Image Manipulation Using Adobe Photoshop Elements 6

Weston College
ICT Centre
Image Manipulation
Level 1
Elements V6 DAG 2009
DAG 2009
Image Manipulation Page 1 of 70 July 2009 DAG

Contents
1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 5
2. Using Adobe Photoshop Elements 6.0 .................................................... 6
3. Getting Started ....................................................................................... 10
4. Saving Files ........................................................................................... 12
5. Rotate .................................................................................................... 15
6. Crop ....................................................................................................... 17
7. Cut, Copy and Paste .............................................................................. 20
8. Using the Menus .................................................................................... 22
9. Making a Freehand selection, Lasso and Move ..................................... 30
10. Practice .................................................................................................. 31
11. Recap Exercise ...................................................................................... 32
12. Using the Typing Tool ............................................................................ 33
13. Red Eye Correction................................................................................ 35
14. Using Photos in Word ............................................................................ 36
15. Adding Shapes to a photograph ............................................................ 40
16. Adding a Sepia effect ............................................................................. 42
17. Creating Panoramas .............................................................................. 44
18. Printing................................................................................................... 48
19. Choosing A Digital Camera.................................................................... 52
20. Taking Pictures ...................................................................................... 55
21. Laws & Guidelines ................................................................................. 59
22. Consolidation Exercises......................................................................... 66
Exercise 1 .............................................................................................. 66
Exercise 2 .............................................................................................. 67
Exercise 3 .............................................................................................. 68
Image Manipulation (Elem 6) Page 3 of 70 July 2009 DAG

1. Introduction
In this course you will be manipulating digital images.
If you own a digital camera, you should bring it into the centre, along with its
USB cable and we will endeavour to instruct you on how to download the
pictures at home. If you don’t have a digital camera you can use one that the
Centre has and learn how to download the files while in the Centre.
Cameras usually come with their own software. This will enable downloading
to a computer and will usually contain basic manipulation tools, but it is better
to buy separate specialist image manipulation software.
The image manipulation software you are going to use is Adobe Photoshop
Elements 6. The “industry standard” of image manipulation programs is
“Adobe Photoshop ”. This program has all the features needed for
professional image manipulation and consequently it is a very complex
program. The “light” version is called Photoshop Elements and this book is an
introduction to its main features.
Before commencing this course, please do the following:
[1] Open the web browser by double clicking on the shortcut on the desktop
[2] In the Address bar type the following address:
www.myguide.gov.uk
[3] Login using your own username and password
[4] Click on the Learning link
[5] Click on the First and Next Step Courses link
[6] Click on the Using Digital Photography link
[7] Follow the onscreen instructions
[8] On completion, please add your name to the Help List and ask a Tutor to print a copy
of your learning log and load the required files for you
Enjoy your course…

2. Using Adobe Photoshop Elements 6.0
[1] To start the program you need to go to Start | All Programs | Media
Player & Graphics
raphics | Adobe Photoshop Elements 6.0
Alternatively, if available double click the Desktop shortcut:
.0 loads it presents the following screen:

When Elements 6.0
This allows you to choose from a wide range of activities: Organise

rganise your
pictures, edit the detail, create calendars etc – or share
are images with others,
In this guide we will concentrate on the Editor,, beginning with “global”

changes and then moving on to detailed work.

THE MAIN SCREEN
[1] Click on Edit and Enhance

This usually starts with the Effects and the Layer palettes showing on the
right hand side (as below).
In addition to the Menu bar, there is also a Toolbox, a Settings Toolbar for
each tool and a palette bin.
bin
TABS to
Edit,
Create &
Share
Menu bar
Once a tool is selected its

Toolbox individual Setting Toolbar
appears.
Hovering the mouse over the

Ho
toolbar icons will bring up a small
yellow box which describes what
the tool or item does.
Photo
Bin
Effects & Palette

Layers palettes Bin
In the top right corner of the main screen

notice the UNDO button, the link to the
ORGANIZER – and below the three TABS
further options for FULL, QUICK and
GUIDED options.
Under the Effects bar are icons that

represent Filters, Layer Styles, Effects and
ALL. Below are the individual EFFECTS
ICONS.

THE TOOLBOX
On the left hand side of the main screen is a box of colourful icons – these
represent the tools which are used for fine work on your image.
Move Magnify
Hand Pipette
Rectangular Lasso
Selection
Magic wand Quick selection tool
Type tool Crop tool
Cookie cutter Straighten tool
Red eye Spot Healing tool
Clone stamp Eraser
Brush tool Paint bucket
Gradient Custom shape
Blur Sponge
At the bottom of the toolbox are the

foreground and background colour
selection boxes
Many of the tools have more than one function. If

you RIGHT CLICK the tool a box will appear
showing what these are.
are In this example the
various LASSO tools are shown: >>>>>>>>>>>>

Depending on which tool is selected from the toolbar the Tool settings bar
offers further options for each tool.
In this illustration the Clone Stamp tool has been selected and the settings
toolbar is visible just above the image.
< TOOLS SETTINGS BAR
These settings can be

adjusted so that the tool
does a range of things.
The broad arrow is
pointing from the tool icon
to the settings toolbar.
Click on the one of the

Tool buttons to see the
options given in the
toolbar.
Note – you have no picture open yet!

I have used an open picture in my example – but without one the program
window will simply display a grey working area.
In the next section you will open a picture and get started using the program
for yourself.
IMPORTANT
Before you start this section, put your
name on the help sheet and ask a Tutor to
check that you have all the files you will
need.

3. Getting Started
Elements 6 has been designed to take images from the ORGANIZER – but
that does not prevent you from opening the EDITOR and from that program
opening a picture file – much as you would a Word document:-
OPENING A PICTURE
[1] To open a picture use File | Open

[2] In the Look in: box you need to select the location where your files are
kept. (My Documents | L1 Digi Images.)
[3] As you will be using Windows XP you can choose the Thumbnail view
from the dialogue box and see what picture you are opening. To do
this, click on the small arrow next to the View menu and select the
thumbnails option:

[4] Find the picture called Sunflower. jpg,, click on it once to select it, and
then click on Open.
Open The picture will load in the workspace. It will also
appear in the Photo
hoto Bin below the dark grey area of the workspace.
The title of the loaded image

appears either in the
workspace window or a
separate window if you have
not maximised it (as here) -
along with information about
the way in which the picture
has been sized (%) to fit the
available workspace,
workspace Elements
tries to get the whole of your
image in view by default and it
will adjust the percentage of
the image size accordingly.
ZOOM IN AND OUT
The easiest way to do this is to use the central mouse wheel. Move your
mouse over the centre of the picture and roll the mouse wheel away from you.
The picture should be magnified. Now roll the mouse wheel in the opposite
direction and it should return to normal size. Notice what happens if you
increase the percentage (or zoom) beyond 100%. As the image is magnified
the pixel structure begins to show and the lines become jagged.
This view shows the bee on the

sunflower at 100%.
From the View menu select

Actual Pixels.

4. Saving Files
It is good practice always to work on a second copy of an image. Before you

work on any image create
reate a folder and save a copy of your file in it.
it
[1] So, having opened the file and zoomed it in and out you are going
goi to
create a folder and save a copy of the file into it.
[2] Go to File | Save As and then click on the New Folder icon.
[3] A new folder will appear in the Save As window.
[4] While the New Folder text is highlighted blue, type in the name of the
new folder which
ch will be Photoshop and press Enter on the keyboard.
[5] To open the folder click on Open.
The Save As box allows you to choose a destination – or create a New Folder
as a destination.
Notice that the Format box is set to JPEG (*.jpg *.jpeg *.jpe)
The checked box “Include
Include in the Organizer”
Organizer shows that Elements will add the
new file to its catalogue of images. It is best UNCHECKED as is the “As a
Copy” box.
Please read the information on the following page BEFORE proceeding

For information only
Please do not carry this out until you are instructed to do so
When you Save a picture file in Elements it will use its own file format by
default (PSD) although most digital cameras use the JPG format. In order to
manipulate an image on more than one occasion use the PSD format. Once
you have completed your changes you can then re-save the file in JPG
format.
Before you save you need to choose the If you choose JPG, the save box allows
Format. you to change the size (and quality) of the
graphic file. For this purpose choose Large
If the image has a number filename this is File and quality 12 will be selected. Note
the time to change it to something how Elements shows you the size of the file.
memorable.
You are now going to save the Sunflower as a JPG file in your
Photoshop folder.
[6] You should currently have the Save As dialogue box open and have
the Photoshop folder selected as the Save In location.
[7] In the File name box take out the current name by using the
backspace key and type in the new name of Sunflower Copy.
[8] The type of file should be JPEG.
[9] Click on Save.

[10] When the JPEG Options box
appears, move the slider to 5 so that
the file is not too big.
[11] Click OK.
[12] Close
ose the file by clicking on the x at
the corner of the picture frame. You
want to keep Elements open.
NOTE:
When saving files throughout this book, please adjust the JPEG quality option
to 5 to save space.
INFORMATION ABOUT FILE TYPES
.jpeg (.jpg) - A compressed image file format developed by the Joint

Photographic Experts Group.
Group. This is one of the most common image types
used for web documents and provides the best compression for colour
photographs. However JPEG is a lossy format, which means that it
discards some of the image data in a trade-off
trade off to reduce the file size so
quality is reduced.
.gif - Graphics Interchange Format is the other most commonly used
image type for web documents. It offers the best compression for images
consisting of uniformly
rmly coloured pieces e.g. coloured lines, shapes and
artwork and also gives better quality images for photographs. GIF is a
lossless format, meaning that all image information is restored when the
file is decompressed during viewing and so for photographs the resulting
file may be large.
.tiff (.tif) - Tag Image File Format is a common format for exchanging
raster graphics (bitmap) images between application programs, including
those used for scanner images. One of the most common graphic image
formats, TIFF F files are commonly used in desktop publishing, faxing and 3-
3
D applications.
.png - The Portable Network Graphics format is very similar to the GIF
format as it also compresses images in a lossless fashion. Typically, an
image in PNG format can be 10-30%
10 more compressed than in GIF
format.
.bmp - Bitmap files consist of coloured dots, or "pixels". All the above
image formats are types of bitmaps.

5. Rotate
Rotate can be used to turn a picture on its side, completely flip it or just
straighten it up.
[1] Go to File | Open and select the picture River.jpg.

[2] Save a copy of the picture into the Photoshop folder calling it River
Copy.
[3] Go to Image | Rotate|180o. The picture should now be completely

flipped.
[4] Now go back to Image | Rotate | Flip Vertical.. The picture should
now be the correct way up but a complete mirror image of the original.
[5] You now want to undo both these actions. Locate and click on the
undo button on the toolbar at the top of the screen.
[6] This will undo one step, click it again
again and the picture will return to its
original form.
[7] Close this picture without saving the changes.
[8] Open the picture tilted.jpg and save a copy of it in your Photoshop
folder.
ne of the great advantages of digital photography is being able to change a
One
picture by selecting part of an image.
[9] The tool we use will be the Rectangular
Marquee Tool – it shows on the toolbar
as a small dotted square – but if the elliptical version has been used
you may have to right click
cli and make sure your have the square tool
selected.
[10] Click it once – then move the cursor into the image. Starting at the top
left of an area you want to select, in this case to the top left of the
tower.

[11] Click once and, holding down the mouse button, drag down and to the
right. A dashed rectangle will appear that marks out your selection for
you. (see below).
[12] Go to Image | Rotate | Free rotate layer. If you move your mouse
over the corner of your selected area you should see a double-headed
curved arrow.
[13] Click and hold down your mouse on this.

Now drag it in the direction you want to
straighten-up the tower. If you are
unhappy with the results use the undo
button and try again.
[14] Have a go at straightening up the picture
and when you are happy that it is straight
click on the tick to commit.
[15] Press the ESC key on your keyboard to
deselect the area
[16] Save the result as straightened in your
Photoshop folder.
The image will be tidied up in the next section.

6. Crop
This tool is used to select an area of your picture so that it is better composed.
[1] Open the picture straightened.jpg again.

[2] Click the crop tool.
[3] Click and drag a frame around the area you want to keep. If the area
is not correct then press Esc on the keyboard and start again. In this
picture, you want to keep most of the image and lose the sections not
straightened up previously.
[4] When the correct area is selected, click the Click to commit tick. The
unwanted area should now disappear.

This is the final result of
rotating and cropping the
picture of Topsham church.
[5] Save the changes by clicking on the Save icon on the toolbar
and close the file.

Elements provides some useful settings to enable you to crop to a particular
ratio or to a particular size:
The Use photo ratio enables you to crop the image and preserve the aspect
ratio of the original. It will also crop to given print sizes.
The small arrow to the right of Aspect Ratio

brings down a list of sizes.
[1] Open the picture river.jpg save a copy in your Photoshop folder with
the name river copy.
[2] Select the Crop tool.
[3] Click the small arrow next to the Aspect Ratio box and
select 3 x 5 in.
[4] Using the Crop tool, select the area of the picture you
wish to retain.
[5] When you are happy with your selection click the Click
to commit tick.
[6] Save the file in your Photoshop folder with the name
cropped.
[7] Change the Aspect Ratio back to No Restriction
[8] Close the file

7. Cut, Copy and Paste
You can use the selection tool process to copy and paste part of an image
into itself, or from one image to another. If you use Cut and Paste you will see
that the selected area is removed from the original image and a white, or
coloured background area left behind,
behind so you may prefer to use copy.
copy
[1] Open the file Abutilon1.jpg and resave as Abutilon Copy in your
Photoshop folder.
[2] Use the Rectangular Marquee Tool to select an
area of the flower.
[3] Go to Edit | Copy.
[4] Go to Edit | Paste.
Paste
[5] If you look at the layer palette on the right of your
screen, you should see Background and Layer 1.
Layer 1 is the part of the picture that you have
copied and pasted.
[6] With Layer 1 still selected (which it should be as long as you haven’t
clicked anywhere else in the picture) click on the Move tool in the
th
toolbox. Small handles will appear around the selected part and you
can drag the selection to another place. You should end up with 2
flowers.
[7] e and don’t save it.

Close the image
[8] Open the file yellow flowers.jpg and then the file Clematis2.jpg.
Clematis2.jpg
Note
te at this point you should have ONLY the clematis 2 image on the
main screen – if you have any other view, click on Window | Images |
Maximise Mode

At the bottom of the screen there should be a Project bin as shown below.*
below
[9] Click on the yellow flowers picture in the Project bin to make it active.
[10] Use the Rectangular Marquee Tool to select an area of the flowers.
[11] Go to Edit | Cut.. The area you selected has disappeared from the
picture.
[12] Now click on the Clematis2 picture in the Photo bin and go to Edit |
Paste.. The yellow flowers will now appear on top of the Clematis2
picture.
[13] Use the Move tool, as before, to move the yellow flowers to the side.
[14] Close the file without saving the changes.
As you can see, this method only allows you to move a regular
regular shaped
section of an image. Later
ater in this book you will learn how to select more
specific areas.
*You
You can show or hide the Project Bin by clicking the down arrow or up arrow
in the bottom status bar.
You can also make sure it appears by checking the Project Bin in the
Window menu.

8. Using the Menus
There are various menus and menu options available in Photoshop, in this
section we will look at some of them.
ENHANCE MENU
You can fix and adjust lighting problems in images as well as adjusting colour
in various ways using the Enhance menu.
SMART FIX
[1] Open the photo Abutilon copy.jpg.

[2] To correct the overall colour balance and improve shadow and highlight
detail, choose Enhance | Adjust Smart Fix.
You can then use the slider control to adjust the amount of “fixing”.
[3] Close the file but do not save the changes.
SHADOWS AND HIGHLIGHTS
[1] Open the file Abutilon copy.jpg again

[2] Choose Enhance | Adjust Lighting | Shadows/Highlights
[3] Click Cancel to exit the screen. Leave the

image open.

BRIGHTNESS AND CONTRAST
[1] Choose Enhance | Adjust Lighting | Brightness and Contrast
[2] Practice using the sliders to see the effect on the image
[3] Click Cancel to exit the screen. Leave the image open.
LEVELS
[1] Choose Enhance | Adjust Lighting | Levels

This will adjust the amount of light in the image – use, for example, to lighten
a dark image
[3] Click Cancel to exit the screen.
scr Leave the image open.

HUE AND SATURATION
[1] Choose Enhance | Adjust Colour | Hue and Saturation

This tool can be used to increase or decrease the amount of colour saturation,
lightness and hue.
[3] Click Cancel to exit the screen. Leave the image open.
It is also possible to remove the colour from an image to make it black and
white.
[1] Choose Enhance | Adjust Colour | Remove Colour
[2] Close the image without saving the changes

COLOUR VARIATIONS
[1] Open the file Telehone box.jpg and save it in the Photoshop folder as
Telephone box copy
[2] Choose Enhance | Adjust Colour | Colour Variations
The following dialogue box will then appear:
Take a closer look at the bottom half of the dialogue box and notice the
various options:
You can select which area of the You can Increase or decrease the amount of
image you want to adjust by each colour by clicking on the image thumbnails
clicking one of these radio below and the changes will be shown in the After
buttons to select it image in the upper half of the dialogue box
You can adjust the The effect can be lightened or

amount of colour with darkened by selecting one of these
this slider options

[3] Practice using the different areas and variations to change the
telephonebox copy.jpg
copy image
[4] Save the image with the filename telephone box changed.jpg
FILTERS MENU
Various effects can be added to images to alter the appearance. It is possible

to make a picture
icture look like a painting, appear as if wrapped in plastic or
embossed – to mention but a few. Lighting effects can also be added as well
as complete distortions. It is worth experimenting, but a few effects and how
to achieve them are shown below:
To create the effect that the image was painted
[1] Open the file River copy.jpg

[2] Choose Filter | Artistic | Dry Brush
[3] Click OK to accept the changes
[4] Next choose Filter | Artistic | Watercolour and click OK
[5] Save the picture as River Painted.jpg. Close the picture.

To create the effect of wrapping in plastic
[1] Reopen the file River copy.jpg

[2] Choose Filter | Artistic | Plastic Wrap (Be aware that a large screen
window will open showing the effect of the filter at the left.)
[3] Click OK
[4] Save the picture as River wrapped.jpg in your Photoshop folder.

[5] Close the picture
To add lighting effects
[1] Once again, reopen the file River copy.jpg

[2] Choose Filter | Render | Lighting Effects
[3] Click on the area indicated and, holding down the left mouse button,
drag the circle into the position shown

[4] Click OK to achieve the following result
[5] Close the file, do not save the changes.
The direction of the lighting can be varied by dragging the arc into different
positions:
To add a lens flare
[1] Open the file Clevedon beach.jpg and save as Beach

copy.jpg
[2] Choose Filter | Render | Lens Flare
[3] Click and drag the cross to the position shown and drag
the Brightness slider to adjust the brightness to 139%
[4] Click OK
[5] Save the file as Reflection.jpg
To distort an image
Now for some fun! There is a tool within one of the filters that allows you to
distort images to achieve some of the amusing results shown below.
[1] Open the image Angelina Jolie.jpg and save as Angelina copy.jpg
[2] Choose Filter | Distort | Liquify and the following screen will appear
WARP TOOL
Turbulence Tool
Twirl Clockwise Tool

Twirl Counter – clockwise Tool
Pucker Tool
Bloat Tool
Shift Pixels Tool

Reflection Tool
Reconstruct Tool
Zoom Tool
Hand Tool
[3] Using the Toolbar diagram above as a

guide, see if you can do this:
[4] When you have finished, save the file as

Angelina changed.jpg into your Photoshop
folder
Note: The brush size should be adjusted to

around 64 and the Pressure to 60 to achieve
these effects.

9. Making a Freehand selection, Lasso and Move
We have already made a rectangular selection, but very few objects in a
photograph are entirely rectangular, to select different shapes we need to use
a tool that follows the movement of the mouse to trace round the object. This
requires some dexterity and practice. There are three kinds of Lasso tool.
You will begin with the ordinary lasso and then see how the magnetic and
lasso differs.
[1] Open the file Abutilon1.jpg and resave as Abutilon Lasso in your
Photoshop folder.
[2] Click the Lasso tool, right click on the
tool. This gives you a choice of 3 types
of Lasso.
[3] Click on the Lasso Tool. You are going
to use it to draw around the flower in the
picture.
[4] Click where you want to start and, holding the mouse button down,
draw carefully round the flower, finishing at the same spot as you
started, then release the mouse button. The flower will now be
selected as shown by the dashed marquee line on the picture.
Unless you are particularly steady with your mouse it will have been quite
difficult to select the flower alone.
So let’s try an easier way…
[5] Hit the ESC key on your keyboard to cancel the selection
[6] Click the Lasso tool again and right click it. This time select the
Magnetic Lasso.
[7] Position the mouse where you wish to start and click. Release the
mouse button and carefully move the cursor around the edge of the
flower – you should click at each colour change or direction change as
this will anchor the tool. When you get back to the start point, click to
join the ends. The flower will now be selected as shown by the dashed
marquee line as before.
[8] Hit the ESC key if you are unhappy with your selection and have
another go.
[9] Close the file without saving the changes.
10. Practice
Let’s now try creating some effects using some of the skills you have learnt.
[1] Open the Abutilon1.jpg file again

[2] Select the flower head using the Magnetic Lasso
[3] Click Select on the menu bar and choose Inverse so that the
background is selected instead of the flower head as shown below:
[4] Select Enhance | Adjust Colour | Remove Colour to achieve this

effect:
[5] Save the file as Abulition1removed.jpg in

your Photoshop folder.
[6] Click Undo
[7] Select Filter | Blur Gaussian Blur and
change the radius to 20 to achieve this
effect:
[8] Click OK
[9] Save the file as Abulition1blurred.jpg in
your Photoshop folder.
[10] Close the file

11. Recap Exercise
Sometimes it can be fun to move the subject of a photo to a location other
than where they were photographed
This method has been used to move Jenny from the beach at Weston to the
Welsh hills.
[1] Using the skills you have learnt try re-creating

re creating the above image. You
will need to open the files: Jenonbeach.jpg and
Walesbackground.
Walesbackground.jpg and re-save them into your Photoshop folder
with appropriate names in jpg format.
[2] Then use the Lasso tool to select Jen and then Copy and Paste and
finally Move her into the Wales background image to create the
picture above.
Note: You will need to resize and move Jen into the position indicated.
indicated
Remember to commit the changes.
[3] Save the changes to the image and close both of the files.

12. Using the Typing Tool
[1] Open the file Icy.jpg and save a copy of it into your Photoshop folder.
Notice the settings in the

type tool settings bar just
below the Menu Bar.
[2] Right click on the Type Tool

[3] Select the Horizontal Type Tool
[4] Set the toolbar options as below:
[5] Click into the area at the top of the picture and type in the following
text:
It’s SOO cold!

[6] Click the Click to Commit tick:
[7] Now select the Move tool from the Toolbox:
(Be aware that if you click below the line of text just entered a move
Tool icon appears. You can drag the text to a new location. Press the
ENTER key to commit.)

[8] Click and drag the text to the bottom of the picture to achieve the final
result:
[9] Save the file as Icy Poster in your Photoshop folder in jpeg format as
before and Close the file.
NOTE
When the TYPE TOOL is first used the font size is set to 12pt – which – for
most recent digital images is almost invisible.
You will need to set the Font Size to large numbers – even as high as 300 to
get a line of text that can be set into a normal size digital image.
Also make sure you have chosen a CONTRASTING colour for the Type tool.
Use WHITE if you’re not sure.

13. Red Eye Correction
Red eye is caused by a reflection of the subject’s retina by the camera’s flash.
You’ll see it more often when taking pictures in a darkened room because the
subject’s iris is wide open. To avoid red eye, use the camera’s red eye
reduction feature, if available.
If you like, Photoshop Elements can automatically fix red eyes when you bring
photos into the Organizer; just select Automatically Fix Red Eyes in the Get
Photos dialog box when you import your photos.
Alternatively, the Red Eye Removal tool removes red eye in flash
photographs of people.
[1] Open the file red eye girl2.jpg
[2] In the Toolbox, select the Red Eye

Removal tool.
[3] In the image, click into the red areas. When you release the mouse
button, the red is removed!
[4] Save the file as Red Eye changed in your

Photoshop folder.
[5] Close the file

14. Using Photos in Word
[1] Open Microsoft Word
[2] Change the orientation to Landscape using PAGE LAYOUT TAB –

Orientation – Landscape
[3] Zoom to Whole Page : VIEW TAB - One Page (as above).
[4] Click INSERT TAB - Click Picture and a browse box comes up
[5] Locate and select the image Clevedon_pier.jpg
[6] Click Insert
[7] Click the picture then set the TEXT WRAPPING (little dog icon …
through) THROUGH

[8] Now the picture has round handles at each corner and top and side
and bottom. RESIZE using the left or right corner handles, and holding
the button down drag the picture corner to size the image.
a. Click into the image to select it

b. Position the mouse cursor on one of the corner selection
handles as shown
c. Click and drag to reduce the size of the image as shown in

figure 1 below
Figure 1
By clicking on the picture individually you can move the image where you
want it on the page. A four headed arrow appears to show that such
movement is possible. (If the image refuses to move it is because you have
not selected the correct Text Wrapping – remember the little dog?)
You can make the picture appear at the front or the back by clicking on the
picture and selecting Bring to front or Send to back by clicking the links in
the Position part of the ribbon above the little dog icons.
Alternatively you may position the images more or less as you want them –
sizing up or down as above, and then select one picture by clicking on it and
then a right click to bring up menus which allow you to change the ORDER
and TEXT WRAPPING of the picture. See below:

A Right click brings up
the contextual menu for
the selected image. You
can change the order or
alter the text wrapping
from here.
Word 2007 offers many framing options for the selected picture. There is a
row of picture icons to choose from – with more if you select the PICTURE
STYLES bar below those icons.
Notice the extensive range of frame effects. You click the bottom drop down to
the right of the picture effects to see the full range. [You can also alter
brightness and contrast (left), text wrapping and CROP (right)].
[9] Repeat to insert the following images:
• Bandstand.jpg
• Ladye bay.jpg
• Clevedon Tree.jpg
MAKE SURE THAT YOU INSERT THE IMAGES IN THE ORDER

SPECIFIED!

[10] Select a suitable picture effect from the picture styles bar as shown
above.
[11] Repeat for the remaining images
[12] Insert a text box by clicking the Text Box icon on the Insert Ribbon and
type in the text Clevedon Views.
Views
[13] Amend the text to Papyrus, 48pt, dark blue
[14] Position the text box as in figure 1
[15] Right click the text box and change the text box to show no colour fill
and no colour line.
[16] Finally save the file as Clevedon Postcard.

Back To
15. Adding Shapes to a photograph
ELEMENTS
[1] Open ‘Barmouth Bridge.jpg’
[2] Click Custom Shape tool to open the toolbar
[3] Click on the arrow next to the Shape button and click on the callout
icon.
[4] Click the arrow next to the Colour box and select red as the callout
colour
[5] Move the cursor onto the image and draw callout as below:
[6] Move and resize the callout as required using the Move tool – ensure it
is big enough to hold the text
[7] Choose the Horizontal type tool
[8] Click into the callout and select Comic Sans MS, font size 36
[9] Click into the Colour box and choose blue, click back into the callout
and type the following:
Where HAS the water gone??
[10] Click the Click to Commit tick.
Your picture should now appear as below:
[10] If the text doesn’t fit correctly, select the No Entry sign instead of the
Click to Commit tick and resize the callout.
[11] Save the picture as Barmouth Bridge Caption.jpg in your Photoshop

folder.
[12] Close the file.

16. Adding a Sepia effect
[1] Open the image Wedding.jpg
[2] Set the Styles and Effects to fx All and scroll down to the last effects
– as per the yellow arrows above.
[3] Click on the Sepia Tone option and at the dialogue box DOUBLE
CLICK the chosen icon.
[4] In the LAYERS view click on the background and then RIGHT CLICK
followed by Delete.
The remaining LAYER is the SEPIA version of the picture:
[5] The final Sepia Toned image will appear as below:

NOTE
There are many more Filters and effects available from the
Elements menus and it is worth experimenting to see which
you like.
Some of them are dramatic – like the Liquify option under

Render which we tried earlier. Others, like the ones under
the Artistic sub menu are variable.
I particularly like Filter … Sketch … Graphic Pen

17. Creating Panoramas
The Photomerge Panorama command combines several photographs into
one continuous image. For example, you can take five overlapping
photographs of a city skyline, and then assemble them into a panorama. The
Photomerge Panorama command can tile photos horizontally as well as
vertically.
The source photographs play a large role in panoramic compositions. To

avoid problems, follow these guidelines when taking pictures for use with
Photomerge Panorama:
Overlap images sufficiently Images should overlap approximately 15%

to 40%. If the overlap is less, Photomerge Panorama may not be able
to automatically assemble the panorama. If images overlap by 50% or
more, it can be difficult to work with them, and blending may not be as
effective.
Use a consistent focal length Avoid using the zoom feature of your
camera while taking your pictures.
Keep the camera level. Although Photomerge Panorama can process

slight rotations between pictures, a tilt of more than a few degrees can
result in errors when automatically assembling the panorama. Using a
tripod with a rotating head helps maintain camera alignment and
viewpoint.
When photographing a panoramic scene from a high place, the natural

inclination is to keep the horizon level in the viewfinder. However, this
actually produces a noticeable rotation between images. Try using a
tripod to keep the camera level when taking photographs in this
situation.
Stay in the same position Try not to change your location as you take a
series of photographs, so that the pictures are from the same
viewpoint. Using the optical viewfinder with the camera held close to
the eye helps keep the viewpoint consistent. Or try using a tripod to
keep the camera in the same place.
Avoid using distortion lenses. Lenses, such as fish-eye lenses, that

noticeably distort the image can interfere with Photomerge Panorama.
Maintain the same exposure Avoid using the flash in some pictures and
not in others. The advanced blending feature in Photomerge Panorama
helps smooth out different exposures, but extreme differences make
alignment difficult. Some digital cameras change exposure settings
automatically as you take pictures, so you may need to check your
camera settings to be sure that all the images have the same
exposure.

Load the photos into the computer using the software supplied with the
camera.
[1] Open Photoshop Elements. Click on File | New | Photomerge

Panorama
[2] In the Photomerge dialog box click ‘Browse’
[3] Navigate to your Photoshop Folder where the required photos can be
found.
All of the photos required for the photomerge must be loaded into Photoshop
Elements at the same time.
[4] Click on the photo at the top of the list, hold down the ‘shift key’ on the
keyboard and click on the last photo required.
[5] Click ‘Open’

[6] In the Photomerge dialog box click OK
Photoshop Elements will start loading the photos into memory (BE PATIENT)
[7] Photoshop Elements will then start Auto-Matching the photos
[8] On completion a ‘photomerge’ will be displayed. Click OK to commit.
[9] The joined Photo is now displayed
[10] Use the Cropping Tool to tidy-up the photo.
[11] When happy with the result, click the Click to Commit tick

[12] Finally, save the image with the file name
Photomerge in the Photoshop folder ,
If offered, select an image quality and click OK.
NOTE (Optional)
Panoramas may be created in vertical as well as horizontal formats.
Elements 6 also has merging facilities that apply to group photographs and to
portraits. You may like to experiment using your own photos – but the
interface is rather complicated.
You may also like to click on the CREATE tab and select some photos to
create a COLLAGE:

18. Printing
In Version 6 of Elements the printing facility has been considerably improved.

There is no Print Preview because that is what you get automatically when
you click File.. Print… .
[1] Open and then re-save

re the file telephonebox.jpg into your Photoshop
folder.
[2] Go to File | Print.

Print
Notice that the image exceeds the size of the printout. This will almost always
be the case unless you are using a low resolution image. We will adjust that
presently. Meanwhile. . .
[3] The printout will be enhanced by clicking

the Borders box and choosing a size of
about 8mmmm and the colour BLACK. (Notice
that there is a provision to print the
filename or a caption – in the latter case
this will need to be entered elsewhere in
Elements.)

[4] To get the picture manageable on the preview screen, click into the box
which shows SCALE in the box Scaled Print Size (currently 100%)
and type in 20.. This will reduce the size of the image as shown and
reveal handles with which you can resize
res itt manually on the page.
page
[5] Of course you may want to change the page orientation, in which case
you can use the Page Setup Button near the bottom right of the box,
but it is easier to either rotate the image or set the orientation using the
buttons provided:
ed:
The preview pane now shows the whole of the image positioned on
your chosen paper size.
You can pull the handles by the corners to resize it and position the
picture in a different way on the page – provided you uncheck the box
which says “Centre
ntre Image”.
[6] Do not print this picture. Click on Cancel to close the dialogue box and
close the picture without saving.

Elements version 6 now provides a drop down box of Print
Sizes:
The paper size still shows in cm but the box below shows that
the chosen size is 4 x 6 inches.
It is worth commenting that there are now many other ways of producing
prints from digital
gital photos and most retailers offer a service in which you take
your camera memory card in and get prints on photographic paper. This
applies to original images
image on the card and also improved images if you save
them to a card using a card reader rather than the camera USB link. You can
also upload your pictures to internet
interne based print providers.
Ordinary inkjet paper produces acceptable prints – but for the special ones
you will want to use high quality photo inkjet paper, available in gloss, matte
and in a host of special textured surfaces including real canvas. Some
modern
dern printers are also able to print to the very edges of the paper. Watch
the cost of cartridges.
Should you not wish to or be unable to print your images at home, there are
lots of websites that will print images for you (some for free) and also various
variou
sites where you can share your photos with others.
All of the UK photo processing services want your business and are prepared
to give you free photos in order to show you what they can do. A (small) list of
some of these is shown below:

• www.photobox.co.uk
• www.snapfish.co.uk
• www.jessopspicturehouse.com
• www.photobucket.com
• www.bonusprint.co.uk
• www.photocanvasprinting.com
• www.asda
www.asda-photo.co.uk
• www.tescophoto.
www.tescophoto.com
• www.kodakgallery.com
• www.printmyfotos.com
ADDITIONAL NOTE (Optional)
To print more than one picture on a page you can select Print Multiple
Pictures from the button
on on the bottom left of the Elements 6 print screen –
but be aware that this will take you to the ORGANIZER.
ORGANIZER
This is very useful for keeping a printed record of complete sets of photos –
but in my opinion it is easier to print multiple images arranged on A4 by
inserting them into MS Word as we did earlier.

19. Choosing A Digital Camera
This is a guide to choosing a digital camera in the price range of £100 - £350.
The main areas to consider are:
• Resolution
• Lenses
• Zoom
• Viewfinder
• Media
• Batteries
• Extras
Resolution
This is the single most important thing about any digital camera. It is
measured in millions of pixels or “megapixels”.
What is a megapixel? A pixel (short for picture element) is the smallest part of
an image displayed on a monitor or captured by a scanner or digital camera.
A megapixel is approximately one million pixels and is a measure of the level
of detail recorded by digital cameras. So, simply put, the higher the
megapixel value, the better the camera.
Lenses and Zoom
The second most important thing about a digital camera is its lens. Lens
specification is usually given in relation to conventional 35 mm cameras. Most
digital cameras have either a 35 mm fixed focal length lens or an optical
zoom. Typically this will be a 3X range (around 35-105 mm).
Digital cameras will often offer Optical and/or Digital zoom.

Optical zooms use the actual lens to adjust the amount of information
captured in your picture.
Digital zooms crop the image and enlarge the central portion. Some quality is
lost.
You should choose a camera with a lens appropriate to the kind of pictures
you are going to take now and in the future. Most people will be satisfied by 3x
or 4x optical zooms.

Viewfinder
Is a conventional viewfinder needed or will using an LCD display on the back

of the camera be acceptable?
Most people feel more comfortable using a viewfinder, which is held to the
eye, as opposed to holding the camera at arms length, as is the case when
using an LCD display.
In low light situations and in bright sunlight it is easier to ‘aim’ the camera
through a viewfinder. The LCD screen also drains the batteries quicker.
Memory
Digital cameras store their images in computer memory that can be erased
and reused. Clearly, the more memory you have, the more pictures you can
store before either having to delete or transfer them onto your PC.
Some cameras have built-in memory and others have removable memory
cards that slot into the camera.
Compact Flash and SmartMedia are currently the cheapest cards, but the
latter is gradually being phased out.
New SD/MMC and XD cards will be around for a while but are currently the
most expensive.
Most cameras that use the Compact Flash cards are also able to take a
miniature hard disk or a Microdrive. These can have 1 Gb of memory or more,
but at the moment are expensive and have been supplanted by cards of up to
8Gig capacity.
Batteries
Digital cameras can be broken down into two categories: those that accept
standard AA-size batteries and those that use a rechargeable battery made by
the manufacturer, otherwise known as a proprietary battery.
The key points to remember about AA and proprietary batteries are:
• Proprietary batteries are more expensive

• Cameras that use AA-size batteries are usually supplied with
disposable alkaline ones. It is highly recommended that you purchase
at least one set of rechargeable Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries
and a charger (these last longer than Cadmium ones).

Software
Every digital camera comes with a CD containing the essential programs for
downloading images to a PC and manipulating images.
This will be sufficient to begin with but later on you may wish to buy better
software. Try downloading a trial version from the internet.
Extras
Some things you might want to consider:
• Can the camera be mounted on a tripod

• Is the manual printed or on CD
• Can the camera be plugged into the TV
• Do you really need video?
• What extra features has it got? e.g. red-eye, rotate, panorama, manual
exposure.
Top camera buying tips
• Go for a model with two or three megapixels for good quality and
overall flexibility.
• Buy an additional memory card immediately. The one supplied is
virtually useless in terms of memory size.
• Carry spare batteries and buy rechargeables if your model came with
disposables and
Most Importantly
Handle the camera. See how comfortable it feels and whether the buttons fall
beneath your fingers and thumbs.
All the features in the world are no good if they’re impossible or frustrating to
use.
Some useful websites
• www.novatech.co.uk (hardware) • www.megapixel.net/ (on-line magazine

• www.qvc.co.uk (hardware) for reviews)
• www.freeserifsoftware.com (software) • www.shortcourses.com/ (for general
• www.choicestationery.com (supplies) information)
• www.adobe.com (software) • www.howstuffworks.com
• www.dcresource.com/ (on-line magazine
for reviews)

20. Taking Pictures
Below are some ‘rules’ to help with taking your own pictures
The Rule of Thirds
The rule of thirds helps you create more interesting compositions.
Imagine two horizontal and two vertical lines equally dividing your shot,
then place subjects on the lines or where they intersect with each other.
Place your horizon on the top or bottom line to add emphasis to the ground
or to the sky respectively.
Focus
The human eye is drawn to elements that are

in focus, and this will influence how your
photo is seen.
Auto-focus (standard on most digital

cameras) will focus on what is in the centre of
the frame. Use pre-focus to move your
subject away from the centre of the frame.
(This is done on most digital cameras by
pressing down halfway on the shutter button.)
Use your zoom lens to reduce the 'depth of

field' (sense of depth) and throw the
background out of focus. This will emphasise
any in-focus element in the foreground.

Light - Flash
Balance the flash with the available light for best results. If your camera
has a setting to do this for you, it is probably called 'slow flash' or 'synchro
flash'.
Use your camera's red-eye reduction setting (if it has one) when taking
flash photographs of people.
Avoid red-eye by turning up or providing more light in the room.
Aiming the flash directly at your subject can result in harsh lighting. Try to
bounce the flash off a reflective or white surface, such as the ceiling, to
produce a softer light.
Light – Time of day
Side or 'cross' lighting at dawn or dusk is great for bringing out the texture
of a subject.
At dawn and dusk there are natural shadows to help give depth and form
to your subject.
For night time and early evening shots, you will need to allow for slower
shutter speeds. (Shutter speed is the length of time the camera requires to
absorb enough light for the required shot.) The slower the shutter speed,
the more likely your photographs will be blurry due to camera shake, so
use a tripod to keep the camera steady.
Don't be afraid to point the lens at a setting sun, but whatever you do
avoid looking directly at the sun, especially through the viewfinder of
your camera.

Landscape – Framing
Don't be afraid to use take portrait photographs - that is, with the camera
on its side.
Use natural features in the environment to create a frame for your subject
(the thing you are photographing).
Zoom in to create a sense of intimacy. Remove from your shots elements

like the sun or the sky, which give a feeling of open space.
Experiment with framing. Try framing your shots with lots of land and very
little sky, or lots of sky and very little land.
Landscape - Proportions
Try placing the main

point of interest
towards the sides of
your photographs for
more interesting
compositions.
Place your horizon

near the top or
bottom of your shots
to add emphasis to
the ground or to the
sky respectively.

People – Portraits
Be aware of how people are framed in your shot.
Look for the natural junctions of the human body (where it seems natural
to 'cut-off') if you are not including the whole person in the shot.
Soft light is preferable for portraits. Try sitting your subject near a window.
People – Children
Get the children used to you and the camera by firing off lots of shots first.
For small children, pre-focus the camera. This is done on most digital
cameras by pressing down halfway on the shutter button. Then move
yourself backwards and forwards with the child to keep the shot in focus.
Get down on your hands and knees to stay level with your subject and
appear less intimidating.
Use something to draw the child's attention away from the fact that they
are having their photograph taken.
This information and more can be found on the following web site:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/apictureofbritain/how_to

21. Laws & Guidelines
Health and Safety Regulations
The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 require
employers to analyse computer equipment used by employees and assess
and reduce risks. Some of the key points are:
Monitors should normally have adjustable brightness and

contrast controls.
Employees who regularly use display screen equipment have
the right to ask their employer to pay for regular eye tests
and pay for special spectacles if they are required for the job,
e.g. spectacles prescribed for the distance at which the
screen is viewed.
Employees who regularly use display screen equipment

should be allowed to take breaks periodically.
Working Environment
Health issues in your work environment exist so that you can work safely and
comfortably.
Many countries around the world demand that there is a

specific temperature range in which people work.
Equipment that gives off harmful fumes e.g. laser printers
and photocopiers should be placed at a suitable distance to
prevent inhalation of the fused triple oxygen atoms that they
produce.
It is usually a good idea to put such equipment near an open

window. But not so close as to allow rainfall or damp air to
affect the equipment.
Health Precautions
There are many precautions that can be taken to prevent injuries such as
R.S.I. and other fatigue related problems. The following is a list of equipment
that can be used to minimise the effects:
Ergonomic keyboard
Fully adjustable chairs
Keyboard wrist rests
Adjustable monitor.
Footrest.

Safety Precautions
Here are some safety precautions you should observe when using computers:
Do not overload power points and make sure that all cables
are secured safely where they cannot be tripped over or
pulled out of your computer by accident.
Information Security
Sensitive or valuable information is often stored on computers. Therefore, it is

often important to protect computer data from unauthorised access. Protecting
data from unauthorised access is known as information security.
Security on a Network
Since a network consists of a number of computers connected to each other,

it can be relatively easy to copy or move information from one machine to
another.
It is the job of the Network Administrator to set passwords for

each network user, and to allow or limit access to various
parts of the network.
The Internet is a particular problem since it is theoretically

possible to get information from any other computer
connected to the Internet.
Hacking
Hacking is an attempt to overcome security measures and gain unauthorised

access to information held on a computer system.
Hacking is a criminal offence and contravenes The

Computer Misuse Act 1990.
The use of passwords and encryption only offers limited

protection against hackers. While the techniques used in
protecting data are sophisticated and gradually increasing in
sophistication, so are the techniques used in hacking.

Dealing with Security Risks
Any organisation, which stores data in electronic format, should be proactive

in dealing with security risks. Organisations should:
Have an information security policy that outlines how to the

organisation should handle sensitive data.
Set up procedures for reporting security incidents.
Make staff members aware of their responsibilities with respect
to information security.
Privacy Issues
There are several ways in which you can protect the privacy of your data. One
way is to set passwords to restrict access to your computer or your files. The
other way is to encrypt your data so that it is unreadable to people who do not
have the key.
User Names and Passwords
Password protection can be used to allow only a few people to gain access to
the computer or some of the files on it:
Most computers will allow you to set a power up password. You

must enter the correct password before your PC will boot.
In most organisations your operating system and company
domain are usually password-protected. Your system
administrator will set up a user account for you on the
computer and / or on the company network.
When your user account is set up you will be provided with a
user name (or user ID) and a password. You user name
identifies you on the system and is usually known to everyone.
Your password is known only to you.
When you start your computer, you must enter your user name
and your password before you can start using your operating
system or the company network. This is known as logging on.
Screen savers can also be password protected. If you stop
using your computer for a few minutes, e.g. if you are away from
your computer, the screen saver is activated. You will then have
to enter a password — or enter your user name and password
— before you can use the computer again.
Many applications can be password protected, e.g. the company
database or your e-mail system. You have to enter a password
— or enter a user name and password — before you can use
the program.
Finally, most applications enable you to password protect files
that you create. Depending on the level of security that you
specify, users have to enter a password before they can open or
edit the file.
Useful Tips
Ideally, passwords should be a mixture of characters and

numbers, which are difficult to guess, but easy for the user to
remember.
Try to avoid passwords that are obvious, e.g. your name or your
date of birth.
Access Rights
Typically, each user on the company network — or on a single PC — has

different access rights. Access rights are important because they control
exactly what you can and can’t do on your computer or indeed the entire
network.
For example, a data entry user may be able to use the company database but
no other applications. A general user may be able to use applications and
access the network, but not install new software or open the network location,
which contains the company’s confidential records. An administrator would
have unlimited access to the whole system.
Backups
There are several ways in which you can lose data. There are electronic
reasons: you might accidentally delete a file, viruses can delete data or make
files impossible to open, and documents can occasionally become corrupt.
There are physical reasons: your hard disk may break down and become
unusable, or your computers may be physically damaged by fire or flooding.
Finally, you may lose data through criminal activity such as hacking or theft.
In order to recover from all of these problems it is imperative that you have a
backup policy in place so that all of your data can be backed up.
Where to Store Backups
There are several places where you can store backups with varying degrees
of security.
You can store backup copies on your own hard disk. This is
a high-risk strategy because you will not be able to recover
data if the hard disk fails. Also your disk will become full
twice as quickly.
You can store backup copies on another hard disk in the
office. This is safer than storing backups on your own hard
disk and it is easy to retrieve the backed up data. However
the backup data will still be at risk.
A safer thing to do is store backup copies onto another
medium such as CD-R or tape. You can then remove the
backups from the office and store them offsite. A combination
of this and the previous method is probably best.
Copyright
Software Copyright
Most software is copyrighted, which means that the right to make copies lies
only with its producer. The same law applies to a number of different products,
such as pre-recorded videotapes and music CDs. It is illegal to copy, share or
lend copyrighted material.
As with videos and CDs, copying software is contrary to The

Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, which protects
the work of playwrights and artists, but also covers software.
Copyright also applies to graphics, text and audio files stored
on computers or in electronic format. This also applies to
information stored on the Internet.
When you view information on the Internet it is downloaded
to a cache on your computer automatically. Obviously, this is
permitted: you wouldn’t be able to view the information
otherwise. However you cannot copy information from a Web
site to another location, e.g. to an e-mail message or a
document, without the permission of the copyright holder.
The availability of removable media such as diskettes, Zip
disks and record able CDs have made it easy to create and
distribute copies of programs, graphics, text and audio files.
However it is illegal to copy data from a removable medium
onto your computer, or to copy data from your computer to
removable medium for distribution, without the permission of
the copyright holder.
The exception is when you buy software to install on your
computer. The software company permits you to copy the
software onto your hard disk and often allows you to make a
backup copy of the installation disk for your own use — see
the section on End-User License Agreements.
Important Point
There is a far higher risk of picking up computer viruses from

illegal copies of software.
Shareware and Freeware
While most software is copyrighted, there are some exceptions:
Shareware — This is software you can install free of charge so

that you can evaluate it for a limited period of time. If you decide
to continue using the software after this period, you should
register it for a fee. When you register the software you often
become entitled to extra features and support.
Freeware — This is software that is available free of charge,

without limitation, for example, Microsoft® Internet Explorer.

End-User License Agreements
A company may have hundreds of employees who need the same software
on their computers. Software manufacturers do not expect such companies to
buy individual copies of the software for each employee. Instead, they will
issue an end-user license agreement, which means that the company can
install the software on an agreed number of computers for their employees to
use.
If a site has a large number of computers, these computers are

often networked. This means that software bought under licence
can be installed onto a network server so that all authorised users
can access it without it being installed on each individual
computer.
When you buy a licensed copy of a program the software
company will usually provide you with a unique Product ID
number — usually printed on the box of the installation CD or on a
separate certificate supplied with the software documentation.
You must enter the Product ID number when you install the
software; otherwise the software cannot be installed.
Software companies may sometimes ask for your Product ID

number to check that you have a licensed copy of a program, e.g.
when you require technical support. In most software applications,
to find your Product ID number, choose the Help | About
command.
Data Protection Legislation - Main Points of the Data Protection Act
The Data Protection Act 1998 regulates how personal data is collected,
stored and used. Confidentiality (i.e. the right to keep sensitive and personal
information private) is now the right of each individual. We now have some
control over how information about us is used, and can prevent data being
passed between companies for marketing purposes, e.g. mass mailings.
The main points of the Data Protection Act are as follows:
People who hold personal data and decide purposes of

processing it (data controllers) must notify the Information
Commissioner who enforces the Act about themselves and types
of data they hold. They must specify the purposes for which they
intend to use the data and state the source from where it was
obtained and to whom they intend to disclose it.
A Data Controller must comply with the principles of the Data
Protection Act.
An individual has the right to know whether any information is held

about him or her, and to request to see that information. For
example, if you are refused credit, you are entitled to be told the
name of the credit checking agency who must then, in turn, tell
you what information is held about you.

Principles of the Data Protection Act:
Data shall be processed fairly and lawfully.

Data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful
purposes.
Data shall be relevant and adequate.
Data shall be up to date and accurate.
Data shall not be kept longer than necessary.
Data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of
individuals.
Data shall be kept secure.
Data shall not be transferred to countries outside the European
Economic area unless those countries have an adequate level of
protection.
Your rights:
You have the right to find out what information about you is held.
You have the right to correct or delete your personal data.
You have the right to prevent processing your personal data that
may cause damage or distress to you or anyone.
You have the right to stop a data controller processing your data
for direct marketing
You have the right to prevent a data controller making a decision
only by using an automated process such as credit ranking.
If you have suffered damage or distress due to any breach of the
act, you can claim compensation.
Important Point:
The act now applies to data held manually as well as

computerised data.
Exemptions from the Data Protection Act
There are exemptions from the Act, including:
Data associated with national security. Any information deemed to

be a risk to national security can be withheld.
Records associated with crime prevention or taxation. The police
do not have to disclose any personal data held for the detection or
prevention of crime, and the tax authorities do not have to
disclose their tax records.
Records held for internal company business (such as calculating
wages), and records held for personal, family or recreational
purposes. These records do not have to be registered.
Data held for statistical, research purposes or back-up files. The
holder does not have to disclose their contents.
Occasions when data can be disclosed to a third person, i.e. when

an agent or lawyer is acting for someone or the data is required
urgently to prevent injury or health damage.
22. Consolidation Exercises
EXERCISE 1
[1] Open the files House.jpg and Enzo.jpg.

[2] Using the Magnetic Lasso, copy and paste and the Move Tool, see if
you can reproduce the image below…
[3] On completion, print a copy

[4] Save the file to your Photoshop folder with the filename Supercar
[5] Close all open images but leave Photoshop open for the next exercise.
NOTE
When using the Move tool to place sections from one picture into another you
need to remember that once you have sized and positioned the image
selection you need to commit that selection – either using the Commit Tick or
pressing the ENTER key. Otherwise the computer may appear to freeze and
some menu items be greyed out. Until the software knows that you are
finished placing the selection it is waiting for an input. ENTER is easiest.

EXERCISE 2
[1] Open the file Angelfish.jpg

[2] Use the magnetic lasso to select the fish
[3] Using the Select and Enhance menus followed by the Move tool to
resize, try to produce the image below:
[4] On completion, save the image to your Photoshop folder with the
filename Mini fish
[5] Print a copy
[6] Close all open images but leave Photoshop open for the next exercise.

EXERCISE 3
Using the Enhance menu and the Crop and Marquee Tools, see if you can
change this:
Into this:
If you are unsure, the instructions are on the next page!

[1] Open the file Clevedon beach.jpg
[2] Crop the image to remove the concrete area of the beach
[3] Choose Enhance | Adjust Colour | Colour Variations and increase the
blue twice
[4] Use the marquee tool to select the beach
[5] Choose Enhance | Adjust Colour | Colour Variations and click to
decrease blue then lighten, repeat and then increase red, decrease
blue and finally lighten and you (should) end up with the completed
image
[6] Click OK
[7] Finally save the file as Beach changed to your Photoshop folder and
close the image.
If you have your own digital camera, please put your name on the help
sheet, and ask a tutor about bringing in some of your pictures to work
on.
If you don’t have a digital camera, please put your name on the help
sheet, and ask a tutor to show you how to work the Centre’s digital
camera.
There are numerous books available for Photoshop Elements –

especially the earlier versions, and excellent online help at
www.adobe.com

You have now finished the
workbook.
Please put your name on the

help list to ask a tutor for a
review and to find out what you
will do next.

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Image Manipulation Page 1 of 70 July 2009 DAG

2. Using Adobe Photoshop Elements 6.0 .................................................... 6

3. Getting Started ....................................................................................... 10

4. Saving Files ........................................................................................... 12

7. Cut, Copy and Paste .............................................................................. 20

8. Using the Menus .................................................................................... 22

9. Making a Freehand selection, Lasso and Move ..................................... 30

10. Practice .................................................................................................. 31

11. Recap Exercise ...................................................................................... 32

12. Using the Typing Tool ............................................................................ 33

13. Red Eye Correction................................................................................ 35

14. Using Photos in Word ............................................................................ 36

15. Adding Shapes to a photograph ............................................................ 40

16. Adding a Sepia effect ............................................................................. 42

17. Creating Panoramas .............................................................................. 44

19. Choosing A Digital Camera.................................................................... 52

20. Taking Pictures ...................................................................................... 55

21. Laws & Guidelines ................................................................................. 59

22. Consolidation Exercises......................................................................... 66

Image Manipulation (Elem 6) Page 3 of 70 July 2009 DAG

In this course you will be manipulating digital images.

Before commencing this course, please do the following:

[5] Click on the First and Next Step Courses link

[6] Click on the Using Digital Photography link

[7] Follow the onscreen instructions

Enjoy your course…

Image Manipulation (Elem 6) Page 5 of 70 July 2009 DAG

Alternatively, if available double click the Desktop shortcut:

.0 loads it presents the following screen:

This allows you to choose from a wide range of activities: Organise

In this guide we will concentrate on the Editor,, beginning with “global”

Image Manipulation Page 6 of 70 July 2009 DAG

[1] Click on Edit and Enhance

Once a tool is selected its

Hovering the mouse over the

Effects & Palette

In the top right corner of the main screen

Under the Effects bar are icons that

Image Manipulation (Elem 6) Page 7 of 70 July 2009 DAG

Magic wand Quick selection tool

Type tool Crop tool

Cookie cutter Straighten tool

Red eye Spot Healing tool

Clone stamp Eraser

Brush tool Paint bucket

Gradient Custom shape

At the bottom of the toolbox are the

Many of the tools have more than one function. If

Image Manipulation (Elem 6) Page 8 of 70 July 2009 DAG

< TOOLS SETTINGS BAR

These settings can be

Click on the one of the

Note – you have no picture open yet!

Image Manipulation (Elem 6) Page 9 of 70 July 2009 DAG

[1] To open a picture use File | Open

Image Manipulation (Elem 6) Page 10 of 70 July 2009 DAG

The title of the loaded image

ZOOM IN AND OUT

This view shows the bee on the

From the View menu select

Image Manipulation (Elem 6) Page 11 of 70 July 2009 DAG

It is good practice always to work on a second copy of an image. Before you