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Salivary Glands
Salivary Glands
5. Contain a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase (ptyalin) which starts the process of breaking down complex starchy sugars.
6.
7. 8.
Salivary Glands
1. Parotid Gland
The parotid salivary glands secrete a serous product only. They are situated on either side of the head in front of the ears. They have long ducts (Stensens duct) which open into the mouth opposite the second molar tooth on either side.
Salivary Glands
2. Submandibular Gland
The submandibular salivary gland secretes a mixed product containing both serous and mucous secretions although the serous component is the larger. They are roughly ovoid in shape and are situated below the mandible (jaw bone) to the left and right. Their ducts (Whartons
duct) open into the floor of the mouth on either side of the tongue's
frenum.
Salivary Glands
3. Sublingual Glands
The sublingual glands produce a mainly mucous product. They are situated just under the back of the tongue again in a left and right pair. Their ducts (Bartholins duct) open close to those of the submandibular glands.
Salivary Glands
Minor glands
In addition there are numerous smaller groups of salivary gland tissue scattered diffusely in the submucosa. The most important are: 1. lingual glands in the submucosa and muscle layers of the dorsal surface of the tongue 2. minor sublingual glands close to the larger major sublingual glands (other tongue glands are found on the inferior surface of the tip of the tongue and on its lateral borders) 3. labial glands on the inner surface of the lips 4. palatine glands in the submucosa of the soft and hard palates
Salivary Glands
5. tonsillar glands in the mucosa associated with the palatine and pharyngeal tonsils 6. buccal glands in the submucosa lining the cheeks. 7. The labial, sublingual, minor lingual and buccal glands are composed predominantly of mucous cells, but some serous cells
may be present.
8. The palatine and lateral lingual glands are entirely mucous secreting
Salivary Glands
Autonomic Innervation
Parasympathetic
Abundant, watery saliva
Amylase down
Sympathetic
Scant, viscous saliva
Amylase up
The two major terminal branches of the external carotid artery are the maxillary and the facial arteries.
mouth.
Major veins
The superior and inferior sagittal sinuses drain to the transverse then
sigmoid sinuses to form the internal jugular vein. The ophthalmic veins from the orbit drain backwards to the cavernous sinus or forwards to the facial vein.
1. 2.
3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Pituitary plexus
Superior petrosal sinus Inferior petrosal sinus Internal jugular vein Transverse sinus Confluence of sinuses
from the upper portion of the body to right atrium of the heart.
Cranial nerves
Cranial nerves
The cranial nerves are arranged in 12 pairs, so the two nerves on a pair are identical in function and structure. These nerves serve both sensory and motor functions. The cranial nerves are generally named after the area or function they serve, and are identified with Roman numerals: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
Cranial nerves
Cranial nerves
I.
II. Optic nerve: sensory for the sense of sight. III. Oculomotor nerves: nerves controls muscle of the eye. IV. Trochleal nerves controls muscles of the eye.
2. Maxillary branches go to the upper jaw & innervate the teeth & surrounding
tissues. 3. Mandibular branches go to the lower jaw & innervate the teeth & surrounding
tissues.
Cranial nerves
VII. Facial nerves innervate the muscles of facial expression, salivary glands, lacrimal glands & sense of taste on the anterior 2/3 rd of the tongue.
Cranial nerves
VIII. Acoustic nerves: each divide into two branches a. Cochlear branches, which are concerned with the sense of hearing. b. Vestibular branches, which are concerned with the sense of balance. IX. Glossopharyngeal nerves: innervate the parotid glands, sense of taste on the posterior third of the tongue, and part of the pharynx. X. Vagus nerves innervate part of the pharynx, larynx and vocal cords, part of the thoracic and abdominal viscera. XI. Spinal accessory nerves innervate the shoulder muscles.
XII. Hypoglossal nerves: innervate the muscles concerned with movements of the
tongue.
Trigeminal nerve
The trigeminal nerve is the primary source of innervations for the oral cavity. The trigeminal nerve subdivided into three main branches:
1. Ophthalmic
2. Maxillary 3. Mandibular
3. The anterior superior alveolar nerve supplies the maxillary central lateral and
cuspid teeth, plus their periodontal membrane and gingiva. This nerve also supplies the maxillary sinus.
first molar and the maxillary second and third molars, it also branches forward
to serve the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus.
Lymphatic drainage