Derivational morphology This branch of morphology aims to describe the formal relationships between lexical items and the

way in which new lexical items may be created. Affixation , compounding and conversion.

Affixation involves the addition of a bound morpheme to a root morpheme. Suffixation (usually changes the class of a word) Internal-ize ( adjective/ verb) Quick-ness (adjective/ noun) Friend-ly (noun/adjective) Walk-er (verb/noun) Slow-ly (adjective/adverb)

Prefixation doesnt change the class of a word) Anti-coagulant (negative prefix-against) Impossible (negative prefix) Unkind (negative prefix) Irregular (negative prefix) Inactive (negative prefix) Illegal (negative prefix) Re-write (again) Overdose( exaggeration)

Compounding involves the combination of more than one root eg waste-paper-basket,baby-sit, stop-light. In writing ,these roots are either joined together or attached by means of a hyphen. The examples have the following meaning relations: basket for containing paper that is waste,sit in and care for a baby while its parents are out,light to indicate stopping . They may be subject to inflexion eg babysitter, stoplights.

Conversion involves no addition of new material to a lexical item but merely a change in word class eg Tennis net (noun) / They netted as good haul of fish (verb). This last type deals with a synchronic/ diachronic historical matter.

Exercise 29. Indicate the meaning relation between the parts of the following English compound words: eg sunlight . Light given by the sun 1. daybreak the break of the day 2.frostbite a bite from frost 3. driftwood wood that drifts 4. popcorn corn that has popped 5. handshake a shake by the hand 6. brainwashing a washing of the brain (fig) 7. matchmaker one who makes matches

8. mincemeat meat that has been minced 9. drinking-water water for drinking 10. typing-paper paper for typing on 11. sleepwalking walking in ones sleep 12. sunbather one who bathes in the sun 13.homework work done at work 14. workbench bench for working at 15.motorcycle cycle powered by a motor 16. silkworm worm that produces silk

17. sawdust dust produced by sawing 18. doorknob knob on a door 19. tapemeasure tape used for measuring 20. handyman man who is handy 21. kettledrum drum shape like a kettle 22. soapflake flake of soap 23.cowshed shed for cows 24. butterfingers like someone with butter on their fingers (fig) 25. highbrow like someone with a high brow (fig)

Grammar and sentences A linguistic description,and consequently a language,is often regarded as being composed of THREE parts: phonetics/phonology,grammar and semantics. Phonology and grammar Phoneme-syllable-word (-tone group ) Morpheme word sentence

Homophones have the same phonemic structure or pronunciation,for instance: /bau/ bough,bow(of a boat),bow(incline the body),bow( inclination of the head or body.) Homographs have the same spelling and pronunciation,for instance: /maind/ mind; or same spelling but different pronunciation,for instance: lead/li:d/,/led/.

Grammatical units Sentences / Clauses / Phrases / Words units basic to grammar. Morphemes are units smaller than words. Phrase and clause Phrases are equivalent to the word groupings and Clauses to the larger units. We must consider ways of reprsenting the structure of sentences. In this course we shall be using tree diagrams.

S= sentence, cl = clause,ph= phrase,and wd= word. Bracketing: John kicked the ball and Harry caught it. S(cl(ph(wd: John)) (ph(wd:kicked)) (ph(wd:the)(wd:ball))) and (cl(ph(wd:Harry)) (ph(wd:caught)) (ph(wd:it)))

Exercise 11. Analyze the following sentences into clauses,phrases and words,representing your analysis by means of a tree diagram. 1. Go away! 2. Jim sold his bicycle to a friend. 3. Martha loves cats. 4.The two men were fishing for trout in the clear stream beside the woodmans cottage.

5. The commitee elected the oldest member president for the coming year. 6. Your aple pie looks really delicious. 7. Young Jim has been looking fo tadpoles in the village pond. 8. She gave him a look wich betokened trouble. 9. Old Mother Hubbard went to the cupboard to fetch her poor dog a bone. 10. When shee got there the cupboard was bare,and so the poor dog had none.

Word classes (part of speech) Open and closed classes For the closed classes the membership is fixed;in general not possible to add new members. For example: pronoun,numeral,determiner, preposition,conjunction. For the open classes new members are being constantly added. For example: noun,adjective,adverb.

Nouns The class of nouns is traditionally divided into a number of subclasses. Proper and common nouns Robert Brown,London,The Guardian. Chair,dog,rose Concrete and abstract nouns Table,bear,tree Truth,love imagination. Countable and mass nouns

Box,table,chair Flour,bread,mud BUT He wants some cake. She baked six cakes. She likes cheese. These five cheeses from Switzerland.