Introduction Bluetooth Smart sensor network Research issues Sensor network imlementation Communication with smart sensor nodes

Conclusion References

Bluetooth is wireless high speed data transfer technology over a short range (10 - 100 meters). Bluetooth Wireless Technology (BWT) was developed in 1994 at Ericsson in Sweden. Purpose Originally it was build to eliminate the need for cable connections between PDAs and notebook PCs. Later the goals were to enable different devices through a commonly accepted standard for wireless connectivity.

Group called Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was formed in 1998 to develop the standard of IEEE 802.15 This specification standardized the Bluetooth technology worldwide.

Bluetooth Specifications are:

Developed by: Jaap Haarsten and Sven Mattisson in Sweden Standard: IEEE 802.15 ISM Band Frequency: 2.4 GHz Range: 10 100 meters Channel Bandwidth: 1 Mbps Maximum Asymmetric Data Transfer Rate: 721 Kbps

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Depending on the type of connections established between various Bluetooth devices, 2 main topologies are as: PICONET TOPOLOGY, and SCATTERNET TOPOLOGY To any topology, there are 2 prime components: MASTER device SLAVE device

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A piconet consists of upto 8 BWT-enabled devices. When piconet is established, one device sets up frequencyhopping pattern and other devices synchronize their signals to the same pattern. Primary Devices: Those devices which sets the frequencyhopping pattern. Secondary Devices: Those devices which get synchronized. Each piconet has a different frequency-hopping pattern.

In Bluetooth, each piconet has 1 Master for establishment of piconet, and upto 7 Slave devices. Masters Bluetooth address is used for defining frequencyhopping sequence. Slave devices use master clock to synchronize their clocks so as to hop simultaneously. For establishing piconet, other bluetooth devices in range are discovered by an inquiry procedure.

Scatternet consists of several piconets connected by devices participating in multiple piconet. Here, devices can be slaves in all piconets or master in one piconet and slave in other piconets. There is a BRIDGE connecting 2 piconets which is also a slave in individual piconets.

Advantages of Scatternet: Higher throughput Multi-hop connections between devices in different piconets.

Challenge: It is to ensure interoperability among various Bluetooth manufactures devices and to provide numerous applications.
One such application NETWORKS (WSN) is : WIRELESS SENSOR

Important features of WSN: Collaboration of network nodes during execution and Data Centric nature. Many smart sensor nodes scattered in the field collect data and send it to users via gateway using multi-hop routes.

WSN consists of number of small devices equipped with a sensing unit, microprocessors, wireless communication interface and power source. Two main operations performed by WSN are: 1. QUERING Queries are used when user requires only the current value of the observation. 2. TASKING More Complex operation Used when a phenomenon has to be observed over a large period of time.

Functions of gateway: Communication with sensor networks: Shortage Wireless Communication ; Discovery of smart sensor nodes

Gateway Logic: Controlling Gateway interface and data flow ; Providing uniform access to sensors Communication with users: Communication over Internet, WAN, Satellite, etc.

 Military

applications Monitoring friendly forces, equipment and ammunition Reconnaissance of opposing forces and terrain Battlefield surveillance Battle damage assessment Nuclear, biological and chemical attack detection

 Environmental

applications Forest fire detection Biocomplexity mapping of the environment Flood detection and Precision agriculture

 Health

applications Tele-monitoring of human physiological data Tracking and monitoring patients and doctors inside a hospital Drug administration in hospitals

 Indutrial

safety Monitoring building and vehicle Managing inventory control Monitoring the status of different machines in factories,along with the air pllution or fire monitoring.

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There are mainly two research issues for bluetooth based smart sensor network:Hardware development issues, Software development issues.

OBJECTIVE: To build a Hardware platform and generic Software Solutions to serve for research in WSN protocols. Components of Sensor Network: Smart Sensor Nodes and Gateway Gateway and Smart nodes are members of piconets and so, not more than 7 nodes can exist in the network.

For implementation of Sensor as Bluetooth Node, following components are important: Bluetooth Device Sensors Microcontroller

Figure: SMART SENSOR NODE IMPLEMENTATION

Complete software functionality is developed in java It can be implemented by the use of either bluetooth PCMCIA CARD or using infrared connection Java community undertook the first effort towards bluetooth stack API application Ex-JSR-82 JABWT

Bluetooth Hardware consists of 3 main functional modules: 2.4 GHz Bluetooth RF Transceiver Unit Link Management Unit Host Controller Interface

HOST CONTROLLER Consists of a Digital Signal Processing part,having Link Controller(LC) & CPU Core.It interfaces to the Host environment. LINK CONTROLLER - Consists of Hardware & Software parts to perform Base-Band Processing, and Physical Layer Protocols.Also performs low-level digital signal processing to form connections.

CPU CORE Helps Bluetooth Module to handle Inquires and filter page request (not involving host device). LINK MANAGER - LM software runs on CPU core. LM discovers other remote LMs and communicates to the via LMP (link manager protocols). Bluetooth Module also incorporates Higher-Level Software Protocols, governing the functionality and interoperability with other modules.

After installation, the primary step during execution is to discover the smart sensor nodes in the area. The is to prepare a list of sensors characteristics and network topology. Next in execution process, provision is to have addition of new or removal of existing sensors.

Initialization of gateway and Bluetooth Inquiry Procedure. Discovery of Bluetooth device and Checking of major and minor devices. Setting of parameters and assigning type of devices and sensors. Description by Service-Class Field. Discarding of non-smart nodes. Else, service database of the discovered smart node is searched for sensor services. If no current sensor profile, then database is searched for serial port connection parameters. Lastly, Bluetooth link is established and data exchange with smart node starts.

Gateways abstraction layer uses sensor profiles to create list of objects that represent each sensor in the network. Each object provides methods that enable sending and receiving data to and from sensor. Specifics of actual data transmission are hidden from users.

Applications of sensor networks Factors influencing sensor network design Fault tolerence Scalability Data processing Production cost Transmission medium Communication architecture of sensor networks