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RESULT

Length of Beam Span Distance of the shear section from the left support, L4

=1000mm =650mm

Load and Its distance From The Left Support Load Case 1 2 3 4 5 W1 (N) 2 4 6 8 10 L1 (mm) 150 150 150 150 150 W2 (N) 2 4 6 8 10 L2 (mm) 300 300 300 300 300 W3 (N) 2 4 6 8 10 L3 (mm) 450 450 450 450 450 Shear Force Theory (N) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Shear Force Exp. (N) 33.6 70.5 104.7 134.8 168.5 % of Error

16700 17525 17350 16750 16750

Table 1: Data Table Shear Force at section X-X

Length of Beam Span Distance of the cut section from the left support, L4 Distance of load cell from center of the beams cross section

=1000mm = 650mm =175mm

Load Case 1 2 3 4 5

Load and Its distance From The Left Support W1 (N) 2 4 6 8 10 L1 (mm) 150 150 150 150 150 W2 (N) 2 4 6 8 10 L2 (mm) 300 300 300 300 300 W3 (N) 2 4 6 8 10 L3 (mm) 450 450 450 450 450 Load Cell Reading, F (N) 3.5 7.2 10.7 14.4 18.0

Table 1: Data Table Force at section X-X

Load case Number 1 2 3 4 5

Bending Moment (N.mm) Experimental (Fx175) 612.5 1260.0 1872.5 2520.0 3150.0 Theory 1030.0 2060.0 3090 4120 5150
% of Error 40.5 38.8 39.4 38.8 38.8

Table 2: Data Table Bending Moment at section X-X

180 160 140 120 100 Experimental 80 60 40 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 Theoretical

DISCUSSION FOR SHEAR FORCE 1. From the results, it can be noted that the load and shear force are directly proportional. This means that when the load is raised, the shear force increase. For example load case number 1, when the load is 2N, the shear force is 0.2N, and when the load is raised to 10N, the shear force increase to 1.0N.As the load is raised, the deflection also increases. Vice versa, when the load is removed, the deflection decreases as well. Based on the bar chart, it can also be noted that the theoretical values have a big difference with the experimental values. The highest percentage difference exceeded 17525% (load case 2) and the lowest percentage error is 16700% (load case 1). The overall percentage difference is 17015%, hence we can conclude that the accuracy of the experiment is low. To find the percentage error is by using the formula, Percentage of error = . 2. Following were the possible errors which produced a mark difference from the actual values is making the beam less stable. Second, unstable positioning of loads which is not placing the loads on the exact middle or on the marked lines. Thirdly, possibly the distance between the loads and span was not exactly equal and parallax error occur during the reading taken. Lastly is disturbing the load while applying the force.

3. While carrying out this experiment several precautions must be kept in mind so that the possibility of divergence from the accurate result is minimized. Ways to reduce the errors are by repeating the experiment for three times or more and then taking the average readings. Secondly, asking more than one person to record the readings and carry out the experiment and avoid parallax error. Thirdly, avoid disturbance from the surroundings and make sure that the beam is in the balanced position then take the readings. Next, make sure that there should not be zero error in the spring balance and lastly is neither put heavy loads first nor over load the beam.

CONCLUSION The experiment above proves that the shear force is directly proportional to the load. As the load increases, the shear force increase. The test manages to prove the thesis for which this test was carried out that the shear force at the cut section of the beam is equal to the algebraic sum of the forces acting to the left or right of the section.

6000

5000

4000 Experimental Theoretical 2000

3000

1000

0 2 4 6 8 10

DISCUSSION FOR BENDING MOMENT 1. From the results, it can be seen that the load and deflection are directly proportional. As the load is raised, the deflection also increases. Vice versa, when the load is removed, the deflection decreases as well. It can also be noted that the theoretical deflection is higher than the experimental deflection. This can be due to the errors committed during the lab work as well as the effect of limiting factors such as inaccuracy of readings for more than two decimal places. The percentage error is high and it proves that the experiment wasnt done as cautiously as it should be. The theoretical val ue is very low in relation to the experimental values. The error can be observed in deflection when the load was being removed as it has a 0.3mm reading when no load is placed. This could be due to the zero error which means that the arrow was not placed to zero before the experiment began. The overall percentage of error is 39.2%, hence we can conclude that the accuracy of the experiment is low. 2. Following were the possible errors which produced a mark difference from the actual values is making the beam less stable. Second, unstable positioning of loads which is not placing the loads on the exact middle or on the marked lines. Thirdly, possibly the distance between the loads and span was not exactly equal and parallax error occur during the reading taken. Lastly is disturbing the load while applying the force.

3. While carrying out this experiment several precautions must be kept in mind so that the possibility of divergence from the accurate result is minimized. Ways to reduce the errors are by repeating the experiment for three times or more and then taking the average readings. Secondly, asking more than one person to record the readings and carry out the experiment and avoid parallax error. Thirdly, avoid disturbance from the surroundings and make sure that the beam is in the balanced position then take the readings. Next, make sure that there should not be zero error in the spring balance and lastly is neither put heavy loads first nor over load the beam.

CONCLUSION We have learned behavior of a portal frame experimentally under a given loading arrangement. We also learn the deflection of the frame when subject to horizontal loading and vertical load. The bending moment is at maximum when the shear force is zero or changes sign.The conclusion to this report is that the deflection and load are directly proportional and deflection increases as greater load is placed on the beam. The slope of the graph is steep and it increases sharply when the load is placed in mid-span.

REFERENCES http://reviewessays.com/Book-Reports/Bending-Moment-Experiment/48942.html?page=7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_moment Real, E., Mirambell, E. and Estrada, I. (2007), Shear Response of Stainless Steel Plate Girders, Engineering Structures, Vol. 29, pp. 16261640. Lee, S.C., Davidson, J.S. and Yoo, C. (1995), Shear Buckling Coefficients of Plate Girder Web Panels, Journal of Computers and Structures, Vol. 59, pp. 789-795.

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