FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LAB REPORT
Subject Code BFC 21201
Code & Experiment Title OPEN ENDED LAB THE HYDRAULICS JUMP
Course Code 2 BFF/1
Date 12 DECEMBER 2011
Section / Group 2/4
Name MUHAMMAD IKHWAN BIN ZAINUDDIN (DF100018)
Members of Group AHMAD FARHAN BIN RAKAWI (DF100142)
IDAMAZLIZA BINTI ISA (DF100128)
Lecturer/Instructor/Tutor CIK AMNANI BIN ABU BAKAR
EN JAMILULLAIL BIN AHMAD TAIB
Received Date 19 DECEMBER 2011














Comment by examiner

















Received


STUDENTS ETHICAL CODE
(SEC)
DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR


I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also
declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and
make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true





.
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)
NAME : MUHAMMAD IKHWAN BIN ZAINUDDIN
MATRIC NO. : DF100018
DATE : 19 DECEMBER 2011
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The concept of the hydraulic jump when the hydraulic drop that occurs at a sudden
drop in the bottom of a channel, and the free surface flow around obstructions like bridge
piers. A hydraulic jump forms when a supercritical flow changes into a subcritical flow.
The change in the flow regime occurs with a sudden rise in water surface. Considerable
turbulence, energy loss and air entrainment are produced in the hydraulic jump. A
hydraulic is used for mixing chemicals in water supply systems, for dissipating energy
below artificial channel controls, and as an aeration device to increase the dissolved
oxygen in water.

In a hydraulic jump there occurs a sudden change in liquid depth from less-than-
critical to greater-than-critical depth. The velocity of the flow changes from supercritical
to subcritical as a result of the jump. This transition takes place over a relatively short
distance, usually less than 5 times the depth of flow after the jump, over which the height
of the liquid increase rapidly, incurring a considerable loss of energy. An example of a
hydraulic jump can be observed when a jet of water from a faucet strikes the horizontal
surface of the kitchen sink. The water flows rapidly outward and a circular jump occurs.

We shall restrict the derivation of the basic equation of the hydraulic jump to
rectangular horizontal channels. First, we shall determine the downstream depth of the
jump by using the momentum and continuity equations for one-dimensional flow. Then
the energy loss due to the jump will be evaluated, using the energy equation.


2.0 OBJECTIVE

To investigate the characteristic a standing wave (the hydraulic jump) produced
when waters beneath an undershot weir have a slope and will be compare with previous
data which it does not have a slope.

3.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and
skills they have learned to:
a) Understand the concept and characteristics of hydraulic jump.
b) Understand the factors which influence the hydraulic jump.


4.0 THEORY









Figure 1 Hydraulic Jump without Slope Figure 2 Hydraulic Jump with Slope

When water flowing rapidly changes to slower tranquil flow, a hydraulic jump or
standing wave is produced. This phenomenon can be seen where water shooting under a
sluice gate mixes with deeper water downstream. It occurs when a depth less than critical
changes to a depth which is greater than critical and must be accompanied by loss of
energy. An undular jump occurs when the change in depth is small. The surface of the
water undulates in a series of oscillations, which gradually decay to a region of smooth
tranquil flow. A direct jump occurs when the change in depth is great. The large amount
of energy loss produces a zone of extremely turbulent water before it settles to smooth
tranquil flow.


By considering the forces acting with the fluid on either side of a hydraulic jump
of unit width it can be shown that :
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = A
g 2
v
d
g 2
v
d H
2
b
b
2
a
a

Where H is the total head loss across jump (energy dissipated) (m). v
a
is the
mean velocity before jump (m/s), d
a
is the depth of flow before hydraulic jump (m). v
b
is
the mean velocity after hydraulic jump (m) and d
b
is the depth of flow after hhydraulic
jump (m). Because the working section is short, d
a
d
b
and d
b
d
3.
Therefore,
simplifying the above equation, ( ) . d d 4 / d d H
3 1
3
1 3
= A



5.0 EQUIPMENT



















Figure 3: Self-contained Glass Sided
Tilting Flume.

Figure 4: Adjustable Undershot Weir

Figure 5: Control Panel

Figure 6: Instrument Carrier















6.0 PROCEDURES
i. Set up the opening gate with 40mm and make sure there is no leakage between the
gate and open channel wall.
ii. Adjust the slope, S
o
with +400 before switch on the pump.
iii. Switch on the pump switch and control the gate valve to get the flow depth.
iv. Wait and observe the movement of water until the water level remain and take the
reading of flow depth, d
o
(a depth before the gate).
v. Rotate the rail gates slowly and make sure it can form a waterfall
vi. Water jump must be formed close to the gate. Wait a while until the jump is fixed.
vii. Take the reading of flow depth, d
1
(in front of the gate, before the water jump), d
3

(in front of the gate, after the water jump) and flow rate, q (m
3
/s) at the control
panel.
viii. Before take the reading of flow depths, make sure the gauge must be at zero (0).
ix. After take the reading, raise the door gate to 40mm and slope, S
o
-400.
x. Make sure the water jump formed before still at the same place. If the jump move,
set the rail gate slowly using gate holder and make sure the jump is at the place.
xi. After the water jump fixed and stop (no movement), repeat procedure 6
xii. Switch off the pump switch after ended the experiment.
Figure 7: Hook and Point Gauge

Figure 8: Slope Adjustment

7.0 RESULT


Weir breadth, b = 0.300 m


Slope, S
o


Weir
opening, d
g

(m)
Upstream flow
depth, d
o

(m)
Flow Depth
above jump, d
1
(m)
Flow depth
below jump, d
3
(m)

Flow rate
(m
3
/s)
H V
1
H
d
1

d
3
d
1

+ 400 0.0400 0.1120 0.0250 0.0870 0.0110 0.0274 0.9167 1.0960 3.4800
- 400 0.0400 0.1550 0.0260 0.0900 0.0130 0.0280 1.0833 1.0769 3.4615
0 0.0400 0.1460 0.0240 0.0940 0.0120 0.0380 1.0000 1.5833 3.9167


1. Calculate V
1
and plot d
1
against V
1
2. Calculate H / d
1
and plot H / d
1
against d
3
/ d
1
3. Calculate d
c
and verify d
1
< d
c
< d
3

8.0 DATA ANALYSIS

Calculation from left to right: slope at +400, slope at -400 and slope at 0

Calculation for : H = (d
3

d
1
)
3

4d
1
d
3
= (0.087 - 0.025)
3

4 (0.025)(0.087)
= 0.0274 m
= (0.090 - 0.026)
3

4 (0.026)(0.090)
= 0.0280 m
= (0.094 - 0.024)
3

4 (0.024)(0.094)
= 0.0380 m

Calculation for : V
1

, Q = AV
V = Q
A
A = d
g
x b
= 0.040 x 0.300
= 0.012 m
2


Therefore,
V = 0.011
0.012
= 0.9167 m/s
A = d
g
x b
= 0.040 x 0.300
= 0.012 m
2


Therefore,
V = 0.013
0.012
= 1.0833 m/s
A = d
g
x b
= 0.040 x 0.300
= 0.012 m
2


Therefore,
V = 0.012
0.012
= 1.000 m/s

Calculation for : H
d
1
= 0.0274
0.025
= 1.0960
= 0.0280
0.026
= 1.0769
= 0.0380
0.024
= 1.5833

Calculation for : d
3
d
1
= 0.087
0.025
= 3.4800
= 0.090
0.026
= 3.4615
= 0.094
0.024
= 3.9167

Calculate for: d
c
= q
2

g
q = Q
b
= 0.011
0.300
= 0.0367 m
3
/s
m

Therefore,
d
c
= 0.0367
2

9.81
= 0.0516 m
q = Q
b
= 0.013
0.300
= 0.0433 m
3
/s
m

Therefore,
d
c
= 0.0433
2

9.81
= 0.0576 m
q = Q
b
= 0.012
0.300
= 0.0400 m
3
/s
m

Therefore,
d
c
= 0.0400
2

9.81
= 0.0546 m


Therefore:

S
o
d
1
< d
c
< d
3

+ 400 0.0250 < 0.0516 < 0.0870
- 400 0.0260 < 0.0576 < 0.0900
0 0.0240 < 0.0546 < 0.0940



9.0 DISCUSSION

A hydraulic jump can be viewed as discontinuous waves of all frequencies
(wavelengths), which are generated and propagate from a point near the jump. The waves
propagate both upstream and downstream. Since a large fraction of the waves fall in a
wavelength range where they are shallow water gravity waves that move at the same
speed for a given depth, they move upstream at the same rate.

However as the water shallows upstream, their speed drops quickly, limiting the
rate at which they can propagate upstream. Shorter wavelengths, which propagate more
slowly than the speed of the wave in the deeper downstream water, are swept away
downstream. A fairly wide range of wavelengths and frequencies are still present, so
Fourier analysis would suggest that a relatively abrupt wave front can be formed and this
is indeed observed in practice.

One of the most important engineering applications of the hydraulic jump is to
dissipate energy in channels, dam spillways, and similar structures so that the excess
kinetic energy does not damage these structures. The energy dissipation or head loss
across a hydraulic jump is a function of the magnitude of the jump. The larger the jump as
expressed in the fraction of final height to initial height, the greater the head loss.



10.0 CONCLUSION

Based on experiment data and, I found that the velocity for both slope is entirely
different. The velocity at slope +400 is 0.9167 m/s and the velocity at slope -400 is
1.0833. This situation is very different when the value of the slope is zero. The velocity
value for the slope at 0 is 1.0000 m/s. Hydraulic jump for slope at -400 is lower than
hydraulic jump for the slope at +400 and slope at 0. This is probably the factor of positive
and negative values of the slope and flowrate. At the negative slope we had to change the
flowrate from the 0.0110 m
3
/s (at +400) to 0.0130 m
3
/s for slope at -400 because of a
waves occurs only at the opening gate. From the data for d
1
, d
c
and d
3
in each slope is
normal. We can see that d
1
< d
c
< d
3
in each slope.

From the graph flow depth above jump, d
1
versus velocity, v
1
has shown that,
slope at -400 is higher that slope at 0 and slope at +400. This condition maybe occurs
because of the slope. The velocity will increased depend on the slope surface. From the
graph H / d
1
against d
3
/ d
1
also when slope is set to 0, the line is higher than slope at
+400 and -400.

In fact, I can summarize that the different slope and flowrate might be the big
factor that can effect on my data. Therefore, if all three flowrate used for each slope is
same, we might see be a huge difference for the data especially the velocity and heights of
the water hydraulic jump.


11.0 REFERENCES
i. Chaudhry, M. H. 1993. Open Channel Flow, pp 302-408. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
ii. Simon, A. L.1997. Hydraulics, pp 283-312. Prentice Hall, Inc