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TRNG I HC TI CHNH-MARKETING

M HNH TON KINH T

Ti liu tham kho

[1].PGS.TS.Nguyn Quang Dong,Gio trnh M hnh ton kinh t, Nxb Thng k, 2006. [2].PGS.TS.Hong nh Tun,Gio trnh L thuyt m hnh ton kinh t, Nxb i hc Kinh t quc dn, 2007. [3].Nguyn Thnh C,Ti u ha tuyn tnh, Nxb Lao ng, 2011. [4].Bi ging, M hnh ton kinh t, B mn ton-Khoa c bn, Trng i hc Ti chnh-Marketing.

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M HNH TON KINH T

Ni dung: Chng I: Gii thiu m hnh ton kinh t. Chng II:Mt s bi ton kinh t. Chng III: Bi ton Quy hoch tuyn tnh. Chng IV: M hnh phc v m ng.

Chng I:GII THIU M HNH TON KINH T A.Khi nim v m hnh ton kinh t. B.Cu trc m hnh ton kinh t. C.Phn loi m hnh ton kinh t. D.Phn tch m hnh ton kinh t. E.p dng phn tch mt s m hnh.

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A.KHI NIM V M HNH TON KINH T

M hnh ca i tng. M hnh ca mt i tng l s phn nh hin

tng khch quan ca i tng; s hnh dung, tng tng i tng bng ngha ca ngi nghin cu v vic trnh by, th hin, din t ngha bng li vn, ch vit, s , hnh vhoc bng ngn ng chuyn nghnh. M hnh bao gm ni dung ca m hnh v hnh thc th hin ni dung.
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A.KHI NIM V M HNH TON KINH T

M hnh kinh t. M hnh ca cc i tng trong lnh vc hot

ng kinh t gi l m hnh kinh t. M hnh kinh t l vn ht sc phc tp nn nghin cu, phn tch m hnh ta cn s dng cc kin thc ca ngnh khoa hc khc trong c ton hc. Vi cng c ton hc th vic phn tch v mt nh tnh, nh lng m hnh kinh t s tr nn chnh xc v khoa hc hn.
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A.KHI NIM V M HNH TON KINH T

M hnh ton kinh t. M hnh ton kinh t, l m hnh kinh t, c

trnh by bng ngn ng ton hc. Trong m hnh ton kinh t c s dng cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh m t i tng hay qu trnh kinh t.

A.KHI NIM V M HNH TON KINH T

Khi thit lp m hnh mt vn kinh t ta c th

s dng: M hnh bng li ( m t); M hnh bng hnh v ( minh ha); M hnh ton hc ( phn tch)

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A.KHI NIM V M HNH TON KINH T V d 1 Nghin cu , phn tch qu trnh hnh thnh gi ca mt loi hng ha A trn th trng vi gi nh l cc yu t khc nh iu kin sn xut hng ha A, thu nhp, s thch ca ngi tiu dng cho trc v khng i. i tng lin quan ti vn nghin cu ca chng ta l th trng hng ha A v s vn hnh ca n.
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A.KHI NIM V M HNH TON KINH T

V d 1

M hnh bng li: Xt th trng hng ha A, ni c ngi bn, ngi mua gp nhau. Vi mc gi p, lng hng ngi bn mun bn gi l lng hng cung S, lng hng ngi mua mun mua gi l lng hng cu D. Khi cung ln hn cu th gi s c xu hng gim.Khi cu ln hn cung th gi s c xu hng tng. Qu trnh tip din nh vy, cho n khi cung bng cu, s hnh thnh mc gi, gi l mc gi cn bng.
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A.KHI NIM V M HNH TON KINH T V d 1 M hnh bng hnh bng hnh v Trong h trc ta vung gc [pO(D,S)], ta v ng cu D, ng cung S, im hai ng cong gp nhau l im cn bng
D,S D
Q

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O p2 p4 p p3 p1

A.KHI NIM V M HNH TON KINH T Gii thch s Nu thi im bt u xem xt th trng, gi hng l p1 v gi s S1 S(p1 ) D1 D(p1 ) khi di tc ng ca quy lut cung-cu , gi p s phi h xung mc p 2 . mc gi p 2 do S2 S(p 2 ) D 2 D(p 2 ) nn gi s tng ln mc p3 . mc gi p3 do S3 S(p3 ) D3 D(p3 ) nn gi s tng ln mc p 4 Qu trnh c tip din cho n khi p p , ti mc 12gi ny c cn bng cung-cu.

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A.KHI NIM V M HNH TON KINH T

V d 1 M hnh ton kinh t: Vi mi mc gi p, khi lng hng cung l S=S(p); khi lng hng cu D=D(p). Do ngi bn sn sng bn gi cao hn nn S(p) > 0, do ngi mua mun mua gi thp hn nn D(p) < 0 Tnh hung cn bng th trng s c khi S=D Ta c m hnh ton kinh t cn bng th trng loi hng ha A (MHI-A): S=S(p) S(p)>0 D=D(p) D(p)<0 D=S 13

A.KHI NIM V M HNH TON KINH T Khi mun cp n thu nhp M, v mc thu T vo qu trnh hnh thnh gi , ta c m hnh ton kinh t (MHI-B): S=S(p,T); Sp D=(p,M,T) ; D p S=D
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S p D p

0 0

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A.KHI NIM V M HNH TON KINH T V d 2:M hnh u t M hnh bng li: Trong nn kinh t, tng vn u t ph thuc vo li sut ngn hng v chng c quan h ngc chiu nhau, ngha l khi li sut ngn hng tng th tng vn u t gim v ngc li, khi li sut ngn hng gim th tng vn u t tng.

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A.KHI NIM V M HNH TON KINH T V d 2:M hnh u t M hnh bng hnh v:
I
I1
I2

r1

r2

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A.KHI NIM V M HNH TON KINH T V d 2:M hnh u t M hnh ton kinh t: Gi I l tng vn u t; r l li sut ngn hng. Mi quan h gia tng vn u t I theo li sut ngn hng r c biu din di dng hm s nh sau I= f(r). Trong dI 0
dr

Dng n gin I=a+br ; a > 0;b > 0

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B.CU TRC M HNH TON KINH T I. Cc bin s ca m hnh. II. Mi lin h gia cc bin

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I.Cc bin s ca m hnh

Mi yu t kinh t c lng ha bng cc i

lng x,y,z.. gi l mt bin s ca m hnh. Bin nh lng: L bin i din cho cc yu t mang tnh cht nh lng, chng th hin qua mt cht lng. V d 1: cc bin th hin chi ph, hiu qu, sn lng,, v chng c o bng cc n v vt l v c hc

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I.Cc bin s ca m hnh

Bin nh tnh: L bin biu th thuc tnh, c

im, tnh cht,, ca s vt hin tng trong m hnh cc cp khc nhau. V d 2 : bin biu th gii tnh, trnh tay ngh, trnh hc vn

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I.Cc bin s ca m hnh

Bin ni sinh (bin ph thuc):L cc bin th

hin cc hin tng kinh t, m gi tr ca chng ph thuc vo cc bin khc trong m hnh. Bin ngoi sinh (bin c lp): L cc bin c lp vi cc bin khc, v gi tr ca chng c xem l tn ti ngoi m hnh. Tham s (thng s): L bin t bin ng (khng i) phn nh xu hng mc nh hng ca cc bin ti bin ni sinh.
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I.Cc bin s ca m hnh

V d 3 Mt doanh nghip mun sn xut mt khi lng hng ha loi A l Q, th cn c n yu t u vo x1,x2,..,xn. Cc yu t kinh t ny lin h vi nhau bi quan h hm Q = f(x1,x2,..,xn,,). Khi ta c m hnh hm sn xut ca doanh nghip: Q = f(x1,x2,..,xn,,) xi 0 i Trong m hnh ny Q l bin ni sinh, xi l bin ngoi sinh , l cc tham s
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II.Mi lin h gia cc bin

m t cc mi quan h kinh t, cc quy lut kinh

t trong cc m hnh ton kinh t ngi ta thng dng cc phng trnh hoc bt phng trnh. Phng trnh nh ngha: th hin quan h nh ngha gia cc bin. Phng trnh hnh vi: m t quan h gia cc bin do tc ng ca cc quy lut kinh t, hoc do gi thit. Phng trnh iu kin: m t quan h gia cc bin trong tnh hung c iu kin.
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II.Mi lin h gia cc bin

V d 5 Phng trnh nh ngha: = TR-TC (li nhun=doanh thu-chi ph); NX=EX-IM (Xut khu rng=xut khu-nhp khu) Phng trnh hnh vi: Trong m hnh MHI-A: S = S(p); D=D(p); S=D. Phng trnh iu kin: Trong m hnh hm sn xut, bt phng trnh xi 0 l bt phng trnh iu kin.
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C.PHN LOI M HNH TON KINH T I. Phn loi m hnh theo c im cu trc v cng c ton hc s dng.. II. Phn loi m hnh theo quy m, phm vi, thi hn.

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I.Phn loi m hnh theo c im cu trc v cng c ton hc s dng

M hnh ti u M hnh phn nh s la chn cch thc hot ng

nhm ti u ha mt hoc mt s ch tiu nh trc. Bi ton ti u bao gm: bi ton quy hoch, bi ton iu khin ti u. Cng c phn tch bi ton l phng php ti u ton hc.
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I.Phn loi m hnh theo c im cu trc v cng c ton hc s dng

M hnh cn bng M hnh xc nh s tn ti ca trng thi cn bng

nu c v phn tch s bin ng ca trng thi ny khi cc bin ngoi sinh hay cc tham s thay i. M hnh th hin i tng trong trng thi c bit gi l trng thi cn bng. Ta c cc m hnh: m hnh cn bng th trng, m hnh cn i. Cng c phn tch bi ton l cc phng php gii h phng trnh, tm im bt ng.
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I.Phn loi m hnh theo c im cu trc v cng c ton hc s dng

M hnh tt nh, m hnh ngu nhin. M hnh vi cc bin tt nh gi l m hnh tt

nh. M hnh c cha cc bin ngu nhin gi l m hnh ngu nhin.

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I.Phn loi m hnh theo c im cu trc v cng c ton hc s dng

M hnh ton kinh t v m hnh kinh t lng. M hnh ton kinh t: cc tham s ca m hnh

hoc l cho trc hoc c gi nh rng bit. M hnh kinh t lng: cc tham s chnh l cc n s, gi tr ca chng c xc nh nh cc phng php suy on thng k cn c vo gi tr qu kh ca cc bin khc trong m hnh.
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I.Phn loi m hnh theo c im cu trc v cng c ton hc s dng

M hnh tnh, m hnh ng. M hnh tnh: l m hnh c cc bin m t hin

tng kinh t tn ti mt thi im hoc mt khong thi gian xc nh. M hnh ng: l m hnh m t hin tng kinh t trong cc bin ph thuc vo thi gian.

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II.Phn loi m hnh theo quy m, phm vi, thi hn

M hnh v m

M t cc hin tng kinh t lin quan n mt nn kinh t, mt khu vc kinh t gm mt s nc. M hnh vi m M t mt thc th kinh t nh, hoc nhng hin tng kinh t vi cc yu t nh hng trong phm vi hp v mc chi tit.

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D.PHN TCH M HNH TON KINH T I. o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh. II.H s tng trng III.H s b sung, chuyn i

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I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

a) o lng s thay i tuyt i Trng hp n gin: Xt mi quan h kinh t ca bin ni sinh y ch ph thuc vo 1 bin ngoi sinh x, y = f(x). Gi y l s thay i ca y khi x thay i mt lng x . Khi :
y x
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f (x

x) f (x) ; x

: l s thay i trung bnh ca y theo x

I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

a) o lng s thay i tuyt i ngha: Khi x thay i 1 n v th y thay i n v. Nu f kh vi( c o hm) theo x, ta gi xu hng ca bin ni sinh y theo bin ngoi sinh x, l bin t ca y theo x, k hiu l Mf(x). Khi
f (x)
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df dx

Mf (x)

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I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

a) o lng s thay i tuyt i V d 1 Chi ph TC(Q) ph thuc vo sn lng Q v c m hnh chi ph sn xut ca doanh nghip l: TC(Q) = Q3-61.25Q2+1528.5Q+2000 Chi ph bin t ca theo Q (chi ph cn bin), k hiu MC(Q) = 3Q2-122,5Q+1528.5
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I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

a) o lng s thay i tuyt i V d 1 Xt ti mc Q0 100 th MC(100)= 19278,5 ngha: ang sn xut vi sn lng Q0 100 , nu tng sn lng ln mt n v thnh Q1 101 th tng chi ph tng thm 19278,5 n v.

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I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

a) o lng s thay i tuyt i Tng qut Xt quan h kinh t y = f(x1,x2,..xn) ti x=(x1,x2,..,xn). Cho xi thay i mt lng nh xi , khi y thay i mt lng tng ng l: y = f(x1,x2,..,xi+ xi,..,xn) - f(x1,x2,..,xn). Lng thay i trung bnh ca y theo xi l:
xi
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y xi

I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

a) o lng s thay i tuyt i Nu f kh vi theo bin xi ,ta gi xu hng thay i ca bin ni sinh y theo bin ngoi sinh xi ti x, l bin t ca y theo xi , k hiu My(xi):

My(x i )

f xi

(x i )

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I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

a) o lng s thay i tuyt i Nu tt c cc bin ngoi sinh xi u thay i mt lng nh xi th thay i ca y l: n f y dy dx i x i 1 i Nu xi l bin ni sinh ph thuc vo mt bin khc, th ta s dng cng thc tnh vi phn ca hm hp.
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I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

a) o lng s thay i tuyt i V d 2 Gi s y = f(x1,x2) ; x2=g(x1), y, x2 l bin ni sinh, x1 l bin ngoi sinh. Ta c minh ha quan h gia cc bin qua s knh lin h:

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I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

a) o lng s thay i tuyt i V d 2

x1
Khi ta c:

x2
f

dy dx1
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f dx 2 x 2 dx1
nh hng gin tip qua x2

nh hng tng cng

nh hng trc tip

f x1

I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

b) o lng s thay i tng i Trng hp n gin: Xt mi quan h kinh t ca bin ni sinh y ch ph thuc vo 1 bin ngoi sinh x, y = f(x).Ta c x :l % s thay i ca x;
x
y :l % s thay i ca y y

H s co gin ca y theo x:
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y x

y y x x

y x . x y

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I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

b) o lng s thay i tng i Nu y=f(x) kh vi . Ta c h s co gin ca y theo x: df x df x y y dx Mf (x) f (x) x hay x y dx y y Af (x) x ngha: Khi x thay i 1% n v th y thay i n v.
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y x

I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

b) o lng s thay i tng i V d 1 Xt m hnh sn xut theo mt loi sn phm. Khi hm cu D(p) l hm gim theo n gi p. Khi : p D D (p) p D H s co gin D cho bit lng cu s gim bao p nhiu phn trm khi ta tng gi ln 1%
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I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

b) o lng s thay i tng i V d 1 Chng hn: Vi hm cu D(p)=1000-5p, h s co gin : p D D (p) p D Ti p0 120 ;
D p0

1,5% ;ngha l khi ang bn

vi mc gi p0 120 , nu ta tng gi ln 1% th
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lng cu s gim i 1,5 %

I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

b) o lng s thay i tng i Tng qut: Xt quan h kinh t y = f(x1,x2,..xn) ti x=(x1,x2,..,xn). Ta c xi :l % s thay i ca x i; :l % s thay i ca y H s co gin ca y theo x i :
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xi y y

y xi

y y x xi

y xi . xi y

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I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

b) o lng s thay i tng i. Tng qut: Nu y = f(x1,x2,..xn) kh vi theo x1 Ta c h s co gin ca bin y theo bin xi l: y xi y xi xi y ngha:Trong iu kin cc yu t khc khng i, y nu xi thay i 1% th y thay i xi % y Nu x 0 th xi v y bin thin cng chiu y Nu xi 0 th xi v y bin thin ngc chiu
i

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I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

b) o lng s thay i tng i. Nu mun o lng s thay i tng i ca y khi tt c cc bin ngoi sinh u thay i cng mt t l ta dng h s co dn chung.
n y x i 1 f Mf i Nu gi x i l hm cn bin ca y theo xi; Afi=y/xi l hm trung bnh ca y theo xi. Khi ta c:
y xi
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y xi

Mfi Af i

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I.o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh

b) o lng s thay i tng i. y u v Nu y = u(x)v(x) x x x
Nu y = u(x)/v(x) V d 2
y x u x v x

Khi m hnh sn xut c dng Q = aKL, vi > 0 > 0, Q l mc sn lng, K l vn, L l khi lng lao ng. Q ; Q ; Q K L
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II.H s tng trng

Khi trong m hnh c bin ngoi sinh l bin thi

gian t, gi s y = f(x1,x2,..,xn,t), khi ta dng h s tng trng o s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo thi gian t. y/ t H s tng trng ca y l ry , thng ry y c theo theo t l %. Nu hm y = f(x1,x2,..,xn,t), kh vi theo t, ta c
ry
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y/ t y

ln y t

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II.H s tng trng

V d 1 Theo cng thc tnh l gp lin tc,ta c lng tin thu c ti thi im t (Vt)tnh theo cng thc: Vt = V0ert ,; trong V0l vn gc, r l li sut, t l thi gian H s tng trng ca Vt:
rVt Vt / t Vt rV0e r t V0 .e r t r

Nu li sut tnh theo tng k th Vt = V0(1+r)t ,c h s tng trng rV ln(1 r) r

t

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II.H s tng trng

Trng hp bin ni sinh ph thuc vo thi gian

mt cch gin tip thng qua bin ngoi sinh, y = f(x1(t), x2(t),.., xn(t)), khi h s tng trng ca bin ni sinh c tnh nh sau:
n i 1

ry

y xi . xi t y

n i 1

y xi 1 xi . . xi y xi t

n y xi i 1

.rxi

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II.H s tng trng

V d 2: Quan h gia tin cng ca lao ng c o to (V) v t l tht nghip ca ngi lao ng trong mt quc gia (U), chi ph o to G c m t bi mt m hnh: aV2 bG2 c.ln U = 0 Trong : a, b, c l cc hng s khc khng. V = V(t); G = G(t); U = U(t) l cc hm s ph thuc vo bin thi gian. Tnh h s tng trng ca chi ph o to nh mt hm ca cc yu t khc.
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II.H s tng trng

Ta c:
G V a.V b.G
G U c 2b.G.U

dG dt

G dV . V dt

G dU . U dt

a.V. Vt' b.G

c.U't 2b.G.U

H s tng trng ca chi ph o to s l:

rG dG / dt G a.V. Vt b.G 2 c.U t 2b.G 2 .U

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II.H s tng trng

H s tng trng trong mt vi trng hp: Cho: u = g(t); v = h(t) Nu y = uv ry = ru + rv Nu y = u/v ry = ru rv Nu y = u + v Nu y = u - v
ry u u v ru v u v rv

ry

u u v

ru

v u v

rv

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III.H s thay th,b sung

Cho y = f(x1,x2,..,xn), nu cho 2 bin ngoi sinh xi ,

xj thay i v c nh cc bin khc sao cho y khng i. T biu thc vi phn ca hm y

n

dy
i 1

y dx i xi

f dx i xi f/ dx i dx j f/

f dx j xj xj xi

H s ny cho bit khi xj thay i mt n v, th

phi thay i xi mt lng bng bao nhiu n v y khng thay i.

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III.H s thay th ,b sung

Nu dxi /dxj<0 th ta ni xi c th thay th c

cho xj (ti x= x0 )vi t l |dxi/dxj|, t l ny cho bit khi gim(tng) xj mt n v, th xi s tng( gim) bao nhiu n v y khng thay i, v c gi l h s thay th (cn bin) ca xi cho xj. Nu dxi/dxj>0 th ta ni xi xj c th b sung c cho nhau vi t l dxi/dxj, t l ny cho bit khi tng(gim) xj mt n v, th xi s tng( gim) bao nhiu n v y khng thay i v gi l h s b sung (cn bin) ca xi cho xj Nu dxi/dxj=0 th ta ni xi, xj khng thay th c cho nhau hoc khng b sung c cho nhau.
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III.H s thay th ,b sung

V d 1 Mt ngi i ch mua M kg tht b, P kg khoai ty. Cho bit hm tng hu dng i vi tht b v khoai ty ca ngi ny l: TU = (M 2).P a) Tm h s thay th gia tht b v khoai ty tng hu dng khng thay i. b) Gi s ngi mua 3kg tht b v 4kg khoai ty, tnh h s thay th gia tht b v khoai ty trong trng hp ny. Nu kt lun v h s thay th ny?
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III.H s thay th ,b sung

a) H s thay th gia tht b v khoai ty hu dng khng thay i:
dM dP TU / P TU / M M P 2

b) H s thay th ti im (M, P) = (3, 4) s l:

k dM dP 1 4

tng hu dng TU = (3 2).4 = 4 (vhd) khng thay i th khi tng (gim) lng khoai ty 1 n v th cn gim (tng) 1/4 n v tht b. Ti im (M, P) = (3, 4) th tht b v khoai ty l hai 59 mt hng c th thay th c

III.H s thay th ,b sung

V d 2: Mt nh my cn 2 yu t K, L sn xut ra sn phm X, bit hm sn lng l: Q = 2K (L 2) a) Xc nh t l thay th gia K v L b) Ti K = 12 v L = 26, hy xc nh t l thay th v gii thch ngha ca t l ny? Ti K, L l hai yu t c th thay th, b sung hay khng th thay th?

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III.H s thay th ,b sung

a) T l thay th gia K, L:
t dK dL 2K 2(L 2) K L 2

b) Ti K = 12 v L = 20 ta c: t = - 12/24 = - 0,5 < 0 ngha: sn lng Q = 2.12(26 2) = 576 (sp) khng thay i th khi ta gim lao ng i mt n v th cn tng vn ln 0,5 n v t = - 0,5 < 0 nn ti K = 12, L = 20 th K, L l hai yu t c th thay th. 61

III.H s thay th ,b sung

V d 3 Hm sn xut ca mt nc giai on 1986-1995 ca dng:
Q 75114.K 0.175 .L0.904 .e0.0124t

Vi Q l sn lng; K l vn; L l lao ng; t l thi gian. H s co gin ca sn lng theo vn:0.175. H s co gin ca sn lng theo lao ng:0.904.
62

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III.H s thay th ,b sung

V d 3 Tc tng trng trung bnh ca mc sn lng trn giai on 1986-1995 l: Q / t 0.0124*75114K 0.175 .L0.904 .e0.0124t rQ 0.0124 Q 75114K 0.175 .L0.904 .e0.0124t H s thay th gia K v L:
dK dL
63

Q/ L Q/ K

0.904*75114K 0.175 .L 0.096 .e0.0124t 0.175*75114K 0.825 .L0.904 .e0.0124t

5.166

K L

III.H s thay th ,b sung

V d 3 Xt L=226;K=175 th ta c:
dK 4 dL iu ny cho ta bit khi ta tng lao ng ln 1 n v, th gim vn xung 4 n v

64

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III.H s thay th ,b sung

V d 4: Thu nhp quc dn ca mt quc gia Y ph thuc vo vn K, lao ng c s dng L v ngn sch o to 5 nm trc G nh sau: Y = 0,24.K0,3.L0,8.G0,05 Trong cc yu t thay i theo thi gian nh sau: hng nm vn tng 15%; cng n vic lm tng 9%; chi ph o to tng 20%. a) Tnh h s tng trng ca thu nhp quc dn b) Trong iu kin Y, K khng i cn cng n vic lm ph thuc vo ngn sch o to trc 5 nm, hy vit biu thc ch ra s thay i ca cng n vic lm theo ngn sch o to theo 5 nm trc 65

E.P DNG PHN TCH MT S M HNH

E.1. M hnh ti u E.2. M hnh cn bng th trng E.3. M hnh kinh t ng

66

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E.1.M HNH TI U I. M hnh hm sn xut ti u v cng ngh II. M hnh hm sn xut ti u v kinh t III. M hnh ti a ha li nhun ca doanh nghip IV. M hnh tha dng
67

I. M hnh hm sn xut ti u v cng ngh

Gi s vi cng ngh hin c, doanh nghip c th s dng n yu t u vo mc x1,x2,..,xn, v thu c Q n v sn phm u ra. Ta c quan h hm Q=f(x1,x2,..,xn), v gi l hm sn xut ca doanh nghip. V d 1: Vi s liu Vit Nam nm 1986-1995, ngi ta c lng c hm sn xut: Q = 75114K0.175 L0.904 e0.0124t Q l gi tr sn xut, K l vn, L l lao ng, t l bin thi gian

68

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I. M hnh hm sn xut ti u v cng ngh

V d 2: Vi s liu nc o nm 1951-1955 trong nng nghip ngi ta c lng c hm sn xut l: Q = 2.439X0.0635 K0.6172 L0.3193 Q l gi tr sn xut, K l vn, L l lao ng, X l ngun ti nguyn c khai thc V d 3: Hm sn xut dng Cobb-Douglas l: Q = aK L a,, l cc tham s, Q l sn lng, K l vn, L l lao ng
69

I. M hnh hm sn xut ti u v cng ngh

Phn tch m hnh: tc ng ca cc yu t sn xut ti sn lng Q, trong m hnh Q=f(x1,x2,..xn) a) Xt qu trnh sn xut ngn hn. Trong tnh hung doanh nghip ch c th thay i mt yu t i, cn cc yu t khc khng thay i, th vic s dng yu t th i mc c li nht nu nng sut trung bnh t cc i, ta c m hnh: z = f(x)/xi Max iu kin cn c cc i: NSTB= f (x) f (x) f 0 (1) NS Bin xi xi xi 70 Trong nhiu trng hp (1)ny cng l iu kin .

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b) Xt qu trnh sn xut di hn. Gi s doanh nghip c kh nng thay i tt c cc yu t u vo, theo cng mt t l. Nu f( x)> f(x) vi >1, th ta ni quy m cng ngh sn xut tng c hiu qu Nu f( x)< f(x) vi >1, th ta ni quy m cng ngh sn xut tng khng hiu qu Nu f( x)= f(x) vi >1, th ta ni quy m cng ngh sn xut tng khng thay i hiu qu o tnh hiu qu theo quy m, ta dng h s co gin ton phn ca Q theo cc yu t. n
Q
71

Q xi i 1

I. M hnh hm sn xut ti u v cng ngh

V d: Xt hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas Q=aKL Khi tng quy m sn xut ln >1 ln ta c: Q( K, L)= +Q, do vy kt qu sn xut tng + ln. Nh vy i vi hm ny, hiu qu ca vic tng quy m sn xut ty thuc vo + Ta cng c th o tnh hiu qu ca vic tng quy m sn xut, ca m hnh ny qua h s co gin ton phn. Q = Q + Q = +, do vy khi tng K,L thm K L cng mt t l 1% th Q s tng( gim) (+)% 72

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II. M hnh hm sn xut ti u v kinh t Gi s Q = f(x1,x2,..xn) l hm sn xut ca doanh nghip, v gi cc yu t u vo l p1, p2, .., pn a)Tnh hung cc tiu chi ph: Gi Q l mc sn lng doanh nghip d kin sn xut, nh vy c rng buc f(x) = Q. ng thi doanh nghip phi chi ph mt khon:
n

Z
i=1

pi x i
n

Ta c m hnh MHIC: Min{Z = pi x i } i 1 Vi iu kin: f(x) = Q

73

II. M hnh hm sn xut ti u v kinh t

Phn tch m hnh MHIC n p i x i+ [Q-f(x)] Lp hm ph Lagrange L = i=1 iu kin cn x l im cc tr
L xi L 0 0

pi pj

f / xi f / xj

i, j

(2) (3)

Q f (x)

V tri ca (2) l t gi ca hai yu t i,j; v phi l h s thay th gia hai yu t ny. Vy iu kin cn ca vic s dng ti u cc yu t 74 : t l thay th bng t l gi ca chng.

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II. M hnh hm sn xut ti u v kinh t

Gi TC l tng chi ph ti u sn xut c lng sn phm Q, vy TC=TC(Q,p1,p2,..,pn) l hm tng chi ph ca doanh nghip. Vi m hnh MHIC ngi ta tnh c: MC(Q*) = *; MC(pi) = x*i (4)
Nhn t Lagrange trong trng hp ti u Nghim ti u ca m hnh

75

II. M hnh hm sn xut ti u v kinh t

V d 1: Gi s hm sn xut doanh nghip c dng: Q = 25K0.5L0.5; bit gi vn pK=12, pL=3 a. Tnh mc s dng K, L ti u sn xut c mc sn lng Q* = 1250 b.Tnh h s co gin ca tng chi ph theo sn lng ti Q* c.Nu gi vn v gi lao ng tng u 10%, mc sn lng nh trc, th mc s dng vn v lao ng ti u s thay i nh th no? d. Phn tch tc ng ca gi vn, lao ng ti tng chi ph. 76

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II. M hnh hm sn xut ti u v kinh t

Gii: Theo m hnh MHIC ta c bi ton: Min{z=12K+3L} vi iu kin 25K0.5L0.5 = 1250 a) Gii h phng trnh (2)(3):
MQK / MQL 25K L
0.5 0.5

pK / pL

1250

K*=25; L*=100; *=12/25

77

b) H s co gin ca TC theo Q ti Q*=1250 l:

TC q

MC(Q*) AC(Q*)

T cu a

TC(Q*) = 25*12+100*3=600 AC(Q*) = 600/1250 = 0.48 TC 1 Theo (4) ta c MC(Q*) = * = 12/25 q c) V gi ca K,L tng cng t l, mc sn lng khng i, do h (2)(3) khng i, nn K*, L* khng i d) V MCpK = K* = 25 > 0; MCpL = L*=100 > 0 nn khi gi vn v lao ng tng, th tng chi ph 78 cng tng theo.

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V d 2: Mt nh my c hm sn xut: Q = 2K.(L 2), bit nh my chi khon tin l 15000 (vt) mua hai yu t K, L vi gi pK = 600 (vt), pL = 300 (vt). a) Tm phng n sn xut thu c sn lng ti a. b) Tm h s co gin ca hm tng chi ph ti sn lng ti a. Nu ngha ca h s ny? c) Phn tch tc ng ca gi vn, gi lao ng ti tng chi ph
79

II. M hnh hm sn xut ti u v kinh t

Gii a) Hm sn lng: Q = 2K(L 2)

Max

Vi rng buc: TC = 600K + 300L = 15000 2K + L = 50 iu kin cn sn lng t ti a vi tng chi ph TC = 15000
MPK pK pK .K MPL pL pL . L TC 2(L 2) 2K 600 300 2K L 50 K 12 L 26

y chnh l phng n sn xut thu c sn lng, vy phng n sn xut ti u s l: K* = 12 ; L* = 26 v sn lng ti a s l: 80 Q* = 576

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b)
MC(Q)
AC(Q* )
*

MPK* PK
15000 576

2(L 2) 600
26, 04

TC Q*

H s co gin ca TC theo sn lng ti sn lng ti a:

TC Q

(Q )

MC(Q* ) AC(Q* )

0, 08 26, 04

0, 003 0,3%

ngha: Khi sn lng lng tng ln 1% th chi ph s tng ln 0,3%

81

c)
TC PK
TC PL

K* 12 0

Nn gi vn tng th chi ph s tng

L* 26 0

Nn gi lao ng tng th chi ph s tng

82

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II. M hnh hm sn xut ti u v kinh t

b) Tnh hung cc i sn lng: Gi K l kinh ph d kin u t mua cc yu t u vo, vi mc x yu t u vo sn xut c Q sn lng. Ta c m hnh MHID: Max{Q=f(x)}
n

Vi iu kin:
i=1

pi x i = K

83

Tng t MHIC-t phn tch

III. M hnh ti a ha li nhun ca doanh nghip

Gi TR(Q) l hm tng doanh thu ca doanh nghip,

TC(Q) l hm tng chi ph , ta c: (Q)=TR(Q)-TC(Q) M hnh ti a li nhun: Max{ (Q) = TR(Q)-TC(Q)} iu kin cn l: MR(Q)=MC(Q) Khi sn phm ca doanh nghip cnh tranh hon ho th p l bin ngoi sinh, nn ta c TR(Q)=p*Q MR(Q)=MC(Q)= p; MR(p)=Q (5) Hm p=MC(Q) th hin mc cung ca doanh 84 nghip v gi bn trn th trng.

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Khi doanh nghip c quyn: doanh nghip ton

quyn quy nh gi bn, do mc cung ti a ha li nhun v mc cu th trng bng mc cung ca doanh nghip. Suy ra gi bn sn phm ph thuc vo mc cung ca doanh nghip,tc l: p = p(Q) Q = Q(p) Khi : Q = Q(p) gi l hm cu xui p = p(Q) gi l hm cu ngc Vi doanh nghip c quyn, hm cu thng c vit dng hm cu ngc, nn ta c: TR=p(Q)*Q MR(Q)=p(Q)+QMp(Q) Do vy iu kin cn c li nhun cc i l: 85 p(Q)+QMp(Q) = MC(Q) (6)

III. M hnh ti a ha li nhun ca doanh nghip V d 1 : Mt doanh nghip c hm doanh thu TR = 58Q-0.5Q2 Hm tng chi ph TC = 1/3Q3 - 8.5Q2 + 97Q + FC trong Q l sn lng, FC l chi ph c nh a) Vi FC=4 hy xc nh mc sn lng ti a li nhun b) Phn tch tc ng ca chi ph c nh ti mc sn lng ti a li nhun v mc li nhun ti a

86

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III. M hnh ti a ha li nhun ca doanh nghip Gii: a) iu kin cn c max l: 58-Q=Q2-17Q+97 (1) Q=3, Q=13; Kim tra iu kin ca ti u ta c Q*=13 b)Chi ph c nh (FC)khng c mt trong (1) nn Q* khng ph thuc vo FC. Ta c * =TR(Q*)-1/3(Q*)3 +8,5(Q*)2- 98 Q*-FC nn d * /dFC = -1< 0 FC tc ng ngc vi mc li nhun ti a.
87

III. M hnh ti a ha li nhun ca doanh nghip V d 2: Mt doanh cnh tranh hon ho, c hm chi ph bin MC = 2Q2-12Q+25, chi ph c nh FC, gi bn mi sn phm l p. a) Xc nh hm tng chi ph TC vi mc FC=20. khi p=39 hy xc nh mc sn lng Q* c li nhun ti u. b) Nu gi p tng 10% th mc sn lng, li nhun ti u s bin ng nh th no?
88

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III. M hnh ti a ha li nhun ca doanh nghip Gii: a)TC MCdq FC = 2/3Q3-6Q2+25Q+20 Khi p=39 39=2Q2-12Q+25 Q*=7 *=143.3 dQ 1 Q 3.48 b) T p = 2Q2-12Q+25 p
dp 4Q 12

1.9 Do / p = Q*=7 p Nh vy nu p tng 1% th sn lng Q tng 3.48% v mc li nhun tng 1.9%. vy nu p tng 10% th sn lng Q tng 34.8% 89 v mc li nhun tng 19%

III. M hnh ti a ha li nhun ca doanh nghip

Ch : Gi s doanh nghip c hm sn xut Q=f(K,L), pK pL tng ng l gi vn v lao ng, p l gi bn ca sn phm. Xc nh mc s dng vn v lao ng t li nhun cao nht. Vi sn phm cnh tranh hon ho c m hnh. = pf(K,L)pKKpLL Max Vi sn phm c quyn c m hnh = p(f(K,L)).f(K,L) pKK pLL Max Ngi ta chng minh c: Vi c 2 loi sn phm: p K
90

K*;

* pL

L*

(7)

Vi sn phm cnh tranh hon ho:

* p

Q * (8)

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III. M hnh ti a ha li nhun ca doanh nghip Bi tp1: Mt cng ty cnh tranh hon ho c hm tng chi ph TC = Q3-Q2+1, Q 1 a)Vi gi th trng l p, hy vit phng trnh xc nh hm cung ca cng ty b) Phn tch tc ng ca p ti mc cung ti a li nhun v mc li nhun ti a ca cng ty HD: a) p = 3Q2-2Q b) Tnh dQ/dp >0; d /dp=Q* >0 kt lun

91

III. M hnh ti a ha li nhun ca doanh nghip Bi tp 2: Mt doanh nghip c quyn c hm cu ngc p = 490-2Q, v hm tng chi ph TC=0.5Q2AD0.5 trong q l sn lng, AD l ph qung co a) Vi AD=9, hy xc nh mc sn lng v gi bn ti u b) Phn tch tc ng ca chi ph qung co AD ti mc sn lng, v gi bn ti u HD: a) Q*=70, p*=350 b) Tnh dQ/dAD<0; dp/dAD>0 suy ra KL
92

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III. M hnh ti a ha li nhun ca doanh nghip Bi tp 3: Mt doanh nghip cnh tranh hon ho c hm sn xut Q= K0.5+K0.5, vi pK=6, pL=4, p=2 a) Hy xc nh mc s dng vn, lao ng ti u b) Phn tch tc ng ca gi vn, gi lao ng ti mc li nhun ti a HD: a) K*=1/36; L*=1/16 b) d /dpK=-1/36<0; d /dpL=-1/16<0 KL
93

IV. M hnh tha dng

Gi s h gia nh mua v tiu th n loi hng

ha vi khi lng l x1,x2,..,xn, ta gi vect x=(x1,x2,..,xn) l mt gi hng, nhm tha mn v tm l, sinh l ,th cht v tinh thn... S tha mn ny c th hin qua hm tha dng U = f(x,,) trong , l cc tham s. Nu h gia nh c mt ngn sch l M, c dng mua gi hng ni trn. Ta gi pi l gi mt n v hng loi i, vi mi i=1,2,,n
94

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IV. M hnh tha dng

M hnh tha dng nh sau:

Max Z=U(x1 ,x 2, ..,x n )

n

M pi x i iu kin: i=1 Tng t nh MHIC ta c iu kin cn ca U / xi nghim ti u l: pi

pj U / xj i j

Nu c nh s thch (U c nh), th cc thnh phn x*i ca nghim s xc nh mc cu loi hng i ca h gia nh .Ta c th vit: x*i = x*i(p1,p2,..,pn,M) vi mi i=1,2,...,n 95 Cc hm cu trn gi l hm cu Marshall

IV. M hnh tha dng

V d: Hm tha dng ca h gia nh khi tiu th loi hng ha A, B c dng: U = 40XA0.25XB0.5 vi gi hng pA=4, pB=10 a) Loi hng A thay c hng B hay khng? nu thay c th thay theo t l no? b) Xc nh mc cu loi hng A,B ca h gia nh vi M=600

96

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IV. M hnh tha dng

a) T l thay th:
dX A dX B U / XB U / XA
0,5 20.X 0,25 A .X B 10.X A0,75 .X 0,5 B

2X A XB

hng thay c cho nhau. Tuy nhin kt lun t l thay th gia hai mt hng l 1:1 l sai, m nu tng XB ln 1 n v th phi gim XA mt lng l 2X A n v.
XB

dX A dX B

0 nn hai mt hng A, B l hai mt

IV. M hnh tha dng

b. Mc tiu dng ti u ca h gia nh l nghim ca h:
pA pB pA .X A U / XA U / XB p B .X B 600
4 /10 4X A XB 2X A 10X B 600

XA XB

50 40

Nh vy gia nh c nhu cu 50(SL) hng A v 40(SL) hng B.

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E.2. M hnh cn bng th trng I. M hnh cn bng ring II. M hnh cn bng v m

99

I. M hnh cn bng ring

Th trng gm cc tc nhn tham gia vo lc lng cung, cu, lin h vi nhau bi gi trong qu trnh trao i.Coi gi l bin ni sinh. Gi s hm cung S=S(p,a,b), hm cu D=D(p,,) Ta c m hnh cn bng th trng ring: S = S(p,a,b); S/ p>0 D = D(p,,); D/ p<0 S=D Vi S, D, p l bin ni sinh a,b,, l cc bin ngoi sinh. Ch :Ta cn k hiu lng cung , lng cu l QS , QD
100

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I. M hnh cn bng ring

Phn tch m hnh: Gii m hnh cn bng: ta tm c gi cn bng

p, lng cn bng Q . C gi cn bng v lng cn bng u ph thuc vo cc bin ngoi sinh c trong D, S. Phn tch tc ng ca bin ngoi sinh ti p , Q Nu ta c biu thc tng minh ca p v Q , th nghin cu nh hng ca cc bin ngoi sinh, ta ch cn ly o hm ring theo cc bin ny. Nu ta khng bit c dng tng minh ca p v Q th ta phi tnh cc o hm ring theo bin ngoi sinh t phng trnh S=D, v theo cng thc tnh o hm ca hm n.
101

I. M hnh cn bng ring

V d: Gi s hm cung, hn cu c dng: S = -a + bp; a,b>0 D = p; ,>0 ngha ca cc h s a,b,,: Cho S=0 (khng c cung) p=a/b, vy a/b l mc gi ti thiu m ngi sn xut c th chp nhn. Cho D=0 (khng c cu) p=/, vy / l mc gi ti a ngi tiu dng chp nhn. iu kin cn bng th trng: S=D,t phng trnh a ta tm c mc gi cn bng: p b b a ,lng hng cn bng:
Q
102

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I. M hnh cn bng ring

Phn tch tc ng ca a ti p

Ta c:
p a 1 b 0

Ch : Ta c th tnh kt qu hon ton tng t t phng trnh cn bng th trng.

103

I. M hnh cn bng ring

Bi tp : Hm cu ca mt loi hng D=1.5M0.3p-0.2 v hm cung S = 1.4p0.3, M l thu nhp, p l gi a- Tnh h s co gin ca hm cu theo p, theo M b- Xem xt tc ng ca thu nhp M ti gi p HD: a- Hm cu c dng Cobb-Douglas suy ra D =-0.2; D =0.3 p M b- Tnh p/ M>0 (theo cng thc o hm ca hm n t phng trnh S = D). Suy ra thu nhp tng th gi cn bng tng v ngc li.

104

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II. M cn bng v m
Tng cung: Xt th trng hng ha dch v, nn

tng cung ca nn kinh t c coi l ngoi sinh v k hiu l Y, c o bng tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) hoc tng thu nhp quc dn (GNI) Tng cu bao gm: C: Nhu cu tiu dng ca dn c I: Nhu cu u t ca dn c G: Nhu cu tiu dng ca chnh ph EX(IM):Nhu cu xut khu (nhp khu) T: l thu 105 Phng trnh hnh vi m t quan h gia cc bin:

II. M cn bng v m
Tiu dng dn c C=C0+(Y-T); trong T l thu,

106

Y-T l thu nhp kh dng, 0< < 1 l khuynh hng tiu dng bin, C0 phn chi tiu t nh khng ph thuc vo thu nhp. u t ca dn c: I = I0-r vi >0; r l li sut , I0 l phn u t khng ph thuc li sut . Tng cu trong nc: C+I+G+EX-IM Thu bng thu thu nhp cng vi cc loi thu khc: T= + Y M hnh cn bng v m: Y= C+I+G+EX-IM C=C0+(Y-T) C0>0; 0<<1 I = I0-r >0 T= + Y >0; 0< <1

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Trong Y,C,I,T l cc bin ni sinh, cc bin cn li l ngoi sinh. Gii h phng trnh trn vi cc n l cc bin ni sinh ta c: C I r G EX-IM
Y
0 0

1- +

Phn tch m hnh: nghin cu tc ng ca chnh sch ti kha, i vi mc sn xut Y ta cn Y 1 tnh: 0 (*)
G Y 1 Y
107

0 Y 0

(**) (***)

II. M cn bng v m
T (*) suy ra: Nu chnh ph tng tiu dng, th tng cu tng, tc l c kch cu, v mc tng ca tng cu s ln hn mc tng ca chi tiu. Ta gi Y / G l nhn t gia tng chi tiu ca chnh ph. T (**) (***) suy ra: Nu chnh ph tng thu th tng cu s gim. Ty thuc vo tnh hung c th, m hnh cn bng v m c th n gin bt, chng hn bin u t I v thu T c th coi l bin ngoi sinh, nhng xut nhp khu c th coi l bin ni sinh. Ta xt v d sau:

108

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V d: Cc ch tiu v m ca nn kinh t lin h bi m hnh: Y = C+I+G+EX-IM Yd = (1-t)Y 0<t<1 C = Y d 0<<1 IM = Yd 0< <1 Trong Y l thu nhp quc dn, Yd l thu nhp kh dng, C l tiu dng dn c, I l u t, G l tiu dng chnh ph, EX l xut khu, IM nhp khu, t l thu sut thu nhp. I G EX Gii m hnh trn ta c: Y 1 (1 t) (1 t) (*)
109

Y G

1 (1 t)

(1 t)

(**); Y
EX 1

1 (1 t)

(1 t)

(***)

II. M cn bng v m
V d C th: Vi G=400t, I=250t, EX=250t, =0.8, =0.2, t=0.1 a) Xc nh thu nhp ngn sch, v tnh trng ngn sch nh nc. b) Vi cc ch tiu cu a, c kin cho rng khi gim xut khu 10%, th chnh ph c th tng chi tiu ln 10% m khng nh hng n thu nhp quc dn.Hy nhn xt kin trn
110

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II. M cn bng v m
V d: Gii: a) Thay cc ch tiu c th vo (*) Y 1956,5 t Thu ngn sch t thu bng tY 195,56 t,chi ngn sch G = 400 t, suy ra ngn sch chnh ph bi chi, hay thm ht ngn sch.

111

b).H s co gin ca thu nhp theo chi tiu ca chnh ph:

Y G

II. M cn bng v m
Y G . G Y 1 (1 t)

G (1 t) Y .

H s co gin ca thu nhp theo xut khu:

Y EX

G Y

Y EX . EX Y EX Y G Y

1
Y EX

1 (1 t)

EX (1 t) Y .

Khi gim xut khu 10% th thu nhp quc dn s Y gim 10%. EX

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II. M cn bng v m
Khi tng chi tiu chnh ph ln 10% th thu nhp Y quc dn tng 10%. G R rng :

10%.

Y G

10%.

Y EX

Nn thu nhp quc dn s tng ln.

E.3. M hnh kinh t ng I.M hnh cn bng gi dng tuyn tnh II. M hnh tng trng Domar

114

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E.3. M hnh kinh t ng

Trong cc m hnh nghin cu, chng ta

mi ch xt cc hat ng kinh t din ra ti cng mt thi im, yu t thi gian khng c vai tr g, nn cc m hnh ny gi l m hnh tnh. Trong thc t hot ng kinh t din bin theo thi gian, do c mi lin h gia: qu kh hin ti - tng lai, nh vy yu t thi gian s xut hin trong m hnh. Cc m hnh ton kinh t c cha bin thi 115 gian, gi l m hnh kinh t ng.

I.M hnh cn bng gi dng tuyn tnh

Gi s trn th trng gi mt loi hng tc ng

n cung - cu nh sau: M hnh a: QD=a-bp QS=-c+dp QD=qS M hnh b: (M hnh Cobweb) QD,t+1=a-bpt+1 QS,t+1=-c+dpt QD,t+1=QS,t+1
116

a,b>0 c,d>0

a,b>0 c,d>0

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Phn tch m hnh a c M hnh a: Gi cn bng P b d Nu ti t=0 ta c p0 p th gi cn bng mi thi im. Nu ti t=0 ta c p0 p |QD-QS|>0, v gi s chnh lch cung-cu ti t quyt nh s thay i gi p, v quan h ny c dng:
dp dt k(Q D -QS ) dp dt k(b d)p k(a c)

Phng trnh vi phn ny, c nghim vi iu kin ban u p0 l: p t (p 0 p)e k (b d)t p 117 Cho t + ta thy pt dn ti p

I.M hnh cn bng gi dng tuyn tnh

M hnh b:

pt

sai phn, phng trnh ny c nghim:

pt p0 a c b c d b
t

d pt b

a c y l phng trnh b

a c b d

Cho t + ; Nu d < b th pt dn n gi cn bng. Nu d > b th pt + (khng c gi cn bng)

118

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I.M hnh cn bng gi dng tuyn tnh

Hnh a: c cn bng gi

Hnh b: khng c cn bng gi

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II. M hnh tng trng Domar

Gi thit: Nng lc sn xut ti thi im t ch ph

thuc tuyn tnh vo lng vn, khng tnh ti lao ng cng nh cng nh cng ngh, k hiu Q(t) l nng lc sn xut, K(t) l nng lc vn, v Q(t)= K(t) vi tham s > 0 ti thi im t. Gi Y(t) l tng cu, I(t) l u t ca k t, khi ta c:
dK dt I(t); Y(t) 1 I(t) s

Vi tham s 0 < s<1 gi l khuynh hng tit kim bin. iu kin cn bng: Q(t) = Y(t) : Nng lc sn xut ca nn kinh t = Tng cu.
120

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II. M hnh tng trng Domar

M hnh tng trng Domar:

dK dt Y(t) Q(t) Q(t)

I(t) 1 I(t) s K(t) Y(t)

Vi Y, Q, K, I l cc bin ni sinh, t l bin ngoi sinh. Gi = 1/ l h s gia tng vn-sn lng (h s ICOR). l s vn cn thit gia tng mt n v sn 121 lng u ra.

Phn tch m hnh:

T m hnh Domar ta

dK dt dY dt dQ dt dQ dt

I(t) 1 dI s dt dK dt dY dt

dI dt

sI(t) 0

Gii phng trnh vi phn vi iu kin I0=I(0). I(t) = I0e st. Thay vo cc phng trnh khc trong m hnh ta c: Y(t) = Y0e st; K(t) = K0e st; Q(t) = Q0e
122

st

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II. M hnh tng trng Domar

T cc kt qu trn ta c cc nhn xt nh sau: Nhp tng trng ca Y,K,I,Q u bng s= s/ , s tng trng ny ca nn kinh t l tng trng cn i. Gi s khi u t tng vi nhp r s/ I(t)=I0ert; dI/dt =rI0ert; dY/dt = r/sI0ert; dQ/dt = I0ert Xt dY/dt:dQ/dt = r/ s, t suy ra kt lun sau:

123

II. M hnh tng trng Domar

Nu u t tng nhanh hn mc cn thit (r > s)

th dY/dt:dQ/dt >1, do tc ng ca u t ti nng lc sn xut yu hn ti tng cu, nn kinh t ri vo tnh trng nng lc sn xut khng p ng c nhu cu, ngha l thiu ht nng lc sn xut. Nu u t tng chm hn mc cn thit (r < s) th nn kinh t trong tnh trng tha nng lc sn xut, y l mt nghch l gy ra nhiu tranh lun???
124

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M hnh c s dng trong thc t l m hnh ri rc theo thi gian nh sau:

K(t) K(t 1) Y(t) Q(t) Q(t) 1 I(t) s K(t) I(t)
K(t) I(t)
125

I(t)

Y(t)

1 1 1

s v s s v s s v s

Y(t 1) K(t 1) I(t 1)

Ngim ca m hnh:

Nhp tng trng ca cc ch tiu u bng s/(v-s)

Bi tp:1 Cho m hnh th trng: QD=QS QD=D(p,Y0); D/ p<0; D/ Y0>0 QS=S(p) ; S/ p>0 Trong QS, QD l mc cu v mc cung, Y0 l thu nhp. a) Gii thch m hnh v cc iu kin b) Gi nh tn ti gi cn bng p*, khi Y0 tng th gi cn bng s bin ng nh th no? Gii thch ngha kinh t.
126

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c) Gi Q* l lng cung-cu trng thi cn bng, v cho bit khi Y0 tng th lng cn bng thay i nh th no? Vit biu thc m t s thay i . Bi tp 2 Cho m hnh cung-cu: QD= 10+0.1Y0-0.2p QS=-14+0.6p a) Tm biu thc tnh gi cn bng. Nu iu kin cn bng l: a1: QS=QD ; a2: QD=0.9QS b) Tnh h s co gin ca gi cn bng theo Y0 khi Y0=80; Gii thch ngha kinh t ca kt qu.
127

Bi tp 3 Gi s dn s tng theo m hnh: Pt=P02bt v tiu dng dn c tng theo m hnh: Ct=C0eat a) Tnh h s tng trng ca dn s v tiu dng. b) Vi iu kin no th h s tng trng ca tiu dng cao hn, h s tng trng ca dn c. Nu ngha ca quan h c) Gi thit lao ng c s dng t l vi dn s v c dng: Lt=kpt ; sn lng Yt l mt hm ca vn Kt v lao ng Lt dng Cobb-Douglas; Ct l hm tuyn tnh ca Yt . Thit lp m hnh th hin quan h gia cc bin. 128

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Bi tp 4 Cho m hnh sn xut Y(t)=0.2K0.4L0.8 a) Tnh h s co gin ca Y theo K v L b) Tnh h s tng trng ca vn K, lao ng L, v Y c) Hy cho bit hiu qu ca vic tng quy m sn xut trong trng hp ny.

129

Bi tp 5 Mt cng ty c th sn xut v cung ng cho th trng hai mt hng vi hm tng doanh thu v tng chi ph l: TR=p1Q1+p2Q2; TC=2Q21+Q1Q2+3Q22 a) Xc nh cng thc tnh tng li nhun cc i b) p dng cu 5a/ tm sn lng cc i li nhun c) Tnh h s co gin ca tng chi ph theo tng mt hng, v h s co gin ng thi theo c hai mt hng ti im cc i li nhun tm c cu 5b/
130

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Bi tp 6 Nhu cu hai mt hng ph thuc vo gi nh sau: Q1=40-2p1-p2; Q2=35-p1-p2; v hm tng chi ph theo sn lng l: TC=Q21+2Q22+12 a) Tm Q1, Q2 t li nhun cc i b) Tm chi ph cn bin cho tng loi hng ti mc ti u cu a c) Hai mt hng ny c th thay th nhau trong tiu dng c hay khng?

131

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