Software Livre Cultura Hacker&Ecossistema Da Colaboracao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração •
• Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
Software livre, cultura

hacker e ecossistema
da colaboração
Anderson Fernandes de Alencar

Murilo Bansi Machado
Rafael Evangelista
Sergio Amadeu da Silveira
Vicente Macedo de Aguiar (Org)
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP)

Biblioteca Prof. José Geraldo Vieira
S664
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração /

organização Vicente Macedo de Aguiar ; ilustrações
Murilo Machado. -- São Paulo: Momento Editorial, 2009.
Vários autores.
ISBN 978-85-62080-03-6
1. Ciência da computação 2. Software livre 3. Cultura

hacker 4. Ecossistema da colaboração I. Aguiar, Vicente
Macedo de II. Machado, Murilo
CDD 005.1
Conteúdo licenciado pela Creative Atribuição-Compartilhamento pela Licença 2.5 Brasil Com-
mons. Essa licença permite copiar, distribuir, exibir e criar obras derivadas sobre esta obra.
As novas obras devem conter menção aos autores nos créditos, porém as obras derivadas
precisam ser licenciadas sob os mesmos termos dessa licença.
Software livre, cultura hacker e

ecossistema da colaboração
Revisão
Karina Bersan Rocha
Diagramação
Capa
Aurélio A. Heckert

Rafael Evangelista
Vicente Macedo de Aguiar (Org)
Momento Editorial
2009
“Se você tem uma maçã e eu tenho uma

maçã, e nós trocamos as maçãs, então
você e eu ainda teremos uma maçã. Mas
se você tem uma idéia e eu tenho uma
idéia, e nós trocamos essas idéias, então
cada um de nós terá duas idéias”
George Bernard Shaw

Sumário
7
Introdução
Vicente Macedo de Aguiar
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15
Distros e comunidades: a dinâmica interna de
Debian, Fedora, Slackware e Ubuntu
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39
Software Livre e a Perspectiva da Dádiva: uma análise sobre a
produção colaborativa no projeto GNOME
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79
Política e Linguagem nos debates sobre software livre
Rafael Evangelista
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151
A tecnologia na obra de Álvaro Vieira Pinto e Paulo Freire
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movimento do software livre
189
Mobilização colaborativa, cultura hacker e a
teoria da propriedade imaterial
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271
Debates e discussões interativas
Introdução
A civilização do século XXI está cada vez mais conectada. As tecnologias

da informação, a exemplo da Internet, estão se tornando uma espécie de “tecido
digital” do cotidiano da vida humana. Assim, cada vez mais a rede mundial
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dinâmica econômica, política e cultural do mundo moderno. Esse contexto atual de
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transformações que anunciam até mesmo a superação da era industrial por uma
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os estudos que procuram analisar a singularidade de um fenômeno que está
diretamente ligado a esse contexto de conectividade e que, ao mesmo tempo,
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mudanças ligados ao mundo digital: os denominados softwares livres. Em outras
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comunidades e aos projetos que estão voltados para o uso, o desenvolvimento e a
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forma, sendo marginalizados e pouco compreendidos.
Assim, em vez de fechar os olhos para essa realidade (social) singular que
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é ser contra ou a favor, mas sim reconhecer as mudanças qualitativas na ecologia
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humanas, que foram desenvolvidos em diferentes universidades e centros de
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do Software livre, Cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração.
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parativa entre tais comunidades on-line, em que são explorados elementos con
siderados fundamentais para compreender a dinâmica interna de cada uma delas
como, por exemplo, as formas de comunicação, as relações de poder, o período de
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nessa comunidade.
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Rafael Evangelista apresenta um artigo intitulado Política e Linguagem nos debates
sobre o software livre)UXWRGHXPDGLVVHUWDomRGH0HVWUDGRHP/LQJXtVWLFDTXH

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e desvantagens da adoção de sistemas livres em computadores. A partir de uma
concepção que considera que o acontecimento de linguagem é um acontecimento
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Na quarta seção deste livro, Anderson Fernandes de Alencar traz, dentro
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Vieira Pinto e Paulo Freire, como resultado de uma dissertação de mestrado, defen
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apresenta um artigo intitulado Mobilização Colaborativa, Cultura Hacker e a Teoria
da Propriedade Imaterial(VVHDUWLJRWUD]RVUHVXOWDGRVGRHVWXGRDFDGrPLFRTXH
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no contexto de uma sociedade informacional e em rede.
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apresentado ao longo de todos os artigos.
A gênese do fenômeno dos softwares livres
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apresentados, este livro parte do pressuposto de que se faz necessário para o
10 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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de um sistema operacional capaz de rodar em todos os tipos de computadores
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 11
Free Software Fundation (FSF) HIRLRSURWDJRQLVWDGDHODERUDomRGHXPDUFDERXoR

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criar um sistema operacional capaz de lidar com a complexidade de
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considerado tecnologicamente inferior. No entanto, pelo fato de ter uma interface
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6H XP VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO p GHVFULWR FRPR XP FRQMXQWR GH SURJUDPDV H ³SDFRWHV´ TXH ID]HP XP FRPSXWDGRU
funcionar, o kernel é o mais importante “pacote” desse sistema. Isto porque o kernel realiza todas as operações mais
EiVLFDV SHUPLWLQGR TXH XP XVXiULR GH FRPSXWDGRU H[HFXWH RXWURV SURJUDPDV (OH p PXLWDV YH]HV GHVFULWR FRPR R
“sistema nervoso” de um sistema operacional para computadores, dada a sua complexidade e funcionalidade.
(PRHQWmRXQLYHUVLWiULR/LQXV7RUYDOGVTXHKDYLDDGTXLULGRRVHX
SULPHLURFRPSXWDGRUSHVVRDOXP3&GD,QWHOTXLVXWLOL]iORFRPXPVLVWHPD
RSHUDFLRQDO81,;1RHQWDQWRFRPRQmRWLQKDUHFXUVRV¿QDQFHLURVSDUDWHUDFHVVR
DHVVDWHFQRORJLDGHGLFRXVHXWUDEDOKRGHFRQFOXVmRGHFXUVRFRPRHVWXGDQWHGH
FLrQFLDGDFRPSXWDomRSDUDGHVHQYROYHUVHXSUySULR.HUQHO3DUDHPSUHHQGHUWDO
IDoDQKDHOHWRPRXFRPRUHIHUrQFLDRSUySULR.HUQHOGR81,;SDUDPiTXLQDV
HXWLOL]RXRFRPSLODGRU*&&SDUDOLQJXDJHPC. Ao terminar sua primeira versão, ele
DGHQRPLQRXGH³)UHL[´±PDVVHJXQGR&DVWHOOVRDGPLQLVWUDGRUGRVHUYLGRUTXH
HOHXWLOL]DYDHPKRPHQDJHPDRSUySULRFULDGRUGHQRPLQRXRGH/LQX['HYLGRjV
GL¿FXOGDGHHQFRQWUDGDVDRORQJRGRVHX³SURMHWR¿QDOGHFXUVR´/LQXVGLYXOJRXR
FyGLJRIRQWHGR.HUQHOQXPNewsgroup4 na Internet, em agosto de 1991, pedindo
então ajuda e cooperação de outros programadores no desenvolvimento desse
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GLD$VVLP³GLYXOJDo}HVUiSLGDVDPSODFRRSHUDomRHWRWDODEHUWXUDGDLQIRUPDomR
SHUPLWLUDP D WHVWDJHP H[WHQVLYD H D GHSXUDomR GR FyGLJR GH WDO IRUPD TXH HP
R *18/LQX[ HUD XP VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO PHOKRU TXH RV VLVWHPDV 81,;
SDWHQWHDGRV´&DVWHOOV(PDOpPGRVVLVWHPDV81,;FRPHUFLDLV
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PLOK}HVGHXVXiULRVGR*18/LQX[HPWRGRRPXQGR
2Newsgroup é uma ferramenta de discussões na Internet, onde usuários postam mensagens de texto (denominadas
GH³DUWLJRV´HPIyUXQVTXHVmRDJUXSDGRVSRUDVVXQWR$RFRQWUiULRGDVPHQVDJHQVGHFRUUHLRHOHWU{QLFRe-mail), que
são transmitidas quase que diretamente do remetente para o destinatário, os artigos postados nos newsgroups são
retransmitidos através de uma extensa rede de servidores conectados entre si.
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ANO EVENTO
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e GHSHVTXLVDVFRPRRVODERUDWyULRV%HOOVH0,7HXQLYHUVLGDGHV
1960s
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1979 $SyVD$7 7
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Software Distribution).
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que posteriormente evolui para o Sendmail.
1983 5LFKDUG6WDOOPDQSXEOLFDR0DQLIHVWR*18EXVFDQGRDGLIXVmRGRVRIWZDUHOLYUHH
cria a Free Software Foundation.
1987 2GHVHQYROYHGRU$QGUHZ7DQHQEDXPODQoDR0LQL[DYHUVmRGR81,;SDUD3&V
0DF$PLJDH$WDUDL67GLVSRQLELOL]DQGRFRPSOHWDPHQWHRFyGLJRIRQWH
1991 /LQXV7RUYDOGV SXEOLFD D YHUVmR GH XPD YDULDomR GR NHUQHO GR 0LQL[ SDUD R
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1993 eODQoDGRR)UHH%6'EDVHDGRQR%6'8QL[
,DQ0XUGRFNFULDXPDQRYDGLVWULEXLomRGR*18/LQX[FKDPDGDGH³'HELDQ´
1994 0DUF(ZLQJIRUPDDHPSUHVDRed Hat/LQX[HFULDXPDGLVWULEXLomRSUySULDSDUD
SUHVWDUVHUYLoRVFRPHVWHVRIWZDUHOLYUH
1995 2*UXSRGHKDFNHUVGHQRPLQDGRGH³$SDFKH´FRQVWUyLXPQRYRVRIWZDUHOLYUH
SDUDVHUYLGRUHV:HETXHDWXDOPHQWHpRPDLVXVDGRHPWRGRRPXQGR
1996 2desktop.'(pODQoDGRSDUDXVXiULRVGR*18/LQX[SRU0DWWKLDV(WWULFKSRUpP
com alguns aplicativos proprietários.
1997 23URMHWR*120(pLQLFLDGRSRU)HGHULFR0HQDH0LJXHOGH,FD]DFRPRdesktop
OLYUHR¿FLDOGR3URMHWR*18
1999 2Q~PHURGHXVXiULRV*18/LQX[pHVWLPDGRHPPLOK}HVGHXVXiULRV
2000 Novas empresas multinacionais de TI (como a Novel e Real) lançam versões de
VHXVSURGXWRVTXHURGDPQR*18/LQX[
2001 2Q~PHURGHXVXiULRV*18/LQX[pHVWLPDGRHPSHORPHQRVPLOK}HVHPWRGR
o mundo.
2007 0DLVGHSURMHWRVGHVRIWZDUHVOLYUHVHVWmRUHJLVWUDGRVHPapenas um dos
PDLRUHVUHSRVLWyULRVGHFyGLJRDEHUWRGRPXQGRRVLWHSourceForge.net.
5HIHUrQFLDOpen Source TimelineLQ+$56H2X
Os hackers
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VRFLDOGHWHFQyORJRVTXHVHD¿UPDPFRPR³KDFNHUV´,VWRSRUTXHDRORQJRGHWRGDV
as pesquisas que compõem este livro, o termo hacker não está associado a in
divíduos irresponsáveis que visam penetrar em sistemas computacionais de forma
ilícita – como é normalmente propagado pela mídia de massa tradicional. Esse tipo
GHLQGLYtGXRVTXHYLRODPVLVWHPDVGHVHJXUDQoDHTXHEUDPFyGLJRVFRPSXWDFLRQDLV
VmRHVSHFL¿FDPHQWHGHQRPLQDGRVGHcrackers e, em geral, são repudiados pelos
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'HIRUPDFRQWUiULDDHVVDYLVmRSUpFRQFHELGDRVHVWXGRVTXHFRPS}HP
este livro consideram que a práxis dos hackers fundamenta uma cultura que diz
respeito ao conjunto de valores e crenças que emergiu das redes de programadores
de computador que interagiam on-lineHPWRUQRGHSURMHWRVWpFQLFRVHFRODERUDWLYRV
que visavam resultados inovadores. Assim, essa cultura desempenha um papel
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GDDWXDOVRFLHGDGHHPUHGHFRPRR3&Personal ComputerD,QWHUQHWHVRIWZDUHV
FRPRRVLVWHPDRSHUDFLRQDO*18/LQX[DWpRVGLDVDWXDLV$¿QDO¿FDFODURGHSRLV
de uma análise mais aprofundada, que é essa cultura hacker que dá sustentação
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produtos empresariais que difundem as tecnologias da informação no “mundo dos
átomos” isto é, na materialidade da sociedade capitalista.
Referências
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5LR'H-DQHLUR-RUJH=DKDU(GLWRU
+$56$OH[DQGHU286KDRVRQJ:RUNLQJIRUIUHH"0RWLYDWLRQVIRUSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQRSHQVRXUFHSURMHFWV
International Journal of Electronic Commerce YRO Q S ± 'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWS
FVGOFRPSXWHURUJSHUVDJHQ'/$EV7RFMVS"UHVRXUFH3DWK GOSURFHHGLQJV WRF FRPSSURFHHGLQJV
KLFVVWRF[PO '2, +,&66!$FHVVRHPMXQ
/e9<3LHUUH&LEHUFXOWXUD6mR3DXOR(G
67$//0$15LFKDUG0)UHH6RIWZDUH)UHH6RFLHW\6HOHFWHG(VVD\VRI5LFKDUG06WDOOPDQ%RVWRQ
-RVKXD*D\
Distros e comunidades
a dinâmica interna de Debian, Fedora,
Slackware e Ubuntu
Ao contrário do que alguns apregoam, o universo open source está longe

de ser homogêneo. Em torno de um objeto em comum – o software livre –, acham-
VH GLYHUVRV FRODERUDGRUHV TXH FRQVLGHUDQGR JUDXV GH D¿QLGDGH RX GHWHUPLQDGR
LGHiULRGLVS}HPVHHPFRPXQLGDGHVHVSHFt¿FDV7DLVFRPXQLGDGHVSRUVXDYH]
embora convirjam em inúmeros pontos, detêm vários atributos que a elas são muito
SUySULRVFRQ¿JXUDQGRVHDVVLPXPFHQiULRSOXUDOGHPRFUiWLFRHSRUFHUWROLYUH
Entre os aspectos em comum, pode-se citar o fato de todas se valerem de
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H QD YROXQWDULHGDGH 1HVVH PHLR ID]HPVH SUHVHQWHV D FXOWXUD PHULWRFUiWLFD H D
produção entre pares, elementos-chave da cultura hacker. Os muitos voluntários,
motivados por uma busca pelo conhecimento, pela possibilidade de se relacionar
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desejos à comunidade e se empenham em tarefas nas quais sejam mais hábeis
H TXH PDLV OKHV GHHP SUD]HU (VVH PRGHOR GH WUDEDOKR YDOH GL]HU GHVD¿D GH
forma consistente as limitações do paradigma neoliberal dominante porque seus
trabalhadores não têm perspectiva de um retorno que possa ser lucrativo e suas
ações não são respaldadas por leis ou contratos, prevalecendo, portanto, um
ambiente de troca, e as comunidades de software livre só se tornam projetos
possíveis em função disso.
Nesse sentido, também não são poucos os pontos em que as comunidades
se distanciam. Observaram-se, de um lado, modos de trabalho um tanto rígidos e
¿pLVDXPWLSRGHKLHUDUTXLDHGHRXWURVLVWHPDVXPSRXFRPDLVGHVFHQWUDOL]DGRV
)D]HPVHQRWDUDLQGDGLIHUHQWHVHVWUXWXUDVGHRUJDQL]DomRRUDFRP&RQVHOKRV
RUD FRP /tGHUHV H &RQVWLWXLo}HV H RUD FRP XP ³GLWDGRU EHQHYROHQWH YLWDOtFLR´
(QTXDQWRSDUDXQVDLGpLDGH³OLEHUGDGH´HVWiDVVRFLDGDDRDSULPRUDPHQWRGDV
LQWHUIDFHVJUi¿FDVD¿PGHWRUQDURVLVWHPDPDLVuser-friendly possível e, assim,
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WHP VREUH R FyGLJRIRQWH H SRU LVVR FRQYpP WUDEDOKDU SDUD VXD H[FHOrQFLD$V
diversidades são, pois, patentes aos olhos.
Para fundamentar toda esta nossa discussão, foram analisadas quatro
distribuições de software livre durante o ano de 2008. São elas: Debian, Fedora,
Slackware e Ubuntu. Para tal, acompanhamos fóruns, listas de discussões, comuni-
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XVXiULRVHFRODERUDGRUHV-iVREUHRVFULWpULRVXWLOL]DGRVSDUDHVFROKHUHVVDVTXDWUR
distribuições em meio a uma vastidão delas,1 FRQYpP GL]HU HP SULPHLUR OXJDU
buscou-se trabalhar com comunidades cuja representatividade no Brasil fosse alta
– não apenas em termos de números, mas em participação e envolvimento. Outra
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que remete à estrutura de sua fundação, consolidação e funcionamento. Dessa
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são mantidas por grandes empresas que dão apoio aos trabalhos prestados pelos
colaboradores das respectivas comunidades –, Slackware e Debian são os maiores
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intensas atividades de seus voluntários.
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grupos, dos projetos e das distribuições, apontando brevemente algumas de
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OHYDQWDUDPVHDOJXQVWySLFRVSDUDXPDDQiOLVHFRPSDUDWLYDHPTXHVmRH[SORUDGRV
elementos considerados chave para compreender a dinâmica interna de cada
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inócua ou no reducionismo caricatural.
Breve Histórico e características gerais das distribuições
Slackware Linux
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encontrada em muitos fóruns, listas de discussão, comunidades do Orkut etc.,
descreve o espírito que está solenemente incutido na mente de grande parte dos
colaboradores dessa distribuição.
Slackware pDPDLVDQWLJDGLVWULEXLomR/LQX[PDQWLGDSRUXPDFRPXQLGDGH
1 Segundo o site Distro Watch KWWSZZZGLVWURZDWFKFRPHPFRQVXOWDUHDOL]DGDHPDJRVWRGHH[LVWHPPDLV
de 1000 distribuições em atividade em todo o mundo
e uma das primeiras a serem lançadas, sendo que sua criação data de 16 de Julho
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TXHVHUHIHUHPDHOHFRPR³RKRPHP´the man) e BDFL (Benevolent Dictator For
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projeto, e apenas em um segundo momento aceitou a ajuda de outros desenvol-
vedores, que ainda hoje são poucos. Já o nome que escolheu é originário do próprio
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0RYLGRVSHORSULQFtSLR.,66DFU{QLPRSDUD³Keep it simple, stupid´LVWRp
³PDQWHQKDRVLPSOHVHVW~SLGR´RVslackers se habituaram a manter um sistema
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81,; RULJLQDO ± ³VLPSOLFLGDGH´ QHVVH FDVR QmR GL] UHVSHLWR j IDFLOLGDGH GH XVR
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não conta com a ajuda de barras, menus e ícones intuitivos para trabalhar com
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UHPHWH D XPD GLVWULEXLomR ³SXUD´ ³RULJLQDO´ QHOD HVVH ³YHUGDGHLUR VLVWHPD´ HVWi
plenamente à disposição de quem opera a máquina, alguém que tem o poder de
garantir a segurança e o bom andamento de quaisquer aplicações.
Hoje, nem mesmo o próprio processo de instalação do Slackware é total-
PHQWHJUi¿FRRTXHGL¿FXOWDDUHDOL]DomRGHWDOIHLWRSRUXPLQLFLDQWH0XLWRVFUrHP
TXHDGLVWULEXLomRH[LJHPXLWRWHPSRGRVXVXiULRVQHVVDGL¿FXOGDGHGHDSUHQGL]DGR
imediato. Os slackers, no entanto, acreditam que o sistema é simples à medida que
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angariada durante o processo de pesquisa a que o iniciante se submete nos
primeiros momentos.
Além de simples e, portanto, leve, o Slackware tem por característica
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que cumprem o papel de servidores de sistema e devidamente aproveitado por
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da cultura popular.
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No Brasil, a comunidade Slackware PDLV H[SUHVVLYD HVWi HP yUELWD
GR *XVEU R *UXSR GH 8VXiULRV 6ODFNZDUH %UDVLO 2 *XVEU VXUJLX QR GLD GH
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promover a troca de informações sobre a distribuição e ser uma referência diante
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projeto de seus fundadores3 tem sido bem-sucedido.
4XDQGRVDLUiDSUy[LPDRXDVSUy[LPDVYHUVmR}HVGRSlackware? Patrick
9RONHUGLQJUHVSRQGH³RQRYR6ODFNZDUHYDLVHUODQoDGRTXDQGRHVWLYHUSURQWR´4
Ubuntu Linux
Se, nos dias atuais, a imagem que se consolidou quanto ao fato de os

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hackers ou grandes peritos em informática está em grande parte superada, isso
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±VHQGRRVJUDQGHVH[SRHQWHVR.'(HPHR*120(HP±HHP
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ODQoDGDDRVGHRXWXEURGHVRERFRGLQRPH³ZDUW\´5
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/WG IXQGDGD SHOR VXODIULFDQR 0DUN 5LFKDUG 6KXWWOHZRUWK FRP VHGH QD ,OKD GH
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8QLGRV&RPRGLQKHLURGDYHQGDHOHYLDMRXQRPXQGRGDOXD±OLWHUDOPHQWH3RU
20 milhões de dólares, tornou-se o segundo turista espacial do mundo a bordo da
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4 O que não ocorre em algumas distribuições, nas quais são estabelecidas certas periodicidades para o lançamento
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julgam ser um sistema perfeito. Por isso, a periodicidade pode variar: no ano de 1993, foram lançadas 5 versões. Em
TXDWURYHUV}HV1RVDQRVGHHWUrVQRYDVYHUV}HVIRUDPODQoDGDV(PHGXDV
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e o da direita, ao mês. Quanto aos codinomes, trata-se de uma prática muito comum associar um apelido a cada versão
lançada.
7UDWDVHFRPRGLWRGHGHULYDo}HVGRPHVPRVLVWHPD³.XEXQWX´QDGDPDLVpGRTXHR8EXQWXVREDLQWHUIDFHJUi¿FD
.'(SRUSDGUmRR8EXQWXYHPFRP*120(³;XEXQWX´WUD]DLQWHUIDFH;IFHDRSDVVRTXH³(GXEXQWX´WUD]RQ~FOHR
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menos recursos, contendo apenas por software livre em todas as aplicações.
mantenedores do sistema em diversos cantos do mundo até o envio gratuito de

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1mRpjWRDTXHRVORJDQGR8EXQWXp³/LQX[IRUKXPDQEHLQJV´RXVHMD
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TXDOTXHUSHVVRDVHMDFDSD]GHXViORLQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWHGRQtYHOGHFRQKHFLPHQWR
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DOXVLYRVjKLVWyULDGRVRIWZDUHOLYUHHjV¿ORVR¿DVHPMRJRVHPSUHHPOLQJXDJHP
acessível e com analogias fáceis de serem compreendidas. A nacionalidade do
usuário, como dito, também não costuma ser uma barreira, já que o sistema é
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a cada seis meses, o Ubuntu é geralmente lançado após decorrido, em média, um
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vários subtimes que trabalham para aprimorar a distribuição. Entre eles estão:
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agrega as informações postadas em blogs de membros da comunidade), Segurança,
8EXQWX*DPHV)yUXQV'LVWURVSDUDFXLGDUGDVTXHVW}HVDOXVLYDVjVGLVWULEXLo}HV
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nos estados.1DPDLRUSDUWHGDVYH]HVRVVXEWLPHVGHVHPSHQKDPVHXVWUDEDOKRV
por meio do Launchpad8 – um conjunto de aplicações na plataforma web usado no
desenvolvimento de programas de código aberto, controlando tarefas e facilitando
todo o processo de colaboração. Para que um indivíduo comece a participar da
comunidade ajudando ativamente, criar uma conta no Launchpad é um ótimo
começo.
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3DUDtED 3DUDQi 3DUi 3HUQDPEXFR 5LR *UDQGH GR 6XO 5LR GH -DQHLUR 6DQWD &DWDULQD 6mR 3DXOR 6HUJLSH H QR
Distrito Federal. Nada impede, entretanto, que algum usuário reúna um grupo de pessoas e crie um novo grupo regional
onde não houver nenhum.
2/DXQFKSDGDVVLPFRPRR8EXQWXIRLGHVHQYROYLGRHpPDQWLGRSHOD&DQRQLFDO/WG
Debian GNU/Linux
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todo o mundo, a comunidade Debian se destaca por ter um grande número de
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R¿FLDOPHQWHIXQGDGRHPGHDJRVWRGHSHORHVWDGXQLGHQVH,DQ0XUGRFN
que juntou as três letras iniciais do nome de sua mulher, Debra, com seu primeiro
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e da Free Software Foundation (entre 1994 e 1995), a distribuição começou com um
SHTXHQRJUXSRGHKDFNHUVFXMRLGHDOHUDEHPVHPHOKDQWHDRGRSUySULR/LQX[QR
TXHGL]UHVSHLWRDPDQWHUXPGHVHQYROYLPHQWRDEHUWRDEUDQJHQWHHFROHWLYR
Para disciplinar todas essas pessoas na elaboração de um sistema de alto
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comunicação, conduta etc., bastante comum às outras comunidades – uma
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a assumir um compromisso com a comunidade declarando, entre outras coisas,
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na comunidade, dividindo-a em grupos cuja composição e poderes são claramente
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sobre os trabalhos individuais. Pelo contrário, ela assegura sua independência.
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consiste em 2¿FLDLV9 (incluindo líder, comitê técnico e secretário), trabalhadores
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gerência de lançamento, documentação etc.), à Publicidade (imprensa, eventos,
parceria, marketing) e à Infra-estrutura (suporte a idiomas, acompanhamento
dos bugs, mantenedores de chaveiros, equipe de segurança, site na web etc.) e
Distribuição Personalizada ('HELDQ-USDUDFULDQoDV'HELDQ0HGSDUDSHVTXLVD
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SHORVGHVHQYROYHGRUHVHPXPSURFHVVRFRPSOH[RTXHOHYDHPFRQWDWDQWRRJUDXGHDFHLWDomRTXDQGRGHUHMHLomR
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sendo que a comunidade prefere usá-lo apenas como última alternativa.
hierarquia: 1. Os desenvolvedores,10 por via de resolução geral ou de uma eleição;

2. O líder do Projeto; 3. O comitê técnico e/ou seu presidente; 4. O desenvolvedor
individual trabalhando em uma tarefa particular; 5. Delegados apontados pelo líder
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recolher os votos entre os desenvolvedores, determinar seu número e identidade
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evidencia-se uma estrutura fundamentada, mais do que na meritocracia, na
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Além disso, um usuário deve ter grande envolvimento nos trabalhos para
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perguntado, no FISL 2008, sobre os requisitos para se tornar um desenvolvedor, um
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um pouco mais rígidas do que nas demais comunidades (mas que, de fato, não
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estabilidade dos pacotes por parte dos mantenedores.11 No Debian, nada do que
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implica abrir mão de uma versão mais atual para dar lugar a algo mais antigo, porém
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previamente marcadas para isso acontecer.
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de desenvolvedores ou de pessoas que trabalham mais ativamente no software
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de desenvolvedores europeus e norte-americanos. No entanto, o número de
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'HELDQEUDVLOHLUDDXPSRVWRPXLWRVLJQL¿FDWLYRQRPXQGRGRVRIWZDUHOLYUH
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por provas de habilidade técnica e compreensão ética e moral com relação ao software livre e à comunidade Debian.
$R¿QDOJDQKDPXPHPDLOFRPRGRPtQLR³GHELDQRUJ´XPDSiJLQDQD,QWHUQHWHRDFHVVRDRUHSRVLWyULRFHQWUDOGD
distribuição.
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DSUHQGL]DGRRGHVHQYROYHGRUGHYHVHUYLUFRPRPDQWHQHGRUSRUXPWHPSRDWpSURYDUVXDFDSDFLGDGH
Fedora
O Projeto Fedora teve início em 2002, quando a empresa Red Hat, criada
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/LQX[GHFLGLXYROWDUVHXVHVIRUoRVSDUDRPHUFDGRFRUSRUDWLYRRIHUHFHQGRVROXo}HV
open source. Dessa forma, dividiu sua distribuição em duas: Red Hat Enterprise
/LQX[H)HGRUD&RUHFULDQGRDVVLPR3URMHWR)HGRUDTXHSDVVRXDVHUFRQGX]LGR
em boa parte pela comunidade.
Sustentado pela Red Hat, o Projeto teve investimento inicial em pessoas,
divulgação e eventos e é considerado um laboratório de inovação, pesquisa e
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como uma parceria entre comunidade e empresa, o Projeto, que lança uma nova
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recente e corre o risco, em nome da inovação, de portar uma aplicação passível
de bugs$FRPXQLGDGHSRUFHUWRVHUHVSRQVDELOL]DSURQWDPHQWHSRUHOHV1mRp
UDURSRUH[HPSORHQFRQWUDUXPDJUDQGHTXDQWLGDGHGHDWXDOL]Do}HVSRXFRWHPSR
depois da data de lançamento.
2 3URMHWR p JHULGR SHOR )DP6&R Fedora Ambassadors Steering
Committee XP FRPLWr GH HPEDL[DGRUHV12 eleito a cada seis meses por
HPEDL[DGRUHVHVSDOKDGRVSHORPXQGR2FRPLWrpUHVSRQViYHOSHODVHVWUDWpJLDV
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D DWXDomR GRV GHPDLV HPEDL[DGRUHV H IRUQHFHQGR RV UHFXUVRV QHFHVViULRV SDUD
as comunidades locais. Atualmente, o brasileiro Rodrigo Padula de Oliveira é um
de seus membros. Nas eleições de Janeiro de 2008, recebeu o maior número de
votos (41 do total de 69), o que corroborou a credibilidade e a representatividade
da comunidade brasileira diante do Projeto. Além disso, Padula também assumiu o
cargo de Community Manager GR)HGRUDQD$PpULFD/DWLQD)HGRUD/$7$0yUJmR
TXH SUHWHQGH UHDOL]DU QD UHJLmR DWLYLGDGHV VHPHOKDQWHV jV GHVHPSHQKDGDV SHOR
)DP6&R
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)HGRUD%RDUGFRQVLGHUDGRXPWLPHH[HFXWLYRFRQVWLWXtGR±DWpPHDGRVGH
– por 5 membros indicados pela Red Hat e 4 membros eleitos pela comunidade.
7RGDYLDDSyVRODQoDPHQWRGR)HGRUDGHFRGLQRPH³6XOSKXU´HPGHPDLR
de 2008, a força da comunidade aumentou substancialmente e o quadro foi revertido:
&DEHDRVHPEDL[DGRUHVUHSUHVHQWDUR)HGRUDSHUDQWHRS~EOLFRDMXGDUDGLVVHPLQDUDGLVWULEXLomRHRVRIWZDUHOLYUH
em geral, ser um intermediário na comunicação entre membros da comunidade e ajudar a recrutar novos membros. Ser
HPEDL[DGRUH[LJHSRUWDQWRJUDQGHFRPSURPHWLPHQWRFRPD¿ORVR¿DGDFRPXQLGDGH+iHPEDL[DGRUHVEUDVLOHLURVQRV
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VmR 'RFXPHQWDomR 7UDGXomR 0DUNHWLQJ (PEDL[DGRUHV $UWH ,QIUDHVWUXWXUD
,QWHUQDFLRQDOL]DomR:HEVLWHV1RWtFLDV'LVWULEXLomRH6,*V±6SHFLDO*URXS,QWHUHVWV
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DFDGrPLFRHFLHQWt¿FR(PSDFRWDPHQWRH2/3&OLJDGRDRSURJUDPDOne Laptop
Per Child).
Uma das grandes bandeiras do Fedora é a facilidade de uso. Para isso, o
'9'GHLQVWDODomRYHPFRPYiULDVLQWHUIDFHVJUi¿FDVFRPR*120(.'(;)&(
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Dinâmica interna das distribuições
Barreira de entrada e processo de recrutamento de novos

colaboradores
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creem que, para ajudar determinada distribuição ou comunidade, é necessário
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usando a distribuição e testando o sistema, o que é amplamente salientado nos
sites de vários projetos:
Debian³<RXFDQVLPSO\WHVWWKHRSHUDWLQJV\VWHPDQGWKHSURJUDPVSURYLGHG
LQLWDQGUHSRUWDQ\QRW\HWNQRZQHUUDWDRUEXJV\RX¿QGXVLQJWKH%XJ7UDFNLQJ
6\VWHP´13
Fedora³8WLOL]DUR)HGRUDpDPDQHLUDPDLVVLPSOHVGHSDUWLFLSDU>@0DLV
usuários -> mais bugs resolvidos -> sistema operacional de melhor qualidade ->
PDLRUQ~PHURGHXVXiULRV´14
13 Disponível em: http://www.debian.org/intro/help$FHVVRHPMXOKR7UDGXomRYRFrSRGHVLPSOHVPHQWHWHVWDUR

sistema operacional e os programas nele disponíveis e reportar quaisquer erros ou bugs ainda não conhecidos usando
R³%XJ7ULDJH6\VWHP´
14 Disponível em: http://www.projetofedora.org/portal/participe. Acesso em julho/2008.
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disseminação do software livre em todas as esferas da sociedade, não medindo
esforços para tal –, há muitos membros nas comunidades estudadas que pensam
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do interesse do indivíduo, fornece todo o apoio necessário para tirar suas dúvidas
e direcioná-lo à área de seu interesse. Já um dos líderes do Ubuntu-SP, Paulo
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distribuição. Segundo ele, isso fará com que esses usuários busquem por respostas
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ajuda necessária, empenhando-se na inserção dos novatos. Além disso, nos fóruns
e listas de discussão de todas as distribuições, há tópicos destinados a usuários
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geral.
Quando à barreira de entrada nas comunidades, há um choque maior das
¿ORVR¿DV GDV GLVWULEXLo}HV *URVVR PRGR RV slackers aparentam (o que, como
veremos, não corresponde à realidade) usar de uma postura arrogante quando se
deparam com usuários principiantes.16 De fato, não é raro observar nos fóruns da
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JRRJOH´
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DWKD.OHE&KDRVQRJRRJOH
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.OHLQ´
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2IUDJPHQWRDFLPDH[WUDtGRGRFDQDOVODFNZDUHEUGDUHGHFreenode no
,5&QRGLDGHVHWHPEURGHSRGHLJXDOPHQWHWUD]HUDLGpLDGHTXHRVslackers
15 Disponível em: http://www.slackware.com/faq/do_faq.php?faq=general$FHVVRHPMXOKR7UDGXomRDPDQHLUD
PDLVyEYLDGHYRFrDMXGDUR6ODFNZDUHpXVDQGRR4XDQWRPDLVSHVVRDVXVDUHPPDLVSHVVRDVSRGHUmRHQFRQWUDUH
reportar bugs. Isso tornará o Slackware ainda mais estável do que é agora.
'XUDQWHR),6/)yUXP,QWHUQDFLRQDO6RIWZDUH/LYUHGHRVVODFNHUV¿FDUDPQDPDLRUSDUWHGRWHPSR
sentados ou deitados no chão do grande saguão no qual várias comunidades e empresas instalaram seus estandes. De
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FRPG~YLGDVRXGL¿FXOGDGHVRVVODFNHUVGHGLFDYDPVHXWHPSRHHVIRUoRSDUDWHQWDUUHVROYHUDVTXHVW}HV
QmRVHGmRDRWUDEDOKRGHUHVSRQGHUDSHUJXQWDVHLJQRUDPRVQRYDWRV&RQWXGR
p SHUIHLWDPHQWH SRVVtYHO XP XVXiULR VHU PXLWR EHPYLQGR j FRPXQLGDGH7XGR R
TXH VH SHGH p TXH DQWHV GH ID]HU TXDOTXHU SHUJXQWD OHLDPVH WRGRV RV DUWLJRV
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de respondê-la autonomamente. Depois disso, será respeitado por seus pares, que
seguramente o ajudarão a resolver os problemas.
Desfeito esse mito sobre o Slackware, passemos às outras distribuições,
nas quais as barreiras de entrada variam muito. Em linhas gerais, membros do
8EXQWXHGR)HGRUDWrPSRUSULQFtSLRIRUQHFHUTXDOTXHUWLSRGHDX[tOLRPHVPRTXH
DVG~YLGDVDSUHVHQWDGDVMiWHQKDPVLGRHVFODUHFLGDVRXDWpGRFXPHQWDGDV&RPR
essas distribuições declaradamente se preocupam com a facilidade de uso e com
o amplo apoio ao usuário leigo, alguns membros chegam a passar um bom tempo
respondendo dúvidas nos e-mails pessoais – o que é contra o consenso geral de
que as perguntas devem ser respondidas nos fóruns para que mais pessoas se
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usuários não frequentam fóruns, seja por falta de tempo ou de prática, e tudo o que
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do acesso.
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HQWUH DV GLVWULEXLo}HV FKDPDGDV FRPHUFLDLV H R 6ODFNZDUH &RPR Ki XPD YDVWD
e detalhada documentação em português abordando vários aspectos do sistema
operacional, além dos sites da distribuição e da comunidade, é difícil que alguém
se sinta perdido no Debian. Ademais, muitos de seus representantes brasileiros são
IDFLOPHQWHHQFRQWUDGRVQR,5&HIUHTXHQWHPHQWHVHGLVSRQLELOL]DPDFRQYHUVDUHD
ajudar os usuários.
Em suma, a resposta mais comum obtida quando se indagou algum membro
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IRL VLPSOHVPHQWH ³ERD YRQWDGH´ 0DOJUDGR FDGD GLVWULEXLomR VLJD VXDV SUySULDV
¿ORVR¿DVHSUHFHLWRVDVVLQDODVHTXHRHVStULWRGHFRPXQLGDGHHVWiSUHVHQWHHP
todas elas.
O porta-voz das comunidades
Este tópico consiste na tentativa de buscar nas comunidades uma grande

YR] DWLYD ± DOJXpP TXH DR SDVVDU SHORV GHVD¿RV H SURYDV LQHUHQWHV j FXOWXUD
meritocrática e fundamentar suas atividades nas relações sociais em meio ao
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TXDOL¿FDo}HVQHFHVViULDVSDUDUHVSRQGHUSHODFRPXQLGDGH1mRVHHVWiIDODQGRDTXL
SRUFHUWRDSHQDVGRGHVHQYROYHGRUPDLVDWLYRRXGRWUDGXWRUPDLVH¿FLHQWH7UDWD
VHGHHQFRQWUDUXPVtPERORXPD¿JXUDFXMDFRQGXWDVHLGHQWL¿TXHSRQWXDOPHQWH
FRPD¿ORVR¿DGDVGLVWULEXLo}HV DRLQFRUSRUDU VHXVWUDoRVHOHPHQWDUHVHVWDQGR
DVVLPDSWRDUHSUHVHQWDUVHXVPHPEURV(Q¿PXPSRUWDYR]
Observou-se que, na maioria dos casos, esses representantes não se valiam
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pRGH³3LWHU381.´DOFXQKDGH5REHUWR)UHLUHV%DWLVWD(OHDOpPGHVHUR~QLFR
brasileiro que contribui ativamente no desenvolvimento do sistema operacional
e um dos mais antigos usuários da distribuição, é o responsável pela Slackware
Zine HVSpFLH GH UHYLVWD HOHWU{QLFD H RUJDQL]D HYHQWRV H SDOHVWUDV UHODFLRQDGRV
ao Slackware – como o SlackShow, ocorrido em agosto de 2008. Apesar de tudo,
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Quanto à comunidade Debian, a maior parte dos usuários da distribuição e
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PDLV DQWLJRV WHYH VHX SULPHLUR FRQWDWR FRP VLVWHPDV GH Q~FOHR *18/LQX[ HP
1998 e com o Debian em 2002), mas seu envolvimento com a comunidade e sua
habilidade ao falar sobre ela em público facultaram a ele a possibilidade concreta de
UHSUHVHQWDURVDGHSWRVGDGLVWULEXLomR'XUDQWHR),6/SRUH[HPSOR)HOLSHIRL
responsável pelo estande do Debian e ministrou palestras sobre a distribuição. Ele
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DPHULFDQD GH VRIWZDUH /LYUH H QR &RQLVOL &RQJUHVVR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH VRIWZDUH
livre).
No Projeto Fedora, o nome em destaque é o de Rodrigo Padula. Um dos
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$PEDVVDGRUV6WHHULQJ&RPPLWWHHHH[HUFHDIXQomRGHCommunity Manager do
)HGRUD /$7$0 yUJmR GR )HGRUD QD $PpULFD /DWLQD $OpP GLVVR IRUDP YiULRV
os casos em que Rodrigo ajudou pessoalmente na inserção de novos membros
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EDLDQR&ULVWLDQRDMXGRXQDR¿FLDOL]DomRGHXPJUXSRORFDOGR)HGRUDHP6HUJLSH
convidando o usuário Otávio para coordenar o projeto. Em outra oportunidade,
DRODGRGH'LHJR=DUFDUmRRXWURHPEDL[DGRU5RGULJRFXLGRXSDUDTXH,JRU3LUHV
Soares, hoje chefe da tradução, não saísse do Projeto Fedora.
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aí que Rodrigo Padula e Diego Zacarão me convidaram para entrar no
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contribuição dentro do projeto eram totalmente favoráveis
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entanto, são fortes líderes locais, que ajudam a fomentar o uso e a disseminação
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*HUDLVHVWDGRVHPTXHDFRPXQLGDGH8EXQWXpPXLWRVLJQL¿FDWLYDRVQRPHVPDLV
LQÀXHQWHVVmRRVGH)iELR1RJXHLUDHGH/LFLR)RQVHFDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHDPERV
VmRLQFOXVLYHPHPEURVGR&RQVHOKR8EXQWX%UDVLO
A comunicação interna e externa
Evidentemente, o ciberespaço é o grande ponto de encontro das comunidades

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presenciais por meio de eventos comemorativos ou fomente a participação de seus
membros em congressos, palestras, fóruns e conferências, a imensa maioria das
tarefas dos membros das comunidades se dá por meio de (não necessariamente na
ordem de relevância ou quantidade):
- Listas de discussão (mailing lists): trata-se de um mecanismo que roda na

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DRVRXWURVFRQWHQGRG~YLGDVRSLQL}HVHVFODUHFLPHQWRVeRPRGRPDLVVLPSOHVGH
FRPXQLFDomRHWDPEpPRPDLVXVDGRMiTXHH[LJHDSHQDVXPHQGHUHoRGHHPDLO
'HPRGRJHUDOH[LVWHPOLVWDVGHGLVFXVVmRSDUDFDGDVXESURMHWRGRFXPHQWDomR
WUDGXomR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR ]LQH HWF DVVLP FRPR SDUD FDGD WLSR GH XVXiULR
LQLFLDQWHGHVHQYROYHGRUHWF7DLVOLVWDVVmRQDPDLRUSDUWHGRVFDVRVDEHUWDVDR
S~EOLFR7RGDVDVFRPXQLGDGHVXWLOL]DPDVOLVWDVGHGLVFXVVmR
- Fóruns: Ambiente mais propício à solução de dúvidas e troca de informações.

Diferentemente das listas de discussão, as mensagens não circulam no ambiente
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fóruns;
- ,5&7UDWDVHGHXPSURWRFRORXVDGRSDUDSURJUDPDVscripts) de chat. Através do
,5&pSRVVtYHOID]HUDFRQH[mRFRPVHUYLGRUHVGHWRGRRPXQGR&DGDVHUYLGRU
'HSRLPHQWRFROKLGRHPHQWUHYLVWDFRP,JRU3LUHV6RDUHV
possui canais, isto é, salas em que se pode conversar abertamente ou em particular.

As comunidades estudadas mantêm canais ativos na rede Freenode (irc.freenode.
QHWQRVTXDLVXVXiULRVWURFDPLQIRUPDo}HVGDGRVVROXFLRQDPG~YLGDVUHDOL]DP
reuniões ou simplesmente conversam sobre assuntos triviais. Durante a pesquisa,
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SUHWHQGHX GLVFXWLU D GH¿QLomR H D FULDomR GRV *UXSRV 5HJLRQDLV GH 8VXiULRV 2
HQFRQWUR LGHDOL]DGR H FRQGX]LGR SRU 5RGULJR 3DGXOD GHXVH jV K KRUiULR GH
%UDVtOLD GR GLD GH MXQKR GH H FRQWRX FRP D SUHVHQoD GH HPEDL[DGRUHV
XVXiULRVHFXULRVRVHPJHUDOFRPRVHREVHUYDQD¿JXUDDEDL[R
Canal #fedora-br da rede Freenode
- Blogs: Os usuários mais representativos comunicam seus feitos ou os rumos

tomados pela distribuição em seus blogs pessoais, que, em determinados casos,
são hospedados pelos servidores da própria distribuição;
- Planeta7DPEpPFKDPDGRGH³EORJGRVEORJV´7UDWDVHGHXPVLWHTXHDJUHJD
todos os blogs que têm alguma ligação com a distribuição, com o software livre ou
com questões relacionadas à tecnologia de um modo geral. À medida que o usuário

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estarão os posts de outros blogueiros. As comunidades Ubuntu e Debian têm seu
próprio Planeta Brasil, ao passo que a comunidade Fedora tem apenas o Planeta
do projeto internacional;
- E-mail: Em geral, não é recomendável que se tirem dúvidas ou se troquem

informações por meio dos e-mails pessoais. Parece ser um consenso entre os
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poucos membros ainda se dispõem a responder dúvidas pelos e-mails, pois
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- Zines6mRHVSpFLHVGHUHYLVWDVHOHWU{QLFDVGHGLFDGDVjFRPXQLGDGHGDGLVWULEXLomR
contendo, na maioria dos casos, artigos técnicos com resolução de problemas ou
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6ODFNZDUH H 'HELDQ SRVVXHP VXD SUySULD ]LQH H D FRPXQLGDGH )HGRUD PDQWpP
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referências à comunidade, informações sobre jogos, perguntas e respostas etc.
Esses mecanismos tratam mormente da comunicação interna, isto é,

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alguém que não faça parte das atividades de sua distribuição participe ativa ou
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]LQHVHVWmRDEHUWRVjOHLWXUDGHTXDOTXHULQWHUQDXWD'HVVDPDQHLUDSRGHVHGL]HU
TXHHVVHVPHLRVWDPEpPVHFRQ¿JXUDPXPFDQDOGHFRPXQLFDomRH[WHUQD
Hierarquias e relações de poder
Os preceitos de liberdade apregoados pelos membros das mais variadas

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IRUPDLUUHVWULWDPHQWHDQiUTXLFDGHRUJDQL]DomR'HPDQHLUDJHUDODVFRPXQLGDGHV
estão envolvidas em relações de poder fundamentadas na cultura meritocrática e
a liderança que nelas se estabelece está sujeita a avaliações pessoais por parte
GRV FRODERUDGRUHV ± D¿QDO HVWDPRV IDODQGR GH YROXQWiULRV &DVR XP OtGHU WRPH
uma atitude que não corresponda aos anseios e vontades da comunidade, os
colaboradores podem resolver contribuir com outro projeto ou não mais contribuir.
*HQHULFDPHQWH DV KLHUDUTXLDV VH GmR HP QtYHO PDLV HOHYDGR QRV ³FRQ
VHOKRV´ GRV UHVSHFWLYRV SURMHWRV 1DV GLVWULEXLo}HV FRPHUFLDLV FRPR )HGRUD WDLV
FRQVHOKRVVmRLQÀXHQFLDGRVGLUHWDPHQWHSHODVHPSUHVDVPDQWHQHGRUDV±QRFDVR
do Fedora Board, quatro dos nove membros pertencem à Red Hat. Já nas comu-
nidades das distribuições não-comerciais, os conselhos são compostos, eviden-
temente, apenas por colaboradores. No caso do Debian, conforme abordamos
GXUDQWHREUHYHKLVWyULFRGDVFRPXQLGDGHV H[LVWHXPDHVWUXWXUDGHRUJDQL]DomR
muito precisa. O projeto tem um líder, um comitê técnico (com seu respectivo presi-
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GHVHQYROYHGRUHVTXHSRGHPH[HUFrORSRUPHLRGHXPD5HVROXomR*HUDORXSHODV
próprias eleições internas.
(PQtYHOLQIHULRUDRGRVFRQVHOKRVH[LVWHPRVOtGHUHVHVSHFt¿FRVGHFDVD
VXESURMHWRTXHFRRUGHQDPDTXLORTXHVHSRGHULDFODVVL¿FDUFRPRFDGDFpOXODGDV
atividades básicas da tradução, documentação, grupos regionais, divulgação etc.
$ HVVHV OtGHUHV FDEH DOpP GH PDQWHU UHJXODUPHQWH D UHDOL]DomR GRV WUDEDOKRV
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como é o caso de Fedora e Ubuntu) e incentivar novos colaboradores.
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ou os que têm atividades mais locais, chegaram a seus atuais postos em função das
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desempenhar suas funções da melhor maneira possível (seja por falta de tempo, por
H[FHVVRGHWUDEDOKRRXSRUSHUGDGHLGHQWL¿FDomRFRPRWUDEDOKRHVVHLQGLYtGXR
GHYHSDVVDUVHXFDUJRDRVFXLGDGRVGHTXHPHIHWLYDPHQWHSRVVDID]rOR$VVLP
XPERPOtGHUQmRGHYHGHL[DUGHRVHUDWpPHVPRTXDQGRGHFLGLUTXHGHL[DUiVHX
projeto.
No que se refere às relações líderes-liderados, também foi possível obser-
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maior independência dos colaboradores – que podem desenvolver livremente seus
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–, no Projeto Fedora, há um acompanhamento um pouco maior por parte dos
HPEDL[DGRUHVFRPUHODomRjVDWLYLGDGHVJHUDLVHPTXHRVPHPEURVGDFRPXQLGDGH
se envolvem. Já no Debian, a questão central não está tão ligada à relação entre
líderes e colaboradores quanto ao maior vínculo que estes têm com a distribuição.
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comprometimento dos voluntários.
Quanto ao Slackware, vê-se que a distribuição foge um pouco às regras
JHUDLV$SULQFtSLRDJDUDQWLDGHH[FHOrQFLDGRVLVWHPDHVWiDFUHGLWDPRVslackers,
no desenvolvimento de certo modo fechado. Além de poucas pessoas contribuírem
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FRQVLGHUDGRVWRORVLVWRpGHTXHPQmRVHSUHSDURXRVX¿FLHQWHSDUDID]rORV$TXL
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O peso do trabalho brasileiro frente à comunidade internacional
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contarem com uma vasta gama de colaboradores espalhados por todo o mundo,
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WUDEDOKRVGHH[FHOrQFLDWpFQLFDIDWRTXHpFRPSURYDGRSRUVXDDPSODDFHLWDomR
HPLQVWLWXLo}HVHGXFDFLRQDLVRUJDQL]Do}HVJRYHUQDPHQWDLVHQmRJRYHUQDPHQWDLV
e no próprio mercado (através de empresas que, em muitos casos, dedicam-se
apenas aos trabalhos open source) – isso sem mencionar a grande quantidade de
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E, malgrado a presença de sistemas operacionais livres não seja tão
pronunciada (quando comparada à dos softwares proprietários) entre os assim
FKDPDGRV³XVXiULRVGRPpVWLFRV´DVGLVWULEXLo}HVTXHQRVVHUYLUDPGHUHIHUrQFLD
têm grande participação também nesse meio. Diante disso, deve-se enaltecer,
enérgica e justamente, a atuação de seus protagonistas que, por meio de constantes
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WySLFR GLVFXWLUHPRV TXmR H[SUHVVLYRV VH PRVWUDP RV DWRUHV EUDVLOHLURV TXH VH
lançam à colaboração no Slackware e no Fedora.
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se de alto risco. Não convém, evidentemente, tratar apenas do número de membros
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&RQIRUPHREVHUYDPRVSRUH[HPSORRIDWRU³Q~PHUR´QmRpPXLWROHYDGRHPFRQWD
SHODFRPXQLGDGH6ODFNZDUH±DRPHQRVQRTXHGL]UHVSHLWRDRVGHVHQYROYHGRUHV
GLUHWRVGRVLVWHPD6HpSRVVtYHOD¿UPDUTXHRVslackers acreditam que o número
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SRGH GL]HU TXH VXD FRPXQLGDGH p PXLWR YDVWD H H[SUHVVLYD QR %UDVLO 'RLV IDWRV
eSRVVtYHOQRWDUTXHDWpHQWmRQmRVHIDORXHPQ~PHURGHPHPEURVGDVFRPXQLGDGHVRXQ~PHURGHXVXiULRVGDV
GLVWULEXLo}HV&RPRD¿UPDPRVQDLQWURGXomRGHVGHPyGXORpPXLWRGLItFLOPHQVXUiORV3ULPHLURSRUTXHQmRKiFRPR
SRVWXODUH[DWDPHQWHTXDLVRVUHTXLVLWRVQHFHVViULRVHVX¿FLHQWHVSDUDTXHDOJXpPVHWRUQHXPPHPEURGHTXDOTXHU
GDVFRPXQLGDGHV8PVLPSOHVVLPSDWL]DQWHTXHSURPRYDDOJXPDGDV¿ORVR¿DVHPMRJRPHVPRTXHGHIRUPDEHP
modesta, pode ser considerado um membro, a depender das concepções que disso se faça. Quanto aos usuários, a
situação é semelhante. Não é necessário pagar nem tampouco se cadastrar para pode usufruir de qualquer uma das
distribuições.
SHUPLWHPLQIHULORRSULPHLURGHOHVMiFLWDGRGL]UHVSHLWRDRIDWRGHTXHH[LVWHXP
brasileiro nesse seleto grupo de desenvolvedores Slackware. O segundo, que está
relacionado ao primeiro, deu-se nos anos de 2004 e 2005, quando o grande ditador
EHQHYROHQWHHYLWDOtFLR3DWULFN9RONHUGLQJSDVVRXSRUJUDYHVSUREOHPDVGHVD~GH
HQmRS{GHGHGLFDUVHXVHVIRUoRVjPDQXWHQomRGDGLVWULEXLomR1DTXHODpSRFD
PXLWRVHHVSHFXORXVREUHR¿PGR6ODFNZDUHGDGDDLPSRUWkQFLDGDDWXDomRGH
9RONHUGLQJ5DSLGDPHQWHDFRPXQLGDGHVHPRELOL]RX3LWHU381.HQYLRXDVHJXLQWH
mensagem à lista de usuários da distribuição:
³3RYR
'HVVDYH]RHPDLOQmRpSDUDSDVVDUXPDPHQVDJHPGLYHUWLGD
Acho que todo mundo sabe; mas, para quem não sabe, Patrick
9RONHUGLQJpRFULDGRUHPDQWHQHGRUGRVODFNZDUH(HOHHVWi
doente. Ele escreveu uma longa carta com a descrição da
doença:
IWSIWSVODFNZDUHFRPSXEVODFNZDUHVODFNZDUHFXUUHQW3 $7
1(('6<285+(/3W[t
Quem tiver contato com centros de pesquisa ou médicos na
área de patologia, poderia passar essa mensagem para eles.
Sei que tem vários assinantes da lista que trabalham em
XQLYHUVLGDGHVjVYH]HVXPSXOLQKRQDIDFXOGDGHGHPHGLFLQDH
conversar com algum amigo possa quebrar um galhão e ajudar
R3DWULFNDPHOKRUDU3DUDHOHFRORFDULVVRQR&KDQJH/RJGR
FXUUHQWFRPFHUWH]DQmRHVWiEHP
Falous,
3LWHU381.
PS/1> Quem não conhecer médicos, centros de pesquisa e
SDWRORJLDHWFFRPFHUWH]DSRGHDMXGDUFRPDWRUFLGDHRUDo}HV
pela melhora do patrick
36! 6H YF QmR JRVWD GD SDODYUD ³RUDo}HV´ VXEVWLWXD SRU
UH]DVRXSHQVDPHQWRSRVLWLYRRTXH¿FDUPHOKRUSDUDDVVXDV
FUHQoDV´19
No entanto, a grande prova da relevância da comunidade brasileira está

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Brasil) para dar continuidade aos seus trabalhos enquanto se recuperava. Segue a
notícia do (PSL-BR) Projeto Software Livre Brasil de 24.11.2004:20
Comunidade GUS-BR passa a auxiliar o Slackware.com

2¿FLDOPHQWH
19 Disponível em: KWWSRVGLUFRPPOXVHUJURXSVOLQX[EUD]LOVODFNZDUHPVJKWPl. Acesso em:

julho/2008.
20 Disponível em: http://www.softwarelivre.org/news/3353. Acesso em: julho/2008.
3RUDOJXPWHPSR3DWULFN9RONHUGLQJHVWDUiFXLGDQGRPDLVGD
VXDVD~GHHSDUDQmRGHL[DURVImVSUHRFXSDGRVLQFXELXDR
*86%5GHYHUL¿FDUHYDOLGDUVHFXULW\¿[HVH%XJ)L[HVQR
6ODFNZDUH&XUUHQWDOpPGR6ODFNZDUH
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problemas e remendos diretamente na lista slack-users.
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WUDEDOKRVQR6ODFNZDUH5RGULJR3DGXODGH2OLYHLUDWUDGX]VHQRJUDQGHH[SRHQWH
do Fedora, sendo que seus esforços para com a comunidade estabelecem uma
relação de troca mútua e salutar. À medida que desenvolve seus trabalhos, Rodrigo
WUD]PDLRUQRWRULHGDGHSDUDDFRPXQLGDGHGR3URMHWR)HGRUD%UDVLOTXHSRUVXD
YH]OKHGiWRGRRDSRLRHLQFHQWLYRSDUDUHSUHVHQWiOR±RTXHGLJDVHPHUHFHR
reconhecimento da comunidade mundial.
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7DPEpPDVVXPLXHPDEULOGRPHVPRDQRDOLGHUDQoDGR&RPPXQLW\0DQDJHUGR
)HGRUDQD$PpULFD/DWLQD)HGRUD/$7$0TXHGDUiDSRLRjVFRPXQLGDGHVUHJLRQDLV
latinas. Há, é claro, outros brasileiros muito ativos, tais como Diego Zarcarão e David
%DU]LOD\TXHWDPEpPpIXQFLRQiULRGD5HG+DWPDVHVVDQRWRULHGDGHGH5RGULJR
em especial, é uma forma de a nação Fedora, cujos membros estão espalhados por
WRGRRPXQGRUHFRQKHFHUDH[SUHVVmRGDFRPXQLGDGHQR%UDVLO(PHQWUHYLVWDj
edição do 1º ano da Fedora Zine, em março de 2008, Rodrigo assinalou:
$ PLQKD UHHOHLomR SDUD R &RPLWr 'LUHWLYR GH (PEDL[DGRUHV )HGRUD

demonstrou não somente a credibilidade do Projeto Fedora Brasil
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TXH RV HPEDL[DGRUHV EUDVLOHLURV H ODWLQRV HP JHUDO VH HQFRQWUDP
&RPDFULDomRGRKWWSSUR\HFWRIHRGRUDRUJTXHDJUHJDYiULRVSDtVHV
GD $PpULFD /DWLQD FRPR 3DUDJXDL %UDVLO $UJHQWLQD &KLOH 0p[LFR
3HUX 9HQH]XHOD H 8UXJXDL KRXYH XPD LQWHJUDomR PXLWR IRUWH HQWUH
esses países, que em grande parte me apoiaram na reeleição... Além,
claro, de outros países que acreditam no meu trabalho e em tudo que
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mas como mérito de toda a equipe do Projeto Fedora Brasil >@ O Brasil
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Latina e um pouco mais madura devido ao tempo de participação,
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LQIRUPDo}HVDWUDYpVGDOLVWDGHHPEDL[DGRUHVODWLQRVHGHHYHQWRVFRPR
D,&RQIHUHQFLD/DWLQR$PHULFDQDGH(PEDL[DGRUHVH8VXiULRV)HGRUD
UHDOL]DGDQRLatinoware HPFRPDSDUWLFLSDomRGR3DUDJXDLGR
%UDVLOGD$UJHQWLQDHGD9HQH]XHOD
Outro fator merecedor de destaque: além de ser numerosa – a maior da

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quando não as primeiras.
O tempo dedicado à colaboração
Pensou-se em chegar a algumas posições sobre o tempo que os membros

das quatro comunidades dedicam à colaboração, especialmente pelo fato de que
RSURFHVVRGHSURGXomRGRVRIWZDUHOLYUHQHVVDVFLUFXQVWkQFLDVYHUL¿FDVHXPD
atividade fundamentada basicamente no voluntariado. Os resultados obtidos, em-
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3RGHVHGL]HUHPSULPHLUROXJDUTXHDPDLRULDGRVFRODERUDGRUHVGHVHP
penha suas funções durante seu tempo considerado livre, apesar de muitos admi-
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ocupados com outros compromissos – como trabalho ou estudo. Em qualquer um
dos dois casos, a opção por colaborar, evidentemente, implica relegar a segundo
plano qualquer outra atividade, seja ela uma obrigação iminente ou um tempo de
SXUROD]HU
Quando se tentou chegar a uma conclusão sobre a quantidade de tempo
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que se tratava de uma tarefa quase impossível. Um desses motivos está no fato de
que muitos dos colaboradores estão envolvidos com o mundo do software livre em
WHPSRLQWHJUDO'LYLGHPVHDTXLPDLVXPDYH]GXDVHVIHUDVGHWUDEDOKRVTXHSRGHP
estar voltados a uma determinada distribuição: primeiro, aquelas atividades que
estão ligadas diretamente ao software, tais como desenvolvimento, programação,
tradução, documentação etc.; segundo, todo e qualquer trabalho indireto que faça
alusão à distribuição, sendo os mais comuns a divulgação, o incentivo ao uso, a
promoção de eventos, palestras e seminários ou a postagem de conteúdos em
fóruns e listas de discussões, tirando dúvidas, trocando informações, direcionando
os principiantes.
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trabalhos, muitos colaboradores estão envolvidos praticamente durante todo o
tempo com suas distribuições. E, de um modo geral, observa-se que a quantidade
de tempo despendida é muito variável entre os membros, e isso se dá, entre outras
UD]}HVSHODVGLIHUHQWHVSRVWXUDVTXHVHDVVXPHPRXVHMDSHORVGLIHUHQWHVQtYHLV
de comprometimento – e, nesse aspecto, também se notaram muitas diferenças:
GHVGHXVXiULRVTXHQmR¿]HUDPTXHVWmRGHUHSDVVDUDVUHVSRVWDVTXHREWLYHUDP
em fóruns até militantes que passaram horas respondendo a e-mails pessoais com
dúvidas de usuários.
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despende para corroborar tais esforços. No entanto, inferiu-se que, em meio à
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uma ferramenta que se apresenta com muitos erros.
O conceito de “liberdade” sob a ótica de algumas comunidades
Há vários motivos pelos quais alguém opta por usar um software livre em
detrimento de um software proprietário, mas três deles merecem certo destaque – os
PRWLYRVWpFQLFRVRVVRFLDLVHRV¿QDQFHLURV(VWHV~OWLPRVVmREHPFRPSUHHQVtYHLV
algumas pessoas não querem ou não podem pagar pelo alto preço das licenças e,
por isso, passam a usar softwares livres, que estão gratuitamente disponíveis na
rede.
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de software livre, os dois primeiros discursos (a saber, os aspectos técnicos e os
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que se deve usar software livre simplesmente porque ele é melhor. Para esses
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GRVSURJUDPDV1RHQWDQWRVHJXQGRHOHVQmRH[LVWHRPHQRUSUREOHPDHPVHXVDU
software proprietário nos casos em que ele funcione melhor ou garanta a facilidade
de uso.
Por outro lado, há aqueles que consideram que a liberdade que move aque-
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muito, incompleta. Esses usuários estão mais preocupados com as questões
sociais implícitas no ato de usar um software livre – ato que, por essência, denotaria
independência (seja das licenças proprietárias cobradas pelas grandes corporações,
VHMDGDVDWXDOL]Do}HVUHPXQHUDGDVTXHVmRH[LJLGDVRXGRFyGLJRIRQWHIHFKDGR
H DOWLYH] (OHV HVWmR HP JUDQGH SDUWH GRV FDVRV HQYROYLGRV HP YiULRV SURMHWRV
de inclusão digital em comunidades desfavorecidas e acreditam que a inclusão
social está diretamente relacionada à própria inclusão digital – e esta, diga-se,
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YiULDVDOFXQKDV7DOYH]DVPDLVFRQKHFLGDVWUDWHPRSULPHLURFRPR³26,´21RX³open
source´HDVHJXQGDFRPR³)UHH6RIWZDUH´RX³[LLWD´
Além dessas divergências, há pequenos embates de ordem técnica que,
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GL]HP UHVSHLWR D FHUWDV SHFXOLDULGDGHV WpFQLFDV GH FDGD GLVWULEXLomR ,VVR SRGH
ser facilmente ilustrado pelos sistemas Debian e Slackware: no primeiro, quando
XP XVXiULR GHFLGH EDL[DU GHWHUPLQDGR SURJUDPD SRU PHLR GR PRGR WH[WR LVWR p
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mas de todas as suas dependências, facilitando o trabalho do usuário. No caso do
Slackware, o aplicativo correspondente é o Slackpkg, que busca apenas o arquivo
solicitado, sem suas dependências.220XLWRVXVXiULRVGDVGLVWULEXLo}HVGHULYDGDVGR
'HELDQRXPHVPRGDTXHODVGHULYDGDVGR)HGRUDHPTXHRJHUHQFLDGRUpR<XP
FRPIXQomRVHPHOKDQWHjGR$37QRTXHGL]UHVSHLWRjEXVFDSRUGHSHQGrQFLDV
defendem o uso de seu gerenciador pelo fato de ele proporcionar facilidade de uso.
Já grande parte dos slackers, em contrapartida, acreditam que isso fere a liberdade
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)UHHQRGHQHWQR,5&pPXLWRHVFODUHFHGRU
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(OHQmRYDLEDL[DUQDGDDOpPGRTXHYFRUGHQDU8P³DSWJHW´MiFKHFD
(PDOXVmRjOLFHQoD2SHQ6RXUFH,QLDWLYH26,TXHQmRREULJDDSXEOLFDomRGHDOWHUDo}HVUHDOL]DGDVQRFyGLJR

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eFRPRVHHPDQDORJLDEHPUXGLPHQWDUXPLQGLYtGXRSUHFLVDVVHFR]LQKDUDUUR]4XDQGRXVDUR$37RJHUHQFLDGRU
do Debian, não precisará se preocupar com qualquer ingrediente: o gerenciador buscará pelos grãos, pela água e pelos
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terá em suas mãos apenas os grãos, devendo, portanto, buscar todo o resto por conta própria.
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outra coisa tb. Os usuários dessas distros vêem isso como facilidade.
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redhat, ele vai querer remover outras coisas junto, mas não foi isso que
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Por meio dos breves resultados aqui apresentados, acredita-se, foi possível
compreender ao menos uma parte daquilo que se constitui como a dinâmica e o
funcionamento de uma comunidade de software livre. Os vários relatos, depoimentos,
SDVVDJHQVHQ¿PWRGRRPDWHULDOFROKLGRQRVSHUPLWHFRQVWDWDUFRPRVHHVWDEHOHFH
HRTXHVLJQL¿FDDSOXUDOLGDGHGHDo}HVLGpLDVHSRVWXUDVSUHVHQWHVHPPHLRDR
universo open source.
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OLYUH FRQ¿JXUDPVH FRPR XPD SHTXHQD SDUWH GH DOJR PXLWR PDLRU YLJHQWH QD
sociedade em rede pós-industrial. O novo modo de produção, de avaliação e de
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D :LNLSpGLD R 6HWL#+RPH D OLFHQoD &UHDWLYH &RPPRQV HWF ± SDUHFH HVWDU
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SDVVDPSRUFRQVWDQWHVSURFHVVRVGHUHYLVmRHGHDGDSWDomR4XHD¿ORVR¿Dopen
source possa ajudá-los.
Software Livre e a
Perspectiva da Dádiva
uma análise sobre o trabalho e a produção
colaborativa no projeto GNOME
Este capítulo se sedimenta sobre um estudo1 FLHQWt¿FR TXH EXVFRX

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Projeto GNU Network Object Model Environment, PDLVFRQKHFLGRHGLIXQGLGRSHOD
sigla GNOME.
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de desktop3 FRP XPD LQWHUIDFH JUi¿FD Graphical User Interface – GUI) e um
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$OpPGHVVDLPSRUWDQWHLPHUVmRIRUDPUHDOL]DGDVHQWUHYLVWDVVHPLHVWUXWXUDGDVFRPPHPEURVGHGLIHUHQWHV
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livre do projeto GNOME à luz da teoria da Dádiva” TXH VH HQFRQWUD GLVSRQtYHO QR OLQN KWWSZZZDGPXIEDEUSXE
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H Do}HV FRPXQV DOpP GH SRVVXLU XPD H[LVWrQFLD ³UHDO´ SDUD VHXV PHPEURV LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWH GDV SUR[LPLGDGHV
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WUDWDVHVLPSOHVPHQWHGHXPFROHWLYRPDLVRXPHQRVSHUPDQHQWHTXHVHRUJDQL]DSRUPHLRGRQRYRFRUUHLRHOHWU{QLFR
PXQGLDO´/pY\S
3 O desktoppXPVLVWHPDFRPSXWDFLRQDOFRPSRVWRSRUXPFRQMXQWRGHDSOLFDWLYRVVRIWZDUHVTXHVHJXHPHGH¿QHP
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FRPXPFRPDVIXQFLRQDOLGDGHVGHXPGHWHUPLQDGRVLVWHPDRSHUDFLRQDO$VVLPSRGHVHGL]HUTXHWRGDDDUTXLWHWXUD
VLPEyOLFDHRSDGUmRJUi¿FRYLVXDOGHPHQXVtFRQHViUHDVGHWUDEDOKRH³MDQHODV´VmRGH¿QLGRVSHORVLVWHPDGH
desktop.
segundo objetivo a estruturação de uma plataforma4GHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRFRQWHQGR

XPDFROHomRGH,QWHUIDFHVGH3URJUDPDomRGH$SOLFDWLYRV$3,VDOpPGHGLYHUVDV
IHUUDPHQWDVGHSURJUDPDomRTXHVmRXWLOL]DGDVSRUKDFNHUVWDQWRGRSURMHWRFRPR
WDPEpPGHRXWUDVFRPXQLGDGHVGHVRIWZDUHVOLYUHVHVSDOKDGDVSHORFLEHUHVSDoR
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RUJDQL]DomRHDGLQkPLFDGRWUDEDOKRTXHLPSXOVLRQDRSURFHVVRGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWR
GH WRGR R FRQMXQWR GH VLVWHPDV FRPSXWDFLRQDLV OLYUHV TXH FRPS}HP R 3URMHWR
*120(1XPPRPHQWRSRVWHULRUSDUWLQGRGHVVDPHVPDUHDOLGDGHEXVFDUHPRV
FRPSUHHQGHUWDPEpPDQDWXUH]DGRWUDEDOKRDGRWDGRSHORVKDFNHUVQRSURFHVVR
GHSURGXomRHQWUHSDUHVTXHDFDEDHQYROYHQGRXPDFRPXQLGDGHLQWHUQDFLRQDOGH
colaboradores.
O surgimento do projeto GNOME
(P VHJXQGR R VRFLyORJR 0DQXHO &DVWHOOV Mi KDYLD SHOR
PHQRVPLOK}HVGHXVXiULRVGR*18/LQX[HPWRGRRPXQGR&RQWXGRPHVPR
VHQGR GLIXQGLGR FRPR XP VRIWZDUH GH H[FHOHQWH TXDOLGDGH WHFQROyJLFD QR LQtFLR
GR VHX SURFHVVR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO *18/LQX[ WDPEpP
HUD FRQVLGHUDGR XP VRIWZDUH TXH H[LJLD SRU SDUWH GRV XVXiULRV XP QtYHO GH
FRQKHFLPHQWRWpFQLFRPDLVHOHYDGRSDUDRVHXERPIXQFLRQDPHQWR,VVRSRUTXH
SRUWHUVLGRGHVHQYROYLGR³SRUWHFQROyJRV´H³SDUDWHFQROyJRV´R*18/LQX[XWLOL]DYD
XPSDGUmRGHLQWHUIDFHJUi¿FDtFRQHVMDQHODVERUGDVHWFPHQRVLQWXLWLYRHFRP
SDGU}HVVLPEyOLFRVPHQRVDFHVVtYHLVjVSHVVRDVFRPXQVDRFRQWUiULRGHDOJXPDV
YHUV}HV SURSULHWiULDV GH FyGLJR IHFKDGR FRPR R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO Windows
e o Mac OS X, TXH HVWDYDP VHQGR GHVHQYROYLGRV SRU JUDQGHV FRUSRUDo}HV GH
7HFQRORJLDGD,QIRUPDomR7,TXHSULRUL]DYDPPDLVHVVDVTXHVW}HVGHLQWHUIDFH
JUi¿FD$VVLP SDUD TXH R *18/LQX[ VH GLIXQGLVVH GH IRUPD PDLV DPSOD ID]LD
VHQHFHVViULRRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHXPDPELHQWHGHdesktopTXHSRVVLELOLWDVVHD
H[LVWrQFLDGHXPVLVWHPDGHLQWHUIDFHFRPtFRQHVHMDQHODVHQWUHRXWURVDSOLFDWLYRV
TXH VHJXLVVH RV SULQFtSLRV GH OLEHUGDGH WHFQROyJLFD H DR PHVPR WHPSR TXH
SHUPLWLVVH TXH XP XVXiULR FRPXP SXGHVVH IDFLOPHQWH LQWHUDJLU H DFHVVDU VXDV
funcionalidades.
3RU YROWD GH R SULPHLUR SURMHWR TXH VXUJH SDUD WHQWDU VXSULU HVVD
lacuna foi denominado de K – desktop Environment.'(1RHQWDQWRRIXQGDGRU
$SODWDIRUPDpDLQIUDHVWUXWXUDWHFQROyJLFDTXHVHUYHGHEDVHSDUDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDVDSOLFDo}HVGR*120(
7HFQLFDPHQWHHODpXPFRQMXQWRUHSRVLWyULRGHELEOLRWHFDVGHREMHWRVIXQo}HVHHVWUXWXUDVGHGDGRVTXHSRGHPVHU
UHXWLOL]DGDVQRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHQRYDVDSOLFDo}HVRXVHMDpXPDHVSpFLHGH³DUPD]pP´DEHUWRGHFDL[DDEHUWD
FKHLDGHFyGLJRVSUpGH¿QLGRVTXHVHUYHGHUHIHUrQFLDSDUDTXDOTXHUGHVHQYROYHGRULQWHUHVVDGRHPXWLOL]iOD
7RGDYLDDQWHVGHDGHQWUDUHVVHVSRQWRVID]VHQHFHVViULRFRPSUHHQGHUDDPELJXXLGDGHHRPDOHQWHQGLPHQWRTXH
VHID]VREUHRWHUPRHDSUi[LVVRFLDOGRVKDFNHUVDERUGDGDQRFDStWXORLQWURGXWyULRGHVWHOLYUR
GHVVHSURMHWR0DWWKLDV(WWULFKRSWRXSRUXWLOL]DUXPDWHFQRORJLDDWpHQWmRGHFyGLJR
IHFKDGR R VRIWZDUH Qt toolkit da empresa 7UROO7HFK HP VHXV SDFRWHV R¿FLDLV
$VVLP PHVPR QmR VHQGR XP VRIWZDUH FRPHUFLDO R desktop KDE causou muitas
GLVFRUGkQFLDV QR LQWHULRU GR PRYLPHQWR SHOR 6RIWZDUH /LYUH GHYLGR DR IDWRGHVVH
VLVWHPDQmRVHJXLUQDVXDLQWHJUDOLGDGHRVSULQFtSLRVGHDEHUWXUDHOLEHUGDGHGD
¿ORVR¿D*18$SDUWLUGHVVHFRQWH[WRHPGRLVKDFNHUVPH[LFDQRV)HGHULFR
0HQDH0LJXHOGH,FD]DVHDUWLFXODUDPSDUDGHVHQYROYHUXPSURMHWRGHdesktop
TXHQmRDSHQDVIRUQHFHVVHXPVLVWHPDDEHUWRGHLQWHUIDFHJUi¿FDPDLVLQWHOLJtYHO
SDUDRXVRPDVTXHWDPEpPVHJXLVVHGHIRUPDLQWHJUDORVSULQFtSLRVGHOLEHUGDGH
WHFQROyJLFD H FRODERUDomR DVVRFLDGRV DR VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO *18/LQX[. Esse
projeto foi denominado de *18 1HWZRUN 2EMHFW 0RGHO (QYLURQPHQW mais
FRQKHFLGRHGLIXQGLGRSHODVLJOD*120(
$OpPGHFRQWDUFRPRDSRLRHDFRODERUDomRFUHVFHQWHGHKDFNHUVGHYiULRV
SDtVHV QR DQR TXH VH VHJXLX DR ODQoDPHQWR GD VXD YHUVmR SULPHLUD YHUVmR R
SURMHWR *120( SDVVRX WDPEpP D WHU R DSRLR GH GHVHQYROYHGRUHV GH VRIWZDUHV
TXHHUDPSDJRVSRUHPSUHVDVGH7,DH[HPSORGDRed Hat e a Eazel.6HJXQGR
,FD]D FRP R DSRLR GLUHWR H D SDUWLFLSDomR GH YiULRV KDFNHUV HVSDOKDGRV
SHOD 5HGH MXQWDPHQWH FRP HVVHV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV FRQWUDWDGRV HP R
SURMHWR*120(ODQoDDVXDYHUVmR3RVWHULRUPHQWHQRDQRGHMiFRP
intuito de fortalecer ainda mais a missão do projeto de desenvolver uma plataforma
FRPSXWDFLRQDO OLYUH p FULDGD D )XQGDomR *120( (VVD )XQGDomR FRP VHGH
QD &DOLIyUQLD (8$ WRUQRXVH XPD HVSpFLH GH RUJDQL]DomR IRUPDO TXH Gi DSRLR
LQVWLWXFLRQDO j FRPXQLGDGH YLUWXDO e HOD TXH UHSUHVHQWD IRUPDOPHQWH R 3URMHWR
QR ³PXQGR GRV iWRPRV´ VHQGR JHULGD GH IRUPD YLUWXDO SRU XP &RQVHOKR 'LUHWRU
FRPSRVWR SRU VHWH SHVVRDV GH GLIHUHQWHV SDUWHV GR PXQGR TXH VmR HOHLWDV SHOD
comunidade.
O Projeto GNOME e o modelo colaborativo de produção entre

pares
2 3URMHWR *120( TXH Gi R VHQWLQGR GH H[LVWrQFLD SDUD WRGD HVVD
FRPXQLGDGHYLUWXDOGHKDFNHUVJLUDHPWRUQRGHGXDVPHWDV'HXPODGRWHQGR
FRPR IRFR R FKDPDGR ³XVXiULR ¿QDO´ R SURMHWR YLVD DR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH XP
ambiente de desktopSDUDGLVWULEXLo}HVGR*18/LQX[FRPXPDLQWHUIDFHJUi¿FD
Graphical User Interface – *8, H XP FRQMXQWR GH DSOLFDWLYRV VRIWZDUHV TXH
IDFLOLWHPDRPi[LPRDLQWHUDomRGHVVHXVXiULRFRPRFRPSXWDGRUhardware). Por
LVVRGHIRUPDLPEULFDGDDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHVVHDPELHQWHJUi¿FR*120(ID]
VHSUHVHQWHWDPEpPRSURFHVVRGHWUDGXomRGRVVRIWZDUHVTXHFRPS}HPRGHVNWRS
SDUDPDLVGHLGLRPDVQRPXQGRDEUDQJHQGRDVVLPGHVGHLGLRPDVRFLGHQWDLV
FRPR(VSDQKRO)UDQFrVH3RUWXJXrVTXHXVDPRPHVPRDOIDEHWRDOtQJXDVH
GLDOHWRVTXHXVDPDOIDEHWRVFRPSOHWDPHQWHGLVWLQWRVFRPRSRUH[HPSOR&KLQrV
*UHJRÈUDEH+LQGLH+HEUDLFR3RURXWURODGRRSURMHWRDFDEDWHQGRWDPEpPFRPR
IRFRDHVWUXWXUDomRGHXPDSODWDIRUPDGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRFRQWHQGRXPDFROHomR
GH,QWHUIDFHVGH3URJUDPDomRGH$SOLFDWLYRV$3,VDOpPGHGLYHUVDVIHUUDPHQWDV
GHSURJUDPDomRTXHVmRXWLOL]DGDVSRUKDFNHUVWDQWRGRSURMHWRFRPRWDPEpPGH
RXWUDVFRPXQLGDGHVGHVRIWZDUHVOLYUHVHVSDOKDGDVSHORFLEHUHVSDoR
3DUWLQGRGHVVDUHDOLGDGHpLPSRUWDQWHIULVDUTXHRSURFHVVRGHGHVHQYRO
YLPHQWRGHVRIWZDUHVOLYUHVHPFRPXQLGDGHVGHVVDQDWXUH]DpVLQJXODUHPUHODomR
DXPDVSHFWRSUDJPiWLFRGRPRGRGHYLGDKDFNHU(QTXDQWR
³D~OWLPDUHYROXomRLQGXVWULDOPDUFRXDWUDQVLomRSDUDXPDVRFLHGDGH
TXH FRQWDYD FRP RV UHVXOWDGRV FLHQWt¿FRV RV KDFNHUV FKDPDP D
DWHQomR SDUD R IDWR GH TXH QD (UD GD ,QIRUPDomR PDLV LPSRUWDQWH
TXHRVUHVXOWDGRVFLHQWt¿FRVpRPRGHORGHSURGXomRHQWUHSDUHV1TXH
SHUPLWHREWHQomRGHVVHVUHVXOWDGRV´+LPDQHP
2XDLQGD³DHPHUJrQFLDGRVRIWZDUHOLYUHHRVXFHVVRIHQRPHQDOGRVVHXV
SLRQHLURV ± FRPR R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO *18/LQX[ R VHUYLGRU GH UHGH$SDFKH
3HUO%,1'±HPXLWRVRXWURVSURMHWRVWrPQRVIRUoDGRDUHDOL]DUXPDUHYLVmRQR
SDUDGLJPDGRPLQDQWHVREUHSURGXomR´%HQNOHU>7UDGXomRQRVVD@
$VVLPDSHVDUGDJrQHVHGRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHWHFQRORJLDVFRPRDSUySULD,QWHUQHW
VHUXPERPH[HPSORGHLQRYDomROLEHUGDGHHDEHUWXUDRVSURMHWRVWHFQROyJLFRV
SURGX]LGRVGHIRUPDOLYUHHFRODERUDWLYDFRPRRLinux ou o GNOME, podem ser
FRQVLGHUDGRVXPDYDQoRDLQGDPDLRU,VVRSRUTXHGXUDQWHRSURFHVVRPHGLDGRSRU
FRPSXWDGRUGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHVVHVVRIWZDUHVRVKDFNHUVYrPHODERUDQGRXP
PRGRVXEYHUVLYRGHDXWRRUJDQL]DomRSDUDDSURGXomRHGLVWULEXLomRGHVRIWZDUHV
livres na Internet.
³4XHPSHQVDULDPHVPRDFLQFRDQRVDWUiVTXHXPVLVWHPDRSHUDFLRQDOGH
FODVVHPXQGLDOSRGHULDVXUJLUFRPRTXHSRUPiJLFDSHORWHPSROLYUHGHPLOKDUHVGH
FRODERUDGRUHV HVSDOKDGRV SRU WRGR R SODQHWD FRQHFWDGRV VRPHQWH SHORV WrQXHV
FRUG}HV GD ,QWHUQHW"´ 5D\PRQG 6HJXQGR R KDFNHU (ULF 5D\PRQG
HVVDHVSHFXODomRFHUWDPHQWHQmRSDUWLULDGHOHSRLVDVVLPFRPRTXDVH
DWRWDOLGDGHGRVSURJUDPDGRUHVGRLQtFLRGDGpFDGDGH±HOHGHIHQGLDDWHVH
GHTXHVRIWZDUHVGHDOWDFRPSOH[LGDGHFRPRXPNHUQHORXXPDPELHQWHdesktop,
QHFHVVLWDYDP VHU GHVHQYROYLGRV GHQWUR GH XP ³PRGHOR FDWHGUDO´ 'LWR GH RXWUD
PDQHLUD HVVHV VLVWHPDV FRPSXWDFLRQDLV VHJXQGR R SDGUmR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR

DQWHULRU DR VXUJLPHQWR GR /LQX[ GHYHULDP VHU HODERUDGRV GH IRUPD FHQWUDOL]DGD
HLVRODGDSRUXPSHTXHQRJUXSRGHGHVHQYROYHGRUHVHVSHFLDOLVWDVTXHVyGLVSR
QLELOL]DULDP R UHVXOWDGR GH VHX WUDEDOKR TXDQGR SHUFHEHVVHP TXH XPD SULPHLUD
YHUVmRGHGHWHUPLQDGRVRIWZDUHHVWLYHVVHVLJQL¿FDWLYDPHQWHSURQWD±DVVLPFRPR
DFRQWHFHQDPDLRULDGDVHPSUHVDV¿UPDVGHSURGXomRGHVRIWZDUHVTXHWrPR
FyGLJRIRQWHIHFKDGR(VVHPRGHOR5D\PRQGGHQRPLQRXGHCatedral.
'HQWUR GHVVH FRQWH[WR R OHPD ³OLEHUH FHGR XPD YHUVmR GR VRIWZDUH
H IUHTXHQWHPHQWH GHOHJXH WXGR TXH YRFr SRVVD HVWHMD DEHUWR DR SRQWR GD
SURPLVFXLGDGH´FKHJRXFRPRXPJUDQGHFKRTXHSDUDRXQLYHUVRGDHQJHQKDULD
GHVRIWZDUHVFRPSOH[RV,VVRSRUTXHDPDLRULDGRVGHVHQYROYHGRUHVLQFOXLQGRR
SUySULR(ULF5D\PRQGDFUHGLWDYDTXHHVVDHUDXPDPiSROtWLFDSDUDSURMHWRVGHVVD
QDWXUH]D WHQGR HP YLVWD TXH RV SRVVtYHLV GHIHLWRV GHQRPLQDGR bugs) poderiam
VHUSDVVDGRVSDUDRVXVXiULRV
3RURXWURODGRQRLQtFLRGRSURMHWR/LQX[SRUYROWDGHDUHODomRHQWUH
XVXiULRV H GHVHQYROYHGRUHV GH XP SURMHWR GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH IRL FRPSOHWDPHQWH
DOWHUDGDFRPDGLVSRQLELOL]DomRGRFyGLJRIRQWHPXLWRVXVXUiULRVSDVVDPDVHUFR
GHVHQYROYHGRUHVH¿FD]HV/LQXV7RUYDOGVSHUFHEHXTXHPXLWRVXVXiULRVVmRKDFNHUV
WDPEpPHSRUWDQWRHOHVSRGHPGLDJQRVWLFDUSUREOHPDVVXJHULUFRUUHo}HVHDMXGDU
DPHOKRUDURFyGLJRPXLWRPDLVUDSLGDPHQWHGRTXHXPSURJUDPDGRURXDWpPHVPR
XPDHTXLSHWpFQLFDGHIRUPDLVRODGDIHFKDGD(PRXWUDVSDODYUDV³GDGRVROKRV
VX¿FLHQWHVWRGRVRVHUURVVmRWULYLDLV´5D\PRQG$VVLPQHVVHPRGHOR
DEHUWRQmRHUDHVWUDQKRXPDQRYDYHUVmRGR.HUQHO/LQX[VHUODQoDGDPDLVGHXPD
YH] SRU GLD ± R TXH SDUD PXLWRV SURJUDPDGRUHV H HQJHQKHLURV FRPSXWDFLRQDLV
VHULDKXPDQDPHQWHLPSRVVtYHODSDUWLUGHXPPRGHORWUDGLFLRQDO
³1HQKXPDFDWHGUDOFDOPDHUHVSHLWRVDDTXLDRLQYpVDFRPXQLGDGH
/LQX[ SDUHFHX DVVHPHOKDUVH D XP JUDQGH H EDUXOKHQWR ED]DU GH
GLIHUHQWHVDJHQGDVHDSUR[LPDo}HVDGHTXDGDPHQWHVLPEROL]DGRSHORV
UHSRVLWyULRVGR/LQX[TXHDFHLWDULDVXEPLVV}HVde qualquer pessoa) de
RQGH XP VLVWHPD FRHUHQWH H HVWiYHO SRGHULD DSDUHQWHPHQWH HPHUJLU
VRPHQWHSRUXPDVXFHVVmRGHPLODJUHV´5D\PRQG
1RFDVRGR3URMHWR*120(HVVH³JUDQGHHEDUXOKHQWRED]DU´DFDEDHQYRO
YHQGRPDLVGHSHVVRDVHQWUHWUDGXWRUHVGHVHQYROYHGRUHVHFRODERUDGRUHVHP
JHUDOTXHMXQWRVID]HPSDUWHGHSDtVHVGRVFLQFRFRQWLQHQWHVGRSODQHWDFRPR
GHPRQVWUDD¿JXUD0DLVHVSHFL¿FDPHQWHSRUPHLRGDSHVTXLVDTXDQWLWDWLYDTXH
IXQGDPHQWRX HVWH WUDEDOKR S{GHVH REVHUYDU TXH GRV +DFNHUV FDWDORJDGRV
GHMDQHLURDMXOKRGHTXDVHDWRWDOLGDGHGRVPHPEURVGDFRPXQLGDGH

VmRGRVH[RPDVFXOLQRHDPDLRULDGHOHVVmRGHSDtVHVGD(XURSD2FLGHQWDO
FRPR)UDQoD,QJODWHUUD(VSDQKDH$OHPDQKDVHQGRRXWUDERDSDUWHGRV
SDtVHV GD$PpULFD GR 1RUWH 0p[LFR &DQDGi H (8$$$PpULFD GR 6XO &KLOH
%UDVLO H $UJHQWLQD FKHJD D UHSUHVHQWDU GRV PHPEURV 1R HQWDQWR H[LVWHP
WDPEpP SHVVRDV GH SDtVHV DIULFDQRV H DVLiWLFRV FRPR ËQGLD ,Um &KLQD 9LHWQm
7XQtVLD7RJR0DGDJDVFDUHÈIULFDGR6XODOpPGD2FHDQLDTXHVHID]SUHVHQWH
SRUPHLRGHSDtVHVFRPRSRUH[HPSOR$XVWUiOLDH1RYD=HOkQGLD
³3RQWRV´GDUHGHPXQGLDOGR3URMHWR*120(
)RQWHKWWSSODQHWJQRPHRUg
(QWHQGHUSRUWDQWRDGLQkPLFDGHWUDEDOKRGRVKDFNHUVGR*120(pWHQ
WDU FRPSUHHQGHU R ³PLODJUH´ GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR VHPHVWUDO GH XPD QRYD YHUVmR
GHVVHVLVWHPDFRPSXWDFLRQDOTXHXQHHPRELOL]DHVVDFRPXQLGDGHLQWHUQDFLRQDO
interligada apenas pelos liames digitais da rede mundial de computadores. Para
DOFDQoDURGHVD¿RDQDOtWLFRGHDGHQWUDUQRHQUHGRSURGXWLYRGHXPDQRYDYHUVmR
da Plataforma e do desktop*120(ID]VHDQWHVQHFHVViULDXPDDQiOLVHSUpYLDGD
HVWUXWXUDGHWLPHVHVHWRUHVTXHGHOLQHLDPDEDVHRUJDQL]DFLRQDOTXHPDQWpPYLYR
este processo não-contratual de produção em rede.
GNOME: um “bazar” organizado?
6HJXQGR*HUPDQDWXDOPHQWHR3URMHWR*120(HVWiDVVRFLDGRD

XP VLVWHPD FRPSXWDFLRQDO FRPSRVWR SRU PDLV GH VRIWZDUHV HQWUH ELEOLRWHFDV
e aplicativos do desktopHGDSODWDIRUPD(PRXWUDVSDODYUDVLVVRFRUUHVSRQGHD
PDLVGHGRLVPLOK}HVGHOLQKDVGHFyGLJRTXHSRGHPVHDPSOLDUDLQGDPDLVDFDGD
nova versão.
O fato de o Projeto ser subdividido em diversos aplicativos e bibliotecas
estimula uma forma de divisão da produção em módulos2 de desenvolvimento -
GHIRUPDSURSRUFLRQDOHFRUUHVSRQGHQWHDRQ~PHURGHVRIWZDUHVTXHDWXDOPHQWH
JLUD HP WRUQR GH (VVHV PyGXORV GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR VmR DJUXSDGRV H VLVWH
PDWL]DGRVSHOR6LVWHPDGH&RQWUROHGH9HUV}HVConcurrent Versions System &96
GR*120(HFRQWDPFRPDFRRUGHQDomRGHQRPtQLPRXPSURJUDPDGRUHIHWLYR
SDUD FDGD PyGXOR TXH UHFHEH R QRPH GH mantenedor e HVVH PDQWHQHGRU R
KDFNHUUHVSRQViYHOSRUSODQHMDURVUXPRVGHXPGHWHUPLQDGRVRIWZDUHTXHFRPS}H
RVLVWHPDDOpPGHJHULURHQYLRGHGRDo}HVGHFyGLJRVGHSURJUDPDomRDSHOLGDGDV
de patchs.
$VGRDo}HVSRGHPHVWDUUHODFLRQDGDVWDQWRjFRUUHomRGHXPHUURbug) no
SURJUDPDTXDQWRDRHQYLRGHFyGLJRVFRPQRYDVIXQFLRQDOLGDGHVHHVSHFL¿FLGDGHV
TXHDOJXPXVXiULRTXHLUDDJUHJDUjTXHOHGHWHUPLQDGRVRIWZDUH(pQHVVHSRQWR
TXHUHVLGHVHJXQGR5D\PRQGXPDGDVSULQFLSDLVYLUWXGHVGHVVHPRGHOR
DEHUWR GH SURGXomR FRODERUDWLYD HQWUH SDUHV TXH HOH GHQRPLQRX GH ³ED]DU´
HQTXDQWRQRPRGHOR&DWHGUDOSUHVHQWHHPERDSDUWHGDVHPSUHVDVGHVRIWZDUH
QRPXQGRRVHUURVQRVSURJUDPDVVmRWUDWDGRVGHIRUPDIHFKDGDSRUPHLRGHXP
H[DPHPLQXFLRVRHGHPRUDGRIHLWRSRUXPQ~PHURSHTXHQRGHWpFQLFRV³QDYLVmR
ED]DUSRURXWURODGRYRFrPDQWHQHGRUDVVXPHTXHHUURVVmRJHUDOPHQWHWULYLDLV
PXLWRUDSLGDPHQWHTXDQGRH[SRVWRVSDUDFHQWHQDVGHiYLGRVFRGHVHQYROYHGRUHV
WULWXUDQGRFDGDQRYDOLEHUDomR´5D\PRQG
6HJXLQGR HVVD ¿ORVR¿D SRU H[HPSOR R PDQWHQHGRU GH TXDOTXHU PyGXOR
GR3URMHWR*120(GLVSRQLELOL]DGHIRUPDIUHTXHQWHQDZHEGDFRPXQLGDGHXPD
QRYD YHUVmR FRP R LQWXLWR GH WHU VHPSUH PDLV FRUUHo}HV GRDo}HV GH TXDOTXHU
RXWUR KDFNHU DR UHGRU GR PXQGR TXH TXHLUD XVDU H FRQWULEXLU 'HVVD IRUPD R
PDQWHQHGRUGRSDFRWHFRQVHJXHUHGX]LURWUDEDOKRHRFXVWRTXHWHULDSDUDPDQWHU
DTXHOH GHWHUPLQDGR VRIWZDUH GH IRUPD LVRODGD$OpP GLVVR TXDQGR XP XVXiULR
GHVHQYROYHGRUSDVVDDID]HUGRDo}HVFRQVWDQWHVGHpatchs,HOHSDVVDWDPEpPD
WHUJUDQGHVSRVVLELOLGDGHVGHGLYLGLURSRVWRGHPDQWHQHGRURXDWpPHVPRDVVXPLU
H[FOXVLYDPHQWHWDOFDUJRFDVRRDWXDOPDQWHQHGRUFRQVLGHUHTXHQmRWHPPDLV
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Organograma do Projeto GNOME

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de seis meses.
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comunidade.
Planejando o enredo de uma nova versão
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para o lançamento de uma outra nova versão do seu desktopGHIRUPDVHPHOKDQWH
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desenvolvimento geral da futura versão. Essa proposta passa então a ser discutida
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sibilidade de entrada de novos softwares para serem inseridos na plataforma ou no
desktop.
1HVVHPRPHQWRTXDOTXHUKDFNHUSRGHSURSRUXPQRYRSDFRWHGHVROXomR
para ser agregado ao sistema GNOME. Da mesma forma como aconteceu na
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A colaboração dos usuários e a “temporada de caça aos bugs”!
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percebidos pelos mantenedores dos pacotes.
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aplicativo do desktop passa a ser detectado rapidamente e a sua respectiva solução
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versão em desenvolvimento.
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programadores.
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GH.
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lançadas para imprensa e meios de comunicação em geral sobre a nova versão
do GNOME.
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segue ser distribuído livremente para os cinco continentes do planeta.
Perspectiva da Dádiva e o Projeto GNOME
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Referências
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Mobilização colaborativa,
cultura hacker e a teoria da
propriedade imaterial
Uma breve introdução à questão da propriedade e da liberdade
Este texto é um recorte da tese de doutorado que defendi em 2005. Ele visa
trazer os principais pontos lá abordados sobre o problema da formulação de uma
teoria política da propriedade de bens imateriais no contexto de uma sociedade
informacional e em rede. O objeto de análise é a mobilização técnico-social para o
desenvolvimento e uso de software aberto e não-proprietário, conhecido como mo-
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de propriedade de software. A unidade de análise foi a rede de comunidades de
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movimento técnico-político, o foco foi colocado na comunidade Debian, que desen-
volve e distribui uma versão do sistema operacional GNU/Linux. Essa opção deu-se
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de desenvolvimento ou de debates. Para entender bem o modelo colaborativo e
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A pesquisa partiu de duas hipóteses que nasceram da teoria liberal de
propriedade. Essas hipóteses foram lançadas no terreno das evidências empíricas
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sobre evidências empiricamente observáveis nos seus contextos históricos.
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fé na justiça social, ou na distribuição equitativa da propriedade dos bens, conduziria
a sociedade a um sistema totalitário. A primeira hipótese desta tese nasceu do
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de bens.
Assim, a pesquisa partiu da hipótese de que a contraposição entre liberdade
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torno da propriedade material, tornando completamente pálida a força explicativa
da divisão política entre esquerda e direita.
A terceira hipótese pode ser considerada uma rota de explicação das
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e a natureza das redes informacionais destroçaram os fundamentos da teoria
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ciedade em rede foi construído sobre a ideia de que somente o modelo de software
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impacto colossal. Nesse sentido, o desenvolvimento compartilhado de bens intan-
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A propriedade das ideias é distinta da propriedade das coisas. A natureza
da rede e dos bens não-escassos nos conduz a discutir os objetivos da autoria e

da propriedade nesse cenário informacional. É preciso compreender que a teoria
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pensar a propriedade das ideias em uma sociedade em rede.
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possa ser considerado uma esfera pública, a partir da perspectiva habermasiana.
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isso, a comunidade e sua ação são analisadas, permitindo vislumbrar a partir delas
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Conclui-se que o movimento de colaboração sócio-técnica do software livre
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tipo de politização. A nova política de reivindicar e praticar a liberdade de continuar
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distribuição da propriedade em uma questão de liberdade.
O modelo de propriedade de bens tangíveis e o monopólio do

software
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no planeta, cerca de 10% ao ano (TAIT, 2005). Nele, a indústria de software já
representa entre 1 e 2% do PIB dos países ricos e, em 2001, movimentou no mundo
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'HVHQYROYLPHQWR(FRQ{PLFR2&'(RPHUFDGRPXQGLDOGHVRIWZDUHPRYLPHQWRX
86 ELOK}HV Mi HP 526(/,12 2V SDtVHV GHQRPLQDGRV ³HP
GHVHQYROYLPHQWR´ WDPEpP DYDQoDP $ SHVTXLVD Slicing the Knowledge-Based
Economy (KBE) in India, China and Brasil: a Tale of Three software Industries,
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Somente a empresa norte-americana de software, Microsoft Corporation,
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representou pouco mais de 22% do faturamento, percentual muito maior do
que o obtido pela maioria absoluta dos empreendimentos de outros setores da
economia. É importante notar que o lucro líquido da Microsoft foi maior do que o
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Alan Story, especialista em propriedade intelectual da Kent Law School, em
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proprietário.
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pelo qual essa empresa tornou-se a maior expressão do modelo de propriedade
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baseada em licenças proprietárias de uso, tendo como base a licença da Microsoft.
Vamos começar fazendo um breve relato sobre a evolução do hardware
e explicando como determinadas mudanças em sua arquitetura viabilizaram o
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Com mais tempo de observação, concluiu que a capacidade dos semicondutores
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chamada informática ainda estava muito concentrada na máquina. Os softwares
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³2V FRPSXWDGRUHV SURJUDPiYHLV FDSD]HV GH UHFHEHU LQVWUXo}HV

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uma distinção clara entre o equipamento (a máquina em si) e o roteiro
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para resolver os problemas individuais desta ou daquela empresa.
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posteriormente.
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fechada ou proprietária, ele não pode ser utilizado por máquinas de outros
fabricantes, uma vez que estas portam outra arquitetura. Assim, nesse contexto,
o elemento essencial desse processo é o hardware. A empresa que o fabrica tem
controle total sobre tudo que pode rodar nele. Pode decidir se vai ou não permitir
que seu hardware rode softwares de terceiros ou se ela mesma irá desenvolvê-los.
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que o fabrica e que detém a patente de sua arquitetura e de seus componentes
pode evitar tecnicamente que determinados softwares rodem (funcionem) em sua
plataforma. Mas esse modelo foi sendo superado.
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rou o conselho de todos que o cercavam e abandonou o mercado de

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empresa, transformando-a na principal fornecedora de máquinas pro-
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mo tipo de inspiração que o levou a abandonar as calculadoras poderia
tê-lo conduzido ao sucesso na indústria de software para PCs, nos anos
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excelentes, todos, porém, proprietários, só funcionando em seus pro-
cessadores de texto. Sem chance nenhuma de deslanchar, portanto,
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modelo de vinculação exclusiva entre o software e um determinado hardware
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mercado. Pode parecer notável e contraditória esta crítica de Gates ao modelo de
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exclusiva da empresa fabricante, portanto, secreta a todos os demais usuários.
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o computador só reconheceria a impressora que fosse do mesmo fabricante. Para
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O avanço dos microprocessadores possibilitou o avanço dos computadores
pessoais e estes permitiram que o modelo de arquitetura fechada do hardware fosse
superado pelo aberto, ao mesmo tempo em que consolidava o modelo fechado e
proprietário do software. O software estava potencialmente livre do aprisionamento
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conhecimentos e informação, mas a aplicação desses conhecimentos
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de processamento/comunicação da informação, em um ciclo de
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e seus desenvolvimentos em novos domínios, torna-se muito mais
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informação não são simplesmente ferramentas a serem aplicadas, mas
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próxima da máquina, seu nível de abstração é reduzido e, portanto, é considerada
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desenvolver mais velozmente os softwares e democratizar ainda mais o seu
desenvolvimento.
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microcomputadores sem se envolver diretamente na fabricação
ou venda do hardware. A Microsoft licenciava software a preços
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dinheiro apostando no volume das vendas. Adaptávamos nossas
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fabricantes de microcomputador. Ainda que o hardware fabricado por
duas empresas fosse diferente, o fato de ambos rodarem o Microsoft
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O empenho de Gates em reivindicar a arquitetura de hardware aberta não

era o mesmo na área de software. A abertura do hardware implicava na possibilidade
de outros fabricantes adotarem aquele modelo ou linha de construção. A Apple, de

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judicialmente barrada. A interoperabilidade entre hardwares era muito difícil sem
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microcomputadores eram uma realidade e, principalmente, que ela estava fora
desse mercado.
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o esquema tradicional, que consistia em fabricar todo o hardware e
software ela mesma. De modo que a IBM decidiu construir seu PC com
componentes já prontos, ao alcance de qualquer um. Isso levou a uma
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a IBM decidiu comprar da Intel os microprocessadores para seu PC.
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Como bem demonstra o relato de Gates, este é o ponto importante de

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de software. Exatamente no momento em que se aposta na abertura do hardware,
a Microsoft tentava tornar-se um padrão de fato na área de software no crescente
mercado mundial de computadores pessoais. Sem dúvida, quando um padrão,
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ao seu conteúdo. A cópia ou o clone permite expandir o uso do que tiver qualidade
em um ritmo bem mais veloz, além de envolver mais empresas e pessoas no seu
processo de inovação incremental. Essa é uma evidência na área de hardware, mas
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tendência da economia da informação ser essencialmente uma economia de redes,
levaram o modelo de licenciamento de software para o lado proprietário.
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outras empresas poderiam copiar, a IBM tinha realmente chance de criar
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operacional. Adquirimos um trabalho anterior, desenvolvido numa
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Sistema Operacional de Disco da Microsoft, o MS-DOS. Tim tornou-
se, na verdade, o pai do MS-DOS. A IBM, nosso primeiro licenciado,
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A Microsoft fez um contrato em que a IBM deveria usar os seus softwares,

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a IBM. Em uma arquitetura aberta ou padronizada de hardware, um software pode
ser desenvolvido para rodar (funcionar) sobre todo e qualquer computador que a
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também passou a ser verdade que qualquer computador poderia rodar um mesmo
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seja, a IBM tinha um incentivo para promover o MS-DOS e vendê-lo a
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com as vendas da IBM, e sim licenciar o uso do MS-DOS a outros
fabricantes de computador que quisessem oferecer máquinas mais ou
menos compatíveis com o IBM-PC. A IBM podia usar nosso software
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futuros aperfeiçoamentos. Com isso a Microsoft se viu na posição de
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Gates deixa claro que o padrão e a arquitetura aberta para o hardware

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qualquer empresa podia fabricar um computador pessoal, tal qual o modelo IBM,
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de seu software e levar o seu modelo de licenças de uso para todo o crescente
mercado de microcomputadores. Gates defendia o valor do compartilhamento nos
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o software é bastante evidente. Gates reconhece que o conhecimento aberto,
portanto acessível a todos, de como construir o hardware PC, foi decisivo para sua
consolidação como o padrão de mercado dos computadores pessoais. Por outro
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revisionistas, concluir que a IBM cometeu um erro trabalhando com a
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patenteado a arquitetura de seu PC e também que a Intel e a Microsoft
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não entenderam o principal. A IBM transformou-se no carro-chefe
da indústria de PCs justamente porque foi capaz de canalizar uma
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utilizá-los para promover sua arquitetura aberta. A IBM estabeleceu os
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aconteceu também com os protocolos de rede. Um protocolo pode ser entendido
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de capacidade limitada e construídos com arquitetura proprietária. As
demais empresas de hardware não tinham a concessão dos sistemas
operacionais para fabricar equipamentos compatíveis e nenhum dos
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Uma sociedade que utiliza intensamente a informação é centralmente uma

sociedade da hiper-comunicação. Depende de protocolos e softwares que cumprem
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a rede constitua-se ou comporte-se como querem suas normas. A comunicação
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reforça o sucesso. Esse conceito, chamado retorno positivo, explica por
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¿FDUPDLVIRUWH2IHHGEDFNQHJDWLYRpRVHXRSRVWRHPSUHVDVIUDFDV¿FDPPDLV
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produtos e pessoas são vitais.
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forma nova e mais virulenta baseada no lado da demanda do mercado,
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enorme não se baseia em economias de escala no desenvolvimento de
software. Oh, sim, o projeto de software tem economias de escala como
qualquer outro produto da informação. Mas há diversos outros sistemas
operacionais que oferecem desempenho comparável (ou superior) ao
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operacionais rivais é mínimo em comparação com a capitalização de
mercado da Microsoft. O mesmo vale para aplicativos básicos da
Microsoft. Não, o domínio da Microsoft baseia-se nas economias de
escala do lado da demanda. Os clientes da Microsoft valorizam os
sistemas operacionais dela porque eles são amplamente utilizados,
constituem o padrão de fato do setor. Os sistemas operacionais rivais

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6+$3,52 9$5,$1
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a única pessoa no mundo a comprá-la. Porém, em se tratando de
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parte do valor do produto vem de uma ampla disponibilidade. Podendo
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uma fenda por onde só passa um único tamanho de envelope, e uma
caixa velha de papelão onde todo o mundo pode deixar correspondência
e recados de todo tipo e tamanho, você escolheria a de acesso mais
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para poder manipulá-la a favor de sua ampliação ou pelo seu bloqueio.
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para nada. O sistema operacional é a base sobre a qual são construídos todos
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um computador poderia impedir que certos aplicativos dos concorrentes rodassem
sobre ele. Os softwares podem ser divididos em básicos e aplicativos. O principal
software básico é o sistema operacional. Uma planilha de cálculo é um aplicativo.
([HPSOL¿FDQGRXPDSODQLOKDTXHURGDVREUHRVLVWHPDRSHUDFLRQDO8QL[SRGHQmR
rodar sobre o Windows. Com o modelo proprietário de software e a partir do acordo
com o modelo de hardware aberto da IBM, a Microsoft viu-se na posição de licenciar
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taforma de seu sistema operacional, que se chamava DOS e posteriormente foi
substituída pelo Windows, apesar de terem convivido durante muito tempo.
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será feita aqui uma análise jurídica das licenças, nem de sua evolução histórica. A
observação se concentrará nos elementos estruturais ou essenciais do licenciamento
de um software proprietário, amplamente utilizado, para posteriormente compará-
los com o modelo de licenciamento aberto e não-proprietário. Antes é importante

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monopólio daquele produto, ou seja, o monopólio do desenvolvimento do mesmo,
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mercado de sistemas operacionais, ela licenciou o DOS para fabricantes
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do número de máquinas que o fabricante produzia, estivesse ou não
o DOS instalado nelas. Isso era chamado de licença-por-processador,
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pela licença de uso do DOS com base no número de processadores
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se na produção de máquinas, não no número de máquinas nas quais
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instalavam um sistema operacional na máquina antes de expedi-la, a
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da política de licenciamento. O DOS teve custo incremental zero de
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'HSDUWDPHQWRGH-XVWLoDQRUWHDPHULFDQRTXHVWLRQRXHPHVVD
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OD´6+$3,52 9$5,$1
A licença de uso da versão Microsoft Windows XP Professional, o sistema

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a tomar contato com os termos de seu uso somente na hora da instalação. Caso
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O EULA da versão Microsoft Windows XP Professional, obtida no início de
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e executar uma cópia do Produto em um único computador, como
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processadores ao mesmo tempo em uma única Estação de Trabalho.
Você poderá permitir um máximo de dez (10) computadores ou outros

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somente para serviços de Arquivo e Impressão, Serviços de Informação
da Internet e acesso remoto (incluindo o compartilhamento da conexão
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FRQH[}HV LQGLUHWDV IHLWDV DWUDYpV GH PXOWLSOH[DomR ³PXOWLSOH[LQJ´ RX
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Produto para permitir que qualquer Dispositivo use, acesse, exiba ou
execute outro software residente na Estação de Trabalho, nem poderá
permitir que qualquer Dispositivo use, acesse, exiba ou execute o
Produto ou a interface de usuário do Produto, a menos que o Dispositivo
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Como é possível notar, o uso deste software é limitado por esse conjunto
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DXWRULD$SHVDUGHSDJDUSHORVRIWZDUHDVSHVVRDVSDJDPQHVVHPRGHORDSHQDVR
GLUHLWRGHXWLOL]iORVREGHWHUPLQDGDVFRQGLo}HVUHODWDGDVQDOLFHQoD2GLUHLWRGHXVR
pH[FOXVLYRSDUDXPD~QLFDPiTXLQDHPHVPRRDFHVVRUHPRWRjPHVPDpOLPLWDGR
j DWLYLGDGH GH DUTXLYDPHQWR LPSUHVVmR H DFHVVR j ,QWHUQHW (VVDV UHVWULo}HV
denominadas direitos, visam claramente impedir o uso amplo e compartilhado dos
recursos do software, mesmo que isso seja tecnicamente possível. No modelo
proprietário, o usuário adquiriu a licença de uso do software para uma máquina, ou
VHMDDOXJRXRVRIWZDUHHPYH]GHDGTXLULOR2PRGHORSURSULHWiULRGHVRIWZDUHp
GLVWLQWRGDSURSULHGDGHGHEHQVWDQJtYHLV4XDQGRFRPSURXPYHtFXORSRVVRXVi
ORQROLPLWHGDWHFQRORJLDHGDVOHLVGHWUkQVLWRSRLVSDJXHLSHODVXDSURSULHGDGH
1RPRGHORSURSULHWiULRKHJHP{QLFRGHVRIWZDUHXPSURJUDPDGHFRPSXWDGRUVHUi
propriedade de seu autor até o prazo que a lei de direitos autorais do país determinar
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informar que aquela cópia foi instalada. O objetivo inicial da Microsoft era ter a
possibilidade de travar o software que não tivesse licença de uso, mas isso se
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necessárias para ativar a sua cópia licenciada na forma descrita durante
a etapa de instalação do Produto. Você pode ativar o Produto por meio
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FRQFRUGDFRPRXVRGHVVDVPHGLGDV´
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mente na medida em que estas atividades sejam expressamente permitidas pela
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FyGLJRIRQWHGRVRIWZDUH6HPHOHRXVXiULRSRVVXLDSHQDVRVRIWZDUHH[HFXWiYHO
HPOLQJXDJHPELQiULD7DOFRPRRKDUGZDUHSURSULHWiULRPDQWLQKDVXDDUTXLWHWXUD
HPVHJUHGRDOLFHQoDSURSULHWiULDSDGUmRPDQWpPHPVHJUHGRDVOLQKDVGHFyGLJR
GRVRIWZDUHHVFULWDVSHORVVHXVSURJUDPDGRUHVeSUHFLVRUHJLVWUDUSRUWDQWRTXH
um dos elementos mais importantes do software proprietário é a não-transparência
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do conhecimento contido naquele software, uma vez que não impede a pirataria.
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permitindo que desenvolvedores tenham um acesso mais amplo sobre
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HP TXH D HPSUHVD PDQWpP RV QtYHLV GH SURWHomR j VXD SURSULHGDGH
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o licenciamento de produtos. Este modelo cobre um bom espectro de
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Entretanto, a Microsoft permanece irredutivelmente comprometida com
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que o setor continue a investir continuamente em pesquisa e desen-
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de propriedade, a pesquisa e desenvolvimento ao modelo que denomina comercial,
e a sobrevivência do empreendimento ao modelo de licenciamento proprietário.
Para Mundie, para ser comercial o software tem que ser proprietário. As evidências
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e treinamento, ou seja, são empreendimentos comerciais. O discurso de Mundie
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de licenciamento.
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permite a auditabilidade plena do software e a sua avaliação antes e depois de
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publicados e públicos [no sentido do direito de uso]. Esse princípio
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do que este indica. (...) Não se deve ler nele uma indicação de que
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benefício na publicação, e ainda mais em se usar sistemas projetados

por terceiros já publicados e [positivamente] analisados. Mantê-los
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usam um software no qual as pessoas são levadas a concordar com cláusulas
de licenciamento que, por si, denunciam a existência de uma série de rotinas
embutidas no software que possibilitam a invasão não-autorizada ou não pretendida
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indevida de sua propriedade intelectual - incluindo os direitos autorais
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concorda que, se você optar por fazer o download da Internet de uma
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em conjunto com essa licença, fazer também, em seu computador, o
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pessoal, nem nenhuma outra informação, do seu computador através
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A essência do modelo proprietário de licenciamento de software está no con-

trole do conhecimento. Para obtê-lo é necessário excluir todos, inclusive os usuá-
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Esse continuará sempre sendo propriedade de empresa que o desenvolveu.
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e popularizou o software da Microsoft, que era vendido com os computadores padrão
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em qualquer país. Muitas empresas passaram a usar e a montar computadores
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arquitetura aberta do hardware e a cópia não-autorizada do software popularizou
em todo o mundo o sistema operacional proprietário.
É o livre acesso ao conhecimento que o modelo proprietário bloqueia. Não
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sobre um determinado tipo de aplicação ou solução. A cópia não autorizada é
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modelo.
Cenários do confronto entre forças do compartilhamento e do

bloqueio do conhecimento tecnológico
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dentes na história da nossa civilização, cujas consequências consi-
deramos potencialmente imprevisíveis no momento. Estamos nos
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vezes milhares de autores que se comunicam através da Internet. Men-
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FRQWLGDVQRV~OWLPRVGH]DQRVRDGYHQWRGRVLVWHPDRSHUDFLRQDO*18
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Imre Simon)
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a economia do futuro será baseada mais em relacionamento do que em posse.
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de apropriação de riqueza alicerçadas sobre a propriedade. Exatamente o processo
cooperativo e relacional, típico do movimento de software livre, vem levantando
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GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH VRIWZDUH 3LDGDV H SURYRFDo}HV j SDUWH R
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intelectual é a melhor forma de incentivar o desenvolvimento de
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O movimento colaborativo de desenvolvimento e uso de software está pre-

sente em todos os Continentes e tem contaminado outras áreas da produção sim-
bólica e cultural. O Creative Commons é um exemplo dessa irradiação contrária ao
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movimento do software livre, avançou para a produção de outros bens culturais,
tais como a música, a literatura e as artes. Preocupados com a redução do ritmo
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propriedade intelectual, o movimento jurídico-cultural do Creative Commons quer
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OLEHUGDGHDRFRQKHFLPHQWRHDFLUFXODomRGHLGHLDV0DLVGHXPPLOKmRGHFULDo}HV
principalmente músicas, em janeiro de 2005, já estavam licenciadas no modelo
Creative Commons.
Nos primeiros cinco anos do século XXI, é plenamente constatável a exis-
tência de um amplo movimento mundial que busca superar as barreiras impostas
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maiores interessados na defesa do modelo proprietário de licenciamento de
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empresas de software proprietário e toda a cadeia de representantes comerciais e
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opinião pública, muitos dos quais fazem a defesa do modelo por remuneração e não
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plataforma proprietária.
O modelo cooperativo possui uma rede que tem nos desenvolvedores de
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do ponto de vista da qualidade dos softwares, protocolos e sistemas. Pequenas e
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aberto ou de um modelo híbrido já aparecem no cenário como atuantes na defesa
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de software livre nasceu de um pesquisador em um instituto de pesquisa. Mais
recentemente, os movimentos sociais, ambientalistas, feministas, de educação
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um processo de adesão que pode ter efeitos concretos na elevação do seu uso e
também efeitos na formação da opinião pública.
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captaram a tendência de crescimento do compartilhamento do conhecimento
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$VVLPSDVVDUDPDEXVFDURSRUWXQLGDGHVHFRQ{PLFDVQRVVHUYLoRVHQmRVRPHQWH
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usando o licenciamento mais próximo ao padrão Mozilla e aos da família BSD. Em
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forma de se reposicionar em um mercado que foi perdido, para reduzir custos de
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uma única empresa, nos moldes tradicionais, custaria (completo e com
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pelo trabalho voluntário de dezenas de milhares de colaboradores.
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nenhum centro de custo ou a uma empresa. O modelo livre permite a
sobrevivência do produto mesmo quando a escala do mercado não é
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As redes de software proprietário e de software livre não possuem centro

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proprietário. A Microsoft, pelo seu peso internacional e pela sua extensa presença
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extrapolando sua mera defesa comercial através das práticas de publicidade e
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hardware. A Microsoft assina acordos com empresas de hardware para que todos
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pública local e internacional, para manter a ela vinculadas as iniciativas de inclusão
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uso do modelo aberto e livre.
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de estudos sobre o Custo Total de Propriedade (TCO) de um software livre, em
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autor, o funcionário Vinod Valloppillil, não titubeava ao reconhecer as
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particularmente no espaço dos servidores. Além disso, o paralelismo
intrínseco e a livre troca de ideias do Software Aberto trazem benefícios
que não são replicáveis com o nosso modelo atual de licenciamento e,
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Software Aberto de arrebanhar e aproveitar o QI coletivo de milhares de
indivíduos espalhados pela internet é simplesmente inacreditável. Mais
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tamanho da internet muito mais rápido que os nossos próprios esforços
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tilavam na mente de potenciais clientes inclinados a considerar a opção
de produtos concorrentes. A ideia, óbvia, era a de persuadi-los a se
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promessa de que Coisas Boas aconteceriam a quem se mantivesse
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e parlamentos. A mais conhecida é a pressão realizada pela Microsoft sobre a
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discutido amplamente na Internet, foi o projeto de lei apresentado pelo
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iria sofrer com a adoção do software livre. O embaixador americano
em Lima, em carta ao Presidente, expressou sua surpresa que tal lei
pudesse ter sido proposta. Bill Gates pessoalmente, visitou o Peru e
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j,QWHUQHW´$/0(,'$
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do software livre na administração pública. Também não foi votado até hoje. Na
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por parte da rede interessada na manutenção do modelo proprietário. Foi criado
um movimento internacional denominado The Initiative for Software Choice. Ele
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Com expressão mundial, ambas atuam cada vez mais na defesa do modelo
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em campanhas contra a pirataria de software. A CompTIA atua na contenção do
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implantação de um movimento pela livre escolha do software.
A CompTIA possuía, em 2005, 20 mil membros em 102 países. Sua sede
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missão é
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seus membros, a CompTIA desenvolveu iniciativas especializadas
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exclusivo ou preferencial. O discurso busca um alvo empiricamente observável,
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Procurar software com base nos seus méritos, e não através de

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variados benefícios e custos. As entidades públicas devem procurar

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desenvolvimento de software. Os Governos são mais bem servidos
quando podem escolher software de uma vasta panóplia de produtos
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devem deixar que os mercados continuem a encorajar a inovação
no desenvolvimento de software e devem evitar intervir através de
requisitos de preferências ou de aquisição que irão discriminar um
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é que o Estado não deve interferir no mercado, pois isso prejudicaria a inovação.
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empenhar em projetos ousados e caminhar em terrenos de sucesso ainda pouco
evidente.
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economicamente e sem possibilidades comerciais. A doutrina da CompTIA defende
ainda que
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encontram disponíveis para todos aqueles que desenvolvem software -
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adopção ou utilidade. Aqueles que desenvolvem software comercial
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relativa aos standards sobre software não deve discriminar a favor ou
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Qualquer software pode ser proprietário ou livre. A escolha é uma opção

do seu autor ou desenvolvedor. Como observamos até aqui, os modelos possuem
diferenças profundas. Boa parte delas deriva da abertura ou do fechamento do
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mesmo produto e a interoperabilidade de produtos distintos podem ser melhor
encontradas, dado que o modelo de desenvolvimento não se baseia em criar
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pois isso tornaria inviável a defesa doutrinária do modelo proprietário de software.
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caso a caso.
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sobre a racionalidade com uma particular fusão das ideias marxistas. Enquanto
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o que se torna extremamente difícil em um cenário de dominação de classes.
Na sociedade informacional, baseada em protocolos e softwares como
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ser vistas como exercícios de controles sociais. Em uma sociedade multiclassista,
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sensação de neutralidade, uma vez que
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interesses nela dominantes pensam fazer com os homens e com as
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da Internet, que a cultura de seus desenvolvedores moldou o meio e foi re-aplicando
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militares e anti-democráticos. Ou seja, mesmo quando criadas para determinadas
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todo o sentido.
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poderá ser controlado privadamente. Não publicamente. Esse controle privado

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prioridades que Marx via na fábrica, pelas quais os mortos (máquinas)
dominam os vivos (os operários) e que através do computador se
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a exclusão de outras formas de pensamento e desse modo, sem
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diante dos juízos da sociedade. Esse movimento recupera parte essencial dos
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quando esta muda ou reparte o seu domínio com outra, também se
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de escala que enviam sinais sociais melhores do que aqueles obtidos pelos sis-
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de propriedade. André Gorz coloca que todo o conhecimento pode ser abstraído do
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DSURSULHGDGHGRVEHQVLQWDQJtYHLVWrPQRLQFHQWLYRjFULDomRVHXDUJXPHQWRPDLV
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propriedade das ideias. No site de um dos parceiros da Microsoft podemos encontrar
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³$SURSULHGDGHGRVRIWZDUHpGLIHUHQWHGDSURSULHGDGHGHRXWURVWLSRV
de produtos. Embora o software seja, em sua maioria, distribuído
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uma commodity. O software é considerado propriedade intelectual. A
propriedade de tal bem é controlada por acordos de licenciamento. As
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utilização e distribuição deste software, de acordo com as normas do
fabricante. As licenças fornecem ao fabricante deste software a receita
necessária para continuar produzindo o produto, oferecendo os serviços
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da propriedade de outros tipos de produtos, ou seja, dos bens materiais. Talvez
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mercializar licenças e não produtos. As características que fazem a diferença dos
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maior precisão o que eles efetivamente são.
Bens materiais são aqueles que têm corpo físico e, portanto, estão
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temática da Comunicação como a probabilidade de ocorrer um evento, dado um
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SDUWLWXUDGH0R]DUWFRQWpPXPDVpULHGHLQIRUPDo}HVTXHSRGHPVHUWUDQVIHULGDV
e, independente do seu primeiro suporte de papel, inseridas em um CD em outra
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¿WDTXHRKRVSHGD6HXFRQMXQWRGHTXDGURVSRGHVHUGLJLWDOL]DGRHGHVSUHQGLGRGR
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provedor de conteúdos da rede mundial de computadores. Do mesmo modo, um
software distribuído em um CD é um conjunto de bits que traduzem para a máquina
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Assim, as características básicas e essenciais da informação são as carac-
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a informação, como sinal do mercado, é um elemento fundamental para a teoria
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GH VLQDLV VREUH RV SUHoRV SUDWLFDGRV SHORV DJHQWHV HFRQ{PLFRV 3RU RXWUR ODGR
D DVVLPHWULD GDV LQIRUPDo}HV RX VHMD DV SURIXQGDV GLIHUHQoDV HQWUH RV DJHQWHV
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das fontes explicativas de crises, instabilidade e desarranjos da economia de mer-
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,QIRUPDo}HV SRGHP VH DSUHVHQWDU FRPR XQLGDGH GH VLQDLV GH SURGXo}HV VLP
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Arrow analisou as características ou propriedades da informação do
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característica é que a informação é indivisível em seu uso. O uso de parte da mesma
não implica em sua efetiva divisão. Ela continuará existindo também de modo
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LQWDQJLELOLGDGHpGHGLItFLODSURSULDELOLGDGHRXDSURSULDomR7HUFHLUDDH[LVWrQFLDGH
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SDUD DOJXpP DGTXLULU XPD LQIRUPDomR QHFHVVLWDULD FRQKHFrOD SDUD SRGHU YDORUi
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previsto de modo perfeito a partir de seus insumos. A atividade de produção de
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a própria informação. Albuquerque alerta que essa característica amplia os possíveis
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HDLQFHUWH]DTXDQWRDRUHVXOWDGRGHVHXSURFHVVRGHSURGXomR´$/%848(548(
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não há nenhum sentido em aplicar recursos para criar uma mesma informação
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conhecimento não se tornam facilmente apropriáveis de modo privado como os
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$OEXTXHUTXHD¿UPDTXH$UURZ
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a ser uma mercadoria, a capacidade dos sistemas de preços de
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informação como mercadoria especial, Arrow discute o processo de
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$/%848(548(
A informação para ser apropriada, isto é, para tornar-se propriedade privada,

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a naturalidade da propriedade material, sobre sua condição de direito inerente
ao homem, o bem imaterial sempre terá uma autoria, mas nem sempre terá uma
apropriação. Ou seja, a informação como sinal coletado, como ideia ou conhecimento

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produto de sua inventividade e capacidade cultural.
A propriedade da informação foi uma invenção no interior do Estado. Sua
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GXWLELOLGDGHSHUPLWLGDSHODPiTXLQDLPSUHVVRUDGHWLSRVPyYHLVGH*XWHQEHUJ'H
SRLVIRLXPDIRUPDGHJDUDQWLUJDQKRVDRVHGLWRUHV-iDLGHLDGHSDWHQWHWLQKDQR
VHX QDVFLPHQWR R REMHWLYR GH DVVHJXUDU j VRFLHGDGH TXH R FRQKHFLPHQWR VREUH
XPHQJHQKRQmRSRGHULDPRUUHUFRPDPRUWHGHVHXLQYHQWRU$VVLPR(VWDGRSUR
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determinado período de tempo em troca da socialização do conhecimento. O fun-
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de exploração privada do invento).
Se a ideia de propriedade material pode ser defendida como posse antes do
Estado, as características da informação inviabilizam essa condição, principalmente
se considerarmos que uma informação pode ser multiplicada, copiada e retransmitida
DSDUWLUGHYiULRVVXSRUWHV,PSRVVtYHOSURLELUTXHDOJXpPOHYHQDPHPyULDDOJRTXH
viu. Improvável que essa pessoa seja impedida de atualizar, ou seja, desvirtualizar
e inserir em uma mídia qualquer a informação sobre aquilo que vira.
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HGHYDOLGDGHMXUtGLFROHJDO$GLVWkQFLDGHXPWLURGHFDQKmRTXH.DQWYLVOXPEURX
como a extensão dos limites para a propriedade material, aqui poderia ser muito
mal comparada com a capacidade do Estado de atuar sobre camelos e invadir
a residência de jovens que usam cópias de software não-autorizadas. O tempo
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SURWHJLGDSHORGLUHLWRDXWRUDOSRGHVHUHQWHQGLGRFRPRXPGRVOLPLWHVGDSURSULHGDGH
informacional.
A comparação é fundamental. A extensão da propriedade material é um
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que o trabalho fosse a medida do direito para a aquisição e que o desperdício
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2WUDEDOKRSRGHVHUFRQVLGHUDGRDIRQWHGHOHJLWLPLGDGHGRGLUHLWRGHDTXLVLomRRX
GH DSURSULDomR GD LQIRUPDomR 3RU RXWUR ODGR XPD VpULH GH DUJXPHQWRV VREUH D
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0DVSRUTXDQWRWHPSRVHULDOHJtWLPRGDUDSURSULHGDGHGHXPDLGHLDDXPDSHVVRD
RXHPSUHVD"
1R FDVR GRV EHQV PDWHULDLV /RFNH GHIHQGLD D SDUFLP{QLD QR XVR GRV
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o advento da economia monetária ou intermediada pela moeda, como expressão
da riqueza, pois ela permitia superar o desperdício e conservar a riqueza em bens
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por subtrair de circulação, inutilmente, bens necessários, mas ainda
comete uma tolice. É possível, no entanto, acumular o equivalente a
bens de qualquer natureza sem retirá-los do mercado. Esse equivalente,
a moeda, é o mesmo instrumento inventado pelos homens para facilitar
a troca. Materiais duráveis, como o ouro e a prata, são normalmente
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&RPDPRHGDVXUJLXDOJRGXUDGRXURTXHDVSHVVRDVSRGHULDPUHWHU
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HP WURFD GRV YHUGDGHLURV PDV SHUHFtYHLV VXVWHQWRV GD YLGD
Sendo não só um meio de troca, mas também reserva de valor, a
moeda resolve o problema da acumulação, permitindo uma nova forma
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divino de ocupar a terra e transformá-la, para dela extrair o máximo
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YLRODURVOLPLWHVGRGLUHLWRQDWXUDO´.817=
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mercado. Qualquer restrição ao acúmulo da riqueza auferida pela propriedade
das ideias não pode ter como fundamento a escassez ou o desperdício, uma vez
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GH UHSURGXomR H VHP HVFDVVH] 4XDO VHULD R REMHWLYR GH UHVWULQJLU R DF~PXOR GH
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de ideias não se encontrar na natureza, mas na cultura, que é produção coletiva e
criação social. O que levaria ao questionamento sobre a correção moral de tornar
exclusivamente privada uma obra cuja maior parte dependeu de um conhecimento
realizado e transmitido coletivamente.
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resposta, para ser dada, dependerá do objetivo da instituição estatal para com o
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apenas ao interesse particular. Podem acabar, sim, desperdiçando o tempo social
em que uma criação em domínio público pudesse fomentar novas ideias ou novos
inventos, já que o maior insumo da informação é a própria informação.
A contenção do acúmulo anti-social da riqueza, auferida com os limites da
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uma preocupação menor no início do seculo XXI. O debate tem sido conduzido pelo
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das empresas detentoras da propriedade de ideias, o ritmo de criação e inovação
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tado para envolver o mundo com seus prazos e limites de proteção, e seus ar-
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DXVrQFLDGHFXVWRVPDUJLQDLVSDUDDVXDUHSURGXomR$SHVDUGDVSDWHQWHVHOHWUR
HOHWU{QLFDVSHUGHUHPRVHQWLGRGDSURWHomRHPSRXFRPHQRVGHFLQFRDQRVGHYLGR
jREVROHVFrQFLDUHDOGHVHXFRQWH~GRR75,36H[LJHTXHWRGDVDVOHJLVODo}HVGR
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$V LQG~VWULDV TXH GHWrP HVVDV SDWHQWHV VmR REULJDGDV D SDJDU XPD WD[D DQXDO
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quinto ano. Isso quer dizer que ela perdeu o sentido até mesmo do ponto de vista
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Sem dúvida, os custos de produção da informação são bem maiores do
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SURGXomRHODWHULDOXFURVQHJDWLYRVXPDYH]TXHRVUHWRUQRVFUHVFHQWHVHPHVFDOD
OHYDP R FXVWR PpGLR D VHU VHPSUH PDLRU TXH R FXVWR PDUJLQDO GD SURGXomR GR
VRIWZDUH 2X VHMD QLQJXpP HQWUDULD QR PHUFDGR SDUD GHVHQYROYHU R VRIWZDUH D
XPFXVWR¿[RVHQmRSXGHVVHHVWDEHOHFHUVHXSUHoRDFLPDGRFXVWRGDSURGXomR
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se auferir lucros impele a produção das ideias para um mercado de concorrência
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perspectiva, o monopólio.
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QmRULYDLVRXVHMDRVHXXVRSRUXPDSHVVRDQmRH[LJHDH[FOXVmRVLPXOWkQHDGH
uso por outra pessoa. Uma música pode ser ouvida ou cantada ao mesmo tempo
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SDWHQWHVHGLUHLWRVDXWRUDLVDVVHJXUDPDRVFULDGRUHVHLQYHQWRUHVRGLUHLWRGHFR
EUDQoDSHORXVRGHVXDVLGHLDVEHQVQmRULYDLVHDOWDPHQWHH[FOXtYHLV-21(6
2000)
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VHQGRXPEHPQmRULYDO7RGDYLDVHXJUDXGHH[FOXVLELOLGDGHpDOWRGHYLGRjHQRUPH
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bens não-rivais essencialmente não-excluíveis são chamados de bens públicos. Um
exemplo tradicional é a iluminação das cidades ou a defesa das fronteiras nacionais.
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passando, é um bem cujo vazamento praticamente não permite diferir compradores
de não-compradores.
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em sua pesquisa e produção. Pessoas que não tiveram nenhum custo para produzir
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do suporte da ideia ser um bem não-rival.
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consolidariam uma enorme barreira para o processo de criação e inovação, um
baixo incentivo para a produção de ideias. Para remunerar o inventor e permitir
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Desenvolvimento) é que se defende o direito de monopólio temporário ao inventor.
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que fundamenta economicamente os direitos de propriedade intelectual. Nela, a
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a criatividade e a inovação estariam comprometidas e até mesmo deixariam de
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questão será tratada no próximo capítulo. Ainda é preciso problematizar a reivin-
dicação do monopólio necessário.
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de propriedade intelectual. O alto custo do desenvolvimento e o baixo custo da
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pela cópia de seu invento feita pela concorrência. Nesse caso, o não-investimento
seria premiado e o desenvolvimento da inovação penalizado. Essa imperfeição do
mercado desfavoreceria a continuidade do investimento em inovação.
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presentariam então uma intervenção estatal corretiva. Uma patente é um mono-
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investimentos realizados, impedindo que sejam erodidos pela cópia dos concor-
rentes. A ideia de exclusividade temporária é decisiva. O Estado interfere na relação
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incentivo indispensável e insubstituível para a criação de novas ideias.
Caso o inventor ou criador de ideias não veja possibilidade de auferir lucros,
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seria o lado socialmente positivo do monopólio temporário.
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ao volume adequado de produção que poderá ser inferior ao socialmente ótimo,
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podem acabar retardando a inovação com o intuito de extrair o lucro máximo com o
último invento. Como não há concorrência, esse comportamento não implicaria em
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monopólios tendem a produzir menos ideias do que o ótimo e precisam
então de subsídios e de políticas que incentivem a competição, que
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Garantir direitos de propriedade sobre as ideias seria a forma de estimular

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o mainstream HFRQ{PLFR QmR Yr D LQRYDomR IRUD GR PRQRSyOLR SRU RXWUR ODGR
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No processo que o Departamento de Estado norte-americano moveu contra
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monopólio sobre a propriedade intelectual, como é possível notar na declaração a
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e monopólios enfatiza, é importante focar não apenas aquilo que
afeta o consumidor hoje, mas também como a mistura de monopólio,
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direção do processo de inovação. Schumpeter acreditava que o receio
de perda das rendas do monopólio levava os monopolistas a continuar
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se o poder dos monopólios fosse podado. O monopólio diminui o passo
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monopolista aumenta o custo de se buscar inovação. E, quando se
aumenta o custo de um insumo numa atividade, o nível dessa atividade
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de competição schumpeteriana e, portanto, os incentivos para inovar

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o aumento tanto das barreiras de entrada quanto dos custos dos rivais.
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alternativos e a construção de middleware não-interoperável são
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monopolista. Quarta, os incentivos de um monopólio para inovar são
limitados. Como o monopolista produz menos que o socialmente ótimo,
as economias com uma redução no custo de produção são menores
do que num mercado competitivo. Também os incentivos para um
monopolista patrocinar pesquisas não as levarão ao nível socialmente
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necessário para afastar a competição, um ritmo marcadamente menor
que o socialmente ótimo. Em resumo, monopolização não ameaça os
consumidores apenas pelo aumento dos preços e pela redução da
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-$621
Todo o esforço teórico-doutrinário para defender o monopólio sobre a

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jetos internacionais de software, e atualmente envolve aproximadamente 150 mil
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O que cada colaborador dessa rede de desenvolvimento cede ao produto é bem
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da doação.
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a produção colaborativa entre pares (common-based peer-production), um conjunto
de novas formas cooperativas de produção de informação, conhecimento e cultura
em oposição aos mecanismos habituais de propriedade, hierarquia e mercados.
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de pesquisa importantes, particularmente o estudo de como as
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particular na economia informacional baseada na Internet, forneceriam
uma melhor compreensão sobre quão periférico ou central é esse
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dos direitos exclusivos sobre a propriedade daquelas ideias. Essa constatação en-
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Além disso, Albuquerque relatou um estudo de Narin, Hamilton e Olivastrop,
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o conhecimento. Conhecimentos públicos sustentam os inventos patenteados. Por
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excessos absurdos que acabem bloqueando a própria inovação e impedindo
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aberta e a privatização de conhecimento inovador é imediatamente aparente. O
enrijecimento dos mecanismos de propriedade intelectual pode corroer o domínio de

informação pública e inviabilizar o acesso a fontes fundamentais de pesquisa com
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$/%848(548(
Uma proteção fraca da propriedade intelectual pode ser indispensável
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e inovadores da economia. A principal hipótese que explica a velocidade elevada
do desenvolvimento dessa indústria é sua diminuta barreira de entrada. Com uma
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software não-proprietárias, além de aumentar a possibilidade de modernização
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Esse cenário de complexidade divide até mesmo os chamados libertarians
(ultra-liberais no contexto político norte-americano) a respeito dos impactos e da
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DUJXPHQWR FHQWUDO GRV libertarians defensores da propriedade intelectual centra-
se na defesa do direito ao produto do trabalho, os contrários veem essa forma de
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$WHRULDGDSURSULHGDGHGHEHQVWDQJtYHLVQmRVHDSOLFDFRQIRUWDYHOPHQWH
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de ideias são também ideias. Assim, o conhecimento privado tem como base o
conhecimento socialmente produzido, portanto, a propriedade sobre ideias deve
ser sempre relativizada, pois o trabalho intelectual individual e privado não pode ter
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de troca e compartilhamento. Quanto mais se compartilha o conhecimento, mais

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economia da doação.
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vez mais desmaterializar e desprivatizar a propriedade das ideias, permitindo a
distribuição dos seus benefícios. A reação a essa tendência só pode ocorrer com
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pode ser executado sem o Estado e sua ação jurídico-repressiva. Tal possibilidade
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TXHSRGHUiIUHDURULWPRGDLQRYDomR$VVLPRFRPSDUWLOKDPHQWRDOpPGHDVVHJXUDU
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WURFDGHLQIRUPDo}HV$VUHVWULo}HVHVWDWDLVjWURFDGHLQIRUPDo}HVLQFOXVLYHFRPR
FRQKHFLPHQWRVFRGL¿FDGRVH[LJHPXPDDomRHVWDWDOGXUDTXHSRGHWDPEpPDFDEDU
ferindo a liberdade de expressão, de troca e de criação. O texto do movimento GNU
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livros. Um leitor comum, que não possuísse uma máquina impressora,
podia copiar livros apenas com caneta e tinta, e poucos leitores foram
HQTXDGUDGRVSRULVVR$WHFQRORJLDGLJLWDOpPDLVÀH[tYHOTXHDLPSUHQVD
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encaixa bem num sistema como o de direito autoral. Essa é a razão de
ser dessas medidas cada vez mais severas e lamentáveis postas em
prática para aplicar o direito autoral de software. Consideremos essas
quatro práticas da Associação dos Produtores de software (software
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LaMacchia, do MIT, não por copiar software (não o acusam de copiar
nada), mas simplesmente por deixar recursos de cópia disponíveis
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os indivíduos tinham que copiar informação secretamente e passá-la de
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O formato capitalista de apropriação das ideias pode estar ferindo a liber-

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chocam-se com a liberdade para poder existir e manter-se.
Comunidades tecnológicas, movimentos sócio-técnicos e

esfera pública
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que desenvolvem software livre e a rede livre vivenciam a possibilidade
concreta dessa saída, e encontram ao mesmo tempo os limites que os
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uma luta no interesse de toda a sociedade. Nessa luta, os participantes
do movimento do software livre sempre se posicionam com um pé no
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um espaço de manifestação e de expressão de pessoas privadas reunidas em um
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pública literária, que por sua vez desenvolveu-se no ambiente dos cafés, saloons e
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literária e que depois assumiu também uma dimensão política. A esfera pública
literária teve papel relevante, mesmo em uma sociedade em que predominava o
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tentarei demonstrar a hipótese de que um movimento sócio-técnico que domina a

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contra o status quo e tornam-se assim um movimento cultural planetário de novo
tipo, essencialmente político, por questionar os fundamentos teóricos, culturais e
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Tal como nos cafés descritos por Habermas, uma nova esfera pública
conforma-se, não literária, mas uma esfera pública tecno-social, uma esfera pública
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no ciberespaço, em listas e fóruns próprios que se constituem como uma esfera
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ação similar em outras áreas, tais como na música, com o Creative Commons, e
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proprietárias.
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do movimento sócio-técnico.
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cessariamente pelo posicionamento diante da teoria crítica debatida pela Escola
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dimensão mundial e, na confecção compartilhada de softwares, a redemocratização
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devolução ao campo da produção coletiva do conhecimento humano.
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GDGH´1, o movimento de compartilhamento vai se construindo principalmente a partir
da licença virótica baseada no copyleft, que contamina os softwares e os impede
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em qualquer leitor de DVD -- e tantas outras campanhas.
André Gorz considera existir uma
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da produção do conhecimento e do bem comum. Entre seus vários
ativistas destacam-se, por sua natureza bombástica particularmente
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que eles produzem comprova que a maior criatividade possível entre
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da disputa com a concorrência, eles podem desenvolver seus saberes
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correntes, o saber aí não aparece como um saber objetivado, composto
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software livre, será preciso avançar nos conceitos de comunidade, movimento e
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extrapolou as fronteiras da especialidade técnica, ou seja, do mundo estrito do
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softwares.
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apoiados e melhorados por uma comunidade. Assim, a comunidade de software
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do lançados individualmente, são elementos vitais na formação das comunidades
de desenvolvedores e apoiadores de software livre. Comunidade é um termo
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consideram-se membros de comunidades.
O conceito de comunidade não é consensual em ciências sociais. Muitas são
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e a identidade distintas diante dos outros são também frequentemente apontadas
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substituído por um novo, parcialmente ou totalmente incompatível com o anterior.
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que ele se consolide, é necessário que a comunidade majoritariamente o encampe.
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Kuhn.
A diferença mais importante da noção de comunidade aqui utilizada
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voluntário de pessoas que defendem determinada conduta diante da propriedade
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inúmeras listas de discussão virtuais, convocou todos a apoiarem a mobilização
pelo desenvolvimento de softwares não-proprietários.
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tual como o encontro de pessoas no ciberespaço em torno de provedores de acesso
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receu-me fria a ideia de uma comunidade apenas acessível através de um ecran
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A comunidade de software livre é uma comunidade virtual. Ela é composta
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nadores da cultura do compartilhamento de software. As principais comunidades de
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ainda, a comunidade Gnome, entre outras milhares.
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cibercomunidades distribuídas por quase todos os países são comunidades trans-
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de propriedade das ideias ou dos bens imateriais. Como comunidades, os laços que
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se através de uma articulação diferente do espaço real e da criação de um novo
domínio de contestação política e ambiência cultural que não são equivalentes ao
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essa noção de comunidade para lidar com, e buscar entender o que vem a ser
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que as aldeias primordiais onde havia contato cara a cara (e talvez mesmo estas)
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observa ainda que
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e profunda. Em última análise, é essa fraternidade que torna possível
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$1'(5621
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PXQLGDGHV GH GHVHQYROYHGRUHV GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH FRPR FRPXQLGDGHV LPDJLQDGDV
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seus fóruns, sites e em listas de debates comuns é que interessa nesse contexto.
Elas formam uma mobilização cultural de caráter transnacional, por tratar de temas
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GHFDUiWHUPXQGLDORXSODQHWiULDSRUVHXP~OWLSORFDUiWHUFXOWXUDOVRFLDOWHFQROyJLFR
SROtWLFRHHFRQ{PLFR
5LEHLUR UHWRPRX D WHVH GH 6WRQH GH TXH DV WHFQRORJLDV GH FRPXQLFDomR
VmR WDPEpP WHFQRORJLDV GH FULDomR GH FRPXQLGDGHV 6721(
([HPSOL¿FDQGR FRPXQLGDGHV GH UDGLRDPDGRUHV H GH RXYLQWHV GH UiGLRV H GH
RQGDVFXUWDVVmRDQWLJDVHWDPEpPHVSUDLDGDVSHORSODQHWD(QWUHWDQWRQHQKXPD
FRPXQLGDGHYLUWXDOHLPDJLQDGDDWpHQWmRWLQKDXPSURMHWRSUiWLFRHFRQWHVWDWyULR
FRP R SRWHQFLDO SROLWLFR DQWLKHJHP{QLFR FRPR R HQFRQWUDGR QDV FRPXQLGDGHV
GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH e SRVVtYHO GH¿QLU D FRPXQLGDGH GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH FRPR XP
DJUXSDPHQWR YROXQWiULR LPDJLQDGR H YLUWXDO HP JHUDO PXQGLDO TXH GHVHQYROYH
PDQWpPHGLVVHPLQDFyGLJRVGHPRGRFRODERUDWLYRHGHIHQGHDOLEHUGDGHSDUDR
FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWRGRFRQKHFLPHQWRWHFQROyJLFRFRPRSULQFtSLRFRQGXWRU
-i R GHQRPLQDGR PRYLPHQWR GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH p FRPSRVWR SRU LQ~PHUDV
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SDUrQFLDGRVVHXVFyGLJRVIRQWHHSULQFLSDOPHQWHSHODGLIHUHQoDHFRQWUDSRVLomRDR
PRGHORGHQHJyFLRVEDVHDGRQDDSURSULDomRSULYDGDGRFRQKHFLPHQWR$VOLVWDVGH
discussão dessas comunidades, os repositórios comuns de software compartilhado,
os sites para download e informação sobre os softwares, os sistemas de controle
GHYHUV}HVDFDEDPSRUVHWRUQDUHPHVSDoRVS~EOLFRVRXFROHWLYRVTXHUHWLUDPGR
terreno privado e estritamente mercantil o debate sobre esses intermediários da
LQWHOLJrQFLDKXPDQDQDHUDGDLQIRUPDomR$FDEDPSRUVHFRQVWLWXLUHPHPQRYRV
espaços da sociedade civil contra a apropriação e o bloqueio do conhecimento
WHFQROyJLFRSURPRYLGRSRU(VWDGRVHPDSRLRjVH[LJrQFLDVGRVPRQRSyOLRVHP
SUHVDULDLVGHDOJRULWPRVRXVHMDDVPHJDFRUSRUDo}HVGHVRIWZDUH
O conceito habermasiano de espaço público, no sentido de uma quase-
HVIHUDS~EOLFDSRGHVHUDTXLHPSUHJDGRHPERUDQmRVHPXPDFHUWDGL¿FXOGDGH
$ HVIHUD S~EOLFD LQWHJUD R PXQGR GD YLGD RX VHMD HVVH FRQFHLWR KDEHUPDVLDQR
FRORFDGHWHUPLQDGRVOLPLWHVHPVHXXVR3RGHPRVHQWHQGHUDLPSRUWkQFLDGHVXD
DSOLFDomRQHVVHFRQWH[WRHDRPHVPRWHPSRDVGL¿FXOGDGHVGHVHXXVRFRPHVWD
SDVVDJHPHVFULWDSRU$UDWRH&RKHQTXHFRORFDDH[LVWrQFLDGHYiULDVGLPHQV}HV
GLVWLQWDVQRPXQGRGDYLGD
³HOHVHUHIHUHDXPUHVHUYDWyULRGHWUDGLo}HVLPSOLFLWDPHQWHFRQKH
FLGDVHGHSUHVVXSRVWRVDXWRPiWLFRVTXHHVWmRLPHUVRVQDOLQJXDJHP
e na cultura e são utilizados pelos indivíduos na sua vida cotidiana.
Por outro lado, o mundo da vida, de acordo com Habermas, contém
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sonalidade. Na medida em que os atores se entendem mutuamente e
concordam sobre sua condição, eles partilham uma tradição cultural.
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LQWHUVXEMHWLYDPHQWH UHFRQKHFLGDV HOHV DJHP HQTXDQWR PHPEURV GH
XP JUXSR VRFLDO VROLGiULR 2V LQGLYtGXRV TXH FUHVFHP QR LQWHULRU GH
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do mundo da vida envolve processos comunicativos de transmissão
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QLVPRVGHPHGLDomRHQWUH(VWDGRHPHUFDGR1RPXQGRGDYLGDpSRVVtYHOVXUJLU
a reivindicação de novos direitos e de novas formas de comportar-se diante das
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soas e empresas que buscam lucros no mercado, mas como movimento (no sentido
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WHFQROyJLFDVQmRSURSULHWiULDVFRORFDVHFRPRSRUWDGRUGHXPDQRYDFRQGXWDSDUD
desenvolver e usar software no dia-a-dia e choca-se contra o pensamento e as prá-
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DXWRRUJDQL]DGRV FXMD H[LVWrQFLD H GLVWULEXLomR SHOD UHGH GH FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWR
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impacta o sistema político ao contrapor-se ao monopólio privado do conhecimento.
Todavia, o conceito habermasiano de esfera pública precisa ser problema-
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+DEHUPDVSUHVHQWHQDLGHLDGHPXQGRGDYLGDGRXVRGDOLQJXDJHPVLPSOHVHGR
PLQDGDSRUWRGRV1HVVHVHQWLGRWUrVFRQVWDWDo}HVHQIUDTXHFHPDDSOLFDomRGR
FRQFHLWRKDEHUPDVLDQRQDHUDLQIRUPDFLRQDODVRFLHGDGHHPUHGHpXPDVRFLHGDGH
HPTXHDVOLQJXDJHQVHVSHFLDOL]DGDVQmRQDWXUDLVYmRDGTXLULQGRDFRQGLomRGH
OLQJXDJHQVEiVLFDVGRXVRFRWLGLDQRRXVHMDSDVVDPDVHULQWHUPHGLiULRVGDUD]mR
FRPXQLFDWLYDHGDLQWHOLJrQFLDKXPDQDFRQIRUPHPRVWUDPRVQD3DUWH,DVLQ
WHUDo}HVVLPSOHVHDFRPSUHHQVLELOLGDGHJHUDOIXQGDPHQWDLVSDUDRH[HUFtFLRGD
competência comunicativa dos membros de uma sociedade, estão sendo afetadas
SHOD HODERUDomR HVSHFLDOL]DGD GH SDGU}HV SURWRFRORV H VRIWZDUHV VHP RV TXDLV
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$HVIHUDS~EOLFDVyWHPVHQWLGRSROtWLFRVHQHODDV³SHVVRDVSULYDGDVUHXQLGDV
HP S~EOLFRV´ IRUHP FDSD]HV GH RSLQDU H GH VH SRVLFLRQDUHP D SDUWLU GR XVR GD
UD]mRVREUHDVVXQWRVTXHPRYHPRVLVWHPDSROtWLFRRXVREUHIDWRVHDo}HVTXH
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³RVFyGLJRVVmRDOHL´$VSHVVRDVPDOVDEHPTXHRVFyGLJRVGH¿QHPVHXJUDXGH
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2TXH+DEHUPDVGH¿QHFRPRHVIHUDS~EOLFD"³$HVIHUDS~EOLFDSRGHVHU
descrita como uma rede adequada para a comunicação de conteúdos, tomada de
SRVLomRHRSLQL}HVQHODRVÀX[RVFRPXQLFDFLRQDLVVmR¿OWUDGRVHVLQWHWL]DGRVD
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+$%(50$6
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TXHRPXQGRGDYLGDWRPDGRJOREDOPHQWHDHVIHUDS~EOLFDVHUHSURGX]DWUDYpVGR
DJLU FRPXQLFDWLYR LPSOLFDQGR DSHQDV QR GRPtQLR GD OLQJXDJHP QDWXUDO HOD HVWi
HP VLQWRQLD FRP D FRPSUHHQVLELOLDGH JHUDO GD SUiWLFD FRPXQLFDWLYD FRWLGLDQD´
+$%(50$6
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³'HVFREULPRVTXHRPXQGRGDYLGDpXPUHVHUYDWyULRSDUDLQWHUDo}HV
VLPSOHVHRVVLVWHPDVGHDomRHVDEHUHVSHFLDOL]DGRVTXHVHIRUPDP
QRLQWHULRUGRPXQGRGDYLGDFRQWLQXDPYLQFXODGRVDHOH(OHVVHOLJDP
DIXQo}HVJHUDLVGHUHSURGXomRGRPXQGRGDYLGDFRPRpRFDVRGD
UHOLJLmRGDHVFRODHGDIDPtOLDRXDGLIHUHQWHVDVSHFWRVGDYDOLGDGH
GRVDEHUFRPXQLFDGRDWUDYpVGDOLQJXDJHPFRPXPFRPRpRFDVRGD
FLrQFLDGDPRUDOGDDUWH´+$%(50$6
$HVIHUDS~EOLFDQmRVHHVSHFLDOL]DQXQFD"³7RGDYLDDHVIHUDS~EOLFDQmR
VHHVSHFLDOL]DHPQHQKXPDGHVWDVGLUHo}HVSRULVVRTXDQGRDEUDQJHTXHVW}HV
SROLWLFDPHQWH UHOHYDQWHV HOD GHL[D D FDUJR GR VLVWHPD SROtWLFR D HODERUDomR
HVSHFLDOL]DGD´+$%(50$63DUD+DEHUPDVWRGDHODERUDomRHVSHFLD
OL]DGDIRJHGRFDPSRGHDomRGDHVIHUDS~EOLFD
2DJLURULHQWDGRSHORHQWHQGLPHQWRQDFRPXQLFDomRPHGLDGDSHORFRPSX
WDGRU SRGH VHU OLPLWDGR SHORV SURWRFRORV GH UHGH H SRU XPD VpULH GH SURLELo}HV
RXOLPLWDo}HVVREUHRTXHIDODUTXDLVFRQWH~GRVHQYLDUHPTXHIRUPDWRVDVSHV
VRDV REULJDWRULDPHQWH GHYHP VH FRPXQLFDU HQWUH RXWUDV YiULDV LPSRVLo}HV SROt
ticas apresentadas como necessidades técnicas para o bom funcionamento do
VLVWHPD (VVDV H[LJrQFLDV SRGHP LQWHUIHULU QR OLYUH XVR GD UD]mR FRPXQLFDWLYD H
QRVFRQWH~GRVGDVPHQVDJHQVTXHVHTXHUGLVVHPLQDU
Os softwares (sem os quais os computadores são inúteis) são um con-
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essas mesmas pessoas utilizam-nos como elemento essencial de seu dia-a-dia
VHQGR H[SRVWDV jV VXDV GHWHUPLQDo}HV RX PHOKRU jV GHWHUPLQDo}HV HPEXWLGDV
SHORV HVSHFLDOLVWDV SHORV SURJUDPDGRUHV TXH GHVHQYROYHUDP DTXHOH SURJUDPD
computacional. A própria privacidade, a identidade e a autonomia podem ser
PDQLSXODGDVGHVFREHUWDVDSDJDGDVSHORVVRIWZDUHVHPSUHJDGRVFRPRLQWHUPH
GLiULRVHVVHQFLDLVGDYLGDFRWLGLDQDQHVVHXQLYHUVRGLJLWDO
3DUDDXPHQWDUDVHJXUDQoDGDFRPXQLFDomRHPUHGHWHPFUHVFLGRRXVR
GH WHFQRORJLDV TXH WDPEpP VH WRUQDP LQWHUPHGLiULRV LQGLVSHQViYHLV GD YLGD QR
FLEHUHVSDoR $ FULSWRJUD¿D DVVLPpWULFD p XPD GHVVDV QRYDV H[LJrQFLDV GD YLGD
GLJLWDO 1R FLEHUHVSDoR DPELHQWH GH LQFHUWH]D RQGH QmR VDEHPRV HIHWLYDPHQWH
FRPTXHPHVWDPRVQRVFRPXQLFDQGRRXVRGDFULSWRJUD¿DDVVLPpWULFDWRUQRXVH
fundamental.
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VHJXLUDP SURYDU TXH VHULD SRVVtYHO XWLOL]DU XPD FKDYH SDUD FLIUDU H RXWUD FKDYH
SDUD GHFLIUDU XPD PHQVDJHP$VVLP IRL FRQVWDWDGR TXH HUD SRVVtYHO VXSHUDU D
GLItFLOPLVVmRGHGLVWULEXLUDVFKDYHVGHGHFLIUDJHPVRPHQWHSDUDRVGHVWLQDWiULRV
FRUUHWRV6HJXLQGRDOyJLFDGHXPDOJRULWPRGHFULSWRJUD¿DDVVLPpWULFDXPVRIWZDUH
JHURXXPSDUGHFKDYHVFULSWRJUi¿FDVSDUDUHDOL]DUIXQo}HVLQYHUVDV6HXPDFKDYH
cifrou, somente a outra chave do par seria capaz de decifrar.
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FDUG RX HP XP WRNHQ H GLVWULEXLU R VHX SDU SHOD ,QWHUQHW FKDPDQGRD GH FKDYH
S~EOLFD7RGDYH]TXHXPDPHQVDJHPIRUGHFLIUDGDFRPHVVDFKDYHS~EOLFDHODVy
pode ter sido escrita pelo seu par, ou seja, pela chave privada. Esse é o princípio
TXHYLDELOL]RXDDVVLQDWXUDHOHWU{QLFD4XDQGRXPD$XWRULGDGH&HUWL¿FDGRUD$&
D¿UPDU TXH R SDU GH FKDYHV TXH XWLOL]R SDUD DVVLQDU DV PHQVDJHQV RX SDUD PH
autenticar no meu banco pertence de fato a minha pessoa, tenho minha assinatura
GLJLWDOFHUWL¿FDGDRXPHOKRUWHQKRXPFHUWL¿FDGRGLJLWDO
Na comunicação mediada por computador, em uma sociedade em rede,
XPGRVREMHWLYRVGRXVRGHDVVLQDWXUDVHFHUWL¿FDGRVGLJLWDLVpREWHUDFHUWH]DGH
DXWHQWLFLGDGH H LQWHJULGDGH GDV PHQVDJHQV 3DUD LVVR XWLOL]DVH XP UDPR PXLWR
HVSHFLDOL]DGRGDPDWHPiWLFDDFULSWRJUD¿D8PDGDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGDFULSWRJUD¿D
DVVLPpWULFDpRGHQRPLQDGRQmRUHS~GLR6HPLVVRQmRWHULDVHQWLGRDOJXpPXVDU
DFULSWRJUD¿DFRPREDVHGDFRPXQLFDomRVHJXUD2QmRUHS~GLRVLJQL¿FDTXHXPD
PHQVDJHPGHFLIUDGDFRPXPDGHWHUPLQDGDFKDYHS~EOLFDVySRGHWHUVLGRFLIUDGD
por seu par privado. Assim, uma pessoa que usou sua chave privada para acessar
XP VLWH JRYHUQDPHQWDO RX FRPHUFLDO QmR SRGHUi D¿UPDU TXH QmR UHDOL]RX HVVD
DomRH[FHWRVHHODIRUFDSD]GHSURYDUTXHKRXYHXPDIDOKDQRDOJRULWPRJHUDGRU
RXTXHEUDGDFKDYH&RPRpPXLWRGLItFLOSDUDXPDSHVVRDFRPXPFRQVHJXLUWHU
FRQKHFLPHQWRVH[WUHPDPHQWHVR¿VWLFDGRVTXHOKHSHUPLWDPFRQWHVWDUXPFULSWRV
VLVWHPD WHPRV Dt XPD GDV PXLWDV VLWXDo}HV HP TXH VH H[LJH R DSRLR GH XP
especialista.
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QD VRFLHGDGH GD LQIRUPDomR FDGD YH] PDLV ³R FyGLJR p D OHL´ 3DUD D VRFLHGDGH
defender-se, ela precisa ter consciência de que a sociedade em rede é uma sociedade
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GDUD]mRFRPXQLFDWLYD3RULVVRRVSURJUDPDVDOJRULWPRVSURWRFRORVHSDGU}HV
precisam ser abertos, transparentes e plenamente auditáveis. Cidadãos comuns
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H VXDV OLQJXDJHQV LQIRUPDFLRQDLV EiVLFDV PDV SRGHP GH¿QLU FRPR TXHUHP TXH
HVVHVFyGLJRVLQWHUPHGLiULRVHOLQJXDJHQVVHMDPVRFLDOPHQWHFRQWURODGRV
Um exemplo sobre como lidar com elementos extremamente especializados,
mas que envolvem e impactam o cotidiano da sociedade ocorreu nos Estados
8QLGRV :DUZLFN )RUG H 0LFKDHO %DXP FRP EDVH HP XPD GHFLVmR GD &RUWH
6XSUHPD VREUH R FDVR 'DXEHUW YHUVXV 0HUUHO 'RZ 3KDUPDFHXWLFDOV D¿UPRX
TXHXPDPHWRGRORJLDRXDUJXPHQWRGHHVSHFLDOLVWDVGDFLrQFLDGHYHVHUDFHLWD
TXDQGRFRQFRUGDUFRPTXDWURIDWRUHVDPHWRGRORJLDSRGHVHUHIRLWHVWDGD
D PHWRGRORJLD IRL VXEPHWLGD j UHYLVmR H j SXEOLFDomR D SRUFHQWDJHP GH HUUR
QD PHWRGRORJLD p EHP FRQKHFLGD D PHWRGRORJLD UHFHEHX DFHLWDomR GHQWUR GD
FRPXQLGDGHFLHQWt¿FD)25' %$80(PUHVXPRQDVRFLHGDGH
HP UHGH D JDUDQWLD GRV GLUHLWRV GRV FLGDGmRV H[LJH HVSHFLDOLVWDV GH XP ODGR H
FyGLJRVHSURFHVVRVDEHUWRVHWUDQVSDUHQWHVGHRXWUR
2 FRQFHLWR GH HVIHUD S~EOLFD LQLFLDOPHQWH KDFNHU TXH HYROXL SDUD XPD
HVIHUDS~EOLFDWUDQVQDFLRQDOFRPRGHIHQGH*XVWDYR/LQV5LEHLURHQYROYHQGROHL
JRV LQLFLDGRV QDV OLQJXDJHQV EiVLFDV GD LQIRUPiWLFD FRPSHWrQFLD FRPXQLFDWLYD
SDUD XVDU VRIWZDUHV SRGH VHU HPSUHJDGR VH WLYHUPRV FRQVFLrQFLD GH TXH HVVD
esfera se assentaria sobre um conjunto de protocolos e softwares limitadores do
SURFHVVR GH LQWHUDomR H GH XVR GD FRPXQLFDomR 8PD GDV Do}HV FRPXQLFDWLYDV
QHVVDHVIHUDpDOHUWDUDWRGRVRVVHXVLQWHJUDQWHVGHTXHRHVSDoRYLUWXDOH[LJH
especialistas que permanentemente devem defendê-lo como espaço livre e aberto
FRQWUDDVOLPLWDo}HVEORTXHLRVFHQVXUDVHYLRODo}HVTXHSRGHPVHULPSRVWRVDQWL
GHPRFUDWLFDPHQWHHVXEUHSWLFLDPHQWHSRU(VWDGRVRXFRUSRUDo}HV
7DOFRPRQRSULQFtSLRIRLQHFHVViULRDRVEXUJXHVHVGHIHQGHUHPDOLEHUGDGH
GD LPSUHQVD FRQWUD D FHQVXUD GR (VWDGR DJRUD p QHFHVViULR GHIHQGHU D WUDQV
SDUrQFLDGRVSURWRFRORVSDGU}HVHVRIWZDUHVSDUDTXHRHVSDoRYLUWXDOSRVVDVHU
FRQVLGHUDGRXPHVSDoRS~EOLFRYLUWXDOHVVHQFLDOjVXDFRQVROLGDomRFRPRHVIHUD
pública. Nesse sentido, um dos principais processos de consolidação da Internet,
SULQFLSDODJUHJDGRUGDFRPXQLFDomRPHGLDGDSRUFRPSXWDGRUFRPRHVIHUDS~EOLFD
está nas comunidades de software livre. Tal como na esfera pública inicialmente
literária dos séculos XVII e XVIII, podemos observá-las como uma esfera pública
LQLFLDOPHQWHKDFNHUGRVpFXOR;;,
Habermas escreveu que
³D HVIHUD S~EOLFD UHWLUD VHXV LPSXOVRV GD DVVLPLODomR SULYDGD GH
SUREOHPDV VRFLDLV TXH UHSHUFXWHP QDV ELRJUD¿DV SDUWLFXODUHV 1HVVH
contexto particular é sintomático constatar que, nas sociedades
européias do século XVII e XVIII, tenha se formado uma esfera pública
EXUJXHVD PRGHUQD FRPR ³HVIHUD GDV SHVVRDV SULYDGDV UHXQLGDV
H IRUPDQGR XP S~EOLFR´ 'R SRQWR GH YLVWD KLVWyULFR R QH[R HQWUH
esfera pública e privada começou a aparecer na forma de reunião e
GH RUJDQL]DomR GH XP S~EOLFR OHLWRU FRPSRVWR GH SHVVRDV SULYDGDV
EXUJXHVDV TXH VH DJOXWLQDYDP HP WRUQR GH MRUQDLV H SHULyGLFRV´
+$%(50$6
Para utilizar o ciberespaço também como esfera pública, as pessoas pri-

vadas conectadas precisarão assimilar que, ao contrário da sociedade industrial,
a sociedade em rede apresenta problemas complexos de comunicação, que exi-
JHP GH XP ODGR HVSHFLDOLVWDV H GH RXWUR D WUDQVSDUrQFLD FRPSOHWD GRV FyGLJRV
que intermediam a comunicação humana. A questão da liberdade para conhecer
SURIXQGDPHQWHRVFyGLJRVTXHVmRVRFLDOPHQWHXVDGRVFKRFDVHFRPRPRGHORKH
JHP{QLFRGHSURSULHGDGHGDVLGHLDV2VKDFNHUVIRUDPRVSULPHLURVDGHPRQVWUDU
TXHDRSDFLGDGHGRVFyGLJRVUHDOL]DVHFRQWUDDOLEHUGDGHGDVRFLHGDGH
O questionamento da propriedade intelectual é um questionamento de or-
GHPFXOWXUDO2PRGHORGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRFRPSDUWLOKDGRQDVFHGDFXOWXUDKDFNHU
e clama pela solidariedade e pela capacidade como qualidades de um compor-
tamento que substitui a ideia de propriedade privada pela construção coletiva de
uma relação que Lévy captou como obra aberta. O movimento do software livre
FRORFDVHHPFRQÀLWRFRPRPRQRSyOLRPXQGLDOGHVRIWZDUHHFRPVXDDomRGHEOR
TXHLRGRFRQKHFLPHQWRWHFQROyJLFR
2PRYLPHQWRGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRHGLVVHPLQDomRGHSURJUDPDVGHFRP
putador abertos e não-proprietários é um movimento colaborativo que assumiu
SURSRUo}HV FXOWXUDO H VRFLDOPHQWH UHOHYDQWHV DOpP GH HVSDOKDUVH SRU WRGRV RV
continentes e por quase todos os países do planeta. O movimento do software
livre tornou-se um dos novos movimentos mundiais mais críticos a um dos pilares
EiVLFRVGRSURFHVVRGHUHSURGXomRFDSLWDOLVWDVHXPRGHORHVXDWHRULDKHJHP{QLFD
da propriedade intelectual. É um movimento socio-técnico formado por diversas
comunidades.
As comunidades de desenvolvedores de software são a base principal
GHVVDJUDQGHUHGHTXHHVWDPRVGHQRPLQDQGRPRYLPHQWRGHVRIWZDUHOLYUH7DLV
FRPXQLGDGHVWrPWDPDQKRYDULDGRHSRGHPDWLQJLUPLOKDUHVGHLQWHJUDQWHVFRPR
a do GNU/Linux. Por outro lado, vários jovens desenvolvedores lançam projetos
GH VRIWZDUH H HP VHJXLGD SHGHP DSRLR QDV OLVWDV GH KDFNHUV H QDV GLYHUVDV
comunidades. Milhares desses projetos não atraem muitos outros apoiadores e
acabam permanecendo com dois ou três desenvolvedores. Apesar disso, essas
PLFURFRPXQLGDGHV OLJDPVH j JUDQGH UHGH GD PDFURFRPXQLGDGH GRV TXH
GHVHQYROYHPFyGLJRVGHPRGRDEHUWRHFRPSDUWLOKDGR
Castells já havia apontado que
³DFXOWXUDGD,QWHUQHWpXPDFXOWXUDIHLWDGHXPDFUHQoDWHFQRFUiWLFD
QRSURJUHVVRGRVVHUHVKXPDQRVDWUDYpVGDWHFQRORJLDOHYDGRDFDER
SRUFRPXQLGDGHVGHKDFNHUVTXHSURVSHUDPQDFULDWLYLGDGHWHFQROyJLFD
livre e aberta, incrustada em redes virtuais que pretendem reinventar
a sociedade, e materializada por empresários movidos a dinheiro nas
HQJUHQDJHQVGDQRYDHFRQRPLD´&$67(//6
0DVRTXHVHULDHVWDFXOWXUDKDFNHU"&DVWHOOVYrDFXOWXUDFRPRXPDFRQV
trução coletiva, acima das preferências individuais, composta de valores e crenças
TXH FRQGX]HP FRPSRUWDPHQWRV 1HVVH VHQWLGR D FXOWXUD KDFNHU p XPD FXOWXUD
meritocrática baseada no conhecimento e na capacidade de realizar e de com-
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YDORUGDVROLGDULHGDGHTXHHVWiLQVHULGDQRSURFHVVRGHFRODERUDomR8PKDFNHUp
RVHXPpULWRHHVWHGHYHVHUUHFRQKHFLGRSHODVXDFRPXQLGDGHGHLJXDLV$FXOWXUD
KDFNHUFRQVWUyLVHVREUHDFXOWXUDWHFQRPHULWRFUiWLFD6HJXQGR&DVWHOOVHVWD~OWLPD
QDVFHXGDELJVFLHQFHHGRPXQGRDFDGrPLFR
O comportamento cultural no contexto de uma comunidade meritocrática
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3HNND+LPDQHQDRHVWXGDUDpWLFDKDFNHUSHUFHEHXTXHRVKDFNHUVQmRRUJDQL]DP
VXDVYLGDVHPURWLQDVHFRPDOyJLFDGDRWLPL]DomRGRGLDGHWUDEDOKR&RQVWDWRX
TXHVXDRUJDQL]DomRVHJXHXPFHUWRÀX[RGHWUDEDOKRFULDWLYRPLVWXUDGRDRXWUDV
SDL[}HV2WUDEDOKRGHXPKDFNHUpFRPSRVWRGHSDL[mRHOLEHUGDGH1mRVHEXVFD
WtWXORV JUDGXDo}HV KLHUDUTXLDV H RUJDQL]DomR EXURFUiWLFD$ UHODomR GHVVD pWLFD
FRPRGLQKHLURpH[WUHPDPHQWHGLVWLQWDFRPRUHODWD+LPDQHQ
³1DpWLFDKDFNHURHOHPHQWRGHGHVWDTXHUHODWLYRDGLQKHLURpTXH

PXLWRVDLQGDVHJXHPRKDFNHULVPRRULJLQDOQRTXDOQmRYrHPRGLQKHLUR
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SDL[}HVHPFRQMXQWRGHVHMDPFULDUDOJRGHYDORUSDUDDFRPXQLGDGH
e serem reconhecidos por isso pelos seus pares. Eles permitem que o
fruto do seu trabalho seja usado, desenvolvido e testado por qualquer
um, de sorte que todos possam aprender uns com os outros. Embora
D PDLRU SDUWH GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR WHFQROyJLFR QD HUD GD LQIRUPDomR
WHQKD RFRUULGR GHQWUR GH WUDGLFLRQDLV UHODo}HV FDSLWDOLVWDV H SURMHWRV
JRYHUQDPHQWDLVXPDSDUWHVLJQL¿FDWLYD±LQFOXLQGRVtPERORVGRQRVVR
WHPSRFRPRD,QWHUQHWHRFRPSXWDGRUSHVVRDO±QmRH[LVWLULDPVHP
KDFNHUV TXH FRPSDUWLOKDUDP VXDV FULDo}HV FRP RXWURV´ +LPDQHQ

A liberdade, como valor superior ao dinheiro, e a colaboração, como meio

de ajudar e ao mesmo tempo de ser reconhecido, pode explicar o fundamento que
HVWi QR FHQWUR GH JUDYLGDGH GR PRYLPHQWR GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH 2X VHMD FRQWULEXLU
FRPRFRQKHFLPHQWRFROHWLYRpDIRUPDGHUHDOL]DUVHFRPRVHUTXHLQWHJUDDTXHOD
comunidade. Apoiar e resolver problemas que estão sendo enfrentados pelos
outros é essencial para demonstrar competência e capacidade que, por sua vez,
SDUDVHUHPVRFLDOPHQWHRXFRPXQLWDULDPHQWHUHFRQKHFLGRVH[LJHPHIHWLYDomRHP
FRQWULEXLo}HVUHDLV$VVLPRMRYHPSDUDQDHQVH0DUFHOR7RVVDWLWRUQRXVHRPDQ
WHQHGRUGR.HUQHOGR/LQX[1mRIRLVXDWLWXODomRDFDGrPLFDQHPXPDLQGLFDomR
IDPLOLDURXLQÀXrQFLDSROtWLFDTXHROHYRXDRWRSRGHXPDFRPXQLGDGHGHPDLVGH
150 mil desenvolvedores espalhados pelo planeta. Seu intenso trabalho de revi-
são e de solução de problemas do sistema operacional Linux, sua presença no
WUDEDOKRFROHWLYRGHPHOKRULDGRFyGLJRHVXDFRPSHWrQFLDDRHVFUHYHUDVOLQKDV
GHSURJUDPDomRpTXHRWRUQDUDPDRVDQRVXPDVXPLGDGHQRPXQGRGDWHF
QRORJLDGDLQIRUPDomR0DUFHOR7RVVDWLQmRUHDOL]RXFXUVRVXSHULRUDRPHQRVDWpR
momento da conclusão deste texto.
Eduardo Maçan não se tornou um dos primeiros (talvez o primeiro, ele
mesmo tem dúvida sobre isso) desenvolvedores brasileiros aceitos na comunidade
'HELDQTXHGLVWULEXLXPDGDVYHUV}HVGR*18/LQX[SRUVHUHVWXGDQWHGD&LrQFLD
GD&RPSXWDomRPDVSHODTXDOLGDGHHLQWHQVLGDGHGHVXDVFRQWULEXLo}HV3RXFR
YDOH WHU GRXWRUDGR H QmR FRQVHJXLU UHVROYHU XP SUREOHPD HVSHFt¿FR 3RXFR YDOH
saber muito se o indivíduo não tiver o ímpeto de ajudar as pessoas da comunidade
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LQWHOLJrQFLD FROHWLYD GH XPD FRPXQLGDGH IRL R TXH OHYRX R HQJHQKHLUR GR &HQWUR
GH&RPSXWDomRGD8QLFDPS5XEHQV4XHLUR]DFULDUR5DX7XXPDIHUUDPHQWD
FRODERUDWLYDGHSHUJXQWDVHUHVSRVWDV25DX7XSHUPLWHTXHFRODERUDGRUHVUHVSRQ
GDPSHUJXQWDVIRUPXODGDVSRUYLVLWDQWHV2XVRpOLYUHHJUDWXLWRHRVLVWHPDSRGH
ser obtido (baixado) do próprio site e usado nos termos da licença GPL (General
Public Licence). O interessante é que esse sistema passou a ser uma ferramenta
GHWUDEDOKRHPDOJXQVGRVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGD8QLFDPS4XDQGRDOJXpPWHPXPD
G~YLGDHODpSRVWDGDQR5DX7XHDUHVSRVWDpREWLGDPXLWDVYH]HVHPPLQXWRV
2VLVWHPDSRVVXLXPUDQNLQJGHFRODERUDGRUHVHPFDGDXPDGDViUHDVWDPEpP
FKDPDGDV GH FRPXQLGDGHV TXH R FRPS}HP R TXH WHP SRVVLELOLWDGR XPD FHUWD
GLVSXWDHQWUHXPJUXSRGHVWDFDGRGHFRODERUDGRUHVSDUDYHUTXHPPDLVUHVSRQGH
as dúvidas em menor tempo. O reconhecimento pela qualidade da resposta e
SHODSDUWLFLSDomRDWLYDQDFRODERUDomRHPUHGHSDUHFHDEVRUYHUDTXLORTXH3HNND
+LPDQHQGHQRPLQRXGHpWLFDKDFNHUHTXHWHPVLGRHOHPHQWRYLWDOGDFRPXQLGDGH
de software livre.
-iDFRPXQLGDGH'HELDQpXPDJUXSDPHQWRGHYROXQWiULRVVHPVHGHItVLFD
GLVSHUVRSHORPXQGRFRPLQWHJUDQWHVGHGH]HQDVGHSDtVHVTXHEXVFDGLVWULEXLU
uma versão do Linux estável e completamente dentro do espírito do copyleft. Pelas
VXDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ¿ORVy¿FDV H SRU VXD IRUPD GH RUJDQL]DomR D REVHUYDomR
da comunidade Debian pode melhor permitir a compreensão dos motivos pelos
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colaboração interativa e no compartilhamento do conhecimento, tornou-se um
LPSRUWDQWHPRYLPHQWRSROtWLFRJOREDOHQmRSDUWLGiULR
$FRPXQLGDGH'HELDQTXHFRQWDDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHFRPLQWHJUDQWHV
em seus diversos níveis, expressa o modelo de desenvolvimento compartilhado
FRPXPSURFHVVRGHFLVyULRFRPSOH[RSDUDDVVHJXUDUDVXDGHPRFUDFLDLQWHUQD6HX
cotidiano permite vislumbrar que uma rede sem centro físico, com seus servidores
LQVWDODGRV HP SDtVHV p FDSD] GH SURGX]LU VROXo}HV WHFQROyJLFDV FRPSOH[DV
mantendo-se democrática e coerente com seus princípios fundadores.
(GXDUGR 0DoDQ D¿UPD TXH XPD SHVVRD SDUD LQJUHVVDU QD FRPXQLGDGH
'HELDQQHFHVVLWDGHPRQVWUDUTXH³VDEHID]HUHTXHID]´2XWURHOHPHQWRHVVHQFLDO
é a necessidade de conhecer e de ser capaz de defender o Contrato Social do
Debian e concordar com a Constituição da comunidade. Para ser desenvolvedor
'HELDQRKDFNHUGHYHFRQFRUGDUFRPR³&RQWUDWR´TXHpXPDFDUWDGHSULQFtSLRV
da comunidade e que a vincula com os ideais primeiros do software livre, nascidos
do movimento GNU e da Free software Fondation.
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XPDSHoDYROWDGDDRVVHXVLQWHJUDQWHVPDVpXPFRPSURPLVVRGLDQWHGDVGHPDLV
FRPXQLGDGHVGHVRIWZDUHOLYUHFRPRSRGHPRVREVHUYDU
³&2175$72 62&,$/ '(%,$1 3(5$17( $ &2081,'$'( '(

VRIWZDUH/,95(
O Debian permanecerá 100% livre. Nós prometemos manter a
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OLYUH&RPRKiPXLWDVGH¿QLo}HVGHVRIWZDUHOLYUHLQFOXtPRVDVGH¿QLo}HV
TXH XVDPRV SDUD D LGHQWL¿FDomR GH VRIWZDUH ³OLYUH´ DEDL[R ,UHPRV
apoiar nossos usuários que desenvolvem e executam software não livre
sobre o Debian, mas nunca faremos o sistema depender de um item de
VRIWZDUHTXHQmRVHMDOLYUH9DPRVUHWULEXLUjFRPXQLGDGHGRVRIWZDUH
livre. Quando escrevermos novos componentes do Sistema Debian,
nós o licenciaremos como software livre. Iremos fazer o melhor sistema
que pudermos, de modo que software livre seja amplamente distribuído
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XVDGRV SRU QRVVR VLVWHPD DV FRUUHo}HV GH EXJV DSHUIHLoRDPHQWRV
pedidos de usuários, etc. Nós não esconderemos problemas. Iremos
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DEHUWR SDUD D YLVXDOL]DomR S~EOLFD WRGR R WHPSR 5HODWyULRV TXH RV
XVXiULRV SUHHQFKHP RQOLQH ¿FDUmR LPHGLDWDPHQWH YLVtYHLV SDUD WRGRV
os outros. Nossas prioridades são nossos usuários e o software livre.
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comunidade de software livre, colocando seus interesses em primeiro
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usuários para operação em muitos tipos diferentes de ambiente
computacional. Não iremos fazer objeção a software proprietário que
deva rodar em sistemas Debian, e permitiremos a outros criarem
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software comercial, não sendo nenhuma taxa por nós cobrada. Para
apoiar estes objetivos forneceremos um sistema operacional de alta
TXDOLGDGHOLYUHVHPUHVWULo}HVOHJDLVTXHSRVVDPLPSHGLUHVVHV
WLSRVGHXVR3URJUDPDVTXHQmRDWHQGHPQRVVRVSDGU}HVGHVRIWZDUH
OLYUH1yVUHFRQKHFHPRVTXHDOJXQVGHQRVVRVXVXiULRVSUHFLVDPXVDU
SURJUDPDV TXH QmR DWHQGHP D 'H¿QLomR 'HELDQ GH VRIWZDUH /LYUH
&ULDPRVDViUHDV³FRQWULE´H³QRQIUHH´GHQWURGHQRVVRVUHSRVLWyULRV
de FTP para estes softwares. Os softwares contidos nestes diretórios
QmRVmRSDUWHGR'HELDQHPERUDHVWHMDPFRQ¿JXUDGRVSDUDXVRFRP
o sistema Debian. Nós encorajamos fornecedores de CDs a ler as
licenças de pacotes de software nestes diretórios e determinarem se
podem ser distribuídos em seus CDs. Desta forma, embora software
não livre não seja parte do Debian, nós apoiamos seus usuários e
IRUQHFHPRVLQIUDHVWUXWXUDFRPRQRVVRVLVWHPDGHFRQWUROHGHEXJVH
OLVWDVGHGLVFXVVmRSDUDXVXiULRVGHVRIWZDUHQmROLYUH´
2HVIRUoRSULQFLSDOGDFRPXQLGDGH'HELDQQmRpHFRQ{PLFRSRLVVHXFRQWUDWR
deixa isso muito claro. O objetivo é desenvolver software de modo colaborativo,
cujo resultado seja de excelente qualidade, mas que não esconda suas falhas e
SUREOHPDVHTXHVHMDWRWDOPHQWHOLYUHRXVHMDQmRSURSULHWiULRHFRPVHXFyGLJR
IRQWHDEHUWR8VDQGRROLFHQFLDPHQWR*3/RHIHLWRYLUyWLFRpDVVHJXUDGRRXVHMD
'LVSRQtYHOKWWSZZZGHELDQRUJ$FHVVRHP
WRGRVDTXHOHVTXHXVDPFyGLJRVGR'HELDQQmRSRGHPWRUQiORIHFKDGRQHPVH
apropriarem do mesmo, tal como fariam com obras disponíveis em domínio público.
$SRVWXUDGRGHVHQYROYHGRU'HELDQpXPDSRVWXUDLGHROyJLFDFXMRFRPSURPLVVRp
a liberdade de conhecimento.
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GD FRPXQLGDGH H GH¿QHP FRPR VH Gi R SURFHVVR GH GHFLVmR DV DWULEXLo}HV GH
FDGDJUXSRGHWUDEDOKRFRPVHXVGLUHLWRVHGHYHUHV&DGDGHFLVmRQDFRPXQLGDGH
'HELDQpDGRWDGDVHJXLQGRDVHJXLQWHKLHUDUTXLDGHFLVyULD9RWDomRGRVGHVHQ
YROYHGRUHVpDLQVWkQFLDPi[LPD/tGHUGRSURMHWR&RPLWr7pFQLFRHRXVHXOtGHU
GHVHQYROYHGRU SDUWLFXODU H[HFXWDQGR XPD WDUHID HVSHFt¿FD GHOHJDGRV DSRQ
WDGRVSHOR/tGHUGRSURMHWRSDUDUHDOL]DUWDUHIDVHVSHFt¿FDV6HFUHWiULRGRSURMHWR
O Líder do projeto é eleito anualmente pelos desenvolvedores. Somente ele
pode falar pelo projeto Debian. O Líder também é quem indica o Comitê Técnico que
é convocado para enfrentar problemas que não tiveram uma solução consensual
HQWUHXPRXPDLVGHVHQYROYHGRUHV&DGDKDFNHUSRGHIDODUHPVHXQRPHSUySULR
mas não poderá falar em nome do projeto Debian sem ser destacado pelo Líder
eleito. Os candidatos a Líder apresentam suas propostas e as debatem nas listas de
discussão da comunidade. Sua eleição é realizada pela votação em rede, utilizando
DV FKDYHV FULSWRJUi¿FDV GH FDGD PHPEUR GD FRPXQLGDGH R TXH Gi VHJXUDQoD
DR SURFHVVR XPD YH] TXH D DVVLQDWXUD GLJLWDO WpFQLFD EDVHDGD QD FULSWRJUD¿D
DVVLPpWULFDSHUPLWHJDUDQWLUDDXWRULDHDLQWHJULGDGHGHTXHPDXWLOL]RX
2PpWRGRGHPRFUiWLFRGDFRPXQLGDGH'HELDQpH[WUHPDPHQWHVR¿VWLFDGR
H WUDQVSDUHQWH 6XDV YRWDo}HV VmR HIHWXDGDV SRU XP VLVWHPD GH JHUHQFLDPHQWR
GH YRWDo}HV FKDPDGR '(ELDQ 9R7H (QJLQ(>GHYRWHH@ 2 VLVWHPD SHUPLWH VDEHU
R HVWDGR JHUDO GDV YRWDo}HV QR PRPHQWR HP TXH VH DFHVVD H R UHVXOWDGR GDV
YRWDo}HV DQWHULRUHV 2 HVWDGR GDV 5HVROXo}HV *HUDLV HP WUkQVLWR SRGHP DLQGD
H[SRUDVSURSRVWDVTXHHVWmRHPGLVSXWDLQFOXLQGRDVVHJXLQWHVIDVHV³3URSRVWD
$JXDUGDQGRSRUDSRLR'LVFXVVmR3HUtRGRSDUDGLVFXVV}HVGHQRPtQLPRGXDV
semanas. Votação - O processo de votação está ocorrendo. Fechado - A votação
DFDERX´
A transparência e a auditabilidade plena são características relevantes do
SURFHVVRXPDYH]TXHRUHVXOWDGRGDVYRWDo}HVpDEHUWREHPFRPRDOLVWDFRPR
QRPHGHTXHPYRWRXHTXDLVIRUDPVHXVYRWRVLQFOXVLYHRWH[WRGHFDGDYRWR(VWD
OLVWDJHPVyQmRpGLVSRQtYHOTXDQGRDFRPXQLGDGHGHFLGHUHDOL]DUGHWHUPLQDGDV
YRWDo}HV GH PRGR VHFUHWR SDUD HYLWDU TXDLVTXHU FRQVWUDQJLPHQWRV$ HVFROKD GR
Líder do projeto Debian é feita pelo método Condorcet.
$LGHLDSUHVHQWHQD&RQVWLWXLomRGRSURMHWR'HELDQpFKHJDUDXPDGHFLVmR
o mais próxima possível do que é aceito por todos. O voto de cada membro do
SURMHWRSRVVXLXPDJUDGDomRTXHKLHUDUTXL]DVXDVSUHIHUrQFLDV(VVDSUiWLFDWHP
VLGREHPVXFHGLGDHWHPJHUDGRXPSURFHVVRGHFLVyULRGHHVFROKDGHOLGHUDQoDV
FXMRUHVXOWDGRHIHWLYRIRLDSURGXomRGHSURJUDPDVGHFRPSXWDGRUGLIHUHQWHV
até junho de 2005. A democracia participativa, baseada no debate efetuado nas listas
GHGLVFXVVmRQDpWLFDPHULWRFUiWLFDGRVKDFNHUVHHPVHXHVStULWRFRODERUDWLYRH
VROLGiULRWHPJHUDGRVRIWZDUHVOLYUHVTXHQmRSRGHPVHUDSURSULDGRVSULYDGDPHQWH
$DomRFRQFUHWDGDFRPXQLGDGHGRFyGLJROLYUHIXOPLQDRSDUDGLJPDSURSULHWiULRGH
produção e distribuição de software, que só pode ser mantido pela ação jurídico-
repressiva do Estado.
$FRPXQLGDGH'HELDQpXPGRV³QyV´FRQHFWDGRVDHVVDJUDQGHUHGHTXH
FRQIRUPDXPDHVIHUDS~EOLFDLQLFLDOPHQWHKDFNHUHTXHVHHVSDOKDSHODVGHPDLV
iUHDVGDSURGXomRVLPEyOLFDGDKXPDQLGDGH:LNLSHGLD&UHDWLYH&RPPRQVHWF
(VVH HVStULWR RX eWLFD 'HELDQ IRL REVHUYDGR D SDUWLU GD DQiOLVH HWQRJUi¿FD UHD
OL]DGD SRU *DEULHOD &ROHPDQ GD 8QLYHUVLGDGH GH &KLFDJR H SRU %HQMDPLQ +LOO
desenvolvedor do projeto Debian. Eles descreveram o modelo Debian centrado na
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FHEHUDPDFRQIRUPDomRGHXPDHVIHUDS~EOLFD
³(QTXDQWR RV KDFNHUV GR VRIWZDUH OLYUH H GH FyGLJR DEHUWR VmR PDLV
IDFLOPHQWHDVVRFLDGRVDDOJXPSURMHWRFRPRSRUH[HPSORR'HELDQ
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D OLEHUGDGH FRPR FRQFHLWR GH UHOHYkQFLD PRUDO VXSHULRU D TXHVW}HV
técnicas. Essa esfera pública ocorre através de uma variededade de
canais on-line e off-line que proveem, com consistência, um espaço de
DUJXPHQWDomRHGHGLVFXVVmRUDFLRQDODFHUFDGHXPDJDPDGHDVVXQWRV
GH QDWXUH]D SROtWLFD H MXUtGLFD (VVH HVSDoR DEULJD FRP IUHTXrQFLD
GLVFXVV}HV OHYDQWDGDV SRU QRYRV DUWLJRV FDVRV MXGLFLDLV HGLWRULDLV
H FRPHQWiULRV SURGX]LGRV QD FRPXQLGDGH$ RULJHP GHVVD QDVFHQWH
esfera pública pode ser rastreada ao início dos anos 80 (nos sistemas
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JUXSRV GD 8VHQHW H OLVWDV HOHWU{QLFDV GH GLVFXVVmR´ ³1HVVHV
IRUXPV GLVFXVV}HV VREUH FHQVXUD SROtWLFD WHFQRORJLD SURSULHGDGH
intelectual e mídia contribuiram para marcar certas tendências como
LPSRUWDQWHVSDUDRVKDFNHUVHSDUDWUD]HUFHUWDVSUHRFXSDo}HVVRFLDLV
DRPXQGRGHOHV´&2/(0$1+,//
As várias comunidades de software livre conformam uma rede de solidarie-

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conhecimento que se torna crescentemente política quanto mais avança o uso pela
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incompatível com o endurecimento das leis de propriedade intelectual e a ação es-

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&RPREHPGLVVH6WDOOPDQ³VRIWZDUHOLYUHpXPDTXHVWmRGHOLEHUGDGHHQmR
GHSUHoR´2VLGHDLVGRPRYLPHQWRGHVRIWZDUHOLYUHQmRVmRVLPSOHVPHQWHWpFQLFRV
RX HFRQ{PLFRV VmR SROtWLFRFXOWXUDLV 3UHJDP D VROLGDULHGDGH H EDVHLDPVH HP
uma ética em que compartilhar é o modo pelo qual se obtém o reconhecimento co-
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UHGH GR FLEHUHVSDoR GH XPD QRYD HVIHUD S~EOLFD D HVIHUD S~EOLFD LQLFLDOPHQWH
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R FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWR GR FRQKHFLPHQWR PDV WDPEpP H[LJH XPD SRVWXUD FUtWLFD H
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é o movimento dessas milhares de comunidades de software livre, também um mo-
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GDGHHPUHGHTXHSRGHDVVHJXUDUTXHRFLEHUHVSDoRSRVVDVHUWDPEpPXPDHVIHUD
S~EOLFDHPTXHDVSHVVRDVSULYDGDVVHPFRQVWUDQJLPHQWRVSRVVDPH[HUFHURXVR
de sua razão comunicativa.
Política pós-capitalista dos bens anti-rivais?
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LW LQVLGH RI XV :H¶UH OLYLQJ LQ D ZRUOG RI FRQQHFWLRQV ± DQG LW
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$RGHIHQGHURFRPSDUWLOKDPHQWRHVHXPRGRGHSURGX]LUFyGLJRVRPR
vimento do software livre chocou-se contra o sistema de propriedade de bens in-
WDQJtYHLVKHJHP{QLFRVQRFDSLWDOLVPRJOREDO'DGRTXHDSURSULHGDGHLQWHOHFWXDO
QmRSRGHH[LVWLUVHPDOHJLVODomRHRDSDUDWRMXUtGLFRUHSUHVVLYRGR(VWDGRRPR
YLPHQWRGRVRIWZDUHOLYUHGHXPDHVIHUDLQLFLDOPHQWHKDFNHUIRLFDPLQKDQGRpara
D FRQVWLWXLomR GH XPD JUDQGH UHGH GH FRPXQLFDomR FUtWLFD VREUH D SURSULHGDGH
GHLGHLDV(VWDUHGHFRPELQRXDSURGXomRGHFyGLJRVFRPDSURGXomRGHLGHLDV
FRQWUiULDVDREORTXHLRGRFRQKHFLPHQWRWHFQROyJLFRHSDVVRXDDUWLFXODUFDPSDQKDV
políticas pela liberdade do compartilhamento do saber.
Essa mobilização política não se deu nos moldes nem na chave de en-
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direita. Nesta pesquisa, foi possível constatar a correção da hipótese de que o
movimento de software livre superou essa dicotomia por lidar com a propriedade de
EHQVLQWDQJtYHLVRXLPDWHULDLVRTXHSHUPLWLXFRORFDURWHPDGDMXVWDGLVWULEXLomR
da propriedade como uma questão de liberdade e assim reunir na defesa do com-
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GHPRFUiWLFDHVRFLDOLVWD8PDHVWUXWXUDHFRQ{PLFRVRFLDOFUHVFHQWHPHQWHEDVHDGD
HP EHQV LQWDQJtYHLV SHUPLWH VXSHUDU D SULQFLSDO REMHomR KD\HNLDQD jV SUiWLFDV
distributivas. Os motivos eram distintos, mas a causa foi a mesma. Os liberais e os
anarco-capitalistas mais radicais defenderam o software livre pela superioridade
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laborativo aproveita as possibilidades interativas disponíveis nas redes de alta
velocidade e processamento, bem como aposta na redução dos custos de tran-
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O compartilhamento do conhecimento maximiza o desenvolvimento de bens
por aproximar-se o máximo possível da exploração das potencialidades da rede
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capitalista, reunidos em torno da defesa do chamado Open Source, consideraram
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baseada na propriedade pela receita baseada nos serviços.
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mais destacados líderes do movimento de Open Source escreveu que
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ralmente errada (assumindo que você acredita na última, o que não faz
tanto o Linus como eu), mas simplesmente porque o mundo do software
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FRPXQLGDGHV GH FyGLJR DEHUWR TXH SRGHP FRORFDU PDLV WHPSR KiELO
RUGHQVGHPDJQLWXGHDFLPDHPXPSUREOHPD´5$<021'
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orientação social-liberal, anarquistas e socialistas de diversas matizes, acreditam
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FyGLJRpXPDGHFLVmRLQGLYLGXDOLQVSLUDGDSHODVROLGDULHGDGHYDORUGHJUDQGHGL
PHQVmRFROHWLYD$DGHVmRDRFRPSDUWLOKDPHQWRpSHVVRDOPDVVHJXHDLGHLDGH
que a liberdade é a fonte da criação e da melhoria da produção humana. O pres-
suposto é que a liberdade de trocar ideias está na base do conhecimento e que
este é uma produção coletiva, humana. Não deveria ser apropriado privadamente.
,VWRpSULYDUDOJXpPGRFRQKHFLPHQWRpEORTXHDUDOLEHUGDGHeUHGX]LURULWPRGH
crescimento do conhecimento, pois nessa acepção, quanto mais se compartilha o
conhecimento mais ele cresce.
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lidade existe exatamente porque o elemento primordial da sociedade em rede é
a informação, em todos os seus formatos, inclusive a informação processada e
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WHULDOLGDGH6HXXVRQmRDGHVJDVWDVXDFySLDGLJLWDOQmRSRVVXLGLIHUHQoDDOJXPD
GD RULJLQDO H VXD PXOWLSOLFDomR SHUPLWH TXH YiULDV SHVVRDV D XWLOL]HP DR PHVPR
WHPSR6XDTXDOL¿FDomRHFRQ{PLFDpDGHXPEHPQmRULYDO(VVDVTXDOLGDGHVGD
informação transformam-na em um bem completamente distinto dos bens físicos.
2 PDWHULDO GHVJDVWDVH FRP R XVR H QmR SHUPLWH UHSURGXomR LOLPLWDGD GHYLGR D
sua escassez. O imaterial não conhece a escassez. Toda a teoria da propriedade
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de escassez. A era da informação e seus bens imateriais desconhecem a escassez
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Como o conhecimento é chave da economia da sociedade em rede, o seu
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de um software pode ser vista como a exclusão do direito de todos conhecerem
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FRPXPDWRGRVFRPROLYUHDFHVVRJDUDQWLGR
$OpPGLVVRRVRIWZDUHFRPRLQWHUPHGLiULRGDLQWHOLJrQFLDKXPDQDQDVRFLH
GDGHHPUHGHDGTXLUHRVWDWXVGHOLQJXDJHPEiVLFDGRFRQYtYLRHQWUHDVSHVVRDV
$V UHODo}HV VRFLDLV UHDOL]DPVH FUHVFHQWHPHQWH SHOD FRPXQLFDomR PHGLDGD SRU
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VmRRSDFDVHHVFRQGHPGHFLV}HVQmRSHUPLWHPRVHXFRQWUROHS~EOLFRHDFDEDP
JHUDQGROLPLWHVGH¿QLGRVSULYDGDPHQWHSRUFRUSRUDo}HVPRQRSROLVWDV(VVDRSD
cidade inviabiliza a construção no ciberespaço de uma esfera pública mundial. O
movimento FLOSS (Free Libre Open Source Software), a reunião dos defensores
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OLYUHXWLOL]DQGRSDGU}HVHLQWHUPHGLiULRVGDLQWHOLJrQFLDHGDFRPXQLFDomRKXPDQDV
que são propriedade de uma corporação privada.

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que defende que o conhecimento é uma produção coletiva e social. Além disso,
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SURSULHGDGHGDVLGHLDV
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lo, porque aí não poderei mais comê-lo eu mesmo. A ação dele me
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GH QyV SRGH FRPHU R VSDJKHWWL HQWmR D TXHVWmR p TXHP"$ PHQRU
GLVWLQomRHQWUHQyVpVX¿FLHQWHSDUDID]HUSHQGHUDEDODQoDpWLFD0DV
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a você diretamente e a mim, apenas indiretamente. Se você dá uma
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que me afeta. Eu não devo ter o poder de dizer a você para não fazer
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direitos naturais dos autores são uma tradição aceita e inquestionável
da nossa sociedade. Historicamente, a verdade é o oposto. A ideia de
direitos naturais dos autores foi proposta e decisivamente rejeitada
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a Constituição apenas permite um sistema de direitos autorais e não
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ser temporário. A Constituição também estabelece que o propósito do
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ainda os editores, mas isso foi pensado como uma maneira de mudar
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A liberdade de compartilhar o conhecimento e a liberdade de acessá-lo não

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GLUHLWRQDWXUDORXTXDOTXHUUHODomRLQHUHQWHjFULDomRTXHH[LMDVXDDSURSULDomRH[
clusiva por um autor. Esse é outro ponto que permite constatar que, na sociedade
informacional, a defesa da liberdade para o conhecimento tem reunido em um
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um tema relacionado ao núcleo duro do tradicional pensamento da direita política
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talista chocam-se com a liberdade para poderem existir e se manter.
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espectro da chamada livre iniciativa, liberais, libertários e neoliberais.
Ocorre que a prática livre do compartilhamento e da colaboração baseada
no conhecimento aberto e transparente viabiliza o caminho da equalização real, da
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GRVEHQVLQWDQJtYHLVYLDELOL]DDLJXDOGDGH$PDUW\D6HQKDYLDFRQFHELGRRGHVHQ
YROYLPHQWRWHUPRSUySULRGRWHUUHQRHFRQ{PLFRFRPROLEHUGDGHWHUPRDGHTXDGR
ao campo político. Sua preocupação com as capacidades humanas pode ser aqui
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um desenvolvimento mais equitativo. Sen retoma Adam Smith para defender as
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WDPHQWH FRP VXD LPHQVD FRQ¿DQoD QD SRVVLELOLGDGH GH PHOKRUDU DV
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A disparidade de talentos naturais em homens diferentes é, na realidade,
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to da divisão do trabalho. A diferença entre os caracteres mais desse-
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HPHUJLUQmRWDQWRGDQDWXUH]DTXDQWRGRKiELWRFRVWXPHHHGXFDomR
Quando vêm ao mundo, e durante os primeiros seis ou oito anos de
sua vida, eles terão sido, talvez, muito parecidos, e nem seus pais nem
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notável.
Não é meu propósito aqui examinar se são corretas as ideias de Smith
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de melhora de cada um desses elementos. Essa relação é essencial
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6(1
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planeta, o controle e o bloqueio ao conhecimento é hoje importante para evitar o
GHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDVFDSDFLGDGHVHGDLQWHOLJrQFLDGLVWULEXtGDRXVHMDSDUDHYLWDU
que muitos possam ser não somente consumidores, mas também desenvolvedores
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mento constitutivo dos bens imateriais, seria possível pensar que a escassez resi-
GLULDH[DWDPHQWHQDFULDomRGDLQIRUPDomR$VVLPFDVRDLQWHOLJrQFLDFULDWLYDIRVVH
escassa, ela poderia viabilizar o modelo de propriedade tradicional sobre a mesma,
tal como no cenário de bens materiais. Por outro lado, é exatamente o fato de
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DOJXP VHQWLGR QR EORTXHLR GR FyGLJR IRQWH GRV VRIWZDUHV 6y WHP VHQWLGR UHWLUDU
D WUDQVSDUrQFLD VREUH R FRQKHFLPHQWR GRV FyGLJRV H H[FOXLU DV SHVVRDV GR VHX
DFHVVRVHDLQWHOLJrQFLDFULDWLYDQmRIRUHVFDVVDVHDVSHVVRDVFRPEDVHQDTXHOHV
FyGLJRV IRQWH SXGHUHP UHFULiORV H QmR VLPSOHVPHQWH FRSLiORV 3DUD FRSLDU XP
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UHSURGX]LQGRDSHQDVRFyGLJRH[HFXWiYHO
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socialmente acumulado. Como a recriação e o impulso ao novo necessita do acú-
mulo e do estoque de conhecimento, distribuir o próprio conhecimento abre caminho
para que se redistribuam as possibilidades de criar e, portanto, também para que se
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tradição democrática acabam podendo se aproximar da defesa da liberdade como
valor prioritário, pois na era informacional é também da liberdade que podemos
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sistemas e softwares.
Nesse sentido, temos um novo tipo de situação que necessita de uma nova
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sociedade da informação afeta um dos principais elementos da doutrina política das
forças da direita e da esquerda, ou seja, o posicionamento sobre a propriedade e
sobre a liberdade. A alteração profunda do tipo de propriedade de bens materiais para
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QHFHVVLGDGHGHXOWUDSDVVDJHPGRVPRGHORVH[SOLFDWLYRVFDOFDGRVQDDQWLJDGLYLVmR
GRHVSHFWURSROtWLFRTXHGH¿QLDDGLUHLWDFRPRGHIHQVRUDGDSURSULHGDGHSULYDGDHD
esquerda como defensora da distribuição equitativa da propriedade sobre a riqueza
socialmente produzida.
Temos um cenário de superação da divisão política tradicional. O contraponto
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como melhor maneira de maximizar a produção social parece dissolver-se diante da
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cuja característica não rival pode ser explorada ao extremo.

A sociedade em rede e a comunicação mediada por computador viabilizaram,
por meio da liberdade de sujeitos dispostos a partilhar sua iniciativa, um modelo
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IRQWH GRV VRIWZDUHV p H[WUHPDPHQWH SUHMXGLFLDO j H¿FLrQFLD GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR
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redistribuição mais equitativa da riqueza, uma vez que a distribuição dos fontes
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distribuída.
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maior valor se tiverem uma comunidade de desenvolvedores e mantenedores nu-
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possibilidade de atrair o interesse de pessoas para mantê-lo e melhorá-lo. Assim,
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é possível falar que o software e os protocolos são anti-rivais (na concepção de
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o desenvolvimento em rede e baseado na colaboração crescente.
André Gorz escreveu que
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SRVVtYHOVXSUHVVmR(PVHXkPDJRJHUPLQDXPDVHPHQWHFRPXQLVWD
QDVSDODYUDVGH5LFKDUG%DUEURRNXPDµHFRQRPLDGHGRDomRDQDUFR
FRPXQLVWD¶ TXH GLVSXWD FRP R FDSLWDO D HVIHUD HVWUDWHJLFDPHQWH
sensível de transmissão e acessibilidade do saber. Não se trata de uma
mera visão. Trata-se de uma práxis que, no mais alto nível técnico, foi
desenvolvida por homens, sem cujo comunismo criativo o capitalismo
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WUDGLFLRQDOSRGHPRVQRWDUTXHDDQiOLVHGH*RU]H%DUEURRNUHFRQKHFHTXHRPRGHOR
colaborativo é incorporado como elemento importante para a própria reprodução do
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SDVVDPDDGRWDURPRGHORGHFyGLJRDEHUWRHDFRODERUDomRHPUHGHFRPRIRUPD
PDLVH¿FD]SDUDVHREWHUVXDV¿QDOLGDGHV
4XHVWLRQDGRHPVHRVRIWZDUHOLYUHHVWDULDPXGDQGRRUHODFLRQDPHQWR
HQWUHDGLUHLWDHDHVTXHUGD5LFKDUG6WDOOPDQD¿UPRX³3HUWHQFHQGRjHVTXHUGD
HXJRVWDULDGHGL]HUTXHDLGHLDpGDHVTXHUGDPDVQRV(8$DPDLRULDGDTXHOHV
TXHHVWmRLQWHUHVVDGRVHPVRIWZDUHOLYUHHVWmRQDGLUHLWDHVmROLEHUDLV´*60%2;
$ FKDYH GHVVD FRQMXQWXUD SyVSROtWLFD WUDGLFLRQDO HVWi QD FRPSUHHQVmR GH
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FRQKHFLPHQWR2FRUUHTXHREORTXHLRDROLYUHÀX[RGHFRQKHFLPHQWRpSHUFHELGR
FRPRJHUDGRUGHXPDDORFDomRLQH¿FLHQWHGHUHFXUVRV2OLEHUDOGHVFREUHTXHR
FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWRHPHUJHFRPRXPPRGRGHSURGXomRH[WUHPDPHQWHYHOR]HH¿
FLHQWHGHVHGHVHQYROYHUEHQVLQWDQJtYHLV
&KULVWRSKHU0D\DRDQDOLVDUDMXVWL¿FDWLYDGDSURSULHGDGHGHEHQVPDWHULDLV
REVHUYRXTXHRVDUJXPHQWRVDSRQWDYDPSDUDDHPHUJrQFLDGDSURSULHGDGHFRPR
XPVXSRUWHSDUDDRSHUDomRH¿FLHQWHGRVPHUFDGRVRXVHMDDSURSULHGDGHHVWDYD
GLUHWDPHQWH UHODFLRQDGD FRP D DORFDomR H¿FLHQWH GH UHFXUVRV HVFDVVRV 1D
VRFLHGDGHGLJLWDODDORFDomRH¿FLHQWHGHXPUHFXUVRQmRHVFDVVRRFRQKHFLPHQWR
FRGL¿FDGRHPLQIRUPDo}HVSDVVDSHODVXSHUDomRGRPRGHORSURSULHWiULR2FRP
SDUWLOKDPHQWRWHPJHUDGRHSRGHJHUDUFULDo}HVHLQRYDo}HVFRPPHQRUFXVWRH
mais velocidade.
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unem os adeptos do movimento de software livre e os adeptos do movimento de
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de escolher está acima da liberdade como concepção, ou seja, as pessoas devem
ser livres para escolher se querem manter livre sua produção, por isso, as licenças
%6'QmRLPSHGHPTXHVROXo}HVGHVHQYROYLGDVDSDUWLUGHODVSRVVDPVHUIHFKDGDV
HSULYDGDPHQWHDSURSULDGDV'HVFRQVLGHUDPDLPSRUWkQFLDGRDUJXPHQWRVREUHD
preservação do conhecimento coletivo. Efetivamente, para as correntes do Open
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no conhecimento de muitos não é considerado um problema. Todavia, a liberdade
pYLVWDFRPRRPRGRPDLVH¿FLHQWHGHFRQVWUXLUVROXo}HVGHDOWDTXDOLGDGH³/LEHUH
FHGROLEHUHIUHTXHQWHPHQWH´RFyGLJRIRQWHpROHPDTXH5D\PRQGD¿UPDVHUR
TXHPHOKRUUHVXOWDGRJHUDHPUHODomRDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHVRIWZDUHV
Seja pensando a liberdade do indivíduo acima da liberdade do coletivo em
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condição essencial, os defensores do Open Source e do software Livre contribuem
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propriedade de ideias no capitalismo da era informacional. Assim, a liberdade do
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redistributiva.
Os movimentos de colaboração sócio-técnica, na era informacional, cons-
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FKRFDUHPFRPRSDUDGLJPDGDSURSULHGDGHWUDGLFLRQDOVmROHYDGRVDXPQRYRWLSR
de politização. A nova política de reivindicar direitos de continuar desenvolvendo
e compartilhando seu desenvolvimento contra os ataques dos representantes do
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lançando a unidade entre certos liberais e determinados socialistas. Em síntese, o
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contexto liberal e anarquista e avança para o contexto solidário, anti-proprietário,
típico dos movimentos comunitaristas e socialistas, mas os supera.
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mais as forças políticas de esquerda que conduzem esse processo de transformação,
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$WHRULDGDFODVVHYLUWXDOFRPRPRVWUD*XVWDYR/LQV5LEHLURVXUJLXFRPR
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H SRGH HQVHMDU XPD FDWHJRULD ~WLO j FRPSUHHQVmR GR IHQ{PHQR DTXL DERUGDGR
3RGHUtDPRVYLVXDOL]DUDFODVVHYLUWXDOFRPRXPDWHQWDWLYDGHVHJPHQWRVGRPLQDQWHV
GRFDSLWDOLVPRLQGXVWULDOGHDVVHJXUDUVHXHQRUPHSRGHUHFRQ{PLFRHPXPDIDVH
GH GHVPDWHULDOL]DomR GR FDSLWDO H GH SURIXQGDV WUDQVIRUPDo}HV QR YDORU FRPR
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³.URNHU H :HLQVWHLQ VmR iFLGRV GHPROLGRUHV GR FLEHUDXWRULWDULVPR H

da histeria criada pela tecnotopia, em prol dos controladores da Inter-
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YHUVmR GD FODVVH GRPLQDQWH QD HUD HOHWU{QLFRLQIRUPiWLFD )RUPDGD
SRU ³FDSLWDOLVWDV SXURV´ PDLV ³FDSLWDOLVWDV YLVLRQiULRV HVSHFLDOLVWDV HP
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de propriedade intelectual. As possibilidades democráticas da Internet
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GH VRIWZDUH SURSULHWiULR DOpP GRV FDSLWDOLVWDV GD LQG~VWULD GH ELRWHFQRORJLD H
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exclusão. Exclusão sobre ideias e conhecimento. Ou seja, querem evitar que o
conhecimento continue livre para poderem lucrar com o acesso a ele. Como não é
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QtWLGRV GHVVD FODVVH YLUWXDO p FRQGX]LU D FLrQFLD SDUD R FDPLQKR GDV WHFQRORJLDV
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a ter seus teoremas, modelos teóricos, teorias e descobertas patenteados. O uso
acadêmico seria e já está sendo afetado.
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colaborativo e a liberdade do conhecimento constituem um caminho para que possam
sobreviver e crescer sem serem destroçados pelo ritmo concentrador de riqueza e
SRGHU WtSLFRV GD HUD LQGXVWULDO DJRUD SUHWHQGLGRV SHOD FODVVH YLUWXDO 0LOKDUHV GH
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GHIHQGHUHP GLUHLWRV MXVWLoD GHVHQYROYLPHQWR VXVWHQWiYHO YmR JUDGDWLYDPHQWH
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FDPLQKRSDUDXPDVRFLHGDGHPHOKRULQGHSHQGHQWHGHVHGH¿QLURJUDXGHPHOKRULD
HODVLJQL¿FDLUHPGLUHomRDXPDVRFLHGDGHPDLVHTXLWDWLYD2XWURVWDQWRVOLJDPVH
GLUHWDPHQWHjVFRPXQLGDGHVGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRHGLVVHPLQDomRGHVRIWZDUHOLYUH
HDFDEDPSRUFRQVWLWXLUXPDIRUoDSROtWLFDHVRFLDOFRQWUDD³FODVVHYLUWXDO´HVHXV
representantes políticos dentro das forças tradicionais de esquerda e de direita.
Assim, podemos observar que, se uma teoria da classe virtual pode permitir
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vação dos seus opositores, se existe uma base estrutural para aqueles, por exem-
plo, que se vinculam ao movimento do software livre, ao Creative Commons, aos
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outros exemplos.
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FODVVH"8PDWUDGLomRSROtWLFDRXFXOWXUDOHVSHFt¿FD"1DSHVTXLVDTXHRULJLQRXHVWH
trabalho não foi constatada nenhuma correlação estrutural de base classista e muito
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3RGHPRVVLPHQFRQWUDUDGHIHVDLQWUDQVLJHQWHGD³OLEHUGDGHFRPRYDORUFHQWUDO´
o elemento articulador dessa luta que une vários ativistas do compartilhamento do
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e LPSRUWDQWH UHVVDOWDU TXH QmR VHULD FRUUHWR FRQWUDSRU j ³FODVVH YLUWXDO´
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HFRQ{PLFDV H[WUHPDPHQWH UHOHYDQWHV TXH HQIUDTXHFHP R SHVR GD PDLVYDOLD QD
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letariado, e quase a totalidade das camadas pauperizadas do planeta, a estarem
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médias constituem o locus onde se recrutam os desenvolvedores da cultura e da
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pelo compartilhamento do conhecimento.
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SURIXQGDVTXHSRGHPVXUJLUGDVXSHUDomRGRPRGHORKHJHP{QLFRGHSURSULHGDGH
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colaborativas, em que se destaca o movimento de software livre) e os indivíduos
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GHIHVDGHGLUHLWRVSDUDDJHUDomRGHYDORUHSDUDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRHFRQ{PLFR
A liberdade do conhecimento viabiliza tanto a formação de uma esfera
pública no ciberespaço quanto a distribuição mais equitativa da riqueza dela
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p LQH¿FLHQWH H SRU HVVH PRWLYR GL¿FLOPHQWH SRGHUi VXVWHQWDUVH D ORQJR SUD]R
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DGLDURDYDQoRGRFRPSDUWLOKDPHQWRSRLVHVWHpLQHUHQWHjFRPXQLFDomRPHGLDGD
por computador.
A liberdade do conhecimento tende a crescer politicamente, fundamental-
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³DVGXDVSULQFLSDLVGH¿QLo}HVGHH¿FLrQFLDHPSUHJDGDVHPHFRQRPLD
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>3DUHWR RSWLPDOLW\@ FRQGLomR QD TXDO QLQJXpP SRGH PHOKRUDU VHX
HVWDGRVHPSLRUDURGHDOJXPDRXWUDSHVVRD´6(1
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possível criar uma comunidade de desenvolvedores que doam um pouco do seu
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de desenvolvedores. Assim, pode-se obter muito mais valor e mais qualidade na
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sobre bens escassos.
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uso do mesmo não pode ser realizado ao mesmo tempo por dois sujeitos, os bens
imateriais podem ser reproduzidos sem restrição. São abundantes. Nesse sentido,
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HPTXHDQmRDJUHJDomRGHFRODERUDGRUHVGHL[DGHJHUDUPDLVLQRYDomRHPDLV
redistribuição de valores pelo sistema e, consequentemente, menos melhoria da
situação de cada um e de todos.
A liberdade para compartilhar e a colaboração em torno do conhecimento
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DRV FDSLWDOLVWDV GDV PHJDFRUSRUDo}HV PRQRSROLVWDV TXH EXVFDP HPSUHJDU
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R FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWR GH FyGLJRV YDL JHUDQGR FRODERUDo}HV H¿FLHQWHV RX VHMD GH
JUDQGHYDORUHFRQ{PLFRHTXHSRGHPJHUDUFXVWRVPHQRUHVGHWUDQVDomR6RIWZDUHV
bens essenciais da economia informacional, desenvolvidos de modo colaborativo,
têm seu custo de manutenção distribuído pela enorme malha de desenvolvedores e
interessados em sua continuidade e melhoria. A comunidade injeta valor crescente a
SDUWLUGHVXDVFRUUHo}HVHGDHYROXomRHPUHGH$FRODERUDomREDVHDGDQDOLEHUGDGH
GRFRQKHFLPHQWRDRPHVPRWHPSRGLVWULEXLRVJDQKRVGRDSHUIHLoRDPHQWRSDUD
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Debate e discussões
interativas
Com intuito de permitir um diálogo aberto que proporcione o amadurecimento

da temática abordada nesse livro, convidamos você - leitor(a) - para acessar e par-
ticipar da construção do site interativo desse livro, por meio endereço eletrônico:
http://softwarelivre.org/livro
Nesse ambiente de interação on-line você pode colaborar na continuação

das pesquisas sobre essa temática, acrescentar novas informações e resultados de
outras pesquisas, como também participar de debates (assíncronos) com os auto-
res sobre o conteúdo apresentado ao longo de todos os capítulos e sessões desse
livro. Nos encontramos por lá.

Software Livre Cultura Hacker&Ecossistema Da Colaboracao

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 

 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

Software livre, cultura

Anderson Fernandes de Alencar

Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP)

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração /

1. Ciência da computação 2. Software livre 3. Cultura

Software livre, cultura hacker e

Anderson Fernandes de Alencar

“Se você tem uma maçã e eu tenho uma

George Bernard Shaw

A civilização do século XXI está cada vez mais conectada. As tecnologias

sobre o software livre)UXWRGHXPDGLVVHUWDomRGH0HVWUDGRHP/LQJXtVWLFDTXH

A gênese do fenômeno dos softwares livres

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Free Software Fundation (FSF) HIRLRSURWDJRQLVWDGDHODERUDomRGHXPDUFDERXoR

Murilo Bansi Machado

Ao contrário do que alguns apregoam, o universo open source está longe

Breve Histórico e características gerais das distribuições

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Se, nos dias atuais, a imagem que se consolidou quanto ao fato de os

mantenedores do sistema em diversos cantos do mundo até o envio gratuito de

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hierarquia: 1. Os desenvolvedores,10 por via de resolução geral ou de uma eleição;

Dinâmica interna das distribuições

Barreira de entrada e processo de recrutamento de novos

0XLWRV XVXiULRV LQLFLDQWHV QR PXQGR GR VRIWZDUH livre costumeiramente

13 Disponível em: http://www.debian.org/intro/help$FHVVRHPMXOKR7UDGXomRYRFrSRGHVLPSOHVPHQWHWHVWDUR

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O porta-voz das comunidades

Este tópico consiste na tentativa de buscar nas comunidades uma grande

A comunicação interna e externa

Evidentemente, o ciberespaço é o grande ponto de encontro das comunidades

- Listas de discussão (mailing lists): trata-se de um mecanismo que roda na

- Fóruns: Ambiente mais propício à solução de dúvidas e troca de informações.

possui canais, isto é, salas em que se pode conversar abertamente ou em particular.

Canal #fedora-br da rede Freenode

- Blogs: Os usuários mais representativos comunicam seus feitos ou os rumos

com questões relacionadas à tecnologia de um modo geral. À medida que o usuário

- E-mail: Em geral, não é recomendável que se tirem dúvidas ou se troquem

Esses mecanismos tratam mormente da comunicação interna, isto é,

Hierarquias e relações de poder

Os preceitos de liberdade apregoados pelos membros das mais variadas

O peso do trabalho brasileiro frente à comunidade internacional

No entanto, a grande prova da relevância da comunidade brasileira está

Comunidade GUS-BR passa a auxiliar o Slackware.com

19 Disponível em: KWWSRVGLUFRPPOXVHUJURXSVOLQX[EUD]LOVODFNZDUHPVJKWPl. Acesso em:

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Outro fator merecedor de destaque: além de ser numerosa – a maior da

O tempo dedicado à colaboração

Pensou-se em chegar a algumas posições sobre o tempo que os membros

O conceito de “liberdade” sob a ótica de algumas comunidades

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