CHNG I.

GII THIU
1.1 LCH S
* Thng tin in : - Telegraphy (1884)
- Telephony (1878)
* Nn tng l thuyt : LT trng in t Maxwell (1854)
* H thng Telegraphy khng dy dng bc x in t (Marconi 1897)
* n in t v pht dao ng (1904 1915)
CC H THNG THNG TIN

Mng ni ht

Thnh ph
ng dn c

Anten pht anten thu

H thng yu
cu ph TH hp
(truyn thanh)

Dng bc x in t

Suy hao ph thuc khong cch theo quy

lut ly tha
Dy i suy hao 23 dB(10 kHz/km)
Truyn d liu tn s thp

Cp ng trc Tn hiu Video

Tn hao 4 5 dB, quy lut hm m

C ly thng tin ln

Thng tin di ng (tu

b)
Cc phng tin giao thng ng b, my
bay.

Khong cch thng tin hn ch

- Thng tin v tinh

- Kinh t
- Bo mt
* Nhc im : Hiu sut thp
1

1.2 CC H THNG ANTEN

+ Anten thng dng :
- Anten ru trn t
- Anten tai th trn tivi
- Anten vng cho UHF
- Anten Log-chu k cho TV
- Anten Parabol thu sng v tinh
+ Trm tip sng vi ba (Microwave Relay)
- Anten mt
- Anten Parabol bc nha
+ H thng thng tin v tinh :
- H anten loa t trn v tinh
- Anten cho thu sng v tinh
- Mng cc loa hnh nn chiu x (20-30GHz)
+ Anten phc v nghin cu khoa hc
QUY C V CC DI TN S
Di tn s
3 30 kHz
30 300kHz

Tn, k hiu
Very low freq. (VLF)
Low freq. (LF)

ng dng
o hng, nh v
Pha v tuyn cho mc ch o
hng
300
Medium freq. (MF)
Pht thanh AM, hng hi, trm
3000kHz
thng tin duyn hi, ch dn tm
kim
3 30 MHz
High Freq. (HF)
in thoi, in bo, pht thanh
sng ngn, hng hi, hng khng
30 300MHz Very High Freq. (VHF)
TV, pht thanh FM, iu khin
giao thng, cnh st, taxi, o
hng
0,3 3 GHz
Ultrahigh (UHF)
TV, thng tin v tinh, do thm,
Radar gim st, o hng
3 30 GHz
Superhigh freq. (SHF)
Hng khng, Viba (microwave
links), thng tin di ng, thng
tin v tinh
30 300GHz Extremly
high
freq. Radar, nghin cu khoa hc
(EHF)

1.3 KHI QUT V TRUYN SNG IN T

+ Di pht thanh AM chun (0,55 1,6 MHz): Dng thp anten
+ Di sng di :
- Anten n gin vi li thp, t trn mt t.
- Mode truyn: sng mt, suy hao ~ R-4.
- Mc nhiu cao do nhiu cng nghip
- Cn my pht cng sut ln (50-500kW)
- Mc nhiu v suy hao cao
- C ly thng tin c vi trm dm
- Suy hao tng nhanh theo tn s (khng s dng cho TS>20MHz)
- Chiu cao ca anten cn c la chn thch hp.
- C th c hin tng Fading trong thi gian hng giy, pht, chu nh
hng ca nhit v m khng kh. khc phc Fading phn
tp theo khng gian v tn s.
+ Di sng 30 40 MHz :
- C th s dng s phn x t tng in ly
- C ly thng tin hng ngn km cc dch v truyn thng quc t
- S phn x ph thuc mt in t to bi bc x mt tri
- Khng c s dng trn 40MHz (do xuyn qua v fading)
+Trn 40MHz
- Truyn thng (TV, Viba)
- Kch thc anten phi ln gp mt s ln bc sng
- di sng Viba ( 3 30cm) c th dng nhng anten gng c li cao
(40-50dB), cng sut my pht gim, nhiu kh quyn gim, c th dng
tn hiu bin nh
+ Di sng mm :
- Suy gim sng do kh quyn hoc do ma tng
- C ly thng tin b gii hn

CHNG 2
C S L THUYT AN TEN, CC THNG S C BN CA ANTEN

2.1 M U
Mt s qui c v k hiu: ch nt mvector, ch nghingthng s
+ nh ngha anten: l mt cu trc c lm t nhng vt liu dn in tt, c
thit k c hnh dng kch thc sao cho c th bc x sng in t theo mt kiu
nht nh mt cch hiu qu.
+ Nguyn l hot ng: dng in thay i theo thi gian trn b mt anten bc
x sng in t
Anten l mt cu trc m dng thay i theo thi gian, c cp t mt ngun
thch hp qua ng truyn hoc ng dn sng, c th b kch thch vi bin ln
trn b mt anten.
+ Yu cu v cu trc anten: n gin, kinh t (v d : anten na sng)
+ Bi ton chnh ca l thuyt v k thut anten: xc nh phn b mt dng
in J trn b mt anten sao cho trng bc x tha mn cc iu kin bin trn
anten. Bi ton ny thng ch c th gii gn ng.
+ Phn b dng trn anten c th c xc nh chnh xc hn khi xc nh c c
trng tr khng ca anten.
+ T c tnh tuyn tnh ca h phng trnh Maxwell, v nguyn tc c th xc nh
c phn b trng tng khi bit phn b trng ca phn t dng.
+ Cc phng trnh Maxwell, th vector v th v hng l nhng cng c ton hc
ch yu gii bi ton v anten.
+ Cc c trng c bn ca mt anten:
- Kiu bc x (hm phng hng).
- rng tia, h s nh hng, in tr bc x.
+ Cc phn t bc x c bn: Phn t dng in nguyn t, vng in nguyn t,
dng t nguyn t, vng t nguyn t.

PHNG TRNH MAXWELL V CC IU KIN BIN

2.2

2.2.1 H PHNG TRNH MAXWELL

+ i tng ch yu ca thuyt v k thut anten l kho st s bc x v thu trng
iu ha ~ejwt.
+ Dng in v trng s c biu din di dng cc vector m cc thnh phn
ca chng l cc s phc. Khi , trng thc c dng:

( r , t ) = Re E ( r )e

j t

(2.1)

+ Cc phng trnh Maxwell: (2.2.a e)

E = j B

(2.2a)

H = j D + J

(2.2b)

D =

(2.2c)

B = 0

(2.2d)

J = j

(2.2e)

+ Trong chn khng :

D = 0 E , (2.3a);

B = 0 H ,

0 = 4 .10 7 ( Henry / met)

0 = 10 36 ( Fara / met);

(2.3a);

+ Trong mi trng c hng s in mi v dn in : dng dn J c = E

(2.2b) => H = ( j + )E + J = j + E + J
j

2.2.2 CC IU KIN BIN

BIN CA MT VT DN L TNG (

= ): (2.5)

Bn trong vt dn: E , H = 0
Trn b mt: n x E = 0, n . H = 0
Mt dng in mt: J s = n x H
Mt in tch mt: s = n.D
BIN CA MT VT DN KHNG L TNG: Trng in t xuyn qua b mt vi

bin gim theo hm m: e-z/ ( = (2/o) vi ng = 5.8 10 7 S / m , =

6.6x10-3cm tn s 1MHz, v 2.1x10-4cm 1GHz
(2.7)
7
-3
V d: vi ng, = 5.8x10 S/m, = 6.6x10 cm tn s 1MHz, v
1/2

2.1x10-4 cm tn s 1GHz.

Trong a s cc trng hp thc t c th coi trng in t khng xuyn qua

cc vt dn tt nh kim loi. Tuy nhin, khi tnh n in tr ca cc vt dn kim loi
5

th cn tnh ti tn hao Joule theo nh lut Ohm (tn hao ca ng truyn, ng dn

sng)
TNH TN HAO:
T trng H to ra dng mt J s = n H ( nh lut Ampere)

Thnh phn tip tuyn ca in trng lin quan vi mt dng in mt:

n E = Z s n J s (L Ohm)
(2.8)

Trong Zs l tr khng b mt ca vt dn: Z s = (1 + j ) (Ohm/dt) (2.9)

s
Bao gm thnh phn thun tr 1/s (in tr ca lp da c chiu su s) v thnh
phn cm ng do s xuyn qua ca t trng.
Tn hao trn n v din tch c cho bi phn thc ca vector Poynting hng vo
vt dn ti b mt vt dn:
1
Js
P=2

(2.10)

- Nu = v cng, th chiu su lp da, v do tr khng b mt v tn hao = 0

- Thng ngi ta so snh tr khng b mt vi tr khng ca khng gian t do:

Z 0 = 0
0

= 377Ohm

(2.11)

- Vi Cu, ti 1MHz, Zs = 2.6x10-4(1+j) Ohm

- Kt qu trn c th p dng cho cc vt dn tt khc v cho cc b mt c bn knh
cong ln hn nhiu so vi su lp da.
BIN GIA HAI IN MI:
n E1 = n E 2 ,
n H1 = n H 2 ,
n D1 = n D2
2.2.3 TH VECTOR V TH V HNG
(2.12)
T (2.2a), (2.2b) v (2.3) => E = k 02 E j 0 J ,
1/ 2
Vi k 0 = ( 0 0 ) l s sng ca khng gian t do
- Theo phng trnh ny in trng c th c tm trc tip khi bit phn b dng.
Trong thc t c th n gin ha bi ton nh th vect A v th v hng :
Mt khc bt c vect no vi zero curl u c th biu din di dng gradient ca
mt hm v hng. Do c th t :
B = A
(2.13)
- V A = 0 nn A c gi l th vector.
- S dng cng thc ca gii tch vector =>
2 A + k 02 A = 0 J + . A + j 0 0
(2.14)

- n gin ta chn :
- Khi (2.14) tr thnh :

A = j 0 0

(iu kin Lorentz)

2 A + k02 A = 0 J

(2.15)
(2.16)

- Thay cc phng trnh (2.14) v (2.15) vo (2.2c) =>

2 + k 02 = / 0

(2.17)
6

- S dng iu kin Lorentz v (2.14) =>

E = j A + . A / j 0 0

- Trng hp ngun dng :

J = J z .a z th J = J z .a z v ( 2 + k 02 )Az = 0 J z

(2.18)
(2.19)

2.3 BC X CA PHN T DNG IN

- nh ngha phn t dng in: I dl thng, rt mng, rt ngn. Gi thit d liu //
(z).
- Th vector ch c mt thnh phn theo phng (z) tun theo PT (2.19). trong
Jz=I/dS, vi dS l tit din ca phn t dng. Th tch dV<< nn phn t dng c th
coi nh ngun nh x ti mt im.
- Ngun i xng cu Az ch l hm ca r
- Vi r 0:

1 2 Az
(r
) + k 02 Az = 0
(2.20)
2
r
r r
dA
1 d

Thay Az =
th z =
v (2.20) tr thnh :
r
dr
r dr r 2
d 2
+ k 02 = 0
(2.21)
2
dr
Png trnh dao ng iu ho ny c 2 nghim : C1e jk0 r v C 2 e jk0 r

- Nu chn nghim th nht v tnh ti bin thi gian t th c th vit:

(r ,t ) = C1e jk0 r + jwt

Lu : k =

w
c

, C = ( o E o ) 2
(

jw t r

c
(r ,t ) = C1e
( 2.22)
Th thu c:
- Nhn xt: Phng trnh sng bc x vi gc pha ban u k0r, thi gian tr r/c
- Tnh C1: Tch phn (2.19) trong th tch ca hnh cu c bn knh ro rt nh,
vit:(cng thc)
- Lu : dV = r2sin d d dr v Az l hm ca 1/r. Nu chn ro rt nh th tch
phn khi ca Az s t l vi r2 v c th b qua. Tch phn khi ca Jz chnh l Idl,
ta c: ( ngha ca grad)
r
- Li gii cui cng ca A s l:
e jk 0 r
az
A = 0 Idl
(2.24)
4 r
* Nhn xt:
- Th vector c dng sng lan truyn ra khng gian vi bin
gim t l nghch vi r.

- Cc mt sng ng pha c dng hnh cu bn knh r, tm = gc

to .
- Vn tc pha = (cng thc)
o=

- Bc sng

C
C
2
=
=
w
ko
f
2

(2.25)

Tm biu thc ca ca trng:

- S dng (2.13)
v (2.18) v h to cu.
r
- Biu din A theo cc thnh phn trong h to cu v lu rng:
Idl
A = 0 e jkt0 ar cos A - a sin A
(2.26)
Ta c:
4r
Dng (2.13):
1
Idl.sin jk0 1 jk0r
H = A =
+ e a

(2.27)
4 r r 2
0

T (2.18) =>

E = j A +

.A
= Er ar + E a
j0 0

(2.28)

- Nu r rt ln so vi bc sng th : (vng xa) b qua cc s

e jk0r
a
E = jZ 0 Idlk0 sin
4r
e jk0r
H = jIdlk0 sin
a
4r

1 1
,
r2 r3

(2.29a)

(2.29b)

* Nhn xt:
- Vy khu xa, trng bc x ch c thnh phn ngang, in trng v t trng
vung gc vi nhauv vung gc vi phng truyn sng. t s bin ca chng
1

2
chnh bng tr khng sng ca khng gian t do Z0; Z 0 = 0
0

- Dng vector:

Trong :

E = Z0 ar H

(2.30a)

H = Y0 a r E

(2.30b)

Y0 = Z

1
0

- Trng khng c tnh i xng cu. ( E Z v H ph thuc sin )

* Vector Poynting phc:
ar
1
2
E H * = I .I * Z 0 (dl ) k 02 sin 2
(2.31b)
2
32 2 r 2
8

C dng thun thc, (trng bc x) c hng trng vi hng lan truuyn, v

cng sut bc x gim t l nghch vi r2
* Cc s hng cn li ca (2.27) v (2.28): chim u th khi r < o v to ra
trng phn ng khu gn v tnh thun o ca vector Poynting.
- Nu kor rt nh sao cho c th thay e jk r 1 th: (khu gn)
0

Idlk0 sin
a
(2.32a)
4r
Z Idl 2 cos
1
sin
1

a
+
+
+
E= 0
1
1
a

r
jk0 r
r 2
jk0 r (2.32b)
4 r 2
H=

Cho k0r<< l v thay l+l/k0r =>phng trnh (2.32b) tr thnh

E=

sin
Qdl 2 cos
ar +
a
3

4 r
r3

(2.32c)

Lu : - Tng t nh phn b trng tnh ca mt dipole in.

- Mc d trng khu gn khng ng gp vo cng sut bc x, ch
lin quan n s tch t nng lng khu vc bao quanh ngay gn anten, nhng cn
c tnh n khi tnh tr khng anten.
- Biu thc ca vector Poynting phc, c tnh bi vic s dng cc
biu thc tng qut ca trng s c phn thc (phn lin quan trc tip n bc
x) ch bao gm trng bc x cho bi biu thc (2.31)
__________________________________________________

2.4 MT S CC THNG S C BN CA ANTEN

Bc x ca mt phn t dng in cn c gi l bc x lng cc. c dng
nh ngha cc thng s c bn ca anten ni chung.
Kiu bc x:
Phn b tng i ca cng sut bc x nnh l hm ca hng bc x trong
khng gian
- Cng sut bc x ca dipole nguyn t t l vi sin2 (2.31). Kiu bc x c
dng hnh s 8 nh hnh sau:
(hnh v)
-a) Mt 3 chiu
-b) Mt E
-c) Mt H
* Tia na cng sut: Gia cc im m cng sut bc x = cng sut cc i
9

H s nh hng v li:
- Cc anten thng khng bc x dng u theo mi hng.
- S thay i ca cng bc x theo hng khng gian c m t bi hm h
s nh hng D(,) ca anten.
- Cng bc x l cng sut bc x gc t (hay gc khi). Chnh bng tch ca
vector Poynting vi r2.
- i vi dipole nguyn t: (lu (31))
dPr
sin 2
2
= I .I * Z 0 (dl ) k 02
(2.33)
32 2
d
nh ngha h s nh hng:
D ( , ) = 4

dPr

(2.34)

Pr

Vi Pr l cng sut bc x ton phn.

- Vi dipole nguyn t: t (2.33)=>

I .I *Z0 (dlk0 )
Pr =
12

(2.35)

V d =sin d d.
T (2.33) v (2.34) =>
D ( , ) = 1,5 sin 2
(2.36)
Cc i t gi tr 1.5 khi =/2.
H s nh hng cc i (thng vit tt l h s nh hng) c trng cho
kh nng ca anten tp trung nng lng bc x theo mt hng cho trc.
Anten v hng: Bc x ng u theo mi hng.
li G(,)ca 1 anten c nh ngha tng t nh h s nh hng, nhng
cng sut bc x c thay bng cng sut ton phn t vo anten Pin.
Pr = Pin
(2.37)
Hiu sut ca anten:
G( , ) = G( , )
Vy :
(2.38)
* Effectve isotropic radiated power: (EIRP)=(input power)x(maximum gain).
chng hn 1 anten c li =10, cng sut ngun = 1W ch t hiu qu nh 1
anten c li 2 v cng sut 5W. C hai anten c sng 1 ch s EIRP.vy c th
gim cng sut my pht nu s dng anten c li cao.
* in tr bc x Ra :
- nh ngha: l in tr tng ng tiu th cng 1 lng cng sut nh anten
bc x khi dng cung cp nh nhau.
- i vi anten dipode :

=>

2
dl
Z 0 (dlk 0 )
Ra =
= 80 2
6
0

(2.39)

10

Trong : Z 0 = 120 , k 0 = 2

V d: dl = 1m, 0 = 300m( f = 1MHz) , Ra = 0,0084 .

Nhn xt:
- Ra thng rt nh
- T l thun vi din tch ca anten
Cc anten dipode thng c in khong ln v hiu sut thp, do li thp.
Mt anten c hiu sut cao phi c kch thc so snh c vi bc sng.
Trong di sng pht thanh (500-1500kHz, tng ng 600-200m )cn anten vi cu
trc n gin nh cc thp cao.
______________________________________________

2.5 Bc x ca vng in nguyn t :

+ Phn t dng bn knh r0, dt. .r02 cng I , trc ca phn t //z.
+ Nu r0 << o: ngun im
+ Phn t dng dipode t vi

M = r02 I ar

(2.40)

+ Vector nh hng ca phn t dng Ir0 d :

'

Vi

0 Ir0d '
dA=
a x sin ' + a y cos ' e jk R
4R

R = (x r0 cos ') + ( y r0 sin') + z 2

2

* Th vector A ton phn:

0 Ir0 2 e jk R
A=
a x sin ' + a y cos ' d '

4 0 R
0

(2.41)

* Nhn xt: ch cc s hng cha cos2 ' v sin2 ' mi c tch phn 0.

(2.13) =>

jk 0 0 ( .I .r02 )
A=
sin e jk 0 r .a
4r

(2.42)

Mk02 sin jk0r

H =
e
.a
4r

(2.43)

Vi M = r0 I : moment lng cc ca vng nguyn t

* Trong vng bc x (vng x )(2.30a)
2

MZ0k02 sin
E = Z0 ar H =
sin.e jk0r .a
4r

(2.44)

Vy : dng ca (2.43 v 2.44) tng t (2.30,a) =>

Vng in nguyn t dipole t
11

*Cng sut bc x ton phn :

Pr =

Z 0 k 04
12

(2.45)

* in tr bc x tng ng:
r
R a = 320 0
0

(2.46)

V d : ro = 10cm , ti 1MHz , Ra = 3,8.10-3 (rt nh).

* Nu dng N vng y Ra N2 ln
Dng cho anten thu (radio).Anten vng khng c hiu sut cao nhng c ph
tn hiu rng. li << v Ohm resistance>> Ra.
_______________________________________________

2.6 BC X T CC PHN B DNG BT K

Xt th tch V vi phn b dng J (r' ) . Phn t dng J (r' )dV' ng gp vo th
vector 1 lng : (2.24)

0 J ( r ' ) dV ' jk
e
4 R

0R

(2.47)
'
Vi R = r r

* Vng xa:

R r ar .r '

(2.47)

0e jk r
A(r ) =
J ( r )e jk a .r dV '

4r V
0

=>

'

'

0 r

T (2.13) v (2.18) khi ch tnh n cc s hng cha 1/r =>

'
jk0 Z0e jk0r
jk0 ar .r
'
'
E=
a
.
J
a

J
e
dV '
(r ) r
(r )
r

4r
V

Khi dng in I phn b trn ng cong C, th PT(2.49) =>

'
jk0 Z 0 e jk0r
jk0 ar .r
E (r ) =
(ar .a)ar a I (l' )e
dl '

4r
C

(2.48)

(2.49)

(2.50)

Vi a : vector n v dc theo C theo hng ca dng in

* Tng qut :

jk0 Z0e jk0r

E (r ) =
f ( , )
4r

(2.51)
12

f ( , ) :hm phng ng ca trng bc x.

________________________________________________

2.7 NGHIN CU THC NGHIM TR KHNG ANTEN

* Mc ch :

- Phi hp tr khng vi ng truyn tn hiu .

hiu sut cao
* Trng hp l tng : tr khng vo Ra ni trc tip anten vi ng
truyn c tr khng c trng Zc
Zc = Ra
* Xt : Anten c tr khng Za ni ngun qua ng truyn c Zc
+ H s phn x sng ti u vo :
=

Za Zc
Za + Zc

(2.59)

VSWR ( Voltage Standing Wave Ratio )

VSWR =

1+
1

(2.60)

* iu kin phi hp tr khng : VSWR 1,5

gi tr VSWR = 1,5 tng ng vi || = 0.2 hoc h s phn x cng sut
= 0.04 ( 4%)
* Tr khng anten :
P + Pd + 2 j ( Wm We )
Za = r
(2.61)
1 I I*
0
0
2
Vi : Pr : Cng sut bc x
Pd : Tn hao Ohmic
Wm : T nng trung bnh
We : in nng trung bnh c tch tr vng cm ng (vng gn)
I0 : Dng cp vo u vo anten
=> Khi Wm = We -> Phn cm ng ca Za = 0 (k cng hng)
+ Vi anten dipole : iu kin cng hng xy ra khi chiu di anten = n ( bc
sng)
+ Tnh in tr thun ca dipole na sng :
- Vt liu : Cu
- Bn knh ng ng : ro
- Dng trn anten : I 0 cosk0 z => mt dng in mt :

I 0 cos k 0 z
2r0

- Tn hao Ohmic:
13

I 1 1 2
0
Pd = 2r0 0 0
= I0 R =
8 2r0 S 2
8r0S

(2.62)

Vi r0 = 0,5cm, 0 = 3m (100 MHz ), S = 6,6.10 6 m => R = 0,062 > R >> Ra = 73,13

____________________________________

2.8. TR KHNG TNG H

+ Khi 2 anten dipole t gn nhau phn b dng trn mi anten chu nh hng
bi trng bc x ca anten cn li.
z1, z2 : to dc theo b mt
z1, z2 : to dc theo trc
Gi :
- A11(z1) : th vector ti z1 gy bi dng I2(z2)
- A12(z1)
(cng thc)
- Th vector tng cng ti z1:
(2.63)
AZ = A11 ( z1 ) + A12 ( z1 )
- Cng trng :
2
1
E1( Z1 ) =
(k02 + 2 ) AZ1
j 0 0
z1
iu kin bin :
(2.64)
Ez = -Eg khi b 2 > z > b 2 , r = a
1

Ez = 0 khi b 2 > z > l, r = a

Vi b : rng khe gia hai chn t
Eg : in trng gia hai mp khe gia hai chn t.
Vg
I(0)

Vg .b
I(0)

= Za : tr khng vo ca dipole ( khi b>> c th biu din lim bE g = Vg )

b 0

Eg = Eg(z) vi (z ) : hm delta Dirac

(z ) = 0 khi z 0

(2.65)

(z')

dz'=1

C th vit li (2.63) cho c 2 b mt dipole 1 v 2 :

2
(k + 2 )[A11(z1 ) + A12 (z1 )] = j0 0V1 (z1 )
z1
2
0

2
(k + 2 )[A21(z2 ) + A22 (z2 )] = j0 0V2 (z2 )
z2
2
0

(2.66a)

(2.66b)
14

H (2.66) c nghim dng :

jk0Y0 0
V1 sin k0 z1 + C1 cosk0 z1
2
jk Y
A21(z2 ) + A22 (z2 ) = 0 0 0 V2 sin k0 z2 + C2 cosk0 z2
2

A11(z1 ) + A12 (z1 ) =

(2.67a)

(2.67b)

Cc hng s C1, C2 phi tho mn iu kin bin :

I1(l1) = I2(l2) = 0

Khi (2.67) tr thnh :

jk0Rij

lj

e
I j (z 'j )dz'j
Aij (zi ) = 0
4 l Rij

(2.68)

i , j =1, 2

[
]
= [(z z ') + d ]
= [(z z ') + d ]
= [(z z ') + a ]

1
2

R11 = (z1 z1')2 + a2

Vi :

R12
R21

1
2

1
2

1
2

R22
2
2
T (2.69) v (2.67) c th vit

(2.69)

V1 = I1(0) Z11 + I 2(0) Z12

(2.70)

V2 = I1(0) Z21 + I 2(0) Z22

T nguyn l thun nghch =>

Z21 = Z12 Tr khng tng h
Z11 v Z22 Tr khng ring, khc mt mc no vi tr khng
vo ca mi anten c lp.
- Nu chiu di cc dipole

0
2

, v cch nhau

0
5

th tr khng ring tr

khng vo ca mi anten c lp.

+ nh gi tr khng tng h : T nguyn l thun nghch => Tng tc ca
trng gy bi dng I1(z1)vi dng I2(z2) v ngc li =>
l2

l 2

z 21

( z 2 ) I 2 ( z 2 )dz 2 =

l1

z12

( z1 ) I1 ( z1 )dz1

(2.71)

l 1

Hoc di dng vector :

l2
l1
2
2
2
2
I 2 ( z2 ) (k0 + z22 ) A21 ( z2 )dz2 = l I1( z1) (k0 + z12 ) A12 ( z1 )dz1
l 2
1

(2.72)

Nhn (2.66a) vi I1(z1) ri ly tch phn theo z1

(2.66b) vi I2(z2) ri ly tch phn theo z2
15

l1

jk0Y0V1
=>

l1

+ I 2( 0)

l2 l2

l 2 l 2

I1( z1)
I1(0)

( z1) dz1 = I1(0)

l1 l1

l1 l1

I1( z1) I 2( z' )

2

I1(0) I 2(0)

I1( z1) I1( z' )

1

I1(0) I1(0)

2 e jk0R11 '
(k + 2 )
dz dz1
z1 4R11 1
2
0

(2.73)

2 e jk0R12 '
(k + 2 )
dz2 dz1
z1 4R12
2
0

-Gi thit phn b dng chun ho I1(z1)/I1(0) v I2(z2)/I2(0) khng thay i do

tng tc gia cc dipole =>cc tch phn. Trong (2.73) khng ph thuc vo dng
vo anten (v c chun ho) . I1(0) v I2(0) c th xem nh cc bin c lp.
So snh (2.73) vi (2.70) =>
l l
j 1 2 I1( z1) I2( z2 ) 2 2 e jk0R12
Z12 =
(k0 + 2 )
dz2dz1
z1 R12
4k0Y0 l1l2 I1(0) I2(0)

(2.74)

* Nu 2l 1 2l 2 = 0 2 : thc nghim v l thuyt chng minh

I1(z1) sink0 (l1 z1 ) I2 (z2 ) sink0 (l 2 z2 )

=
=
;
I1(0)
sink0l1
I2 (0)
sink0l 2

(2.75)
=> (2.74) tr thnh :
l2
e jk0R1 e jk0R2
jZ0
e jk0R0

sink0 (l 2 z2 )dz2 (2.76)

+
2cos(k0l1 )
Z12 =
4 sin(k0l1 )sin(k0l 2 ) l2 R1
R2
R0
Vi

R1 = (l1 z1)2 + d 2

R2 = (l1 z2) +d

1
2

1
2 2

R0 = z 2 + d 2

___________________________________________

16

CHNG III :

CC LOI ANTEN DIPOLE

3.1 ANTEN DIPOLE NA SNG

* Nui= dy song hnh

* Gm 2 nhnh 0 4
* Th nghim +LT phn b dng c dng sng ng hnh sin :

I = I 0 cos k 0 z 0 z 0
4
4

(2.52)

S dng (2.50) vi a = az , r = z'az v ar az = cos =>

E=

jk0 I 0 Z 0e
4r

jk0 r

jk0r

jI0 Z0e
2r

(a
0

cos az ) cos(k0 z ' )e jk0 z 'cos dz'

cos( cos )
2
a
sin

jI0 Z0 jk0r
e
2r
* Mt dng cng sut :

2
=>

H = H .a =

(2.53)

cos( cos )
2
a
sin

(2.54)

cos( cos )

I
Z
1
2
Re E H = 0 2 20

(2.55)
2
8 r sin

* Cng sut bc x ton phn : tch phn (2.55) trn mt cu r

2

2
I Z 0 2 cos( 2 cos )
Pr = 0
(2.56)
sin . d . d
0 0 sin
8

Tch phn (2.56) c tnh theo tch phn cosine =>

Pr = 36 ,565 I 0

(2.57)

* in tr bc x ca anten dipole na sng 73,13

=> Dy song hnh nui anten cn c tr khng 73,14
* H s nh hng :t (2.55)v(2.57) =>

17

cos( 2 cos )
D ( , ) = 1,64

sin

Dmax = 1,64
Phn t dng
Gc na cng sut = 780

(2.58)

* Ra = 73,13 l rt ln tr khng vo (b qua cm khng vo)

3.2. ANTEN HNH NN

+ Gm 2 hnh nn i nh, gc m 0 , c kch thch ti tm gia 2 m tip xc
hnh cu, bi ngun in p hnh sin.
(hnh v)
+ Nghin cu l thuyt bi tc gi Schelkunoff chng minh : cu trc hnh nn
s cho sng in t ngang hnh cu TEM vi cc thnh phn E , H , ch ph thuc
vo r v . Khi cc phng trnh Maxwell s tr thnh :

ar
(rE ) = jo H a
r r

(3.1a)

a
ar
(sin .H ) (rH ) = jo E a
(3.1b)
r sin r
r r
V gi thit Er = 0 nn s hng u tin trong (3.1b) phi =0 => c th t :
C. f (r )
H =
(3.2)
sin C =const
=> (3.1a,b) tr thnh :

C.r. f (r)
(rE ) = jo
(3.3a)
r
sin

.r. f (r)
(
) = jo rE
r sin

(3.3b)

* Vi phn (3.3a) theo r v thay vo (3.3b) =>

=>

2
(rE ) = k02rE
2
r
e jk0r
e jk0r
rE = C1( )
+ C2( )
r sin
r sin

(3.4)

Ch v phi ca (3.3a) t l vi 1sin =>

18

jk0r
e jk0r
e
+C
E = C
r sin
r sin
+

(3.5)

Cc sng cu lan trun ra xa v vo trong ngun vi bin C+ v C- , tng

ng .

e jk0r
e jk0r

+ C Y0
H = C Y0
r sin
r sin
+

S dng (3.1a) =>

(3.6)

0
Y0 =
: dn np sng ca khng gian t do
0

* in p gia hai hnh nn = tch phn ng ca E t o n - o :

V =V+ejk0r +Vejk0r

(3.7)

Vi V = 2V ln cot g ( ) , V c dng sng in p.

2

* Mt dng mt trn hai hnh nn trn v di l:

e jk0r
e jk0r

C Y0
J s = C Y0
r sin
r sin
+

Hng theo trc z

dng ton phn trn mi hnh nn l I = 2rsinoJs

I = I +e jk0r I e jk0r = Yc (V +e jk0r V e jk0r )

I c dng sng dng:

(3.9)

Yc =

Y0

ln cot g ( 0 )
2

Tr khng c trng:

Zc = Yc1 =

Z0

(3.8)

: Dn np c trng ca ng truyn hnh nn

ln cot g ( 0 ) = 120ln cot g( 0 )

2
2

(3.10)

* Nu ti r = l 0 , cc mt nn h mch l tng th I = 0 v

V + e jk 0 l 0 = V e jk 0 l 0

(3.11)

Z a = Zc

(3.12)

Zt + jZctgk0l 0
Zc + jZt tgk0l 0

Zt : Tr khng u cui hiu dng, do dng cm ng

(cng thc)
* Khi o << anten nn tng ng anten tr (xi lanh),bn knh a, chiu cao z,
tg 0

a
0
z

19

Zc( z ) = 120ln

2z
a

(3.13)

l
Zc( z ) = 120ln 1
a

=>

(3.14)

in tr bc x ca anten tr (xilanh) :

l
Ra = 20
o

(3.15)

* Thc t t s dng anten hnh nn c gc m nh thay cho anten xilanh v kh

ch to v ph hp
* Anten nn vi gc m rng thng c ng dng nhiu hn v ph rng
*V d : o = 30o ,

0
2

>l>3

0
2

=> in khng hoc 50

Tr khng vo 130 20
Nu ni vi ng truyn c tr khng c trng 158 th s phi hp tr
khng rt tt trong di tn 3 -1: f max f
min

* 1 dng gn ging trong thc t l anten tam gic, s dng trong di UHF t knh
14 n 83 (450900 MHz) (anten c o)
* Mt kim loi, Cu, Al hoc cu trc dy
__________________________________

3.3 ANTEN GP
* Cu to:
- Gm 2 vt vi nhau u cui
- Mt trong hai c h ti tm v ni vi ng truyn.
- Ra = 292 -> ni vi Z c 300 (ph bin cho anten thu)
- Do c im cu trc c th b c mt s thay i tr khng vo anten theo
tn s ph rng .
- Khi l o/2: dng trn mi vt dn l nh nhau nu c cng ng knh (do
tr khng tng h);I1=Io cos koz.
- Nu hai vt dn dt rt gn nhau c th b qua s khc pha ca trng bc
x trng tng =2 ln trng ring , Pr (t ) = 4Pr (r) (ring) =>
2

Pr = 4 36 ,56 I 0
Trong I 0 : l dng cung cp bi ng truyn

Ra = 4 73,13= 292,5

(3.19)
20

__________________________________________

3.4 ANTEN DIPOLE NGN

+ Tn s thp bc sng di hn ch kh nng s dng dipole na sng
gim chiu i anten gim Ra phi p dng 1 s bin php b dung khng
mc ni tip anten vi cun cm gim hiu sut v li.
(hnh v)
Tng s phn b ng u ca dng trn anten tng Ra.
+ C th cc t ghp vo u cui ca mi nhnh anten .
+ C th ghp thm 4 hay nhiu hn cc thanh vt dn kiu hnh qut u cui
mi nhnh dng s khng =0 u cui mi nhnh, m =0 cui cc nhnh ca
2

4l + l
hnh qut in tr bc x s tng 1 ln(l1=1/2 mi thanh hng qut)
2l 1 + l

_____________________________________________

3.5 ANTEN N CC
+ Cu trc t mt na ca anten dipole c t trn mt t thng c chiu di
= 1 0 c s dng ch yu cho pht thanh AM (500-1500kHz). L do : l loi
4

anten ngn hiu qu nht cho cc bc sng t 200 600m

- S phn cc theo phng thng ng c tn hao t hn so vi phn cc theo
phng ngang (so vi t ), vng tng s AM.
- Nui= cp ng trc c v ngoi ni t.
+ Cu trc khc :
- Mt anten n cc t trn nh 1 ct .
- 4 ng nm ngang c chiu di 0,3, to ra mt mt t o, sao cho kiu bc
x v li ca anten anten na sng (nh hiu ng th nh), Ra 36,56.
+ S dng ch yu lm cc trm c s thong tin di ng .
+ Mn chn o (mt t o ) phi c dn tt. Thng s dng 120 dy ng tm
v c chiu di tng /3 t di anten 1 khong vi inch ng gp 1 lng
gia tng tng ng 2 vo tr khng vo ca anten hiu sut anten 95% .
+ Vi cc tng s thp hn thng dng cc phn ghp to cng hng
_____________________________________________

21

3.6 BALUN B PHI HP TR KHNG

+ Kt ni 1 h cng bng vi 1 h khng cn bng .
+ Anten dipole nui bi ng dy song hnh c cn bng so vi t khi 2 na
ca dipole c cng nh hng v v tr so vi t .
- Khi 2 na ca dipole c in th V v -V so vi t .
- Khi anten dipole c nui bi cp ng trc th h khng cn bngdng
c kch thch trn mt ngoi ca v cp ng trc dng 2 trn na ca dipole
hin tng giao thoa cc trng bc x thay i kiu bc x ca dipole cn
PALUN.
- BALUN c cu trc theo rt nhiu kiu ph thuc vo di tng cng tc .
- lm nght 1/4 bc sng : s dngtn s cao .
+ BALUN dng cho anten thu TV.
________________________________________________

22

CHNG4

ANTEN MNG

- S dng trong cc h thng thng tin point_to_point i hi tnh nh hng rt

cao ca anten chm bc x t hp cc anten n gin theo 1 trt t nht nh :
anten mng c li cao cng sut pht gim.
- Xt mng gm N anten ging nhau, c cng tnh nh hng, c kch thch
vi bin
- Xt 1 anten chun t ti gc to c cng in trng bc x dng :

e jk0r
E r = f ( , )
4r

(4.1)

f (,) : hm phng hng ca cc anten phn t ca mng.

- vng xa : r r i -> coi cc tia t cc anten phn t n im kho st // ->

Ri = r ar r i

- Trng to bi phn t th i s chm pha 1 lng k0 ai r i so vi anten chun

gc to .
- Trng tng c dng:

e jkr
= f ( , )
4r

C e
i =1

j i + jk0 a r r i

(4.2)

+ Nguyn tc nhn ging phng hng :

(4.2) c th c vit di dng :

e jkr
= F( , ) f ( , )
4r
n

F( , ) = Ci e

ji+ jk0 a r r i

i=1

H s nh hng E

(4.3)

D( , ) = f ( , ) F( , )

(4.4)

Nguyn l: hm phng hng ca 1mng = hm phng hng ca 1 anten

phn t x hm phng hng c trng cho mng .
+ Ngm nh : B qua tc ng tng h.
______________________________________________
23

4.1 MNG NG NHT 1 CHIU

Xt mng N +1 phn t cc dipole na sng cch nhau cckhong =d, c kch
thch bi cc dng coa cng bin C = Io lch pha lin tip .dn=n..d.
=> Kiu ca trng bc x Fc dng (cn gi l h s mng hay nhn t mng)

sin(N +1) ( + k0 cos )d

2

F = I0
( + k0 cos )d
sin
2

- Khong cch gia cc tia chnh v tia ph u tin :

3
U =
N +1

- Khi N>>: bin tia ph u tin =

2
(hay 0,21) bin tia chnh.
3

- C N-1 tia ph gia 2 tia chnh

- Kiu mng Ftun hon vi chu k 2 theo bin u
k0d u = k0d cos k0d
- V :
nn ch c mt khong ca u c
ngha vt l gi l khng gian kh bin :

2d

2d

- Thc t thng yu cu ch c 1 tia chnh trong vng kh kin chn dipole

nh 2 trng hp :
1) Mng ng pha:

- Khi = 0 u0 = 0 => tia chnh xy ra khi u = 0 hay cos = 0 =

2
- Gc ga hai im khng ca tia chnh xc nh t iu kin:

N +1
k0d cos = (khi gc ca hm sin t s ca F = )
2

- Vi N >> , t = => 0
2

= sin = => rng tia chnh BW :

2 0
BW = 2 =
= 2 0 , vi L = (N+1)d : chiu di mng
L
( N + 1) d

-> cos

Nhn xt * c trng ca mng ng pha l rng tia t l nghch vi chiu di

ca mng
* BW=6 hay 0.1 rad khi L=20 o, kh thi tng s cao.
24

+ vic tnh chnh xc h s nh hng ca mng l rt kh .

Trong trng hp dn gin ca mng ng pha th cn phi tnh tch phn sau:

cos ) sin ( N + 1) k 0 d sin cos

2 cos(
2
2

sin .d .d
0 0
k d

sin sin 0
sin cos

- Cng c th nh gi gn ng h s nh hng =(4/ gc c chim bi chm

tia chnh ) tch ca gc gii hn bi cc tia na cng sut trong mt phng E v
mt phng (Hnh v) .
- Gc na cng st trong mt phng E=78o(1,36rad).
- Gc na cng sut trong mp (Hnh v) c xc nh t iu kin
F

(N + 1)I 0
=
2

N +1
=> sin
u =
2

1u
2
( N + 1)
22

(v mu s ca F thay i chm hn nhiu so vi t s)

Dng php khai trin chui
2,65
u1 =
2
N +1
=> rng tia na cng sut :
2,650
2,65 2
BW1 = 2 1 =
=
2
2
( N + 1)k0 d ( N + 1)d
=> H s nh hng :

4
( N + 1)d
= 5,48
0
2 1,36 BW1
2

(Tha s 2 mu s tnh cho 2 tia )

- Nu cc phn t ca mng l cc anten v hng th kiu bc x s c tnh i
xng trc quanh trc ca mng. Khi gc na cng sut = .

4
2 ( N + 1)d
( N + 1)d
=
= 2,37
0
2BW1
2,65 0
2

2/ Mng c pha dng in bin i theo quy lut sng chy:

n ging xt trng hp u0 = -k0d bp chnh cc i khi :

u = u = k0d = k0d cos => = 0 hng bc x cc i trc ca mng

(trc x)
H s mng F c dng:

25

sin (N + 1) k 0 d (cos 1)
2

F = I0
k d

sin 0
(cos 1)
2

* Trung bc x, kiu mng c tnh i xng trc quanh trc ca mng

- Tia chnh hay bp sng chnh = 0 khi:
( N + 1) k d (cos 1) =
2 0

( )
- Khi N>> ln cn im khng c th vit cos = 1
2
2

( ) = 2 => BW = 2 20 2
2 ( N + 1)d
L
L = (N+1)d : Chiu di mng
=> BW t l nghch vi
chiu di mng (o theo bc sng)
* nh gi h s nh hng: theo gc na cng sut:
2

F = I0

=>

(N + 1) , cos
2

1
2
1 =
2

0
= 1, 63

d (N + 1)

- Gc c gii hn bi chm tia na cng sut:

2

=>

0 sin .d .d = 2 1 cos 1 2 1 2

4
( N + 1) d
= 4,73

+ iu kin Hansen Woodyard:

N..d = N.k0 .d => .d = u0 = k0 d

=> Cc i chum tia chnh (hay bp sng chnh ) xy ra khi

u = u0 = k0 d +

- th F(u) c dng tng t mng End fire nhng b dch tra mt on

=> phn kh kin ca bp sng chnh b thu hp h s nh hng tng v
N
cng sut bc x ton phn (t l vi din tch gii hn bi ng F trong vng
kh kin.)
___________________________________________
26

 4.2 MNG NG NHT 2 CHIU

- Phn b trong mt phg xoz
- C (N+1) (M+1) phn t
- Kho st mng gm cc anten phn t l cc dipole // oz c kch thch bi cc
jnd

md

dng in c cng bin , phn b pha c dng e = j tng ng vi v tr (n,m)

- C th xem h l 1 mng ca M+1 mng mt chiu N+1 phn t
=> H s mng ca 2 chiu = tch ca h s mng ca M+1 anten phn b theo
trc oz vi h s mng ca mng N+1 phn t phn b theo trc ox
F( , )

sin ( N + 1) ( k 0 d sin cos + d ) sin (M + 1) ( k 0 d cos + d )

2
2

= I0
d
d
(k d sin cos + )
(k d cos + )
sin
sin
2 0
2 0

[( )

- n gin t:

=>

F( u ) = I 0

[( )

u = k0 d sin cos ,

u0 = d

v = k0 d cos ,

v0 = d

sin {[( N + 1) / 2](u + u 0 )}. sin {[(M + 1) / 2](v + v0 )}

sin [(u + u 0 ) / 2]. sin [(v + v0 ) / 2]

+ Hng bc x cc i chnh c xc nh t iu kin:

u = u0 v v = v0.
+ Nu = = 0 (mng ng pha) th hung chnh mt phng mng nh
hng y. Vi v thch hp c th iu khin hng chnh theo mt hng tu
mng pha
+ rng gc ca bc sng chnh, trong cc mt phng xy v yz c xc nh
bi cc iu kin:
N +1
M +1
u = ;
v =
2
2
Tng t vi mng mt chiu :
20
(BW )xy = 2 0
; (BW ) yz =
( N + 1) d

( M + 1) d

Tng t nh mng 1 chiu, gc na cng sut c xc nh :

BW = 2 , 65 0
BW = 2 , 65 0 ;
1
1
2 yz
2 xy

( M + 1) d
( N + 1) d
+ H s nh hng c tnh gn ng:

27

D (max)

4
A
= 8,83
0
2 BW 1 BW 1
2 xy
2 yz

Vi A = (N+1)(M+1)d2 : din tch ca mng 2 chiu.

=> H s nh hng cc i t l thun vi din tch o theo dn v bnh phng
bc sng. y l c trng chung cho tt c cc anten.
+ S thay i ca rng tia chnh khi tia chnh lch khi hng vung gc vi
trc ca mng: gi thit = 0, d = k 0 d cos 0 tia chnh ti gc o so vi trc x v
nm trong mt phng xy. S dng khai trin Taylor c th vit :

u = u0 = k0d (cos cos 0 ) (k0d sin 0 )( 0 )

Biu thc xc nh rng tia chnh :

20
( N + 1)
(k0 d sin 0 )( 0 ) = => 2 =
2
( N + 1)d sin 0
1
ln, ( N + 1)d sin 0 ( di mng chiu ln phng
Nhn xt :
sin0
vung gc vi

_______________________________________________

4.3. TNG HP KIU MNG

Nhn xt: - Khi cc phn t ca mng c kch thch bi cc dng c cng bin
, c th to ra cc kiu bc x vi cc bp sng hp nh phn b pha thch hp ca
cc dng kch thch.
- C th dng phn b bin ca cc dng kch thch iu khin hnh dng v
rng ca cc bp sng chnh cng nh v tr v ln ca cc bp sng ph c
th to ra mt kiu bc x gn ging vi mt kiu bc x cho trc bi ton tng
hp kiu mng, hay tng hp mng.
1) * Phng php chui Fourier :
Xt chui 2N+1 phn t c kch thch bi cc ng pha, c bin Cn,

n = N N => F =

C e

n= N

+ Nu chn Cn = C-n => F = C0 +

2C
n=1

jk0nd cos

cosnu

28

- Bng cch chn cc h s cn thch hp c th lm gn ng mt kiu bc x

Fd(u) tu .
+ Ch : 0 - kod u kod l khong ng vi vng kh kin ; Tuy
nhin Fd(u) s c tng hp trong mt chu k - u .
* Mng Chebyshep : p dng c thit k mng vi rng nh nht cho mt
mc ph cho trc hoc ngc li mt mc ph nh nht vi rng cho trc . C
th s dng cc a thc Chebyshev tm ra phn b dng ph hp vi mc tiu thit
k. Phng php c ngh u tin bi C. L . Dolph mng Dolph Chebyshev
* Cc tnh cht c bn ca cc a thc Chebyshev
- nh ngha :
T1(x) = x , T2(x) = 2x2 1 , T3(x) = 4x3 3x,
T4(x) = 8x4 8x2 + 1 , Tn(x) = 2x Tn-1 Tn-2
- Tn(x)dao ng trong khong 1 khi x dao ng trong khong -11 v c n
nghim trong khong 1. Khi x>1, Tn(x) tng n iu
- Nghim ca Tn(x) c cho bi ;

1+ 2m
xm = cos m = cos
, m = 0 (n 1)
2n

(1)

- Xt hm:

T2 (a + b cosu) = (2(a + b cosu) 2 1) + 4ab cosu + b 2 cos 2u ,

C dng chui Fourier cosine hu hn n cos2u
Tng qut: Tn(a+b cosu) c dng chui Fourier cosine hu hn n cosNu v c
th tng ng vi mt h s mng ca mt mng 2N+1 phn t.
- H s mng ca mt mng ng pha i xng gm 2N+1 phn t c dng:
N

F(u ) = C0 + 2Cn cosnu

n=1

- Tng ng vi TN(a+b cosu) = TN(x). Cc h s a,b c chn sao khon kh

kin ca u tng ng vi gi tr ca x [ 1, x1 ] vi x1 > 1. Khi gi tr TN(x1)tng
ng vi gi tr ln nht ca F(u) k hiu F(u)max > 1. Cc cc i ph tng ng vi
1 x 1 c ln =1
Xt trng hp d

0
2

: khi 0

=> u = k 0 d cos thay i t k 0 d 0 k 0 d ,

bin x = a + b cos u thay i t a + bcosk0d -> a + b -> a + b cos( k 0 d ) = a + b cos k 0 d .

tng ng khong kh bin ca u vi 0 th gi tr xmax = a + b = x1

xmin = a + b cosk0d = 1

1 + x1 cos k 0 d
1 + x1
=

b
,
(2)
1 cos k 0 d
1 cos k 0 d
* Thit k mng c rng tia chnh cho trc: Gi im khng cui cng ca
Tn(x) trc khu x ri vo on [1,x1] l xz tng ng vi gc z v
hay a =

29

uz = k0 cosz , xz = a + b cosuz = a + b cos(k0d cosz )

Theo (1) =>
t h :

xz = a + b cosuz

(4)

cos u z + x z cos k 0 d

a = cos u cos k d

z
0

1 + xz
b =

cos u z cos k 0 d

a + b cos k0 d = 1

=>
a + b cos u z = x z

(3)

* T s mc chnh/ mc ph R:
TN ( x1 ) = TN (a + b) = R = cosh N cosh1 (a + b)

(5)

(6)
* Thit k: t (2) => a v b. rng tia chnh x, nh t x1 v xz cho bi (4), z
cho bi (3). Hoc tn a,b t (5) v R t (6). Phn b dng c tm t khai trin chui
Fourier ca Tn(a,b cosu)
Bi tp :
c thm mng Chebyshev v cc v d thit k.
2) Mng siu hng : c h s nh hng rt ln hn h s nh hng ca anten
mng ng nht mt chiu.
+ Xt mng c chiu di L c nh, gm 2N + 1 phn t, d =

L
c 2N im
2N

khng. Nu chng u nm trong vng kh kin v cc cc i ph rt nh so vi

cc i chnh (c rng rt nh) th mng s c h s nh hng rt cao.
+Thit k mng siu hng c tia chnh =
Vng kh kin :

=>

d=

=>

Phn b dng :

ng u = uo = 0

k0 L
k L
u 0
2N
2N

Dng mng Chebyshev vi L =

20dB thp hn)

0
4

c 7 phn t, mc ph = 0,1 mc chnh (hay

, a = 73,015, b = 74,556, x1 = 1,54

I 0 = 3,99.106 , I 1 = 3,006.106 , I 2 = 1,217.106 , I 3 = 2,072.105

* Mng siu hng ch c ngha ton hc v yu cu dng cung cp cho mi
phn t rt ln, hiu sut bc x rt thp li rt thp.
____________________________________________

30

 4.4 MNG CP IN CHO MNG

(feed netword)
+ Vn thit k mng dng truyn cung cp cc dng in c bin v pha
cho trc ti mi phn t c th rt phc tp v :
- Tr khng vo ca mi phn t chu nh hng ca tr khng tng h vi tt
c cc phn t khc .
- Trng hp yu cu s kch thch khng ng nht cn s dng mt s dng
mch chia cng sut vi tn hao thp
- S nh hng ca di tn cng tc ln s phi hp tr khng
+ Phng php tng qut : Chia mng thnh nhm hoc vng tu theo s i
khng chung ca mng. Cc vng tng t nhau s c nui bi cc mng nui i
xng
+ V d : Mng 9 phn t c chia thnh 3 nhm, mi nhm c nui bi 1
ng truyn n. Nh vy s kch thch ca mng s c tnh i xng cao, khng
ph thuc vo nh hng ca s phi hp tr khng v tr khng tng h. (hnh v)
Theo hnh v, c cc nhm c cng kch thch sau : (1,3,7,9) ; (2,8) ; (4,6)
+ Phng php chi tit : Mi phn t c ni vi ng truyn chnh nh mt
on ng truyn c di bc sng . Dng in trn mi phn t lin quan trc
tip vi bin v pha ca in th trn ng truyn chnh.
K hiu :
(hnh v)
+ Zf : Tr khng c trng ca ng truyn chnh
+ Za : Tr khng c trng ca on bc sng
+ Za,in :Tr khng ca phn t anten
+ Vf : Th ti u vo on bc sng
+

Dng ti u vo ca on bc sng I a = I a + I a

Vf = Za .Ia = Za (Ia+ + Ia )
+ Ti u vo anten phn t :

+ j 2
a

Iin = I e

j 2
a

+I e

= jYa .Vf

* V d : p dng nguyn tc trn cho 3 anten phn t

+ Cc dng trn cc phn t l ng pha v c bin t l vi Ya , Yb , Yc v :
- Th ti cc u vo cc im a a , b b , c c u bng nhau do khong
cch 0 nh nhau trn ng truyn chnh.
+ Tr khng vo ca c mng :

Z 2
Z in = a
Z a ,in

Z b2

Z
b ,in

Z c2

Z
c ,in

31

_______________________________________

4.5. MNG K SINH

+ Khng phi tt c cc phn t ca mng u l phn t tch cc (c kch thch
bi dng nui): driven element
+ Cc phn t th ng (nondriven element) c kch thch bi s cm ng vi
phn t tch cc v vi cc phn t th ng khc thng qua tr khng tng h gia
chng.
+ Mng thng c thit k bng con ng thc nghim. c bit n nhiu
nht l mng Yagi Uda.
1) Mng 2 phn t:
+Xem mng mt mng ca cp phn t 2 u.

V1 = 0 = Z11I1 + Z12I 2

V1 = Z21I1 + Z22I 2

Z12.V2
Z11V2
I1
Z12
=
,
,
I
I
=
=

2
=> 1
Z11Z22 Z122
Z11Z22 Z122 I 2
Z11

H s mng:

F(u ) = 1

Z12 jd jk0d cos

e
Z11

=> nhn c hng bc x cc i khi = o th:

d ko d = hay d = (k )
o

+ iu kin bc x theo hng ngc ( = ) bng khng (phn x ton phn):

d + ko d = 0, ; Z12 Z = 1
11

+ Nu

l1 <
l1 >

0
2

0
2

Z11 : dung khng ( dn x )

Z11 : cm khng ( phn x )

+ Gc pha ca Z11 thay i theo chiu di ca phn t 1

+ Tr khng tng h Z12 ph thuc vo khong cch d
+ Thc t, phn x tt th: (cng thc)
+ Nu l1 < l2 th phn t k sinh 1 tr thnh phn t dn x v hng bc x cc
i s hng v pha phn t k sinh
2) Mng Yagi Uda:
+ Nhc im ln ca mng k sinh l Ra ca phn t driven nh
- Vi phn t driven l dipole na sng Ra 20 khi c mt phn t k sinh
- Nu dng dipole gp th Ra 80 khi c mt phn t k sinh
32

- Di tn cng tc rt hp (~ 32%) v phi iu chnh tht chnh xc phn t k

sinh c kt qu ti u :

0 = Z 11I 1 + Z 10 I 0 + Z 11I1.....Z 1N I N

V0 = Z 01I 1 + Z00 I 0 + .... + Z0 N I N

........................................................
0 = Z N 1I 1 + Z N 0 I 0 + .....+ Z NN I N
+ Yu cu thit k:
Chn di v l i (do Zi)sao cho dng Ii c pha rin tha mn iu kin cng ng
pha vo trng bc x theo hng thun (hng t refector driver directors).
y l bi ton rt kh gii chnh xc .
+Thng gp: mng 810 phn t, G 14dB, ph hp vi %
+Cu trc n gin (u im)
____________________________________________

4.6 MNG LOG - CHU K

- L anten gii rng.
- C th c thit k hot ng gi tn bt k.
- Yu cu chung cho anten log_chu k dng lm anten thu l c rng di tng
3-1 hoc ln hn .
- Nguyn tc thit k ct yu l xy dng 1 cu hnh m kch thc ca n t iu
chnh 1 cch c chu k tu theo tng s hot ng.
- Mt anten hot ng tt bc sng 1 s hot ng tt boc sng 2 nu kch

thc ca n thay i 1 lng bng 1

2
Xt mng theo hnh v tho mn iu kin :

xn+1 ln+1 dn+1 an+1

=
=
=
= >1
xn
ln
dn
an
Mng s oc xc nh hon ton bi 2 trong s 3 thng s :

, = dn 2l v
n
- Nu tt c cc kch thc ca mng vi th phn t n tr thnh phn t n+1,
phn t n+1 n+2
Mng c cc c trng bc x nh nhau cc tng s f1, f2 =. f1, f3 = . f1.....
2

33

V ln

f
f2
= ln , ln 3 = ln 2 = 2 ln : nn mng c tn l log chu k.
f1
f1

- Thc nghim cho thy rng cn phi nui anten bng dy song hnh v to ra gc
lch pha 180o ca dng gia cc phn t lin tip.
- Ti mt tng s nht nh dnh trong tt c cc phn t s rt nh, ngoi tr phn
t s c chiu di tng ong bc sng /2(ph/ t cng hng )
- Dng in dc theo ng truyn s suy gim rt nhanh pha sau phn t cng
hng .
- C th b sau cc phn t cng hng tng s thp nht mt vi phn t cng
nh c th b i cc phn t ng trc phn t cng hng tng s cao nht 1 s
phn t.
- c trng bc x ca mng s tong t tng s n . f v n+1. f khi 1 .
- Cc tnh ton gn ng s dng cc chng trnh tnh s ch ra khong ti u
cho = 0,96 0,8 v = 0,18 0,14
- Ch = 0,96 li =12dB , = 0,8 , li =8 dB
====================================================

4.7. ANTEN DY DI
- Chiu di bng 1 s ln bc sng, c treo bi 1 s thp thch hp, hot ng
gii tng s t 2 30MHz;
- Cc dng thng gp: Anten hnh ch V, hnh trm, (nm ngang hoc ng) v
anten dy n nm ngang.
- a s anten dy di c th hot ng nh anten cng hng, khi dng trn n c
dng sng ng hnh sin. nhng anten ny thng hot ng tt 1 tn s nht nh
no v cc hi bc cao hn ca n.
- Tr khng vo ca loi anten ny rt nhy vi tn s, do di tn cng tc rt
hp.
- a s anten dy di cng c th hot ng ch khng cng hng (dng
in c dng sng chy) nu ni vo u cui ca n vi 1 in tr c gi tr bng tr
khng c trng ca anten, khi coi n nh 1 ng truyn sng. Khi di tng cng
tc c m rng ng k.
- Thng dng cho di sng ngn (2 30MHz) khi s dng sng phn x t tn
in li. Khi gc bc x ti u t 10 300 so vi phng nm ngang
- nh hng ca mt t l rt ln..
- Bi ton thit k ch yul nhn c hng bc x nh mong mun so vi
mt t sao cho vic truyn thng tin khong cch xa s dng s phn x t tn
in ly l ti u v tho mn yu cu cho trc v mt phi hp tr khng vi ng
truyn.
34

1) anten cng hng.

n0

l=
I ( x)

2
= I 0 sin k0 x

- Tng t tnh ton nh anten dipole na sng, s dng h to cc vi gc cc

, in trng E c dng :

E =

I 0 Z0
e
2r

n
jk0r + j (1+cos )
2

sinn sin2 ( )
2
n
.(1) .
sin

- Kiu bc x trong khng gian 3 chiu bao gm 1 s hnh nn( bp sng)

- S hnh nn = n
- Kiu bc x i xng qua mt phng v i qua im gia ca dy.
hng khng( =

) dy.

- n cc bp sng nhn hn, o

- Khi l Dmax cng vi in tr bc x.
- C th cp in 1 u hoc gia (h---)
- Tuy nhin do phn b khng i xng ca dng trong ng truyn, mt s bc
x s xy ra do bn thn ng truyn. khc phc, c th ni ng truyn ti tm
ca mt vng in((hnh v)
- Khi dng on chuyn tip 1 4 0 th c th ni in tr bc x ca anten vi cc

ng truyn song hnh c tr khng 600. tr khng c trng ca on 0 4 lc

ny s l Z c = 600Ra vi Ra: in tr bc x ca anten.
2) Anten hnh ch V
(hnh v)
- Trng bc x l chng chp 2 trng ca 2 nhnh.
- Thng chn o trng bc x tng tho mn iu kin cho trc.
- Chng hn, nu yu cu hng bc x cc i hng theo ng phn gic ca
gc to bi 2 nhnh ca hnh V th phi chn o = 21, vi 1: gc tng ng vi bc
x cc i ca mi nhnh; v d :

l =3

0 = 2 420 = 840
0
2

l = 20 0 = 2 360 = 720 . ( Tham kho phn 1)

- Dng in trn mi nhnh ngc pha nhau E ng pha hng ca ng
phn gic.

35

- to ra hng bc x cc i lm vi phng nm ngang mt gc , c th

dng anten V c 1 nhnh nm ngang, nhnh th 2 lm vi nhnh th 1 mt gc 0 <
21, v mt ca hnh V thng ng
(hnh v)
- c thm v anten trm ( Phan Anh )
3)anten dy di vi sng dng c dng sng chy;
jk x
- Do c ni tr R u cui m dng in trn dy c dng sng chy I = I0e 0
(hnh v)
- Trng bc x theo hng :
sink0l.sin2 ( )
l
2
jk I Z jk (r+( )(1cos ))

E = 0 0 0 e 0 2
sin.
4r
sin2 ( )
2
- Hng bc x cc i c xc nh bi :
tg
2
2
= 2
vi = k0l sin ( 2 )

k 0l

- Vi k o l >> 1 (hay k o l >> o ) th = 1,165

- Nu tnh ti s suy gim bin ng dng do mt mc nng lngtrn ng
jk xx
truyn th bin dng ti im c to x c dng I x = I0e 0
; h s suy gim
ch gy ra 1 thay i rt nh trong kiu bc x, thng c b qua.
* c im chnh ca kiu bc x l ch c 1 hnh nn bc x chnh theo hng
trc x.
- Nu l 0
- Nu l = n0 c 2n bp sng
* u im ca anten dy sng chy l tr khng vo ca n c th xem nh thun
tr, t ph thuc vo tn sdi tn cng tc rng. Hn ch ch yu l s mt i
xng ca cc bp sng khi tn s thay i.
4/ Cc nh hng giao thoa ca mt t :
- Trng bc x theo hng l tng ca trng bc x t anten v trng phn
t mt t. Trng phn x c gc chm pha tng ng trng bc x t anten nh
di mt t.
- Nu trng bc x ca anten trong khng gian t do c dng :

e jk0r
E = f ( )
4r

(1)

Th trng tng s c dng :

e jk0r
E = f ( )
1 + e j 2 jk0h sin
(2)
4r
* Biu thc trng (2) c dn tng ng nh ca 1 mng vi h s mng:

36

E( ) = 1+ e j 2 jk0h sin

(3)
* H s phn x ph thuc vo dn in ca mt t vo gc , v c tnh
phn cc ca trng theo phng ngang hay phng thng ng. Thng c th coi
mt t l mt dn l tng, khi : = 1 v = i vi trng phn cc ngang
=>

E( ) = 2 sin( k0 h sin )

= 0 vi phn cc ng =>

E( ) = 2 cos(k0 h sin )

______________________________________________

37

CHNG 5 ANTEN MT
5.1 BC X T MT MT PHNG, PHNG PHP BIN I FOURIER

+ C 1 lp rt rng cc anten tin dng hn gi l cc anten mt trong bc x

c coi nh t 1 mt m: anten parabol v anten loa.
+ Thng c kch thc mt m (khu )ln hn vi ln boc sng c li
cao, v do c ng dng ch yu di tng s viba.
+ Mt phng php quan trng nghin cu anten mt l dng bin i Fourier.
Mu cht ca phng php l: kiu bc x ca mt chnh l nh Fourier ca trng
ca mt bc x v s dng cc c trng ca cp bin i Fourier m t c im
ca anten mt.
- Trn hnh 5.1l 1 anten mt c din tch Sa nh x gc to , mt phngr z= 0

- Gi thit bin thnh phn tip tuyn ca in trng trn mt ca anten Ea

- Chng ta s i xc nh trng bc x trong min z>0 .
- Tng tng trng b mt Sa oc hnh thnh bi 1 phn b ngun thch hp
no pha sau anten z< 0. Chng ta s khng cn bit phn b ngun ny m ch
quan tm n trng trn b mt anten , bi v n s xc nh duy nht trng trong
na khng gian z>0.
* Php bin i Fourier :
- nh Fourier ca hm w(x) c dng :

W(k x ) = w( x )e jk x x dx

(5.1a)

V khi quan h ngc c dng :

1
w( x ) =
W(k x )e jk x x dk x
(5.1b)

2 -
- Cc bin kx v x ng vai tr tng t nh bin thi gian t v tng s gc
trong cc ph tn hiu ph thuc thi gian.
- Tng t vi hm 2 bin u(x,y) :

U(kx , k y ) = u(x, y)e

jkx x+ jky y

dxdy

u(x, y) = U(kx , k y )e

jkx x jky y

* Trong chng 1chng ta c quan h:

2
2
E
k
E

+
=0

0

=>
E = 0

dkx dky

(5.2a)

(5.2b)

(5.3)
38

* c trng ca ton t Fourier :

ds(t )

t
= j s (t )

dt

u( x, y)

x
= jk x x u( x, y)

2u( x, y)
2
x
= ( jk x ) x u( x, y)
x 2

2u( x, y)
yx
= k x k y yxu( x, y)

xy

(5.4)

(5.3) c th vit li di dng :

2
2
2
2

k
E
+
+
+
2
0 ( x, y , z ) = 0
2
z 2
x y

(5.5)
Ex + E y + Ez = 0
x
z
y

* Bin i Fourier h (5.5) =>

2
2
2
2
2 + (k0 k x k y ) E ( k x ,k y ,z) = 0
z

(5.6)

k x Ex (k x , k y , z) + k y Ey (k x , k y , z) + j z Ez (k x , k y , z) = 0
2
2
2
2
* t k z = k0 k x k y th (5.6) =>

2 E ( k x , k y , z)

+ k z2 E(k x , k y , z) = 0

z 2
=> Nghim tng qut ca (5.7) c dng :

E(k x , k y , z) = f (k x , k y ).e jkz . z

(5.7)

(5.8)

* Tm f (k x , k y ) : Thay (5.8) vo (5.6) =>

k. f = 0

(5.9)
* S dng php bin i Fourier ngc s thu c biu thc ca cng in

trng E(x, y, z) : ( s dng (5.2) v (5.8))

39

E ( x, y , z )

1
j k r
= 2 f (kx , k y )e dkx dky
4 -

(5.10)

* ngha ca (5.10) trong min khng gian z>0 in trng c dng ph ca cc

j k r

sng mt phng v hm f (kx , k y )e

l sng phng vi bin f , lan truyn theo

hng ca vector lan truyn k .

2
2
2
2
* : k z = k0 k x k y => k = k0

* Nu kz + kx > k0 => hng s sng kz l o cc sng phng trong vng ph ny

suy yu dn theo hng Z. Ni cch khc, ch c cac sng phng trong vng ph
2
2
2
tnh ng vi kx + ky k0 mi ng gp vo trng khu xa.
* Khi z=0 ta phi c iu kin bin :
2

1
E= 2
4

f (k , k )e
t

jkx x jky y

dkx dky

(5.11)

T ( 5.2 ) ta c :

f t (kx , k y ) =

1
jkx x+ jky y
E
(x,
y)
e
dx.dy
a
4 2
Sa

(5.12)

f t kt k x . f x k y . f y
f
=
=
* T (5.9) => z
kz
k02 k x2 k y2

(5.13)
r

* Nu tnh c tch phn (5.10) th xc nh c E , nhng iu ny ch d dng

thc hin khi r>> 0 hay kor>>1

jk0 cos jk0r

E
=
e
f (k0 sin . cos , k0 sin . sin )
r
(
)
(5.14)
Khi :
2r
* Nhn xt :
- Trng bc x khu xa t l vi nh Fourier ca trng b
mt vi (cng thc) l cc thnh phn ca vectorng ca sng cu lan truyn theo
hng (,).
- Theo hngZ,fz0v
cos1thng bc x c tnh theo
r
(5.14)+(5.12) v t cc i; E ch c
thnh phn Ex,Ey t l vi fx,fy .
r r
r

- V .E = 0 v k . f = 0 nn thng l ng phn cc ngang TEM

trong vng bc x (khu x)
40

_____________________________________________

41

5.2 BC X T MT MING CH NHT

- Gi thit trng trn ming l ng nht v cho bi :

E = E0 ax vi

x a
y b

= 0 vi cc gi tr khc ca x,y
(5.12) tr thnh

f t = 4abE0 ax

sin u sin v
u v

(5.16)

=> Cng trng bc x c cho bi (5.15) :

E( r )

jk0 4ab jk0r sinu sin v

=
e
(a cos a cos )
2r
u v

(5.17)

* Nhn xt :
- (5.17) c dng tng t nh mng ng pha 1 chiu
- C dng tng t nh ca kiu bc x trong vng kh kin ca khng gian
u,v vi u k 0 a, v k 0b
- Cc cc i ph c ln gim dn
* Trong mt phng = 0 :

E( r ) =

jk0 jk0r
sin(k0a sin )
e a 4abE0
2r
k0a sin

rng tia chnh :

BW =

(5.18)

vi a >> 0
a
____________________________________________

5.3 BC X T MING TRN

- Gi thit trng ng nht

E = E0 ax vi
=0

x2 + y2 a2

vi x 2 + y 2 > a 2

Khi :

f t = 2a E0 ax
2

J1 (k0a sin )
k0a sin
42

Trong J0(x) ,J1(x) l cc hm Bessel bc 0,1 loi 1.

* J1(x) tng t nh hm sin tt dn (hm lng gic c bin gim dn )
1

22
(
)
J
x

sin(x )
* Vi x>> 1
4
x
* th ca hm phng hngc dng tng t nh ca bc x t ming ch
nht, vi s suy gim nhanh hn ca cc cc i ph
3,832 0
BW =

a
R = -17,6dB
_________________________________________

5.4 MING VI TRNG NG NHT

C PHA BIN I TUYN TNH
Xt ming hnh ch nht vi cng trng c dng :

E = E0 ax e jx jy vi

f t = E0 ax

=>

y b

j ( kx ) x+ j ( k y b) y

dx.dy

(5.21)

ab

E (r ) =

=>

a b

x a

jk0 4abE0 jk0r sin(u u0 ) sin(v v0 )

(a cos a sin.cos ) (5.22)
e
2r
(u u0 )(v v0 )

- Kiu bc x trong h to u,v tng t nh ming ch nht ng nht vi cc

i ti u=uov v=vo, tc l:

k0 a sin . cos = u0 = a

k0bsin.cos = u0 = b
=>

tg = ,

(
sin =

+2
k0

1
2

=>c th iu khin hng bc x cc i tng t mn 2 chiu.

* Nu = 0 th hng bc x cc i nm trong mt phng = 0( hay mt phng
xoz) vi gc = 0 cho bi :

arcsin = arcsin 0
2
k0

43

- Hng khng tho mn iu kin u u o =

=>

BW = 2( 0 ) =

0
a cos 0

.5.5 MING VI TRNG C BIN GIM

T TM RA BIN:
xt ming ch nht vi phn b trng c dng

E = E0 ax (1

x
a

vi

y b

sin k b sin k x ( a )
y
2

f t = 2 abE 0 a x
k y b k x (a )
2

=>

(5.23)

( ) (a cos a sin.cos )
(5.24)
( )

u
jk0 abE0 jk0r sinv sin 2

E( r ) =
e
r
v u
2

=>

x a

- T s mc chnh trn mc ph R = 26dB

- Cc i chnh xy ra khi u = v =0

E
max

k0 abE0
r

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

44

CHNG 6: MING NG DN SNG ANTEN LOA.

-Ming ng dn sng( hnh ch nht hoc trn) thng khng c s dng lm
anten pht v tnh nh hng km, nhng thng c s dng lm b chiu x cho
anten parabol phn x

6.1 NG DN SNG CH NHT

- Xt ng dn sng ch nht c kch thc tit din ngang l a x b , ming ng
nh x trong mt z = 0
- Mode truyn sng ch yu l sng TE10 (transverse electric), c Ey, Hx, v Hz
x j z
e
E y = E 0 cos
a
x j z
e
H x = E 0YW cos
(6.1)
a
x
E y = E 0 cos
- Vi z = 0 =>
a
x
H x = E 0YW cos
a

* Ti gn ming ng xut hin sng phn x ca mode TE10 v cc mode bc coa

hn vi bin nh
* Nu ch s dng minh ng dn sng cho b chiu x, c th b qua cc mode
bc cao v coi trng trong mt z = 0 , ch 0 trn ming ng
- Theo nguyn l i ln ca

trng in t, c th coi tn ti
x
=
cos
J
E
a
ms
dng t mt
0 x

- Tng bc x khu x c tnh bi cng thc (5.15) vi fx =0 (theo 5.12, lu

Ex =0)

f y = 2 abE 0

[ ( 2 )] cos [k (a 2 )]
k (b ) (k a )
2

sin k y b

- Trong mt phng =

(6.3)

(yoz) , kx =0, E t l vi

fy =

abE 0

[ ( 2 )]sin
[k (b 2 )]sin

sin k 0 b
0

- Trong mt phng = 0, k y = 0, E t l vi

45

fy =

[ ( 2 )sin ] cos
(k (a )sin )
2

cos k 0 a

- Cng sut bc x ton phn theo (6.2)

ab
YW E02
4

Pr =
=> H s nh hng :

D = 4

r 2Y0 E

64 ab

2Pr
0 20
* nh gi h s nh hng: chng hn cho di X (8 12 GHz),

6.2 ANTEN LOA H

- nhn c trng bc x c tnh nh hng cao khi so vi ming ng dn
sng, c th m rng cc ming ng dn sngthnh cc anten loa.
- Nu ming ng dn sng ch nht c m rng trong mpanten loa H
(hnh v)
- Trng bc x t pha ming ODS v pha ming loa c dng mt sng tr trn
(hnh v)
- trng ming loa gn ng pha th gc m phi nh.
- li v kiu bc x s ging vi ming bc xng pha, nu lng sai khc v

pha ra ming loa v tm loa hay k 0 ( R2 R1 ) tg

4
4 4a '
4
Vy c ming loa rng thf gc m nh hn ch phm vi s dng( v loa
di).
- Nu b qua sai khc v pha v coi phn b trng ming loa tng t nh
trng ming ng dn sng TE10 th :

E a = E0 ay cos

vi

a'

x a'
y b'

2
2

- Trng bc x c tnh tng t trng hp ng dn sng ch nht vi a a

v hng s truyn sng :

( )

2
= k02 a'

1
2

k0

46

- H s nh hng : D = 10 , 2

a'b

20

- li G D
- Vi cng 1 chiu di ca loa th li s tng nu tng gc m . Tuy nhin khi
sai pha trn ming loa tng theo gim li
- Cc tnh ton l thuyt vi cng chiu di loa th li cc i nhn c do
tng rng ming loa a cho n khi sai pha 0,75 .

6.3 MING NG DN SNG HNH TRN

- Mode TE11 phn b in trng trn tit din thng (s dng h to cc ( , ))

E =

2 sin

J1 (1,84 )
a

(5.3.1)

dJ (1,84 )
2a cos 1
a
E =
1,84
d

(5.3.2)

(hnh v)
- Trong h to Decarte :

Ex = E cos E cos
(5.3.3)

Ey = E sin E cos
(hnh v)
- S dng tnh cht ca hm Bessel

E x = J 2 (1,84

) sin 2

E y = J 0 (1,84 ) J 2 (1,84 ) cos 2

a
a
- S dng cng thc tch phn Lommel :

(5.3.4)
(5.3.5)

E =

jk 0 jk 0 r 2
J (1,84 ) J 1 ( u )
e
2 a sin 2 a 2 1
r
u
1,84

(5.3.7)

E =

1,84 J 1 (1,84 ) dJ 1 ( u )
jk 0 jk 0 r 2
e
2 a cos
2
2
r
du
(1,84 ) u

(5.3.8)

* Nhn xt

47

- trong mp =

(mt E), kiu bc x tng t nh kiu bc x ca ming bc x

ng nht hnh trn (chnh 4_)

- trong mp = 0(mt H) kiu bc x hon ton tng t kiu bc x ca ming
ng ch nht. -h s nh hng c tm theo cch tng t nh vi ng ch nht

D=

66 a 2

(5.3.9)

0 20

6.4 LOA H.
- nhn c trng bc xc tnh nh hng cao hn so vi ming ng dn
sng, c th m rng(hay lm loe ra) cc ming ng dn sng thnh cc anten loa.
- Nu ming ng dn sng ch nhtc m rng trong mp H , ta c anten loa H,
- Trng bc x vo loa t pha ming ng s c dng sng tr vi cc mt ng
pha dng mt tr trn (hnh v)
- trng ming loa gn ng pha th gc m phi nh.
- li v kiu bc x s rt ging vi ming bc x ng pha, nu lng sai

khc v pha ra ca loa v tm loa hay k 0 ( R2 R1 ) tg 0

4

4a'

* Nhn xt : c ming loa rng th gc m phi nh loa di gii hn

phm vi ng dng.
- Nu b qua s sai khc v pha ca trng ming loa th c th coi phn b
trng ming loa tng t nh trng ming ng dn sng ng vi mode TE10

E a = E0 ay cos

x
a'

, vi

x a'
y b

2
2

- Trng bc x dc tnh tnh tnh trng hp ming ng ch nht 5.2

vi aa, vi hng s truyn k0

a' b
- H s nh hng : D = 10,2 2
0
- li (cng thc)
- Vi cng 1 chiu di ca loa, li s tng nu tng gc m. tuy nhin khi sai
pha trn ming loa tng v lm gim li. cc tnh ton l thuyt ch ra rng: vi
cng 1 chiu di loa th li cc i nhn c do tng rng ming loa a s t
c cho n khi sai pha 0,75.
--------------------------------------------------------------------48

49

CHNG 7 : ANTEN PARABOL

7.1 CU TO V NGUYN L HOT NG
- L anten c tnh nh hng tng i cao, s dng ch yu di sng cc ngn
(thng tin di ng v v tinh)
- Phng trnh mt parabol trong h to cc:
2f
r=
(7.1.1)
1 + cos
- c trng b mt parabol l tt c cc tia bc x xut pht t t tiu im (ni
t loa chiu x ) sau khi phn x u song song vi trc parabol c th p dng
cc nguyn l quang hnh tm trng trn ming parabol.
- Trong cc ng dng cho nghin cu bc x v tr, trnh nh hng ca nhiu
t mt t (c th lm gim nhy), ngi ta thng dng h thng chiu x th
cp. H parabol lc ny c gi l anten Cassegrain
_______________________________________________

7.2 Hiu sut ming bc x

1) Mt cng sut bc x trn ming parabol:
- K hiu g (,): cng sut bc x/ n v gc t theo hng (,) ca ngun
chiu x.
=> cng sut n mt phn x trong gc sindd l :
Pi ( ,) = g( ,).sin .d .d
(7.2.1)
- Mt cng sut tng t phi xut hin trong mt trn ming rsin d ds
(cng thc)
2) Tn hao trn: c trng bi hiu sut trn: t s cng sut c gng ph x
tr li/tng cng sut bc x ca b chiu x
P(,)r sin.d.d = g( ,).sin.d.d
(7.2.2)
Hay

P(,) = g( ,)

1 d
r d

(7.2.3)

- S dng (7.1.1) =>

4f 2 f 2
cos = 2
4f + f 2
2
(
1+ cos )
P(,) = g( ,)
= g( ,)

4f 2

(7.2.4)

16 f 2
(4 f 2 + f 2 )2

(7.2.5)

50

( )

4
Nu g ( , ) = const th P(,) = 4 cos 2

* H s nh hng ca b chiu x :
4 g ( 0 ,0 )
Df =
(7.2.7)
Pch

3) Hiu sut ming: m t tt c cc dng tn hao (phn b bin , pha v c

tnh phn cc)
- Trng trn ming:

E a (, ) == Ex (, ) ax + Ey (, ) ay
- Cng sut bc x ton phn t ming: gi thit sng l sng phng
2 a

Pa =

P( , ) .d .d
0 0

- Mt cng sut bc x trn n v gc c :

k 02Y0
1
2
2
Y0 r E =
2
8 2

2 a

( , ) .d .d

(*)

0 0

Nu cng sut bc x ton phn Pa t ming parabol c phn b ng nht vi

mt Pa / a2 th :

2P
Ea = a 2 1
a Y0 2

(**)

Khi trng trn ming l phn cc thng v ng pha. Trng ny to ra mt

mt cng sut trn n v gc di dc theo trc z l :

k02a 2 Pa
4 2

- Thng chiu thnh phn phn cc c s dng, chn thnh phn Ey, kh :
t s cng sut bc x do thnh phn Ey
Gi l hiu sut ming
mt cng sut bc x trn n v gc c
2

2 a

=
a

( , ) .d .d

0 0
2 a
2

(E

2
x

(7.2.9)

+ E y ) .d .d

0 0

+ Hiu sut ming c th c biu din bng tch ca 3 s hng, bao gm tn hao
do chiu x khng ng nht (1-i), tn hao do s khng ng pha ca trng ming
(1- p) v tn hao phn cc ngang (1- x), tc l:

= i p

51

g =

+ li trc :

I
Pin

4 I
Pin

Vi I: Cng bc x ca anten theo hng trc (watts/ n v gc c) ng vi

dng phn cc thng cho trc, Pin: cng sut t vo b chiu x.
+ Cng sut bc x bi b chiu x : PT =f .Pin
chiu x
+ Cng sut n ming parabol l:

vi

: l hiu sut ca b

S PT = Pa

G = S . f .4

=>

+ Tng qut :

I
Pa

I
G = S . f . x . p . i 4
a 2

* H s nh hng: Cng bc x t ming ng nht phn cc thng:

jk 0 E0 jk0r 2
e a a
E = E =
2r

=> Mt cng sut gc c :

1
Y0 r 2 E
2

k 02 E02
=
Y0 a 4
8

+ Cng sut bc x ton phn

D=

=>
+ Tng qut :

1
Pa = a2Y0 E02
2
(a 2 )

4
D = 2 (a 2 ) S . A
0
2
0

(7.2.10)
(7.2.11)

____________________________________________________

52

CHNG 8 : ANTEN THU

8.1 DIN TCH HIU DNG
+ Trong a s trng hp, c th dng nguyn l thun nghch kho st cc c
trng ca anten thu: Cc c trng ca 1 anten s dng thu sng in t rt gn vi
cc c trng tng ng ca anten khi n c s dng bc x sng in t.
Nu 1 anten c li G theo 1 hng cho trc khi bc x s c cng li
nh vy khi nhn bc x t cng mt hng khi sng ti c cng dng phn cc
+ tin kho st c trng nhn ca anten thang ta s dng khi nim din tch
hiu dng Ae sao cho nng lng nhn c bi anten bng mt nng lng n
trn n v din tch nhn vi Ae.
+ Khi nu iu kin v dng phn cc ca sng n v iu kin tr khng
c tho mn th:

20
G
Ae =
4
Vi anten ming Ae din tch thc ca ming
V Ae ~ din tch thc ca ming
+ c trng phn cc rca 1 anten c th c m t bi vic s dng thng s
chiu di hiu dng phc h .

V0c = h .Ei trong Ei cng in trng sng ti

Voc: Th h mchr thu c. Vi anten dipole
h ~ chiu di ca anten
nhng chiu di ca anten do phn b dng bt ng nht.
___________________________________________

8.2 CNG THC FRIIS

- Xt h R T antennas Anten pht c li Gt (t t)
gi Pin:cng sut t vo T anten
t : H s phn x ca ng truyn nui T anten
=> cng sut bc x ton phn l:
2
(1 t ) Pin
(8.1)
+ Mt cng sut trn n v din tch theo hng Ranten, khong cch r s l:
2

Pinc = (1 t )Pin.

Gt (t ,t )

4r 2

(8.2)
53

=> cng sut tn hiu thu c s l:

2

Prec = (1 r )Gr (r ,r )(1 t )

Pin
Gt (t ,t )
4r 2

(8.3)

Cng thc (8.3) l cng thc Friss

+ Nu iu kin v tnh phn cc khng tho mn th

Pin20
Prec = p(1 r )(1 t ) 2 Gr (r ,r )Gt (t ,t )
4r
2

Vi :

p =

h .Ei

(8.4)

(8.5)

Ei

54