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Page 1 of 107
Nhp mn
1. Ma st:
Hin tng k l ca thin nhin- ang tip tc nghin cu C nhiu ng dng:
Nhit, la, ... Phanh hm, tng tc phn ng ha hc, Hn, nh bng, Ghi v c d liu,
Hi:
Tn hao cng sut. Sinh nhit lm thay i bn, t chc cac bon, hydro, to thnh cc xit
c im:
L qu trnh t t chc:
2. Mn:
Kt qu ca qu trnh ma st Ph hy b mt ma st: Gim kch thc, gim khi lng, thay i cu trc b mt, Tin hnh bi trn (rn lng, kh,) tng tui th v tin cy Hi: Thay i ch lp ghp ca cc cp ma st, Thay i ch lm vic ca cp ma st, Lm gim tui th v tin cy ca cp ma st cng nh ca ton b thit b, c im: Gn lin vi qu trnh ma st Qu trnh ph hy tp trung trong mt th tch rt nh ca vt liu Phn t mn to thnh l kt qu ca nhiu ln tng tc. c c trng bi cng mn c th nguyn hoc khng c th nguyn Ih tui th, tin cy. Phn bit: Mn bnh thng (n nh) cn gi l mn c ha Hk/Hm > 0,6. Page 3 of 107 Mn ht mi (khng bnh thng) Hk/Hm < 0,6.
Ba trng phi nghin cu: S tng tc ca b mt ma st, bin i trong lp b mt ph hy chng. Cu trc th cp trong bi trn gii hn mng bo v. p dng vt liu polyme trong cp ma st Hiu qu kinh t: Theo Jost PETER (Anh) 1966: 0,5 t bng , 1,6 t USD (M), hin nay t 1 dn 2% thu nhp quc dn.
Nano Tribology
4. Ni dung ca tribology:
C s l thuyt vn cn ang tip tc c hon thin, trong mt s trng hp vn cn c vo thc nghim. Tm l thuyt v ma st, mn bi trn ph hp vi cc iu kin c th, trn c s xc nh dng mn no l p o, gn lin vi qu trnh ma st H thng bi trn: Cht lng, vt liu, kt cu, ch n dch chuyn chn lc. Kt cu khng mn. Chng mn Hydro. Gia cng ln cui khng ht mi (ph, thm nhit thp)
Page 6 of 107
Sb
1 Hb 2 3
V m: L s sai khc trn ton b chi tit (Nhp nh trn cc kch thc ln) Sng: Do dao ng ca my, chi tit v dng c. (Hb, Sb) thng thng Sb/Hb > 40. Sai s v hnh dng () Vi m: L s sai khc hnh dng v kch thc ca cc nhp nh trong khong mm. Nhp nh to thnh trong qu trnh ct gt ch yu do qu trnh tch phoi Siu vi m: L nhp nh c bit lin quan n cu trc, cng nh khuyt tt ca kim loi, trong khong m. Ch yu l cc nhp nh th cp, cu trc th cp hnh thnh trong qu trnh lm vic. Cc thng s siu vi m gn lin vi trng thi ca cc mng xt v cc cht lng, cht kh b hp th: Hb f(D,,K) Trong : HSb: Thng s bin dng siu vi m D: Thng s c trng cho cu trc tinh th kim loi : Tr s ng sut c tc dng trong th tch b mt kim loi K: Thng s v dc tnh ca cc lp hp th Trng thi hnh hc b mt ban u c quyt nh do cng ngh gia cng. Trong qu trnh lm vic trng thi b mt mi s hnh thnh (trng thi th cp), cht lng ca n ph thuc vo iu kin lm vic (p,v, mi trng) Quyt nh s hnh thnh lc ma st, v cng mn. Page 8 of 107
3. Cc tnh cht c l ha: Lp b mt mng c chiu dy c Ao (ng tron) tr ln c c im khc hon ton v cu trc v c l ha so vi kim loi gc ca chi tit v c gi l vt th th ba.
Thng thng bao gm: Lp hp th, lc ht ha hc, mng du gii hn lp ny khi nhit tng ph hy hp th v hnh thnh mng ha hc Lp mng oxit kim loi v cc hp cht ha hc khc (S, Cl, P,) Lp gin on ca vt liu c bn. Hin nay vn cn c vo cc tnh cht c l ha vt liu c bn ca chi tit tm ra quan h gia chng vi mn v ma st, vi iu kin lm vic xc nh. Trong qu trnh gia cng, kim loi b bin tnh Trong qu trnh lm vic, tnh cht c l ha b thay i Page 9 of 107 Bin dng do oxy ha mn oxy ha vt th th ba co b n
Khi gia cng, kim loi b bin dng do, khi lm vic c l ha khac i
Thay i cng theo chiu su khi lm vic ch bi trn ti hn
H H
0
Khong cch so vi b mt Khong cch so vi b mt
Page 10 of 107
0
Khong cch so vi b mt
0
Khong cch so vi b mt
II.
2.
3.
Page 12 of 107
Ban u
Lm vic
Cn li
Cc c tnh
Hnh hc b mt
Cc tnh cht ho - l - c ca cc lp b mt
ng sut trong cc lp b mt
Cc yu t quyt nh
Nhit
Tn h cht ca vt liu
Page 13 of 107
4.
Nng cao cht lng ban u v cht lng lm vic (C hc tip xc, cu trc b mt, iu kin mi trng) a. Cht lng b mt cng ngh: Phng php to phi, Phng php nhit luyn, Phng php gia cng ln cui ch cng ngh Kt cu Biu ng sut B mt mi c tng bn, mn t. Mi trng Gim nng lng b mt, d thot bin v ln b mt, ha do v bin dng trn lp b mt cc mng.
Cc bin php cng ngh ci thin trng thi hnh hc v tng bn lp b mt phi ph hp v p ng vi cc thng s c hc p, v, To v mi trng lm vic
b. Cht lng b mt lm vic: (do ti, tc dng ha hc, trng thi cu trc)
Trong iu kin ma st mn bnh thng: cn bng ng gia hnh thnh v ph hy cu trc th cp 2 qu trnh khc nhau: Th nht: Hnh thnh lp mng b mt mng chuyn v do (VDH) Th hai: Hnh thnh lp mng b mt gin, rt cng, d b ph hy
Page 14 of 107
Khi mn oxy ha c hai dng c bn: Dng th nht: Mng cu truc th cp ng dch chuyn in y tt c cc nhp nh nhn bng cp 11 14, cng ln hn kim loi gc: Thp nhit luyn, gang (khng c chuyn tip r rng vi kim loi gc) Dng th hai: Lp mng cu trc th cp mng gin, nhn cao, cng ln hn nhiu kim loi gc: Hp kim c gc kim loi mu, thp nhit luyn c cng cao (ma st ln) khng c chuyn tip trung gian khi b oxy ha kim loi v hp kim chia lm hai nhm: tng th tch 5% v gim th tch ng sut d nn v ko m bo iu kin lm vic bnh thng (n nh) ng sut lm vic phi ng u trn b mt, to di v mng oxit sao cho tc oxy ha ln hn tc ph hy. Mi trng lm vic m bo pht sinh mng bo v th cp. Gim bin dng do trong lp b mt. c. Cht lng b mt cn li. Gim nhit , oxy ha dng li Vi m: Cc nh nhp nh to thnh cu trc nh khi ti
Page 15 of 107
Nhit
ng sut 0
Thi gian 0
Ii
Iii
Thi gian
I
-
Ii
b
16 of 107 Qu trnh hnhPage thnh nhp nh b mt ti u vi ti vi s san phng v hnh thnh cc nhp nh mi. `
5.
Mt s phng php nh gi cht lng b mt 1. Trng thi hnh hc: C 2 nhm ph thuc ln ca nhp nh v sai s. Nhm I: Thng dng cho cc nguyn cng trc nhit luyn Thng s dng cc dng c o Nhm II: Thng dng cho cc nguyn cng sau nht luyn (gia cng tinh). Thng s dng dng c quang hc, knh hin vi in t.
2. Trng thi cu trc lp b mt Thng s dng phng php phn tch chp nh t chc t vi bng knh hin vi in t Xc nh cu trc t vi, trng thi pha. Kim tra cc khuyt tt thng dng phng php phn tch Rnghen Ngoi ra cn phi xc nh cu trc mng trong trng thi ng thng qua cc i lng trung gian: Nhit ti im tip xc thc (dng camera hng ngoi quan st), in th Page 17 of 107
Xc nh ng nm ngang song song vi vng profin cho di ng chn nhp nh, cc tung y1, y2, y3 ca profin c o trn ng nm ngang vi cc khong cch u nhau. Gi tr thu c chia thnh 2 nhm (nhm tri v nhm phi). ng trung bnh i qua 2 im M1M2:
x = (x1+ xn/2)/2;
x = (xn/2+xn)/2 ;
y'= 1
n/2
yi n/2
Page 18 of 107
y'= 1
n/2
yi n/2
ng nh profin A1A2 l ng cch u vi ng trung bnh v i qua nh cao nht ca profin vi chiu di kho st (mu) L ng chn ca profin B1B2 l ng cch u ng trung bnh v i qua im thp nht ca profin trong khong kho st L Rmax: cao ln nht ca nhp nh (khong cch t ng nh n ng chn nhp nh)
R max = Rmaxi 1
5
Rp: Khong cch t nh nhp nh ti ng trung bnh.
1 R = 5
P
R
5 1
Pi
2.
Ra Page = 19 of 107y ( x) dx
L
o
Rz: sai lch ca nhp nh theo chiu cao c xc nh theo 10 im: 1 R = ( | H | + | H |) 5 Hmax: lch ln nht ca profin so vi ng trung bnh. Hmin: lch nh nht ca profin so vi ng trung bnh.
Z
5 1
max i
5 1
min i
Z x a
L
Ra
l0,1
d
0,5 tp = b
p
tp =
l0,3
Rmax
RBC
a3
Rmax
l0,2
x=
Page 20 of 107
Profin b mt nhp nh
a Rmax
1 t = 5
m
t
5 1
mi
Trong :
t =
mi
l L
1
l
1
mi
Xy dng ng cong phn b trong h ta tng i (khng ph thuc vo n v) T s ca su thm nhp v Rmax ai/Rmax c th hin trn trc tung. T s l/L c th hin trc honh (tng chiu di ca cc nh nhp nh trn cng mt mc).
tp =
Lp
L
Ap a = = b.( ) = bx Ac Rmax
Lp Chiu di profin mc p Ap Din tch ca cc nh nhp nh mc p, b, - Thng s ca ng cong phn b nhp nh b mt: Rp Rmax b = tm ( ) ; = 2 t m . 1 Rp Ra i vi tip xc ca hai b mt nhp nh thng s:
Trong :
( 1 + 1 ) ( 2 + 1 ) K= (1 + 2 + 1 )
rn
rd
Bn knh trung bnh ca nh nhp nh: r = rn .rd Mi (cp b mt 6-7): rn = 4-10, rd = 100 -300 (m) Hn nay nh gi tng hp cht lng hnh hc ca b mt bng thng s t hp:
Rmax r .b1 /
Mi phng vt liu thp t cp 9. Rmax = 2,4 R = 550 b = 2,3 ; = 1,6 = 2,64. 10-3 Cc thng s b mt ca cc nguyn cng khc nhau c xc Page 23 nh trong s tay Tribology . of 107
3. Tip xc ma st ca cc b mt nhp nh
c tnh tip xc trong ln u v ln k tip l hon ton khc nhau Do n hi c trng hnh hc ca b mt cng ngh v tnh cht ca b mt kim loi nn xc nh c tnh ca tip xc ma st trong qu trnh chy r. Sau qu trnh chy r Tnh cht v hnh hc b mt khng thay i, cc nh nhp nh, bin dng n hi chim u th c im ni bt ca cp ma st ngoi l ri rc ca cc im tip xc gia hai b mt , Cc thng s tip xc thay i trong phm vi rng khi ti thay i. c tnh ri rc c th hin 3 loi din tch tip xc: Aa, Ac, Ar. 1. Din tch tip xc danh ngha: Aa. Tng din tch hnh hc ca cc din tch tip xc thc t c th xy ra. Aa ph thuc vo hnh dng v kch thc ca vt th tip xc. B gim do sng b mt v sai s hnh dng
Ar Ac Aa
Page 24 of 107
S tip xc ca hai b mt ma st
2.
Din tch tip xc vng : Ac Din tch hnh thnh do bin dng ca cc th tch b mt cc b ca vt th (cn gi l din tch tip xc vng) Ac ph thuc vo: c tnh nhp nh ca b mt (ch yu l sng ca b mt) Ti. c trng cho vng ma st v vng mn, thng thng: Ac = (5 15)%Aa 3. Din tch tip xc thc: Ar Tng din tch tip xc thc t t vi ca vt th Ar (to thnh t cc nh nhp nh ri rc trong tip xc) Ph thuc vo ti v c tnh nhp nh. Ar thng rt nh, khng qu (0,01 0,1)% Aa
a ; p = c = r ; P N P = N a A A c
K h i
Page 25 of 107
t n
4.
iu kin ca ma st mn bnh thng: Khng c s ph hy kim loi gc Bin dng do v mn ch xy ra trn lp th cp (vt th th 3) hnh thnh khi ma st. C cn bng ng ca tt c cc qu trnh nhm n nh vic hnh thnh v ph hy cu trc th cp. Page 26 of 107 Hay ni cch khc: Amng/Aa = const.
Chng 2: Ma st
1. Khi nim c bn 1. Ma st ngoi. MSN l qu trnh tiu hao nng lng khi hai vt th rn c chuyn ng tng i vng tip xc thc di tc ng ca ti trng ngoi. Ma st l qu trnh rt phc tp v ph thuc vo: Bin i ca cc qu trnh din ra trn Ar v lp b mt hnh thnh ti vng tip xc thc Cht lng ca b mt khi tham gia ma st. iu kin v mi trng ma st. Cht lng ma st c nh gi bng lc ma st Lc ma st l lc c xu hng cn tr chuyn ng tng i ca cc vt rn, xut hin ti cc im tip xc thc, khi vt th ny chuyn ng tng i trn b mt vt th khc. Lc ma st khi ng l lc ma st xut hin trong cc dch chuyn ban u, cn c gi l lc bm dnh, xut hin trong cc khp ma st trt chuyn ng khng lin tc Lc ma st tnh l ton b LMS ti thi im chuyn t trng thi dch chuyn ban u sang trng thi trt hon ton. Page 27 of 107 hin trong qu trnh chun ng Lc ma st ng l LMS xut tng i vng tip xc.
Lc ma st
Fms
A A' B
0
Dch chyn ban u Gin on dch chuyn Trt hon ton
S ph thuc ca lc ma st vo gi tr dch chuyn L Sau trng thi dch chuyn ban Page u28 loftr ng thi trt n nh vi 107 Fms= const
2.
i lng c trng ca ma st: Trong k thut s dng 3 i lng: H s ma st: T s gia lc ma st v ti trng php tuyn f =Fms/N
H s ma st khi va p: T s ca s thay i v mt ng lng ca vt th theo hai hng tip tuyn v php tuyn.
fvd
mv 2 t mv 1t = mv 2n mv 1n
fw= Wms/Wtng
Page 29 of 107
2 phn loi ma st
1. Cn c vo dng chuyn ng Ma st trt: Ma st xy ra gia hai b mt c chuyn ng trt tng i Ma st ln: Ma st xy ra gia hai b mt c chuyn ng ln tng i Ma st xoay: Ma st xy ra gia hai b mt c chuyn ng xoay tng i Ma st hn hp:
2.
Cn c vo iu kin b mt
Ma st khng c cht bi trn: L ma st ca hai vt rn trn b mt khng c iu kinPage kh ng nh r rng cht bi trn hay bt 30 of 107 k cht no, i khi cn c gi l ma st kh.
3.
4.
Ma st gii hn: L ma st ca hai vt rn c tn ti gia lin kt ca chng mt lp cht bi trn c phn t n 0,0001 mm, n c tnh cht hon ton khc vi tnh cht ca ton khi cht bi trn Ma st t: L ma st gia hai b mt c phn tch bi cc lp cht lng c chuyn ng tng i vi nhau, trong ng sut tip to thnh lc ma st. Ma st na t: L ma st c ng thi c ma st t v ma st gii hn. Cn c vo iu kin lm vic Ma st bnh thng: L ma st xut hin ch lm vic bnh thng (n nh). c trng bi s cn bng ng gia ph hy v phc hi lp mng oxt c tnh bo v trn b mt ma st Ma st khng bnh thng: L ma st xut hin ch lm vic khng bnh thng. N thng c th hin nhit ca cp ma st. Cn bng ng gia ph hy v phc hi b ph v. Cn c theo ng lc hc tip xc Ma st tnh xut hin trong qu trnh dch chuyn ban u, lc ma st ngn cn bin dng lp b mt Ma st ng xut hin trong qu trnh chuyn ng tng i Page 31 107 lc ma st ng s thc yofqu trnh bin dng trn lp b mt tng Ar
3. Cc nh lut c bn v ma st
Cc nh lut v bo ton nng lng, chuyn ng v cc nguyn l cc tiu c p dng trong iu kin ma st v mn bnh thng, ngha l quan h gia cc dng tng tc khc nhau trong qu trnh ma st mang tnh cht hon ton xc nh. 1. nh lut th nht. Cng ca lc ma st ngoi bng tng nhit sinh ra v cc nng lng c hp th (ch yu do kim loi). A=Q+E A - Cng ca lc ma st Q Nhit sinh ra E Nng lng do kim loi hp th Cng ma st ngoi khng bao gi bin hon ton thnh nhit: A >Q Nng lng hp th khng bao gi bng khng: E 0 E/A = f(p,v,c). Hm nng lng hp th tng i ca b mt ma st ph thuc vo tnh cht vt liu v iu kin ma st
Page 32 of 107
2.
nh lut th hai:
Lc ma st l tng ca cc lc thnh phn c dng lm tin trin cc qu trnh c l ha tt yu, ng vi iu kin tip xc nht nh ca cc vt th ma st. Fms = F1+F2 +F3+F4 +.+ F8 + F9kbt + F9bt + F10 F1 Lc ma st trong cc lp thy kh ng, F2 Lc ma st ta thy ng bn trt (cc lp bin) F3 Lc cn trt trong cc lp gii hn F4 Lc to di tip xc trong lp b mt rt mng F5 Lc to ra dao ng n hi trong cc lp di b mt F6 Lc lm bin dng cc th tch b mt v m F7 Lc ph hy cc lin kt bm dnh, khuych tn F8 Lc tng tc trng phn t, trng Vandecvan, trng b mt vi cc khuyt tt ca cu trc phn t F9kbt LcLc ph hy th tch v m ca kim loi F9bt Lc ph hy khuyt tt tch ly v cc cu trc th cp F10 Nng lng b khuych tn ra ngoi (pht x m) F1 & F2 xy ra khi bi trn thy kh ng, trong trnh ma st bnh thng F3 n F9bt, F10 xy raPage 33 ofqu 107 F6 n F9kbt, F10 xy ra trong qu trnh ma st khng bnh thng
3.
Qu trnh ma st bnh thng v khng bnh thng tng ng vi cc dng lin kt khc nhau Qu trnh ma st bnh thng c c trng bng tnh n nh ca h s ma st v n c gi tr nh nht nh lut th ba: Ba trng thi bin dng ng sut ng vi mt t hp cc thng s (vt liu, mi trng) nht nh c mt vng ca thng s c hc (p,v), trong tch phn ca hm nng lng hp th tng i trn b mt ma st ly trong ton th tch b bin dng c gi tr cc tiu Kt lun: Ba nh lut trn cho php phn tch qu trnh ma st phc tp v ch ra min bnh thng trong gn nh ton b cng ma st bin thnh nhit
E(v ) v A = min
4.
pth1
I Vng n nh mn oxy ha II Vng chuyn tip III Vng bin dng v ph hy mn khng bnh thng (trc, co xc)
Ph thuc ca h s ma st vo vn tc trt I Vng n nh mn oxy ha II Vng chuyn tip khng bnh thng ng vi trc loi I (V<Vth) III Vng khng bnh thng khng bnh thng ng vi trc loi II(V>Vth)
Vth1
Vth2
Page 36 of 107
4. Bn cht ca ma st ngoi
# # 1. Bn cht ma st ngoi rt phc tp, l tng hp ca cc qu trnh c l ha din ra ng thi. Ma st ngoi din ra trong din tch tip xc rt nh khng quan st c trc tip. Bin dng khi ma st (n hi hoc do) Bin dng l phn ng chng li tc dng ngoi lc ca cc vt th vt l Bin dng L qu trnh ch yu nh hng n ma st ngoi. nh hng Fms, l nguyn Thay i din tch tip xc Pht trin cc bin dng vt l Gy cc hin tng dn xut khc 2.
nhn hnh thnh thnh phn ma st c hc (S cn tr trt ca cc lp v bin dng trong ma st trt)
Bm dnh v khuch tn khi ma st Tng tc vt l ca cc b mt ma st c th hin bi hin tng bm dnh v khuych tn. Xut hin cc lin kt gia cc b mt ca cc vt th ti vng tip xc thc Bm dnh tnh: Sc cn chng tch ly ban u. Bm dnh ng: Sc cn chng tch ly cc giai on khc nhau Lc bm dnh l lc cn chuyn ng tng i ca hai vt th Page 37 of theo phng vung gc v i 107 b mt ma st. Lc phn t v lc bm dnh khng sinh cng
Khuych tn: l qu trnh thm nhp v phn tn cc nguyn t, phn t gia cc b mt tip xc ma st. Hin tng ny c p dng trong phng php chuyn dch chn lc 3. Ph hy khi ma st Kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh ma st l s ph hy b mt ma st bi s bong tch hoc co xc to ra cc phn t mn. Do bin dng c lp i lp li nhiu ln Do dnh kt v khuych tn lp i lp li lm tng th tch cc phn t chuyn di. Lc ma st. L tng lc cn tr gy bin dng b mt ma st v lc lin kt gia cc phn t trong lin kt bm dnh, khuych tn, bong tch f = fpt + fch Fms = Fch + Fpt Thnh phn bin dng thng nh. Thnh phn phn t c tnh cht quyt nh iu ny th hin r trong ma st khng cht bi trn: Thng c trt theo kiu bc nhy: rung khi khi ng, rt khi phanh, rung khi dao tin ct Mng oxit v bi c nh hng nhiu n lc ma st: lc ma st phn t, din tch tip xc. Page 38 of 107
4.
Bi trn gii hn xy ra khi b mt ma st b phn tch bi mt cht bi trn rt mng c chu dy c phn t n 0,1m, c tnh cht hon ton khc ton khi cht bi trn. Bi trn bng mng du
Do sc bn nn cao, sc bn tip tuyn v sc bn lin kt vi b mt ma st rt nh. Gim lc ma st t 2- 10 ln so vi ma st kh Gim mn 100 ln C ch: Di tc dng ca ti bin dng tn ti mng du v c th c s thm nhp ca b mt nhng khng ph hy mng. Lc ma st l tng ca sc cn trt lp gii hn v sc cn cy xi bi phn din tch thm nhp. Din tch tip xc nh bin dng do nhit tng ph hy mng cc b bm dnh tng lc ma st Do tnh linh ng v kh nng hp th nn c kh nng t phc hi mng du. nh hng ca sng din tch tip xc gim tip xc do nh hng ca oxy lm oxy ha cc cht trong du to thnh cc hp cht lin kt bn vng vi kim loi. V vy pha thm ph gia vo du
Page 39 of 107
S s trt ca vt rn khi bi trn gii hn A - on truyn ti trng B - on tip xc Bi trn gii hn vi cht rn: Graphit,disulfit molipdel MoS2, sulfit bc, ch xp To mng gii hn c bn nn rt cao, bn ct rt nh Graphit: C cng phng vung gc vi mt phng ca cc lp trong mng tinh th xp x bng kim cng, bn cc phng song song vi cc lp rt nh. H s ma st f = 0,03 0,04 Khi c m v mng oxit kim loi s Cu truc tinh tng cng bm dnh vo kim th Graphit loi MoS2: Tng t nh G, dng nhit thp v trong chn khng. Khi c m h Page s ma st tng do s c mt ca lu hunh 40 of 107 nhit 5830C to thnh cc ht rn
5.
Kim loi mm (khng b bin cng, khng to thnh dung dch rn). Babit, ng thanh ch, hp kim ng Mng kim loi mm c bn nn tt. Khi c chuyn ng s dn n s ct trong kim loi mm, din tch tip xc khng ln (nn cng) lc ma st gim. Ma st khi bi trn t
B mt ma stb phn tch hon ton bi lp bi trn lng
p sut du cn bng vi ngoi lc Cc lp du c khong cch > 0,5 m vi b mt chuyn ng t do vi nhau Lc ma st ph thuc vo: nht ca du Gi tr bng tng lc cn ca cc lp du theo chiu dy ca mng du. Theo chiu dy mng du gm c: Cc phn t hot tnh hp th vo b mt kim loi Lp gii hn Ri vi m Dng chy tng.
1. Cu trc kim loi ban u 2. Tinh th b bin dng c hng 3. Tinh th b ph hu, b oxy ho v lp hp th b mt 4. Lp phn t mn 5. Lp gii hn 6. Vng chuyn ng vi vi m 7. Dng du chy tng 6. Ma st khi bi trn na t
Bi trn na t l ng thi c c bi trn t v bi trn gii hn
Ti cn bng vi lc php tuyn ca cc phn b mt tip xc v p sut thy ng ca du bi trn. Lc ma st bng tng lc tng tc b mt theo phng tip tuyn v sc cn nht. Gm c hai dng: B mt ma st thu hp thnh cc khe hp to ra dng chy v lc nng nhng khng tip nhn ton b ti Page 42 of 107 nhp nh t o thnh cc nm du vi m, hnh thnh ngay c khi vn tc nh
Page 43 of 107
5. Tnh ton h s ma st
1. Fms = Fpt + Fch f = fpt + fch Cng thc tnh h s ma st theo thc nghim Fms = f.N f h s ma st N Ti trng php tuyn, Theo Leonardvinci f = 0,25 Coulomb Fms = A+ B.N Hay f = (a/n) +B A - c trng cho mi tng tc gia hai vt th ma st Tabor v bowden Thnh phn bin dng l khng ng k so vi thnh phn ma st phn t fpt = /pt bn ct ca vt liu mm hn pt p lc chy Page 44 f of =107 0,17 0,2
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cng thc R.Kinh v Tabor : (2.15) f = f0 + K. T Trong : K L h s thc nghim Khi f0 = 0 v K = 1 cng thc Tabor v Bowden Cng thc R.T.Spurr v T.P.Navcomb c mi quan h 4d (2.16) f= 3 D Trong : D - L ng knh mu th d - L chiu rng vt ng trt Cng thc Rabinowic tnh h s ma st cho tip xc do: 2Wab . cos f = 1 + (2.17) PT P.a Trong : v PT - sc bn ct v gii hn chy Wab - Nng lng bm dnh - Gc nghing ca nhp nh a - Bn knh vng bm Page dnh 45 of 107
6.
Tnh ton h s ma st
1. i vi tip xc cc b (duy nht) Khi tip xc do: Vi gi thit mt vt th rn tuyt i, cn vt th kia do l tng. Khi < 0,5.T th h/r c th biu din qua ti, cng v h s ma st s l: 0 0,31 N f = + + ( p2 = c . T ) pr r c . T
Fmax khi
pr = 1,5.
0 . H
Trong : o & Thng s ma st ca thnh phn phn t r Bn knh cong ca nhp nh, - H s n hi ca vt liu, - H s mt mt do tr khi trt N Ti trng php tuyn tc dng ln nhp nh, T Gii hn ca vt liu Page chy 46 of 107 h Chiu su thm nhp
2.
f =
0
pr
+ + 0 ,52 .
pc pr
pc
2 2 + 1
1 2 + 1
2 + 1
2 dh . + + 0,19. K vf k
1 2 + 1
H ( pc . )
1 2 + 1
2 + 1
Khi = 2 : f =
2,1. 0 . 4 / 5
2 1 Page pc 5 . 5 47 of 107
2 1 1 5 + 0,23. H .pc 5 . . 5
0 T +
1 2 ( 2 +1 )
f=
2 +1
K. 0 . Hb R b
Khi = 2
f=
2,5. 0 .
0, 4
Hb R b
0,1
Trong : Thng s t hp b mt Thng s ca ng cong phn b, Hb Chiu cao ca sng Rb Bn knh cong ca sng pc p lc vng
Kd f =
.( + 1) 3 dn . ; K f 3 4 48 of 107 ( + ) Page 2
3 8 .( + 2 ) = 3 ( + 2)
6 ma st ln
Mt bnh xe ln trn mt nn phng c nh Khi n quay mt gc Trc ca bnh xe di chuyn tng i vi mt nn mt lng l R Chuyn ng ca a trn c gi l ln thun tu. Trong trng hp ln thun tu, im bnh xe tip xc vi nn s khng c chuyn ng tng i.
o
S ln ca bnh xe trn nn c nh
Cc im ca bnh xe so vi tm quay tc thi O1 c vn tc gc l =
v0 OO1
Page 49 of 107
Trc i qua im O1 v vung gc vi mt phng ln ca bnh xe c gi l trc quay tc thi Trn thc t do bin dng ca cc vt th tip xc, im tip xc ln khng nm trn ng trc quay tc thi m trn mt b mt nht nh Nu bnh xe chu tc dng ca ngoi lc N vi phng ca lc l OO1 m bo bnh xe ln vi vn tc khng i, cn phi t vo bnh xe mmen quay. N c thc hin bng cch t mt lc F0 ln, c im t lc trn trc quay tc thi nh hnh v. Mmen ca lc ny so vi im O1 s cn bng vi mmen cn ln. H s ma st ln k c xc nh theo t s ca mmen chuyn ng M vi ti php tuyn N
k=
M F0 .R = N N
Nh vy h s ma st ln khc vi h s ma st trt, n c th nguyn l n v o chiu di. H s cn ln f vi c trng khng th nguyn c xc nh bng t s gia cng ca lc chuyn ng F0 trn mt n v chiu di ng ln v ti php tuyn
Khi mt tr ln u (trng thi cn bng) th mmen tc dng M = F0.R cn bng vi mmen phn lc xut hin, tc dng ca phn lc N = N b dch chuyn mt khong cch e so vi phng ca ti php tuyn, theo chiu ca chuyn ng ln:
f=
M. N.R.
Hay
F0 .R F0 f= = N.R N
F0 .R = N'.e e =
F .D e= 0 =k 2.N
hay v mt gi tr
Tnh h s cn ln:
F.D 2.N'
V
xo
ao
1. khi nim c bn v mn
nh ngha Mn l qu trnh ph hu lp b mt ca vt th rn trong tip xc ma st, gi tr mn c nh gi theo s suy gim kch thc hay khi lng hoc theo th tch mn Mn l mt phn ng ca h thng ma st i vi tc ng ca h thng bn ngoi. Dng mn chnh xc khng th c xc nh da vo cc gii hn n gin Cn c vo vt th th 3 c 3 qu trnh mn Cn c vo dng tip xc n hi, n do v ct t vi. Mn ca cp ma st. Mn cp ma st: L mn ti hai b mt tip xc c chuyn ng tng i ca cc chi tit lp ghp trong iu kin s dng Kt cu ma st: Kt cu my cha cc cp ma st, c vai tr quan trng phn b p sut, ta nhit, chng bi Lng mn: (U). L mn ca cp ma st trong khong thi gian of 107 hoc trn mt qung Page ng52 ma st no (mm, mg, mm3)
Chng 3 : mn
du du ; dt dl
Cng mn: (I) L i lng nh gi mn trn mt n v chiu di qung ng ma st theo th tch, hoc khi lng hoc cao lp mn Cng mn khng th nguyn: (Ih) Khng ph thuc vo n v o dng nh gi qu trnh mn, xc nh dng bin dng, hoc so snh vi qu trnh mn tiu chun. Lng mn gii hn: [U] L lng mn m nu tip tc s dng s gy ra h hng hoc khng c hiu qu kinh t, l cn c c bn xc nh tui th ca cp ma st ([U], T, nhng khng th tng [U] mi c )
Page 53 of 107
1. S ph thuc ca qu trnh mn theo thi gian hoc theo qung ng ma st Khi cp ma st bt u lm vic s din ra qu trnh chyn t trng thi b mt ban u trng thi b mt lm vic. qu trnh chy r quyt nh tnh cht ca b mt lm vic. Phn chia s ph thuc ca mn thnh ba giai on: chy r, mn n nh v mn khc lit U Umax
0 I II IIi L (t)
Qu trnh mn gm 3 giai on (I) Giai on chy r: L giai on khng cn bng ca qu trnh mn, giai on ny nm trong tui th chung ca thi gian lm vic vi tip xc nh. c c trng bi tc mn gim dn theo thi gian. m bo qu trnh tip xc n hi trong khp ma st din ra mt cch t pht
Rz ( m)
dU dU hoc dt dl S thay i ca b mt hnh hc trong qu trnh chy r ca mu thp 45 v hp kim POC 55-5 trong iu kin ma st gii hn p0 = 30 kgf/cm2, v = 5m/s, v nhp nh ban u nh nhau.
5 4 3 2 1
10
D kin nhp nh th cp Bin php cng ngh ph hp (II) Giai on mn n nh: L giai on di nht v mt thi gian v c c trng bi s n nh ca tc mn theo thi gian
tu: D do on gi tr ti u ph thuc p, v n nh nhit, d kin T (III) Giai on mn khc lit: L giai on c trng bi s tng vt ca tc mn Khi U t n gii hn nht nh lm thay i ch lp ghp cp ma st Cht lng b mt xu i
dU dU hay dt dL
Ra (m) 9 2 1 30 60 90 120 150 t (ph) 12 11 nhn 3 10 0,24 0,20 0,16 0,12 0,08 0,04 0
S thay i nhp nh b mt trc nh hng ca cc qu trnh khuu ph thuc vo thi gian chy r khc nhau n mn b chy r ; 1, 2, 3 tng ng vi tc mt lp ghp ca chi tit myPage 56 of 107 100, 800, 1700 v/p.
H: Gi tr mn v m 2. c trng vi m ca qu trnh mn: h V ih = = : Cng d mn don v d 2 Ar .d 2 h: Gi tr mn vi m v = h. Ar d1 d2 = d d1: Kch thc trung bnh vt tip xc theo hng trt d2: Kch thc trung bnh vt tip xc theo phng vung gc vi hng trt A A 4 I h = ih r ih r Aa Aa Ngoi hai c trng c bn ny, mt s trng hp cn s dng Cng mn theo khi lng: G Page 57 of 107 Ig = L
Iv =
V L
I =
v
V N .L
N: Ti trng php tuyn; Lms: ng trt Quan h gia cng mn khng th nguyn v cng mn n v th tch Ih W= pa pa- p lc danh ngha trn b mt tip xc: Cng mn khng th nguyn ca cp ma st c th c xc nh theo kch thc thay i ca n hay theo khi lng vi cc tnh ton hnh hc ca ma st theo cng thc: Theo kch thc:
V Page 58 ofA 107 t .L Ih =
Ih =
G Ih = Aa .L
mt ma st r Khi lng ring ca vt liu mn. Cng mn ca cc vt liu ni chung nm trong khong Ih = 10-3 10-13
Page 59 of 107
M hnh cu trc ca cc lp Page b mt trong trng hp chu mi mn 60 of 107 dng I (a)& dng II(b)
2.
3.
Mn xy ha: L qu trnh mn ca chi tit ma st do tng tc gia cc lp kim loi b mt hot tnh b bin dng do vi oxy ca khng kh hay ca du bi trn hp th trn b mt gy ra. Th hin s hnh thnh cc lp mng v s bong tch ca cc lp mng y ra khi b mt ma st Mn oxy ha l qu trnh n nh ca cn bng ng gia ph hy v phc hi ca cc lp mng oxt, c trng cho iu kin ma st bnh thng Mn Oxy ho l dng mn quan trng nht ca mn c ho. Trc: L qu trnh h hng khng cho php ca b mt ma st do kt qu ca s hnh thnh mi lin kt kim loi cc b, bin dng v ph hy cc lin kt y km theo vic bong tch cc ht kim loi y hay bm dnh cc ht y ln b mt tip xc. Trc loi I: Xut hin khi ma st trt vi vn tc dch chuyn tng i nh v p sut ln hn gii hn chy trn nhng vng tip xc thc khi khng c du bi trn v trong chn khng (vi c trng hp ma st ln) Bin dng do khng nhit ca vt liu
Page 61 of 107
4.
5.
6.
Trc nhit: L qu trnh h hng ca b mt ma st vi s xut hin cc lin kt kim loi do b nung nng, lm mm, bin dng v tip xc ca b mt thun khit to nn. Ph thuc vo tnh cht nhit l ca vt liu ma st (ph thuc vo bn cht vt liu): Tnh n nh nht, cng, nhit dung, Trc nhit l hin tng kh ph bin v nguy him. tnh do nhit Mn do mi: L qu trnh h hng do mi xut hin nhng chi tit chu ma st ln, kt qu ca s ph hoi mnh lit cc lp kim loi b mt trong iu kin c bit ca trng thi ng sut. c trng ch yu l cc qu trnh bin dng do lp i lp li, lm mm, lm bn v gim bn cc lp b mt kim loi pht sinh cc ng sut d v c s mi c bit S ph hoi b mt th hin bi cc vt nt t vi, cc rnh trng phn nhm hay c lp Mn Fretting: L qu trnh xut hin khi c ma st trt vi nhng chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi rt nh v khi c tc dng ca ti trng ng. Vn tc mn fretting nh nht l vn tc gii hn, di vn tc gii hn ny qu trnh mn fretting khng xy ra. Xut hin trong nhng b phn v cp lp ghp rt khc nhau, ngay c trong nhng bPage ph of n107 v cp lp ghp khng lm vic 62
Page 64 of 107
4. bn cht qu trnh mn ca cp ma st
# Qu trnh mn cc b mt ma st c chuyn ng tng i vi nhau thng xuyn xy ra ct, b gy nhp nh, to thnh cc nhp nh mi, lm nhn cc b mt hoc nn p cc b mt gy bin dng, lm tng nhit , tng tc dng phn ng ho hc vi mi trng bn ngoi qu trnh mn l s kt hp ng thi ca hin tng bong tch v hin tng nn p cc b mt nhp nh # Qu trnh mn bao gm ba hin tng: Tng tc gia cc b mt ma st, thay i xy ra trong lp b mt, v s ph hu chng. Ba qu trnh ny khng ngng xo trn v nh hng ln nhau. 1. S tng tc gia cc b mt ma st. Tng tc c hc: S thm nhp v mc ni ca cc nhp nh b mt Cc nhp nh b bin dng (n hi hoc do) cn tr chuyn ng Fch Tng tc phn t: S bm dnh v khuych tn lp b mt. Hn dnh cc nhp nh Hin tng chuyn di vt liu Fpt
Page 65 of 107
2. S thay i din ra trong lp b mt: Do bin dng, do tng nhit , do tc ng ho hc ca mi trng bn ngoi, do vn chuyn vt liu, do mi
a. Do bin dng:
Bin dng n hi. Trc mi b mt khi ma st ln do s khng hon thin ca cu trc. Ri rc cu trc do nhp nh b mt bin dng nhiu ln khi ma st trt lp i lp li Ma st mi Bin dng do (ch c php xy ra trong qu trnh chy r Cng mn ln) Lm thay i cu trc ca vt liu lp b mt do 4 qu trnh: Trt theo cc b mt phng tinh th. Song tinh th Lch nguyn t ra khi v tr cn bng, chuyn ng nhit ca chng S ph hu cu trc. Bin dng do nhit < nhit kt tinh li bin cng lm bn lp b mt. cng ca cc thnh phn cu trc khc nhau di tc dng ca ti mn trn nn mm, p sut cc thnh phn cng tng p vo thnh phn mm Page ph v dch chuyn chng lm giu 66v of 107 cu trc.
b. Do tng nhit :
Nhit lp mn b mt > nhit kt tinh li ha mm (lm phng, lm nhn) Xy ra trn ton b hoc mt thnh phn ca hp kim Nhit cao + bin dng do thun li cho qu trnh khuych tn Tng nhit cc b, lm lnh nhanh chng do khi kim loi bao quanh cu trc ti Bin dng do tng gradian nhit , bin i cu trc, ng sut trong vt liu Vi m: Nhit cao, ti trng cao to thnh cu trc mcma plasma vi cc tng tc xy ra trong thi gian cc ngn t 10-7 n 10-8 giy, nh lut c in khng p dng c km theo hin tng pht ra in t.
1 Cu trc ban u ; 2 in t pht ra Page 67 of 107 3 macma Plasma; 4 - Cu trc nng chy
Lp b mt chi tit chu chuyn ng lp i lp li i du ca ng sut. Mn ca vt rn do mi ging s ph hy khi mi, tuy nhin mn quan st d dng cn ph hy do mi biu hin bng s c bt ng. 4. S ph hy cc b mt ma st. C 5 dng ph hy c bn. Ct vi m: Phn t cng, ht mi, ht mn thm nhp n su nht nh ct vi m (thng t xy ra) To vt xc: Phn t thm nhp khi trt y vt liu sng hai bn, y v pha trc, p xung di vt xc, gn nh song song vi ng hng trt. Bong tch: Vt liu b chy do y v mt pha trn ln mng xit, mt lin kt vi KL gc d bong tch Tip xc im, ng ng sut theo chiu su bn mi bong tch dng ny. Trc: Do ng sut, nhit trc cc phn t cng, phn t KL chng ma st ch yu trong ma st ln. Do ng sut v do nhit Bt su: L hu qu ca mi lin kt bm dnh khi mi lin kt ny c tng tc phn t bn vng hn KL tham gia ma st. 69 of 107 Sn phm mn l cc hPage t c th ti mm c th b p ra, dnh kt vi nhau hoc bm dnh vo b mt lp ghp
e. Do mi.
5 nhng nh lut c bn
Ph thuc vo yu t tc ng c hc bn ngoi (p,v), tc dng ha l ca mi trng, tnh cht ca cc vt liu chu ma st, qu trnh ma st c th l nhng t hp ca cc qu trnh c hc, vt l, ho hc khc nhau. Khi thng thng mt trong nhng qu trnh ny s chim u th, cn cc qu trnh khc km theo s c nh hng nh n qa trnh. 1. nh lut th nht Cc qu trnh din ra trn b mt qu trnh ma st c k hiu: P1, P2, P3, Pn vi vn tc tng ng: vp1, vp2, vp3, vpn. Dng mn c quyt nh bi qu trnh Pj din ra trn b mt ma st vi tc ln nht vpj. vpj vpi (i = 1..n) Khi mn l n nh, tc ph hy cc b mt lm vic (tc mn) khng th ln hn tc ca qu trnh quyt nh dng mn. vmn vpj H qu: iu kin m bo s tn ti ca mn oxy ha: vox vmn Gim tc qu trnh mn Tng tc qu trnh oxy ha
Page 70 of 107
2.
nh lut th hai: Tnh chng mn khi mn xy ha c quyt nh bi cng hnh thnh v tnh cht ca cc cu trc th cp xut hin trong qu trnh ma st. H qu: Khi mn xy ha cn c gng m bo: vox min Gim thiu bin dng do v ph hy Cc tiu tr s E Thay i tnh do ca kim loi theo hng c li Thay i bn cht ca cu trc th cp Cng xy ha ph thuc vo gii hn chy ca vt liu: vox = f(ch) Phn chia thnh hai nhm: ) Kim loi v hp kim m lp mng c cng tng, gin nh, lin kt vi kim loi gc ln ) Kim loi v hp kim m lp mng c cng nh, gin cao, lin kt vi kim loi gc yu iu kin ma st
Page 71 of 107
3.
Quy lut mn thc nghim Hai yu t chnh nh hng n qu trnh mn: Tc trt v p sut php tuyn
A. nh hng ca tc trt.
i Mi quan h c tnh nguyn tc cho trng hp tng qut c ba giai an in hnh: Ii Giai on n nh ng vi IIi mn xy ha trong ch i I ma st bnh thng. Giai on khng bnh 0 v'th v''th vth thng vi trc loi I Giai on khng bnh th nguyn tc cng thng vi trc loi II v qu mn ph thuc vn tc ti nhit ca vng tip xc.
Page 72 of 107
Pth
Page 73 of 107
1.
p I= H
a
20
Trong : 10 Pa - p lc danh ngha H - cng m - ch s mn, thng bng1. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 n p dng khi bin dng n hi, Chiu su ca mu ph thuc ti trng ln, cng lnPage . 74 of 107 vo s chu k chu ti
Theo R.Home.
W = Z.
N HB
Page 75 of 107
2.
tnh mn theo nng lng Phn t mn b tch ra khi lp b mt tng ng vi th tch vt liu no tch ly ni nng d tr. Phn ln cng ca lc ma st phn tn di dng nhit nng, cn mt phn nh 9 16% tch ly trong vt liu di dng ni nng nguyn nhn ph hy b mt khi ma st Khi nim nng lng o l nng lng ma st b mt et*
eT =
WT Vd
eT =
= f.Pr lc ma st ring h cng mn. Nng lng b mt c bn eT* c xc nh bng t s gia cng ca lc ma st v th oftch Page 76 107 vt liu b bin dng
Ih
Trong : =
V V
n .e e =
k T
Te
bd
Vbd: th tch bin dng ni tch ly nng lng ma st. Cng mn c tnh theo phng trnh:
. I = e .n
h Te
hay
k
f .p . I = e .n
a h Te k
N T
R
Nn
Ko
Nn
Chm cu cng trt trn b mt bin dng xut hin thnh phn ng sut phc tp. Pha trc tn ti vng ng sut nn, Pha sau tn ti vng ng sut ko. Bin thin ng sut theo chu k trong th tch vt liu lp b mt, vi gi tr bin khng vt qu gii hn n hi ca vt liu. Mi chu k tc ng lm tch ly cc h hng xy ra s ph hy vt liu do mn. C s tnh. Mi quan h gia ma st n v v bin dng ca th tch vt liu trong vng tip xc thc. Tc ng tng h khi ma st l phn tn, cc tip xc xy ra trn cc phn ring bit gi l din tch tip xc thc. B mt nhp nh di tc dng ca ti php tuyn s thm nhp vo nhau hoc b bp. Vng vt tip xc thc c hnh thnh tng ng vi ng sut v bin dng. Trong qu trnh ma st th tch vt liu cc b nm di lp b mt chu tc ng tng h lp i lp li nhiu ln S chu k dn n ph hy ph thuc vo bin ng sut tc dng l hm:
n=
const
Trong vi Th tch phn t mn b tch ra ni S chu k tc ng tch th tch vt liu vi v Th tch phn t mn tng ng vi mt tng tc ma st Th tch phn t mn vi bng th tch vt liu nh nht Vb tham gia vo bin dng ti im tip xc. Kho st trng hp: Ma st ca hai vt rn, mt tuyt i phng v bin dng n hi, cn vt kia tuyt i rn v c nhp nh thay i. B mt nhp nh c m hnh ho bi cc chm cu n l c bn Page 79 of 107 knh nh nhau, c ng cong phn b nh ca b mt thc.
v n v i v 1 = = ni n1 nn
hi
tp
Rmax
h / Rmax tp = b.e
M hnh tip xc ca vt rn tuyt i c nhm vi b mt phng ca vt liu bin dng n hi Th tch vt liu Vb c tnh ton vi vic s dng ng cong phn b: tp = b.
Trong
h khong cch t mt phng ang xt ti mt phng i qua nh nhp nh cao nht b, Thng s ca ng cong phn b Rmax Chiu cao ln nht ca profin nhp nh Th tch Vb c xc nh theo phng trnh: h Ac .Rmax .b. + 1 Ar .Rmax . = Vb = Ar .dh = Ac .Rmax . b. .d = +1 +1 0 0 Vb A .h h 1 V ih = = r = Vi: ih = Ar .d .n + 1 Ar .d .n ( + 1)d .n Ar .d Vi m hnh chm cu: d 2 rh ; 0 ,7 d r Cng mn c th hin: h Pa 1 A I h= .i h r =K 1. . r Pr n Aa Trong : K1 H s c xc nh do hnh dng hnh hc v s phn b theo cao ca cc nhp nh n trn mt vt th cng, K1 0,2 n: S chu k dn n tch phn t mn v A 81 kht ; of 107 = 0,5 khi tip xc n hi, = 1 = r h s trngPage Aa khi tip xc do.
h h
Cp I n V: Nhm bin dng n hi Cp VI n VII: Nhm n do Cp VIII n IX: Nhm ct t vi 1. Tnh ton cng mn cho tip xc n hi Qu trnh chy r l qu trnh bin i dn dn t tip xc ca b mt cng ngh sang tip xc n hi ca b mt lm vic
t 1 1 1 1 k.f f tf 1 2 . p 2 2 Ih = K1..22.P . P . P . a c r b
p sut cc b khi khng k n nh hng ca nhm n sng c tnh theo cng thc 0, 4 Trong : E: M un n hi Hb: Chiu cao sng Rb: Bn knh sng Gi tr ca pc thay i theo dng tip xc ca cc nhp nh b mt. Tip xc ca cc b mt khng chy r v khng c sng th pc = pa. Trng hp cc dng c o, c cu ng h, cht then, mi ghp ren, cam, bnh xe v ng ray
Hb 0, 2 pc = 0,2.E0,8 . .pa Rb
I h = K 2 . .Ktv P
1+
tf 2 .tf .tf tf 1 k . f p 2 + 1 .E 2 + 1 .2 + 1 .
1 .2 2 .K
1 t f 1 2
I h = K 2 . .KtvPage 83 of .E 107
t 1+ f P 5
4 tf 5
2tf . 5
k .fp f . b
Tip xc ca cc b mt nhp nh c sng v khng chy r, pa pc. Trong cc c cu ng dn hng my cng c, m phanh, ly hp ma st
Ih = K3..KtvP
Trong :
t 1+ f 5( 2 +1)
.E
.tf Hb .2 +1
2tf 5( 2 +1)
Rb
k.fp f . b
K 3 = K 2 .0,2
I = K . .K . p .E
h 3 tv
t f 1
0 ,4 t f
H .( ) R
b b
0 ,1 t f
kf
tf
Tip xc ca cc b mt chy r: Trong trng hp ny bao gm cc chi tit c kt cu bt k, m trn b mt ma st nhp nh ti u c thit lp.
. f 1,4 0 H + E
107 Khng ph thuc vo tPage i v84 of i lng c trng hnh hc t vi
5 15. 0 4 4 1 5 5 2 E .P .h 4
1
1 T 2
k.fp b
tf
1 ,2
r .r = r + r
1 2 1
E =
td
E .E E +E
1 2 1
Nu cc b mt c nhp nh khc nhau hn 2 cp b mt th nhp nh ca b mt phng hn c th b qua. 85 m n trn da vo gi thuyt vt rn Cc cng thc tnh cng Page of 107 tuyt i trn vt th mm hn v mn xy ra trn vt th mm.
M = (1 + c )2 (1+ )
=
1 2v + 1
t f
c=
Khi c 0 th 1. Nu mun n hi khng khc nhau nhiu th <1. V d cn xc nh mn ca vt th gy mn l trc thp tip xc ma st vi cao su. Khi chc chn c cao su l bin dng so vi trc thp, gi thit tf = 2; b = 1/5 ; c = 104. Vy a = 1,6 .10-5
Page 86 of 107
2. Tnh ton cng mn cho tip xc do. i vi tip xc do (s chu k mn nh), s chu k ph hu n ph thuc vo gi tr bin bin dng:
Trong : t S m ng cong ma st do mi e0 C gi tr xp x dn di tng i khi t b Gi tr ca t dao ng trong phm vi hp t 2 n 3. Quan h gia n v bin dng ti vng tip xc, tnh nng c l, nhp nh b mt, v c trng ma st c xc nh di y :
e n= 0 e
1 v + 2 K tv = 1 (v ). 1 + 2
Thay th gi tr ca n vo phng trnh (3.43) cng mn khi tip xc do c biu th nh sau:
I=
Trong :
1 2 2
P a HB
1+ t 1 t
1+ t 2
1+ t K t c1. a e0 d f t
Kd f
1 + 2. f .HB = 2. f .HB 1
Ac c ,a = Page 88 107 Aof a
Nh vy cng mn t l vi p sut v thng s b mt t hp vi s m ln hn 1, khi h s ma st cng cao th cng mn cng ln. Tnh nng c l ca vt liu th hin trong cng thc (3.66) bng tha s:
HB
1+ t 1
.e0
t
Page 89 of 107
2.
3.
Tng b lm gim mn. Tng tf- s chu k cn tch phn t mn cng ln.
Tng c trng bn ca b mt vt liu ni chung lm tng tnh chng mn.
4.
c trng ca ma st tip xc (h s ma st f)
nh hng n cng mn khng tuyn tnh do f =f(E, , pa, v0, ) Mc nh hng nh c trng bn vi ch s m l tf. nh hng ln.
Do thay i trong khong: 10-3 < < 1 Ch s mc dao ng ln (s m 0,8- 4)
5.
sng b mt: nh hn ti mn ch n bc 2. Mc nh hng <1 v khong thay i ch n 4 ln. Mn ca b mt chy r c trng t vi khng nh hng.
Page 91 of 107
Tng tc phn t ti tip xc: , nh hng ln (s m 2- 20) ph thuuc vo u kin ma st: Bi trn Lm sch b mt Mi trng xung quanh Thng s c trng cho trng thi. Cng mn thay i theo s cn trt ca lp b mt v vy s dng cht bi trn nhm tng tui th. Nhit v vn tc: Vn tc Xc nh nhit ti im tip xc, cng sut to nhit. Thi gian tn ti ca lin kt ma st. Xc nh tc bin dng ca vt liu. Nhit tng: (thay i tnh cht c l ho lp b mt) H s ma st thay i khng c quy lut. tf khng r rng (phi xc nh cng nhit ) Trong quan h cng mn vi nhit , vn tc ti trng c nhng t bin ln khi t nhit nht nh (thay i bn cht vt liu)
Page 92 of 107
i (cm /cm)
10 10 10 10 10 10
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
10
-2
10
-1
10
10
N (Kgf)
Page 93 of 107
tnh ton mn
L bi ton c tnh cht c th: Th nht: Th tch vt liu chu ti trong khp ma st khng c nh n thay i ph thuc vo gi tr p lc, nhp nh b mt v cc nhp nh th cp ny sinh khi cp ma st lm vic. Th hai: Tip xc thc ca vt rn l tip xc ri rc ca cc th tch t vi vt liu b bin dng. Ni cch khc l khng s dng gi thuyt v tnh ng nht v ng hng ca vt liu. Gi thuyt ny c s dng rng ri trong c hc c in khi nghin cu vt rn bin dng. Th ba: Phn bit tnh ton bn (cc iu kin khng ph hu vt th) vi tnh ton mi mn c nh gi theo s tn ti ca cc c trng ph hu ch yu. Th t: Tnh cht ca vt liu tham gia vo ma st phn bit r rng vi tnh cht ca vt liu ban u, chng thay i trong qu trnh ma st v iu kin ph hu ca vt liu cng thay i.
Page 94 of 107
2.
Quy lut ca mn theo thi gian Trong a s cc trng hp quan h gia thi gian ca qu trnh mn v lng mn U tha nhn l quan h tuyn tnh. = U/t = const Chp nhn l thuyt mi ca cc dng mn khc nhau (tip xc n hi, tip xc do) cng mn tuyn tnh ph thuc vo p lc ti vng tip xc. I = kpm 1< m< 3; trong trng hp chy r m 1 Trong mn c ha, cng mn tuyn tnh theo thi gian v p lc c quan h tuyn tnh I = kp, lng mn tuyn tnh U khng ph thuc vo tc trt tng i: U = kpL Chia c hai v cho thi gian hot ng ca khp tribo t: = kpv H s c trng cho: Tnh chng mn ca vt liu iu kin hot ng ca khp (bi trn, bo v b mt, chng bi bn.) Tc mn theo thi g gian (), v tc mn tuyn tnh I quan h vi nhau bng phng trnh: Page 96 of 107 =v.I
Quy lut ny c s dng tnh mn cho nhiu chi tit my nh ng hng trt a ly hp ma st Vt me ai c Rnh trt trong c cu tay quay thanh truyn v tng t Trng hp chung tc mn theo thi gian l hm ly tha: = kpmvn Cho mn c ha: n = 1 Gi tr k chu nh hng trc tip ca vt liu cp trt, hnh hc t vi b mt ti im tip xc, iu kin lm vic
Page 97 of 107
2. xc nh lng mn gii hn
Tnh ton tui th d kin ca my mc thit b phi xc nh c lng mn gii hn [U] ca tng chi tit v ca tng cp chi tit: Lng mn gii hn [U] c xc nh theo ba nhm tiu chun khc nhau: 1. Do hu qu ca mn, thit b khng hot ng c na: 4 Dng my t ngt 4 Kt 4 Xy ra cc h hng v c kh 2. Do mn thit b, my mc lm vic trong iu kin: s b h hng trong mt thi gian ngn: 4 Xut hin va p 4 Xut hin rung ng 4 B mt n hi b mn rt nhanh 4 Nhit ca my tng ln 3. Do mn cc tnh nng c bn ca thit b vt qu ch tiu gii hn 4 Cht lng sn phm xu i 4 Mt nng sut 4 Gim hiu sut Page 98 of 107 4 Ting n tng
Trong trng hp tng qut ch tiu mn gii hn c xc nh theo hai hng khc nhau: Ca chi tit c lp trong khp tribo Tng hp ca nhiu chi tit trong c cu hoc c my.
Page 99 of 107
3. Xc nh tin cy cho cp ma st
1. Cc thng s lin quan n tin cy ca cp ma st: 4 T - Tui th ca khp tribo 4 Umax Lng mn gii hn ca khp tribo 4 Tc mn theo thi gian. T = Umax/ Tui th T ph thuc vo v bin ngu nhin vi khong dao ng rng Cc i s ngu nhin ca ca qu trnh mn (nh hng n mn): 4 4 4 Nhn t ngoi ~ lc, tc trt C tnh vt liu ~ cng, bn iu kn lm vic. Bin ngu nhin
Tnh tui th ca cp ma st da vo mn tnh mn theo thi gian U cng vi xc sut lm vic khng hng ca khp tribo P(t). Vi gi thit lng mn theo thi gian tun theo quy lut tuyn tnh c phng trnh mn: U = .t L bin ngu nhin tun theo lut s ln Mt xc sut a Pagec 100 of : 107
m =
U t
2 2 2 2 = D( kpv ) = k p . v +p .v m 2 + v .pm 2
2.
m k vng ton hc ca tc mn theo thi gian - lch tiu chun ( lch qun phng) ca tc mn theo thi gian Phng trnh mn tuyn tnh trong trng hp tng qut: U = a + .t a Thng s ban u ca cp ma st, ph thuc vo cht lng b mt n hi Tnh ton tin cy v tui th. Trong trng hp tng qut, vi lut mn tuyn tnh, tui th c tnh theo cng thc T = (Umax - a)/ T ph thuc vo hai bin ngu nhin a v Hai bin ngu nhin a v c tha nhn l tun theo phn b chun lng mn U ng vi gi tr t = T cng l phn b chun vi k vng ton hc: Um = a0 + .T Vi lch tiu chu n: Page 101 of 107
u =
2 a
2 2 .T
a0 K vng ton hc ca bin ngu nhin a a lch tiu chun ca bin ngu nhin a.
U
= 1 - P(T) = 0,5
[U]
= 1 - P(T)
Um = ao + .t
P(T)
2 2 u = + 2 .t
2 2 2 2 2 = p .v + p .v + 2 v .p
a0
Tm
L,(t)
Xc sut lm vic khng hng P(t) ca cp ma st ng vi chu k phc v t = T l c trng ca tui th v ph thuc vo c trng xc sut ca qu trnh mn. Xc sut ca qu trnh mn tng ng bng din tch nm di ng cong mt xc sut ca U: f(u), trong khong Umax U 0. Vi phn b chun xc sut khng hng c tnh nh ton t Laplace:
U =
Umax a 0 .T
2 2 a + 2 . T
Gii phng trnh bc hai ca T xc nh tui th tng ng vi cc xc sut lm vic khng hng P(t): Xc sut lm vic khng hng P(t) Xc sut trong gii hn cho ca thi gian lm vic T h hng ca i tng khng xut hin t (t )dt
P (t ) = e
Tn sut hng
N(t ) P(t ) = N0
Ttb =
0 P(t )dt
f (t ) P(t )
Cng hng
(t ) =
P(t) Xc sut lm vic khng hng trong thi gian t f(t) Mt phn phi ca thi gian lm vic n khi hng Tui th % - Thi gian lm vic m trong i tng cha t ti gi tr trng thi gii hn vi xc sut % cho:
1 Fd (t ) = 100
3.
4.
6.
Cn c vo iu kin lm vic ca chi tit, lng mn gii hn Umax = 10 m, lng mn ny c tnh ton c s lu n a0. Trong trng hp ny a0 = 0
Gii
==> k =
m = 6 .25 .10 4 pm .v m
Kt qu tnh ton P(T) U() T(h) 0,9 1,28 435 0,99 2,32
Page 107 of 107
385