITINGTASK1:DESCRIBINGDIAGRAMS

Activity1>Understandingdiagrams>15minutes Sometimesthepart1writingtaskasksyoutodescribeadiagram.Thediagramwillusuallyshowa processorhowsomethingworks.Youcanseeanexamplebelow.Justasforchartsandtables,itis importantthatyouspendsometimecarefullylookingatthediagramuntilyouunderstandwhatit shows.Lookforthefollowing: themainpartsorsectionsofthediagram. therelationshipbetweenpartsinthediagram. theorderofanystagesshowninthediagram. anykeythataccompaniesthediagramandhelpstoexplainit

Beforeyouwrite,trytoimagineinyourmindhowtheobjectworksortheprocessdevelops.Keepin mindwhattheresultofeachstagewillbeorwhatthepurposeofeachcomponentis. a)Lookatthisexamplequestionandmatchthelettersinthediagramwiththecomponentslisted below.

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WritingTask1 Thediagrambelowshowsthebasicoperationofahydrauliclift. Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationinthediagram. Writeatleast150words

1liftcarriage F 2controlbutton__ 3piston __ 4electricwires __ 5hydraulicfluid__

6pistonhousing__ 7pump __ 8valve __ 9fluidtank __

b)Nowcompletethisexampleanswerwiththewordsfroma)above. Thediagramshowshowahydraulicliftworks.Thesystemisquitesimpleandconsistsofthe [1],wherepassengersstand,a[2]whichraisesandlowersthecarriageandacircuitof pipesthatcarry[3]. Whenthepassengerpressestheup[4]toraisethelift,anelectricsignalissenttoa [5].Thiscausesthepumptomovefluidfromthetankintothebottomofthe[6]soasto forcethepistonup.Asthepistonhousingfillsupwithfluid,thepistonisraisedhigher.Thelift carriage,whichisattachedtothetopofthepiston,isalsoforcedup.Thedirectionoftheflowof hydraulicfluidisshownbythebluearrows. Whenthepassengerpressesthedowncontrolbutton,anelectricsignalissentsothatthepumpis switchedoff.Atthesametime,asignalissenttoa[7]placedjustinfrontofthepumpinorder toshutofftheflowoffluidfromthe[8]tothepistonhousing.Thevalvesnewpositionallows hydraulicfluidtoflowfromthepistonhousingbackintothefluidtank.Thisreverseflowisshownin thediagrambytheredarrows.Thepistonandtheliftcarriagewhichisattachedtoitarethenbrought backdownduetotheforceofgravity. Page2of15

Activity2>Showingpurpose>5minutes Oftenyouwillneedtoexplainwhatacomponentorastageinaprocessisfor.Inotherwords,you needtoexplainthepurposeofsomething.Herearesomeexamplesfromthedescriptionofthelift: to+infinitive: sothat+fullclause: inorderto+ infinitive: soasto+infinitive: Whenthepassengerpressestheupcontrolbuttontoraisethelift anelectricalsignalissentsothatthepumpisswitchedoff. asignalissenttoavalveinordertoshutofftheflowoffluid movefluidfromthetankintothebottomofthepistonhousingsoasto forcethepistonup.

Choosethebestwaytocompleteeachsentence.Theremaybemorethanonecorrectanswer. 1Thewaterisboiled[..]killharmfulgerms. Ainorderto Bsoas Cto 2Scalesareused[..]theingredientsareweighedaccurately. Asoas Bsothat Cinorder 3Thereisabattery[..]provideelectricalpower. Asoas Bto Cinorderto 4[..]growstraight,theplantneedstobesupportedwithapieceofwood. ATo BInorderto CSoas 5Theleavesneedtobeleftinthesun[..]drythoroughly. Ato Bsothat Csoasto 6Theframeismadeofaluminium[..]thestructureislightbutstrong. Ainorderto Bsothat Cto Activity3>Causeandresult> 10minutes InLesson1welookedatphrasesandwordsforexpressingcauseandresultrelationships.Thesame phrasesareusefulfordescribingdiagrams. a)Lookatthediagrambelow.Whatcauseandresultrelationshipsareshown?

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b)Nowcompletethisdescriptionoftheprocessbyusingwordsandphrasesfromthebox. asaresultbecausecausesconsequentlydue giverisetoonaccountofresultsin Waterleaksslowlyintothecave[1]therearethousandsoftinycracksandholesinthe limestonerock.Onitswaydown,thewaterabsorbsthecalciumcarbonatepresentintherockand this[2]amineralsolution.Smalldropsofthissolutionformontheroofofthecave.Wheneach dropfalls,itleavesbehindaringshapeddepositofcalcite.Thisprocessisrepeatedmanytimesand [3]athincalcitetubeisformed.Thistubeissometimescalledasodastraw[4]its shape.Occasionallythesodastrawgetsblocked[5]toapieceofstoneorsoil.This[6] thedropsofsolutiontopourdowntheoutsideofthestraw.[7],calcitedepositsbuildup aroundthestrawandthese[8]thetypicalconeshapeofthestalactite.Onlythestrawsthatget blockedwilleventuallybecomestalactites. Activity4>Relativeclauses>5minutes Relativeclausesareclausesinsentenceswhichaddinformationaboutthesubjectofthesentence. Sometimesthisisextrainformation,andthesentencewouldbecorrectwithouttheclause.Inthis case,wecalltheclausenondefining.LookatthisexamplefromthedescriptionoftheliftinActivity 1: Theliftcarriageisalsoforcedup. Theliftcarriage,whichisattachedtothetopofthepiston,isalsoforcedup. Youcanseethattheclauseaddsextrainformationaboutthecarriage,butthesentenceisstill grammaticalwithouttheclause.Noticethatweusecommas(,)toseparateanondefiningclause fromthemainclause.Also,rememberthatyoucannotusethatasarelativepronounwithnon definingclauses. Otherclausesaddimportantinformationwhichdescribeordefinethesubjectofthesentence.Heres anexample: Page4of15

Onlythestrawsthatgetblockedwilleventuallybecomestalactites. Thistime,thesentencewouldnotmakesensewithouttherelativeclause.Therearenocommasto separatetheclause,andwecanusethat,where,who,whichetcastherelativepronoun. Connecttheinformationtomakesentenceswithrelativeclauses(nondefiningordefining). Thereisalight. Itturnsonwhenthetemperaturerises. Example:Thereisalightwhichturnsonwhenthetemperaturerises. Acontainer. Itsmadeofsteel. Itcatchesrainwater. 1 Chlorineisaddedtothetank. Itkillsanydangerousbacteria. 2 Thepagespassthroughamachine. Itcutsofftheedges. 3 Theprogrammingtakessixmonths. ItisdoneinIndia. 4 Themixtureisheatedtoatemperature. Thetemperaturecausesachemicalreaction. 5 Activity5>Passivevoice>5minutes Usingthepassivevoicecanaddamoreformaltonetoyourdescriptions.Often,itisnoteven necessarytosaywhoorwhatisresponsibleforcertainactionsintheprocess.Comparethesetwo sentences,forexample: (Activevoice):Aworkercollectsthematerialsfromtherecyclingbins. (Passivevoice):Thematerialsarecollectedfromtherecyclingbins. Nowrewritethesesentencesusingthepassivevoice. Someonefitssolarpanelstotheroofofthevehicle. Example:Solarpanelsarefittedtotheroofofthevehicle. Minersextractbauxitefromtheground. 1 Occasionallysomeoneaddszinctothemixture. 2 Mechanicsregularlytesttheenginesperformance. 3

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Oncetheproductionteamhascompletedtheproductionprocess,dispatchworkerssendtheproduct outtostores. 4 Assoonasthecontrolcentrehasreceivedthecall,theysendoutacartothecustomer. 5

Activity6>Puttingitalltogether>10minutes Nowitsyourturn.LookattheexampleIELTSquestionbelow: Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask. ThediagramshowshowtheGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)worksinordertohelp peoplefindtheirlocationanywhereonEarth. Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationshownbelow . Youshouldwriteatleast150words

a)Lookatthediagramandanswerthefollowingquestions. Howmanysegmentsarethereinthesystem? Whatarethemaincomponentsofeachsegment? Whatpartdoeseachsegmentplayinthewholesystem?

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b)Nowwriteadescriptionfollowingthisplan: DescribebrieflywhataGPSisandwhatthethreesegmentsofthesystemare. Describethespacesegment:whatitconsistsofandwhatitdoes. Describethecontrolsegment:whatitconsistsofandwhatitdoes. Describetheusersegment:whatitconsistsofandwhatitdoes. Remembernottospendmorethan20minuteswriting. c)Nowlookattheexampleanswerinthekey.Canyoufindexamplesofthelanguagewevelooked atinthislesson?

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IELTSWRITINGTASK2: PARAGRAPHSANDCONCLUSIONS SofarintheseIELTSlessonswevelookedatthreetypesofdiscursivecomposition: Describingaproblemandofferingasolution Describingtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofsomething Expressingyouropiniononacontroversialissue

Thesearethemaintypesofcompositionyoumaybeaskedtowrite.Wevealsolookedathowto spendyourfirstfiveminutesbeforeyoustartwriting: Brainstormingideas Organisingideasinamindmap Planningyourcomposition

Inthislessonwelllookathowtoorganiseyourwritingattheleveloftheparagraphand,finally,how towriteagoodconclusion. Activity7>Buildingparagraphs(1)>10minutes Oneofthefeaturesofgoodacademicwritingisthatithasalogicalflowtoit.Sentencesshouldnot beisolated,buteachsentenceshouldfollowonlogicallyfromtheonebeforeit.Theyshouldallbuild intoaunitedparagraph.Thebasicbuildingblockofyourparagraphsshouldbepairsofsentencesor setsofthreesentences. Uptonowwehavelookedatthefollowingtypesofsentencepairs: i ii iii iv Argument&counterargument Opinion&supportingexamples Opinion&supportingreasons Listing(reasonsorexamples)

a)Makesentencepairsbymatchingeachsentence(14)withonethatfollowsonfromit(ad).For eachpair,saywhattypeofpairitis(fromthelistabove). 1Firstly,televisionnewsreportsareoftentooshortorsuperficialtoexplainthefullcontextofastory. 2Inmyview,productssuchascosmeticsorsoapsshouldnotbetestedonanimals. 3Iamconvincedthatgovernments'economicpoliciesdoharmtotheenvironment. 4Itisoftensaidthattheonlywaytopreventcrimeistoenforcestricterpunishments. aForinstance,governmentsdonothingtoencouragepeopletousepublictransportinsteadoftheir cars. bSuchitemsarenotessential,andthereisnoneedtomakecreaturessufferforthesakeofmaking money. cHowever,statisticsshowthatstiffpunishmentsdonothingtoreducecrimerates. dSecondly,televisionnewseditorstendtofavourstorieswhichoffersensationalimagesthatmake entertainingviewing.

b)Nowwriteasuitablesentencetofollowonfromeachofthesesentencesbelow. Mostroadaccidentsarecausedbycarelessandirresponsibledriving. Itissometimessaidthatmoderntechnologyhashelpedcreategreaterunderstandingbetween nations. Page8of15

Inmyviewthereshouldbeatotalbanontheadvertisingofcigarettesandothertobaccoproducts. AfirstmeasurewecouldtaketoinordertoreducetheAIDSpandemicistomakesuitabledrugs morereadilyavailable. Activity8>Buildingparagraphs(2)>10minutes Yourwritingshouldbecleartounderstandandyoucanachievethisbywritingshortsentenceswith onlyoneortwoclauses.However,ifyouarelookingforanIELTSgradeof7orhigherinthewriting test,examinerswillexpectyoutoincludeafewexamplesofmorecomplexsentences.Forinstance, youcanjointwoideastogetherintoasinglesentencewithlinkingwordslikethese: notonly,apartfrom,despite,eventhough,although,contraryto,while Forexample,thesetwoideas: Spaceexplorationhassomescientificvalue. Themoneyspentonspaceexplorationcouldbebetterspentonrelievingstarvationaroundtheworld. couldbejoinedintoasinglesentence: Eventhoughspaceexplorationhassomescientificvalue,themoneycouldbebetterspenton relievingstarvationaroundtheworld. Nowlinktheideasbelowintoasinglesentencebyusingthelinkingwordorphraseinbrackets. Industrieswastehugeamountsofwater.Industriesareresponsibleforthecontaminationofwater supplies. 1(apartfrom) Thepopularbeliefisthatmachineshavereplacedskilledworkerseverywhere.Therearemany skilledartisansinChinaandotherAsiancountries. 2(contraryto) Billionsofdollarsinaidhavebeensenttodevelopingcountries.Millionsofpeopleindeveloping countriesstillliveinabsolutepoverty. 3(Despite) Peopleclaimtoshowconcernfortheenvironment.Peoplecompromisetheirecologicalvalues almostdaily. 4(While) ThereisanepidemicofobesityamongstWesternadults.ObesityisbecomingwidespreadinWestern children. 5(Notonly) Activity9>Buildingparagraphs(3)>15minutes Ingoodacademicwriting,eachparagraphshouldhavealogicalstructuretoit.Youshouldthinkof eachparagraphasaminiessay,withanintroduction,developmentandconclusion. Topicsentencesactastheintroduction.Asyousawinthelastlesson,topicsentencessignaltothe readerthatyouaregoingtodiscussaparticularaspectofthequestion.Youcanthenbuildthe paragraphbyusingpairsorsetsofthreesentenceswhichdevelopalogicalargument.Thesecanbe ofthetypewelookedatinthepreviousexercises.Finally,roundoffyourparagraphwitha

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restatementofyourtopicsentence.Thissignalstoyourreaderthatyouhavecometotheendofone partofyourdiscussionandthatyouareabouttomoveon. a)Intheboxaretwoparagraphstakenfromdifferentcompositions,butmixedup.Reorganisethe sentencesintotwoparagraphsfollowingtheparagraphstructurediscussedabove. Paragraph1

Paragraph2

AlthoughtechnologysuchastheInternethasincreasedtheeaseandspeedwithwhichpeople fromdifferentcountriescommunicate,therestillexistmisunderstandingsabouteachothers culturesandbeliefs. Forexample,peopleseemtobenocloserintheirunderstandingoffaithsotherthantheirown. Communicationtechnologymayhavethepotentialtoimprovetheworld,butwehavenot exploitedthatpotentialtobesteffect. Driverswhoexceedsafespeedlimits,forexample,causemanyaccidents.Inaddition,drivers oftenovertakewhenitisnotsafetodoso,suchasonsharpbends. Finally,manyroaddeathsareduetopeopledrivingwhenundertheinfluenceofalcohol. Havetherecentrapiddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologymadetheworldabetter place? Itissometimessaidthatmoderntechnologyhashelpedcreategreaterunderstandingbetween nations.However,thereislittleevidencetosupportthisview. Thereis,ofcourse,ahumanfactorinvolvedinroadsafety.Mostroadaccidentsarecausedby carelessandirresponsibledriving. Thesearejustafewexamplesofhowhumanerrororrecklessnesscanleadtotragedyonthe roads. b)Nowwriteyourownparagraphwhichcarriesonfromthetopicsentenceprovidedbelow. Remembertousetheparagraphplan: Topicsentence(TS) Developers(D1,D2,D3etc) Restatementsentence(R) Unfortunatelyitisnotunusualfordogstobeownedbypeoplewhosehomesandlifestylescannot offerwhattheirpetneeds Activity10>Checkingyourwork>10minutes Itisveryimportantthatyouleave23minutesattheendofthewritingtesttoreadcarefullythrough whatyouhavewrittenandcheckforerrors.Atthispoint,dontworryaboutideas.Justmakesurethat yourspellingandgrammarareaccurate. a)HeresatypicalPart2writingtaskoftheproblemandsolutiontype.Planandwriteyouranswer (innotlessthan250words).

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Presentawrittenargumentorcasetoaneducatedreaderwithnospecialknowledgeofthe followingtopic. Havingalargepetdogisbecomingevermorepopular,althoughthelifestylesandhomes thatpeoplehavearebecominglessandlesssuitedtodogownership.Whatproblems doesthiscauseandwhatpossiblesolutionsaretheretotheseproblems. Youshoulduseyourownideas,knowledgeandexperienceandsupportyourargumentswith examplesandrelevantevidence. b)Readthroughyourcompositioncarefullyandcheckforerrorsingrammarandspelling. c)Nowreadthisexampleanswer.Therearetenmistakeswithspellingorgrammar.Canyoufind them? Increesingly,peopleareoptingtokeeplargedogssuchasRottweilersorDobermans.Thisislargely becausetheycannowaffordtobuythesestatussymbolbreeds.However,peopleoftenfailtotake intoconsiderationtheneedsofthedogbeforetheybuy.Thiscausestoanumberofserious problems.BelowIwillshowthemainproblemsthissituationcausesandsuggestpossiblesolutions. Unfortunatlyitisnotunusualforlargedogstobeownedbypeoplethathomesandlifestylescannot offerwhattheirpetneeds.Thefirstrequirementforalargedogisplentyofspace.Notonlyaremany dogskeptintinyyards,butsomeownersevenkeeptheirdogsincityflatswithonlysmallbalconies forthemtomoveabouton.Asecondbasicrequirementsisthatthedoggetsplentyofexercise. Again,ownersoftenneglectthisneedbecausetheydonthavetimetotaketheirdogsoutforwalks. Theyreworkandfamilycommitmentsmeanthatthedogstayscoopedupinsidefordaysatatime. Clearly,moderncitylifestylesareincompatiblewiththeneedsofalargedog. Thissituationgivesrisetoanumberofproblems,bothforthedogsandotherpeople.Firstlyofall,the dogssufferphysically.Beingkeptincrampedconditionswithoutproperexerciseleadstopoorhealth andevendisfigurementforthedog.Apartfromthisphysicalproblems,dogsalsosuffermentally.Just likehumans,dogsgetboredanddepressedsittingindoorsallday,orpacingupanddownonatiny balcony.Whiledogsarethemainvictimsofthissituation,peoplewholiveclosebyalsosuffer. Inevitably,boreddogsbarkandincessantbarkingbecomesanuisance,andevenatorture,to neighbours.So,thesituationaffectsthewelfareofbothoftheanimalsandthewidercommunity. Howcantheproblemsdescribedabovebeprevented?Onewayistocreatelawswhichprevent peoplefromtoownlargedogsiftheyliveincityflats.Asecondmeasureistoimposefinesonowners whosedogsareseentobesuffering,orwhocauseunacceptabledisturbanceintheneighbourhood. Finally,thereneedtobepublicitycampaignswhicheducatethepublicinhowtoberesponsiblepet owners. Activity11>Agoodconclusion>5minutes TheexampleanswerinActivity10ismissingoneimportantthingagoodconclusion.Agood conclusionshouldhavethefollowingqualities: Itshouldnotbemorethanafewsentenceslong. Itshouldsumupthemainpointsyouhavementioned. Itshouldnotincludenewideasorthoughtsnotalreadymentionedinthecomposition. Itshouldbringthecompositionstoasatisfyingend.

a)Writeaconclusionfortheexamplecompositionyoureadinthepreviousactivity. b)Compareyourconclusionwiththeexampleinthekey. Page11of15

LessonReview Inthislessonyouhave: practisedreadingdiagrams. learnedlanguageforexpressingpurpose,causeandresult. reviewedandpractisedrelativeclausesandpassivevoice. learnedhowtoorganiseagoodacademicstyleparagraph. practisedwritingmorecomplexsentences. learnedwhatmakesagoodconclusiontoyourcomposition.

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Lesson5>Answerkey
Activity1 a) 1liftcarriage F 2controlbuttonsA 3piston G 4electricwires C 5hydraulicfluidB b) 1liftcarriage 2piston 3hydraulicfluid 4controlbutton 5pump 6pistonhousing 7valve 8tank Activity2 1A,C 2B 3B,C 4A,B 5A,C 6B Activity3 1because 2resultsin 3asaresult/consequently 4onaccountof 5due 6causes 7Consequently 8giveriseto Activity4(Possibleanswers) 1Acontainer,whichismadeofsteel,catchestherainwater. 2Chlorine,whichkillsanydangerousbacteria,isaddedtothetank. 3Thepagespassthoughamachinewhichcutsofftheedges. 4Theprogramming,whichtakessixmonths,isdoneinIndia./Theprogramming,whichisdonein India,takessixmonths. 5Themixtureisheatedtoatemperaturewhichcausesachemicalreaction. Activity5 1Bauxiteisextractedfromtheground. 2Zincisoccasionallyaddedtothemixture. 3Theenginesperformanceisregularlytested. 4Oncetheproductionprocesshasbeencompleted,theproductissentouttostores. 5Assoonasthecallisreceived,acarissentouttothecustomer.

6pistonhousingI 7pump E 8valve H 9fluidtank D

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Activity6 c) Thediagramshowshowsomeonecanfindtheirexactlocationanywhereintheworldbymeansof theGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS).Thesystemhasthreemainsegments:thespacesegment, thecontrolsegmentandtheusersegment. Thespacesegmentconsistsof24satelliteswhichareputintoorbitatanaltitudeofabout20,000km. Eachonetakes12hourstoorbittheearthonce.Theyhavesolarpanelswhichprovidepowerand antennaeinordertoreceiveandtransmitdata.Eachsatellitecontinuallytransmitsacodedmessage whichincludesinformationaboutitspositionandtheexacttimeoftransmission.Thesatellitesare fittedwithatomicclockssothattimeiskeptwithgreataccuracy. ThecontrolsegmentconsistsofanumberofmonitorstationsatdifferentlocationsonEarthanda maincontrolcentreinColorado,USA.Anyslightchangesintheorbitofthesatellitescanbe detectedbythemonitorstations.Thisinformationisthensenttothecontrolcentre,andfromhereit istransmittedbacktothesatellites.Consequently,thesatellitescanalwaystransmittheirexact positiontousers. Theusersegmentisbasicallyahandheldreceivercapableofpickingupsignalsfromthesatellites. Thereceivercomparesthetimeasignalwassentwiththetimeitwasreceived.Asaresult,the distancebetweentheuserandthesatellitecanbecalculated.Bytakingsimilarmeasurementsfrom foursatellites,thereceivercanpinpointtheexactlocationandaltitudeoftheuseronEarth. Activity7 1dtype42btype33atype24ctype1 Activity8 1Apartfromwastinghugeamountsofwater,industriesareresponsibleforthecontaminationof watersupplies. 2Contrarytothepopularbeliefthatmachineshavereplacedskilledworkerseverywhere,thereare manyskilledartisansinChinaandotherAsiancountries. 3Despitebillionsofdollarsinaidhavingbeensenttodevelopingcountries,millionsofpeoplein developingcountriesstillliveinabsolutepoverty. 4Whilepeopleclaimtoshowconcernfortheenvironment,theycompromisetheirecologicalvalues almostdaily. 5NotonlyisthereanepidemicofobesityamongstWesternadults,butobesityisbecoming widespreadinWesternchildren. Activity9 Paragraph1: (TS)Thereis,ofcourse,ahumanfactorinvolvedinroadsafety.(D1)Mostroadaccidentsarecaused bycarelessandirresponsibledriving.(D2)Driverswhoexceedsafespeedlimits,forexample,cause manyaccidents.(D3)Inaddition,driversoftenovertakewhenitisnotsafetodoso,suchasonsharp bends.(D4)Finally,manyroaddeathsareduetopeopledrivingwhenundertheinfluenceofalcohol. (R)Thesearejustafewexamplesofhowhumanerrororrecklessnesscanleadtotragedyonthe roads. Paragraph2 (TS)Havetherecentrapiddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologymadetheworldabetter place?(D1)Itissometimessaidthatmoderntechnologyhashelpedcreategreaterunderstanding betweennations.(D2)However,thereislittleevidencetosupportthisview.(D3)Althoughtechnology suchastheInternethasincreasedtheeaseandspeedwithwhichpeoplefromdifferentcountries communicate,therestillexistmisunderstandingsabouteachothersculturesandbeliefs.(D4)For example,peopleseemtobenocloserintheirunderstandingoffaithsotherthantheirown.(R) Communicationtechnologymayhavethepotentialtoimprovetheworld,butwehavenotyet exploitedthatpotentialtobesteffect.

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Activity10 b) Increesingly[Increasingly],peopleareoptingtokeeplargedogssuchasRottweilersorDobermans. Thisislargelybecausetheycannowaffordtobuythesestatussymbolbreeds.However,people oftenfailtotakeintoconsiderationtheneedsofthedogbeforetheybuy.Thiscauses[leads]toa numberofseriousproblems.BelowIwillshowthemainproblemsthissituationcausesandsuggest possiblesolutions. Unfortunatly[Unfortunately]itisnotunusualforlargedogstobeownedbypeoplethat[whose] homesandlifestylescannotofferwhattheirpetneeds.Thefirstrequirementforalargedogisplenty ofspace.Notonlyaremanydogskeptintinyyards,butsomeownersevenkeeptheirdogsincity flatswithonlysmallbalconiesforthemtomoveabouton.Asecondbasicrequirements[requirement] isthatthedoggetsplentyofexercise.Again,ownersoftenneglectthisneedbecausetheydonthave timetotaketheirdogsoutforwalks.Theyre[Their]workandfamilycommitmentsmeanthatthedog stayscoopedupinsidefordaysatatime.Clearly,moderncitylifestylesareincompatiblewiththe needsofalargedog. Thissituationgivesrisetoanumberofproblems,bothforthedogsandotherpeople.Firstly[First]of all,thedogssufferphysically.Beingkeptincrampedconditionswithoutproperexerciseleadstopoor healthandevendisfigurementforthedog.Apartfromthis[these]physicalproblems,dogsalsosuffer mentally.Justlikehumans,dogsgetboredanddepressedsittingindoorsallday,orpacingupand downonatinybalcony.Whiledogsarethemainvictimsofthissituation,peoplewholivecloseby alsosuffer.Inevitably,boreddogsbarkandincessantbarkingbecomesanuisance,andevena torture,toneighbours.So,thesituationaffectsthewelfareofbothoftheanimalsandthewider community. Howcantheproblemsdescribedabovebeprevented?Onewayistocreatelawswhichprevent peoplefromtoown[owning]largedogsiftheyliveincityflats.Asecondmeasureistoimposefines onownerswhosedogsareseentobesuffering,orwhocauseunacceptabledisturbanceinthe neighbourhood.Finally,thereneedtobepublicitycampaignswhicheducatethepublicinhowtobe responsiblepetowners. Activity11 Tosumup,prospectiveownersoflargedogsneedtoconsiderwhethertheycanoffertheirintended pettherightconditionsforahealthy,happylife.Dogownerswhodonotprovidetheseconditions, eitherthroughignoranceorselfishness,causeharmtoboththedogandthecommunity.

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