1-Concept of Stress and Strain PDF

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DIVISION OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS
V{tx D
Concept of
Stress & Strain

Materials for this chapter are taken from :
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston,Jr, John T. Dewolf, David F. Mazurek Mechanics of Materials 5th Edition in SI units 2. R.C.Hibbeler Mechanics of Materials Seventh Edition
MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Ch 1 - 1

Introduction
1. Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship between the external loads on a body and the intensity of the internal loads within the body.
2. This subject also involves the deformations and stability of a body when subjected to external forces.
Ch 1 - 2

External Forces
External Forces
Surface Forces
caused by direct contact of other bodys surface
Body Forces
other body exerts a force without contact
Ch 1 - 3

Reactions
Surface forces developed at the supports/points of contact between bodies.
Ch 1 - 4

Equation of Equilibrium
The condition of statics are:
1.
the algebraic sum of all forces (or components of forces) in any direction must equal to zero or F = 0
2.
the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces about any axis or point must equal to zero or M = 0.
These two conditions can be expressed mathematically as:
F = 0 F = 0 M(
x y
at any point )
=0
Ch 1 - 5

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force and moment acting within a body. In general, there are 4 different types of resultant loadings:
Normal force, N Shear force, V Torsional moment or torque, T Bending moment, M
Ch 1 - 6

Example 1.1
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the beam.
Solution
Distributed loading at C is found by proportion,

w 270 = w = 180 N m 6 9
Magnitude of the resultant of the distributed load,
F=
which acts
1 2 1 3
(180)(6) = 540 N (6) = 2m from C

Ch 1 - 7

Example 1.1
Free Body Diagram
Applying the equations of equilibrium we have
M = 0; 540 ( 2 ) M
c
=0
M c = 1080 Nm [ans] + Fy = 0; V 540 = 0 V = 540 N [ans] + Fx = 0; = 0 [ans]

Ch 1 - 8

What is Stress ?
Distribution of internal loading is important in mechanics of materials. We will consider the material to be continuous. This intensity of internal force at a point is called stress.
Ch 1 - 9

Stress (Cont.)
Normal Stress ,
Force per unit area acting normal to A
Shear Stress ,
Fz z = lim A0 A
Force per unit area acting tangent to A
zx zy
Fx = lim A0 A Fy = lim A0 A
Ch 1 - 10

Example 1.2
Each of the four vertical links has an 8 x 36 mm uniform rectangular cross section and each of the four pins has a 16 mm diameter. Determine the
maximum value of the average normal stress in the links connecting (a) points B and D, (b) points C and E.
Ch 1 - 11

Example 1.2
i. Use bar ABC as a free body
ii.
Solve for FBD and FCE
= 0;
0.04 FBD (0.025 + 0.04 ) 20 *103 = 0 FBD = 32.5 103 N [Tension]
M B = 0;
0.04 FCE 0.025 20 *103 = 0 FCE = 12.5 103 N [Compression]
Ch 1 - 12

Example 1.2
iii. Calculation of net area iv. Calculation of stress
for one link (tension) = 0.008(0.036 0.016 ) = 160 10 6 m 2 for two links (tension) = 320 10 m
6 2
BD
FBD 32.5 *103 = = = 101.56 106 6 Anet 320 *10 = 101.6 MPa [ans] FCE 12.5 *103 6 = = = 21 . 7 10 A 576 *10 6 = 21.7 MPa [ans]
for one link (compression) = 0.008(0.036 ) = 288 10 6 m 2 for two links (compression) = 576 10 m
6 2
CE
Ch 1 - 13

Average Shear Stress

The average shear stress distributed over each sectioned area that develops a shear force.
avg =
V A
= average shear stress

V = internal resultant shear force A = area at that section
2 different types of shear:
a) Single Shear
b) Double Shear
Ch 1 - 14

Example 1.3
The inclined member is subjected to a
compressive force of 3000 N. Determine the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of contact defined by AB and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by EDB.
i.
The compressive forces acting on the areas of contact are
+ Fx = 0; + Fy = 0;
3 ) = 0 FAB = 1800 N FAB 3000( 5 4 ) = 0 FBC = 2400 N FBC 3000( 5
Ch 1 - 15

Example 1.3
ii. The shear force acting on the sectioned horizontal plane EDB is
+ Fx = 0;
V = 1800 N
iii. Average compressive stresses along the AB and BC planes are
AB = BC
1800 = 1.80 N/mm 2 (Ans) (25)(40) 2400 = = 1.20 N/mm 2 (Ans) (50)(40)
iv. Average shear stress acting on the BD plane is
avg =
1800 = 0.60 N/mm 2 (Ans) (75)(40)
Ch 1 - 16

What is Strain ?
Normal Strain
The elongation / contraction of a line segment per unit of length is referred to as normal strain. Average normal strain is defined as;
avg
s 's = s
If the normal strain is known, then the approximate final length is:
s ' (1 + )s
+ - line elongate line contracts
Ch 1 - 17

Strain (Cont.)
Units
Normal strain is a dimensionless quantity since it is a ratio of two lengths.
Shear Strain
Change in angle between 2 line segments that were perpendicular to one another refers to shear strain.
nt =
B A along n C A along t
lim
'
<90 >90
+ shear strain - shear strain
Ch 1 - 18

Example 1.4
The plate is deformed into the dashed

y
shape. If, in this deformed shape, horizontal lines on the plate remain horizontal and do not change their length, determine (a) the average normal strain along the side AB, and (b) the average shear strain in the plate relative to the x and y axes.
300 mm
B
3 mm
D
2 mm
x
A
300 mm
Ch 1 - 19

Example 1.4
the average normal strain along the side AB
Line AB, coincident with the y axis, becomes line after deformation, thus the length of this line is
AB ' =
( 250 2 )2 + 32
= 248.018 mm
The average normal strain for AB is therefore
( AB )avg =
AB ' AB 248.018 250 = AB 250
= 7.93 103 mm/mm (Ans)
The Negative Sign Indicates The Strain Causes A Contraction Of AB.
Ch 1 - 20

Example 1.4
the average shear strain in the plate relative to the x and y axes.
As noted, the once 90angle BAC between the sides of the plate, referenced from the x, y axes, changes to due to the displacement of B to B.
xy
3 = tan = 0.121 rad (Ans) 250 2
Ch 1 - 21

Factor of Safety
Many unknown factors that influence the actual stress in a member. A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable load. The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load divided by the allowable load
F .S =
F fail Fallow
fail F .S = allow fail F .S = allow
Ch 1 - 22

Example 1.5
The two wooden members shown, which support a 20 kN load, are joined by plywood splices fully glued on the surfaces in contact. The ultimate shearing stress in the glue is 2.8 MPa and the clearance between the members is 8 mm. Determine the factor of safety, knowing that the length of each splice is L = 200 mm.
Ch 1 - 23

Example 1.5
There are 4 separate areas of glue. Each glue area must transmit 10 kN of shear load. Ultimate load
PU = U A = 2.8 106 11.52 10 3

= 32.256 103 N
Factor of safety
P = 10 103 N
Length of splice
L = 2l + c 1 1 l = (L c ) = (0.2 0.008) = 0.096 m 2 2

l = length of glue and c = clearance. Area of glue
PU 32.256 103 F .S = = = 3.23 [ans] 3 P 10 10
A = lw = 0.096(0.120 ) = 11.52 10 3 m 2
Ch 1 - 24

Deformation due to Stress & Strain

When a force is applied to a body, it will change the bodys shape and size. These changes are deformation.
Note the before and after positions of 3 line segments where the material is subjected to tension.
Ch 1 - 25

Stress-strain Relation
= G
= E
Linear Elastic Material Behavior
y = x
E = modulus of elasticity , G = modulus of rigidity or shear modulus, and v = Poissons ratio
Ch 1 - 26

Supplementary Problem 1
1. Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section through point D of member AB.
2. A force of 80 N is supported by the bracket as shown. Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the section through point A.
0.1 m 30o A
45o 80 N
Ch 1 - 27

3. The lever is held to the fixed shaft using a tapered pin AB, which has a mean diameter of 6 mm. If a couple is applied to the lever, determine the average shear stress in the pin between the pin and lever.
4.
Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists of a rigid member CBD and a flexible cable AB. If a force is applied to the end D of the member and causes it to rotate by = 0.3, determine the normal strain in the cable. Originally the cable is unstretched.
Ch 1 - 28

5. The square deforms into the position shown by the dashed lines. Determine the shear strain at each of its corners, A, B, C, and D. Side D'B remains horizontal.
6.
The corners of the square plate are given the displacements indicated. Determine the shear strain along the edges of the plate at A and B.
Ch 1 - 29

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CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Stress & Strain

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

caused by direct contact of other bodys surface

other body exerts a force without contact

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

These two conditions can be expressed mathematically as:

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Normal force, N Shear force, V Torsional moment or torque, T Bending moment, M

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Distributed loading at C is found by proportion,

Magnitude of the resultant of the distributed load,

(180)(6) = 540 N (6) = 2m from C

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

M c = 1080 Nm [ans] + Fy = 0; V 540 = 0 V = 540 N [ans] + Fx = 0; = 0 [ans]

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Force per unit area acting tangent to A

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Solve for FBD and FCE

0.04 FBD (0.025 + 0.04 ) 20 *103 = 0 FBD = 32.5 103 N [Tension]

0.04 FCE 0.025 20 *103 = 0 FCE = 12.5 103 N [Compression]

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Average Shear Stress

= average shear stress

2 different types of shear:

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

The compressive forces acting on the areas of contact are

3 ) = 0 FAB = 1800 N FAB 3000( 5 4 ) = 0 FBC = 2400 N FBC 3000( 5

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN