PLC ,AirConditioning and Mechanical Ventilation ,M&E, Automation စသည့္ Lecture (ကိုေကာင္းထက္ညႊန္႔)

ACMV LECTURES
1 2
Water Treatment Water Side Variable Air Volume (VAV) System Type of Maintenance The evaporative cooling process SS553:2009 (CP13) Solar Power Solar Power Refrigerant Refrigerant Pumping System Pumping System Pumping System Pumping System Pumping System Pumping System Pumping System Pumping System Pumping System Psychrometrics Psychrometrics Psychrometrics
Chemical Water Treatment Friction Losses in Pipes VAV B T M -
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The evaporative cooling process and Web bulb Temperature Outdoor Air Supply O F S C P
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8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Solar Power - An Overview R R - HFC-
Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read
Type of Pumps Pump Head Calculation Chilled water/ Hot water Distribution Configuration System Curves Pump Curves Pump Calculation Examples 1 Pump Calculation Examples 2 Understanding of Pump Head Pressuer Losses for Pump or Pump Head Introduction to Psychrometrics The specific heat Dry Bulb Temperature
23 24 25 26 27
Psychrometrics Psychrometrics Psychrometrics Psychrometrics Psychrometrics Psychrometrics Psychrometrics
Wet Bulb Temperature Dew Point Temperature Humidity Ratio and Relative Humidity Enthalpy Air Properties From Psychrometrics Chart (I) Air Properties From Psychrometrics Chart (II) Air Properties From Psychrometrics Chart (III) S
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Project Management Q Programmable Logic Controllers- Chapter 3
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Programmable Logic Controllers - Chapter 3 - Logic Concept
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Programmable Logic P r o g r a m m a b l e L o g i c C o n t r o l l e r s Controllers- Chapter C h a p t e r 2 - N u m b e r S y s t e m a n d 2

Codes PLC MV System Serving Essential Areas and Rooms Part (I)
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PLC MV System Serving Essential Areas and Rooms MV System Serving
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Essential Areas and Rooms Motor Drive Mechanical and Electrical Introduction HVAC Control Systems HVAC Control
MV System Serving Essential Areas and Rooms Part (II) Variable Speed Drives Lift Introduction to Building Automation System (BAS) Introduction To HVAC Control Systems Introduction To HVAC Control
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Systems
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Systems H -R B Read Read Read - - Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read ) ) Read Read Read
High-Rise Buildings M&E Het Exchanger Heat Transfer of Human Body Heat Exchanger Heat Exchanger Heat Exchanger Health Care Facility Global Warming Fans Fan Fan ETTV and RETV ETTV and RETV ETTV and RETV Equipment Control Engineered Smoke Control System Engineered Smoke Control System Energy Saving Guide Line Energy Saving Guide Line Energy Saving Bill Energy Saving
M&E H E
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Average Metabolic rate H H E E -
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
Heat Exchanger Maintenance Hospital Operation Room Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming Fan Curve Fan Law Multiple Fan Systems - Fans in Series and Parallel ETTV ETTV V ETTV V HVAC Control- Chilled Water Fan Coil Units Engineered Smoke Control System - Overview Engineered Smoke Control System - Example Calculation Energy Smart Office RETV
56
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Energy Smart Hotel Understanding on Energy Bill Heat Pipe
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Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency Electric Driven
Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) Energy Efficiency - kW/ton, COP and EER W T C D C C
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Refrigeration Machine Electric Driven
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Refrigeration Machine Decision Making Process Cooling Tower Chiller Plant Room Chiller Plant Room Chiller Plant Room Chiller Plant Room
Refrigeration (Vaporcompressio )
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Decision Making Chart C T )
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67 68 69 70
Over view of Chiller Plant Room Chilled Water System Design (I) Chilled Water System Design (II) Chilled Water System Design (III) Starting Sequence and Shutdown Sequece of Chiller Plant Room C E
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Chiller Plant Room
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73 74 75
Chiller Plant Room Chiller Plant Room Chiller Plant Room Chiller Plant Desing and Efficiency Chiller Chilled Water Pump
Read Read -C ) Read
Chiller Selection C S
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Chiller Plant Desing and Efficiency (Full Load) P
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machine (R 123 chiller)
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and Condenser Water Pump Power
Pumping Power Calculation
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Chapter-7 ( Part 3 of 3) Chapter-7 ( Part 2 of 3) Chapter-7 ( Part 1 of 3) 3) 3) 3) Chapter-1 Chapter 4 (Part 2 of 2) Chapter 4 (Part 1 of 2) Chapter 3 (Part 2 of 2) Chapter 3 (Part 1 of 2) Chapter 1
Ventilation ( Part 3 of 3)
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Chapter-2 (Part 2 of U n d e r s t a n d i n g P s y c h r o m e t r i c s
(Part 2 of 3)
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(Part 3 of 3)
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(Part 1 of 3) Fundamental and Basic Concept Air Compressors (Part 2 of 2)
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Air Compressors (Part 1 of 2) Distribution of Compressed Air (Part 2 of 2) Distribution of Compressed Air (Part 1 of 2)
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Fundamental Concept
Units of measurement)
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Chapter 1 Chapter - 6 (Part 2 of 3) Chapter - 6 (Part 1 of 3) Chapter - 6 (Part 3 of 3)
Introduction to Programmable Logic Controllers Fans and Blowers (Part 2 of 3)
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Fans and Blowers (Part 1 of 3)
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Fans and Blowers (Part 3 of 3)
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Chapter - 5 (Part 3 of 3) Chapter - 5 (Part 2 of 3) Chapter - 5 (Part 1 of 3) Chapter - 4 (Part 1 of 3) Chapter - 4 (Part 3 of 3) Chapter - 4 (Part 2 of 3) Chapter - 3 Air Handling Units (Part 2 of 2) Chapter - 3 Air
Air Distribution Systems (Part 3 of 3) Air Distribution Systems (Part 2 of 3) Air Distribution Systems (Part 1 of 3) Cooling Towers (Part 1 of 3)
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Cooling Towers (Part 3 of 3)
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Cooling Towers (Part 2 of 3)
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Chapter - 3 Air Handling Units (Part 2 of 2)
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Handling Units (Part 1 of 2)
Chapter - 3 Air Handling Units (Part 1 of 2) C C A
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Chapter - 2 Chapter - 1 Building M&E Systems Building Automation Systems (BAS) Direct Digital Controllers (DDC)
S (Application)
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Fundamental and Basic Concept Scope of Building M&E Systems
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Direct Digital Controllers (DDC)
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Building Automation A u t o m a t i c C o n t r o l S y s t e m s i n System System

Buildings
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Building Automation I n t e g r a t e d B u i l d i n g
Management System (IBMS)
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Building Automation B u i l d i n g A u t o m a t i o n S y s t e m
Introduction to Building
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System
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Automation System (BAS)

Basement Car Park Carbon Monoxide Monitoring and Ventilation Fan Control System Load and Air Flow Estimate Alarm Processing AHU Cooling Coil A -H U Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read L Read Read Read Read Read Read
Basement Car Park Ventilation ASHRAE Pocket Guide Alarm Air Side Air Side Air Side Air Side Air Side Air Side Air Side Air Side Air Handling Unit Air Handling Unit Air Handling Unit Air Conditioning Systems Air Conditioning Systems Air Conditioning Equipment Air Conditioning Equipment Air Conditioning Equipment Air Conditioning
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112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
Variable Air Volume (VAV) System- Introduction Duct Sizing Methods Friction Losses in Duct 1 Friction Losses in Duct 2 Dynamic Losses D E Unit AHU Blower Specification Air Handling Unit and Fire Mode A C S S ) P
121 122 123
Components of Air Handling
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125
Approach Temperature
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Turbo Machinery
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C C
T T
) P ) -
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Equipment
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Air Conditioning AHU Cooling Coils AC Induction Motor AC Induction Motor AC Induction Motor AC Induction Motor AC Induction Motor AC Induction Motor AC Induction Motor AC Induction Motor D
How to air-condition outdoor spaces AHU Cooling Coil Specification Motor Speed and Slip Understanding motor nameplates Energy Saving from Motor Efficiency Estimation of Motor Loading Power Factor Supply Voltage to Motor Insulation, Service Facotr and Enclosures M L
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C Networking
Networking Code of Practice for Air -
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conditioning and mechanical ventilation in buildings
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Water Side > Water Treatment > Chemical Water Treatment >
B C W W C C W C AHU C FCU T C C C W A C C E
) S A C
A C R S ) H T
S T A C C C
E C L C W
O C C T
L L L
C O O
W C L L ACMV S W
C HVAC T
Closed Loop Chiller Water System C L C C S H H T T P AHU FCU C ) P W W C L S S C W C W
Heat transfer coefficient vs. Fouling
C F S
Overall heat transfer Overall heat transfer B ) B
C C 92 B
BTU
F) C
BTU
F)
W C
S L
C C C T
L L A L -
C C
W W
Conductivity (micro S) H C FTU) T L -FAU FTU) H C W
A H T FTU)
C FTU)
) ) T
FTU)
Open Loop Condenser Water System O L C Scale Formation S Ca S S F S F F W
Scale Formation C O L Inside Corrosion C O C Sodi C C C W C S
Biological Fouling C C ) B T Microbiological Controls, Corrosion Rate Controls and Water Quality Paramete C Microbiological Controls cooling tower sys C
M M )
C G
Frequency Monthly Once every 3 months Once every 6 months Once every 6 months Once every 6 months Control Criteria < 100,000 CFU/mL Negative detection Negative detection Negative detection < 500 CFU/mL
1 2 3 4 5
Microbiological Analysis Standard Plate Count Legionalla Pneumophilla Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Denitrifying Bacteria Pseudomonas
The above test should follow international standards Standard Plate Count CFU CFU Legionalla Pneumophilla L P C C Corrosion Rate Controls
Corrosion Rate Analysis Mild Steel Copper Test Method Control Criteria < 1 mpy < 0.1 mpy
) C L L
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria L
Pseudomonas Bacteria
CFU
1 2
ACMV S B Corrosion R ) G S C S
Water Quality Parameter Controls
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Water Quality Analysis pH Value Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) Iron (Fe) Copper (Cu) Zinc (Zn) Chloride Total Hardness
Test Method Field Test Kit & Laboratory method APHA 3120B Field Test Kit & Laboratory method APHA 3120B Field Test Kit & Laboratory method APHA 3120B Laboratory method APHA 3120B Laboratory method APHA 3120B Laboratory method APHA 3120B Laboratory method APHA 3120B
Control Criteria Between 7 to 8.8 < 3000 ppm < 1.00 mg/L <0.50 mg/L <2 mg/L < 500 ppm Cl <800 ppm
Service Provider can provide an alternative equivalent method but subject to Owner approval. C V C C T T C C C Z Z ) Z Z ) C C C ) C C ) I F ) I F ) C D D S S C C TDS) C Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) C C HV C H
S C R ) W T W S
C C
T W C
Water Treatment
ACMV L
(1 Lectures)
Air Conditioning > Water Side > Friction Losses in Pipes >
Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)
Content Chapter - 1 Fundamental and Basic Concept Chapter - 2 Understanding Psychrometrics Chapter - 3 Air Handling Units Chapter - 4 Cooling Towers Chapter - 5 Air Distribution Systems Chapter - 6 Fans and Blowers Chapter - 7 Ventilation
Friction Losses
1 Air Side 2 Water Side 3 Air Side 4 Air Side 5 Air Side
ACMV L
Friction Losses in Duct 1 Friction Losses in Pipes Friction Losses in Duct 2 Dynamic Losses D S P L E
(6 Lectures) Read Read Read Read ) Read Read
6 Pumping System Pressuer Losses for Pump or Pump Head
To download all ACMV lecuters in PDF format
Air Side > Variable Air Volume (VAV) System > VAV Box
>
V V
VAV) VAV)
- VAV B S VAV B VAV B ) ACMV
VAV B (1) pressure drop across the box; VAV B
(2) ability of the VAV box controller to measure and control the desired minimum and maximum airflow set points; VAV
(3) first costs of the VAV box, its installation, and controls; VAV
(4) noise generation; and
(5) space constraints.
(1) Pressure drop across the box; VAV B M P ) P VAV B P P VAV B VAV B Pressure Dr B A ) VAV B ) T P D A F R D ) P D ) VAV ) VAV B D ) D P VAV B VAV B ) ) D
) T P D
P )
0.7 inch of S P
P ) D
VAV B V F R R NC CFM P VAV B VAV B D
D M A
VAV B D P A F D R CFM ) A F VAV B R CFM Pressu D P D D A F Air Flow Rate 1000CFM R CFM) D D )
VAV B D
P B S
(2) ability of the VAV box controller to measure and control the desired minimum and maximum airflow set points; VAV
VAV
M VAV M M I D
M ) M M VAV
(3) first costs of the VAV box, its installation, and controls; VAV VAV B VAV ) (4) noise generation; VAV B ASHRAE
(5) space constraints. VAV B C VAV B I P ) VAV B VAV B P P I T VAV B P C )
Pressure Independent VAV Box P VAV B I VAV B
Pressure Independent control
T )
VAV B
Variable Air Volume (VAV) System
ACMV L
Maintenance > Type of Maintenance > Type of Maintenance -
>
T M -
Demand Maintenance S Preventive Maintenance S S S Comprehensive Maintenance P M S S B T S B S P E E S T
Predict Maintenance P P V E S M P D Performance based Maintenance S C E W RT Maintenance

1 Type of Maintenance T M
P A C I C T P
P T
T I
E C P
W RT
ACMV L
-
(1 Lectures)
Cooling Process > The evaporative cooling process > The evaporative cooling process and Web bulb Temperature >
Content Chapter - 1 Fundamental and Basic Concept
Chapter - 2 Understanding Psychrometrics Chapter - 3 Air Handling Units Chapter - 4 Cooling Towers Chapter - 5 Air Distribution Systems Chapter - 6 Fans and Blowers Chapter - 7 Ventilation
evaporative cooling process
ACMV L
Air conditioning > SS553:2009 (CP13) > Outdoor Air Supply >
SS SS
CP CP
) O ) C S
A S S P C P SS CP ) M EC ACMV C CP
ACMV
) A C O O S S O A ) A S A S ) )
SS
CP
N C
A ) C
) P C T
O A ) C
A C (How to use table) T O SS A S CP ) C ) C
W F L ASHRAE S
O L S ) A ) L S ) O CMH) A )
A S
Renewable Energy > Solar Power > Ocean Financial Centre
>
C O F S C
A S S P G P
P S P S
P P
M A
BCA B
HIT
SANYO HIT
HIT T amorphous silicon type so
conversion e SANYO R D HIT amorpho
BCA)
PV) S
www.bca.gov.sg/publications/others/handbook_for_solar_pv_systems.pdf
PV) S
An Overview 1.1 Introduction PV ) PV
PV e DC ACDB)
DC
PV AC
DC)
Types of Solar PV System S PV ) ) PV
Grid-connected solar PV systems PV P ) PV of the PV PV PV size AC PV ACDB) G G PV
Off-grid solar PV systems O ) PV PV B Off-gri deep cycle rechargeable batteries (lead-acid ) B ) PV ) off-grid solar PV
Solar PV Technology PV )
PV PV m )
PV PV
PV
PV
PV PV PV PV PV
electri
PV
Figure 6 illustrates some of these technologies.
Crystalline Silicon and Thin Film Technologies C ) T PV sem ) Conversion Efficiency Technology Mono-crystalline Silicon Poly-crystalline Silicon Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) Table 1. Conversion efficiencies of various PV module technologies Module Efficiency 12.5-15% 11-14% 10-13% 9-12% 5-7% ) -
) PV PV C C E STC) ) C E (for the same nominal capacity under Standard Test PV PV PV
PV )
Effects of Temperature
T R P C C
The loss in power output at 70C= (70 - 25) x temperature coefficient
Technology Crystalline silicon CIGS CdTe a-Si
Temperature Coefficient [%/C] -0.4 to -0.5 -0.32 to -0.36

-0.25
-0.21
Table 2. Temperature coefficient of various PV cell technologes
PV C
PV
R R R
H M ) C H R C ) R R E G R R CFC ) CFC E R M R C R R R Refri P ) C C
C P Refrig R C A C R G ) CFC ) R P R T P
) HCFC HCFC F ) HFC hy
HCFC
D P D P R HFC HFC ) HFC
F Hydrofluorocarbons HFC
) HC
A C
R R R
CFC-
A C
HCFC-
A C
HFC-
R F R H C R C
R T F C O R - ODP G W R ) )
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R HFC-
- HFC CFC )
HFC) ) )
R HFCRefrigera
R ) R ) HFC) (O CFC ) CFC ) ODP) chemical pr R CFC HFC
CFC
HFC HFCHFCH HFC-
HFC-
CFC-
CFC-
CFC-
CFC-
HFC-134
(optimize the ) HFC D CFCHFC )
HFC-
CFC
HFC HFC HFC R
WT WT HFCC
Chiller
Positive pressure refrigerant HFC) M E ASME) ASME ) R Smaller Footprint HFC CFC HCFC ) C C R ) ) C American Society of )
HFC Less Oil Waste HFC Increased Safety HFC ASHRAE S C HFCA lu HFC HFCCFC HCFC HFC) ) CFC HFC HCFC
HFC
C P T NH ) ) ) SO2
SO )
H O) Thermal Decomposition HFCD ) ) ) R)
Pumps ) C W C AHU FCU C W C C
C condenser c W C System ACMV C C T W
C C C C
C S W W P C Opened C
C ACMV
)E )I S P P
) Horizontal Split Case Pump ) V S C P
End Suction Pump H H V
Inline Pump Vertical
Horizontally Split Case Pump H H Horizonta
Vertically Split Case Pump
Vertical
unique pipe sizing, pipe length, and fitt V E ) )
P Z H F F ) P P H H )
AHU B P P P constant flow applications such as condenser C W O ) C L FCU C W F C W )
Pump Head Calculation
T ) PSI PSI )
Head (ft. of water)/2.31 = PSI and PSI x 2.31
= Head (feet of water) P across the pump (i.e., 70 feet/2.31 = 30 PSI.) P ) P PSI of differential pressure
S S S S H H fr
System head = total discharge head - total suction head )
H = hd - hs The total discharge head is made from three separate heads: hd = hsd + hpd + hfd

hd = total discharge head hsd = head) = ) = P ) O S E static
The total suction head also consists of three separate heads hs = hss + hps - hfs

hs = total suction head = hps = suction surface pressure head ( Ope S ) = P ) E static head)
"a )
O W C
S W
ACMV T T
C )
Begin with the total suction head calculation T =F 2. The suct = ) E E ) O ) = P ) The liquid level in the suction tank
) friction loss calculati
) T P
hs = hss + hps - hfs = -6 + 0 - 4 = -10 feet of liquid gauge at rated flow
The total discharge head calculation 1. The static discharge head is: = T hpd = 0 feet, gauge T F V F E O = ) ) the suction surface pressure
hfd = 25 feet at rated flow 4. The total discharge head is: hd = hsd + hpd + hfd = 125 + 0 + 25 = 150 feet of liquid gauge at rated flow The total system head calculation: H = hd - hs = 150 - (-10)= 160 feet of liquid at rated flow Note: did you notice that when we subtracted a minus number (-10) from a positive number (150) we ended up with a positive 160.
chart section
P H Specifications: T S ) V P -A S 5. Discharge piping rises 40 feet vertically above the pump centerline and then runs 400 feet horizontally. There is one 90 flanged elbow in this line. D V S V ) G S G I E D B chart section
6. Suction piping has a square edge inlet, four feet of pipe, one gate valve, and one 90 flanged elbow all of which are 6" in diameter. S T V one 90 f
To calculate suction surface pressure use one of the following formulas:

inches of mercury x 1.133/ specific gravity = feet of liquid pounds per square inch x 2.31/specific gravity = feet of liquid Millimeters of mercury / (22.4 x specific gravity) = feet of liquid pu
Total suction head calculation 1. The suction side of the system shows a minimum static head of 5 feet above suction centerline. Therefore, the static suction head is: hss = 5 feet 2. Using the first conversion formula, the suction surface pressure is: hps = -20 Hg x 1.133/ 0.98 = -23.12 feet gauge 3. The suction friction head, hfs, equals the sum of all the friction losses in the suction line. Friction loss in 6" pipe at 1000 gpm from table 15 of the Hydraulic Institute Engineering Data Book, is 6.17 feet per 100 feet of pipe. in 4 feet of pipe friction loss = 4/100 x 6.17 = 0.3 feet Friction loss coefficients (K factors) for the inlet, elbow and valve can be added together and multiplied by the velocity head:
FITTING
6" Square edge inlet 6" 90 flanged elbow 6" Gate valve 0.50 0.29 0.11
FROM TABLE
32 (a) 32 (a) 32 (b)
Total coefficient, K = 0.90 Total friction loss on the suction side is: hfs = 0.3 + 1.7 = 2.0 feet at 1000 gpm. 4. The total suction head then becomes: hs = hss + hps - hfs = 5 + (-23.12) - 2.0 = -20.12 feet, gauge at 1000 gpm. Total discharge head calculation 1. Static discharge head = hsd = 40 feet 2. Discharge surface pressure = hpd = 0 feet gauge 3. Discharge friction head = hfd = sum of the following losses : Friction loss in 6" pipe at 1000 gpm. from table 15, is 6.17 feet per hundred feet of pipe.
In 440 feet of pipe the friction loss = 440/100 x 6.17 = 27.2 feet Friction loss in 6" elbow:
from table 32 (a), K = 0,29 from table 15, V2/2g = 1.92 at 1000 gpm. Friction loss = K V2/2g = 0.29 x 1.92 = 0.6 feet The friction loss in the sudden enlargement at the end of the discharge line is called the exit loss. In systems of this type where the area of the discharge tank is very large in comparison to the area of the discharge pipe, the loss equals V2/2g, as shown in table 32 (b). Friction loss at exit = V2/2g = 1.9 feet
The discharge friction head is the sum of the above losses, that is: hfd = 27.2 + 0.6 + 1.9 = 29.7 feet at 1000 gpm. 4. The total discharge head then becomes: hd = hsd + hpd + hfd = 40 + 0 + 29.7 = 69.7 feet, gauge at 1000 gpm. c. Total system head calculation: H = hd - hs = 69.7 - (-20.2) = 89.9 feet at 1000 gpm.
Chilled water/ Hot water Distribution Configuration
ACMV
HVAC
) ) (individ L ) the direct return
reverse return systems
C C bran C )
C ) C C T S T C ) seconda C C C )
) )
the primary system produces more chilled or hot water than what the secondary system consumes, the flow of water in the decoupler pipe will be from supply header to return header.
On the other hand, if the secondary system requires more water than that produced by the primary system, the flow of water in the decoupler pipe will be from return to supply. C RT US C C W )
seconda
In such primary-secondary systems, hydraulic isolation allows the secondary pumps to vary the flow (usually using variable speed drives) with building load while maintaining a constant flow of water through the primary circuit.
System Curves P ) ) and static head differences in
Closed System
Open Sy C O S )S C S R Answer; P G F ) M CHM P C T C B B C C S C O S )S P P
Pressure Head & Square of Condenser water Flow Rate Pressure Head= C x Square of Condenser water Flow Rate ( C is a constant) -----Delta P = P2 - P1 = 0.4 D P=P -P = E ) = ) ) = )
2.1 bar = C x 4000( Square of Condenser water Flow Rate) 2.1 = C x (4000X4000) C = 2.1/(4000X4000) = 0.000000131 S R E
P = 0.000000131 x Square of Q + 0.4
C S
P P
CMH
P = 0.000000131 x Square of Q + 0.4 P = 0.000000131 x (3500x3500) + 0.4 P = 2.0 bar Open systems the static pressure difference or independent pressure due to height difference is added to the system curve. The system curve is parabolic in shape since the pressure losses in the system are proportional to the square of the flow. Distribution System Pump Curves P Z H F F P P H H ) ACMV L
AHU B P P P constant flow applications such as condenser C W O ) C L FCU C W F C W )
P Friction loss C S ) F ) V (durin )
pump c F R F R )
AHU FCU ) ) )S ) actua fl S T U
S S
reducing the speed of the ) variable VFD )
adjustable frequency AFD ) VSD VSD R H F R H F VSD )
Better Pump Efficiency
S N
C A B
AF
C C A B D P D A
AP
A C B
BP
)A ) A ) W pump speed is reduced to provide the design water flow of 20 L/s?
L L
the pump
What will the reduction in pump power consumptionbe if the
) T drops of 80 kN/m2 and 40 kN/m2, respectively. If the water flow rate required is 150 L/s, calculate the saving in pump power for the condenser
pressure
water pump if the chiller with the lower pressure drop is used instead of the chiller with the higher pressure drop.
)A
P = ) ) L
Q1 _ 120 L/s P1 _ 55 kW N1 _ 1400 rpm N2 _ 1120 rpm Q2 = Q1 x (N2/N1) = 120 x (1120/1400) = 96 L/s P2 = P1 x (N2/N1)3 = 55 x (1120/1400)3 = 28 kW
) W) F F (power & speed3). P Affinity Law F P A
) H L E S
L L P From pump affinity laws, the pump speed can be reduced to give the design flow as follows: N N _ = )= ) = 4.5 kW VSD W F P Flow rate 10 L/s F
Reduction in pump power consumption =15 4.5 = 10.5 kW E P Pump Ma p M )
F W
L F
W S
C C N C A
conden N Chiller A C B L
pressure C B
A N )
Understanding Pump Head Pump Head S T H TDH)
H output H Static Head (Static Head, ft) = (Discharge Head, ft) - (Suction Head, ft) S D ) H H (rec D H C ) S H ) vertica ) )
C )
N S H
H D H st = ) S )
)- )=
(Static Head, ft) = (Discharge Head, ft) - (Suction Head, ft) = (125, ft) - (-5, ft) = 130ft H the pump datum poi P S H ) ))=
(Static Head, ft) = (Discharge Head, ft) - (Suction Head, ft) = (25, ft) - (+15, ft) = 10ft
C T C S C B H H W P C P S H ) D H T C B C H T B C B C W P
(Static Head, ft) = (Discharge Head, ft) - (Suction Head, ft) = (15, ft) - (+10, ft) = 5ft
Friction Head
P T ) ) and reducing ) minimizing pipe length ) )
(length o
Major Head Loss - head loss or pressure loss - due to friction in pipes and ducts. Minor Head Loss - head loss or pressure loss - due to components as valves, bends, tees and the like in the pipe or duct system
Friction losses M H L Dyn mi loss s M H L
Pipe Size (flow velocity) Pipe Length Pipe material F P T D ) ) ) ) Minor H L D H =F M H L D
changes in flow area (Velocity) Change in Flow Direction Obstructions Minor Head Losses
Minor Head Losses )
) B
) T Dynamic M TDH) H L ) F M TDH H L )
SUCTION HEAD & TDH PROBLEMS EXAMPLE: The influent pump discharges into a channel where the liquid level is 14 feet above the pump datum line. The pump draws its suction from a wet well, whose water surface is 5 feet above the pump. The friction head is 5.6 ft. Determine the Static Head, in feet. Static Head, ft = (Discharge Elev, ft) - (Suction Elev., ft) Static Head, ft = (14 ft) - (5 ft) = 9 ft Static Head Calculate the Total Dynamic Head (TDH), in feet. TDH = (Static Head, ft) + (Friction Head, ft) TDH = (9 ft) + ( 5.6 ft) = 14.6 ft TDH PROBLEM: The influent pump discharges into the grit chamber, where the liquid level is 8 feet above the pump datum line. The pump draws its suction from a wet well, whose water surface is 2 feet above the pump. The friction head is estimated at 2.5 ft. Determine the Static Head, in feet. (Ans: 6 ft) Calculate the Total Dynamic Head (TDH), in feet. (Ans: 8.5 ft) PROBLEM: The polymer makeup pump discharges into the solution tank, where the liquid level is 8 feet above the pump datum line. The pump draws its suction from a sump, whose water surface is 2 feet above the pump. The friction head is 1.5 ft. Determine the Static Head, in feet. (Ans: 6 ft) Calculate the Total Dynamic Head (TDH), in feet. (Ans: 7.5 ft) SUCTION LIFT & TDH PROBLEMS EXAMPLE: The influent pump discharges into a channel where the liquid level is 14 feet above the pump datum line. The pump draws its suction from a wet well, whose water surface is 3 feet BELOW the pump. The friction head is 6 ft. Determine the Static Head, in feet. Static Head, ft = (Discharge Elev, ft) - (Suction Elev., ft) Static Head, ft = (14 ft) - (-3 ft) = 17 ft Static Head Calculate the Total Dynamic Head (TDH), in feet.
TDH = (Static Head, ft) + (Friction Head, ft) TDH = (17 ft) + (6 ft) = 23 ft TDH PROBLEM: The influent pump discharges into the grit chamber, where the liquid level is 8 feet above the pump datum line. The pump draws its suction from a wet well, whose water surface is 2 feet below the pump. The friction head is estimated at 2.5 ft. Determine the Static Head, in feet. (Ans: 10 ft) Calculate the Total Head (TDH), in feet. (Ans: 12.5 ft) PROBLEM: The raw water pump discharges into the sand trap, where the liquid level is 18 feet above the pump datum line. The pump draws its suction from a sump in the reservoir, whose water surface is 2 feet below the pump. The friction head is estimated at 4 ft. Determine the Static Head, in feet. (Ans: 20 ft) Calculate the Total Dynamic Head (TDH), in feet. (Ans: 24 ft)
Pump Sizing Example ( Open System)
P losses Friction Losses Dynamic losses F L C
H P S F V
Friction Losses
Dynamic
) P
changes in flow area (V ASHRAE H -F
F F
)P D )W
D = F = ) P P D P P D L = CMH = L -V F R L L )
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Friction Losses. L -V F R V V ) C
Dynamic losses Number of Valve = 6 ( Gate Valve, fully open) Number of Stariner = 2 ( take pressuer loss to be the same as for fully open globe valve) Number of pipe bends = 15 ( 90 Degree Standard elbow)
Number of Valve = 6 ( Gate Valve, fully open) K
Pressure drop for fully opened gate valve = K x density of water x Velocity x Velociyt / 2 Pressure drop for fully opened gate valve = 0.05 x 1000 kg/ cu m x 1.7 m/s x 1.7 m/s/ 2 = 72.25Pa/Gate Valve For 6 Valves x 72.25Pa/Gate Valve = 433.50Pa
Number of Stariner = 2 ( take pressuer loss to be the same as for fully open globe valve) K Pressure drop for fully opened globe valve = K x density of water x Velocity x Velociyt / 2 Pressure drop for fully opened globe valve = 5.7 x 1000 kg/ cu m x 1.7 m/s x 1.7 m/s/ 2 = 8236.5Pa For 2 Strainer x 8236.5Pa = 16473.00 Pa
Number of pipe bends = 15 ( 90 Degree Standard elbow) K Pressure drop for fully opened globe valve = K x density of water x Velocity x Velociyt / 2 Pressure drop for fully opened globe valve = 5.7 x 1000 kg/ cu m x 1.7 m/s x 1.7 m/s/ 2 = 346.8 Pa/ elbow For 15 elbow x 346.8 Pa/ elbow = 5202 Pa
Pressuer losses across heat exchanger= High of Water (H) x Desity of Water x G = 5m x 1000 x 9.8m = 49,000 Pa Cooling Tower Static Head = High of Water (H) x Desity of Water x G = 4m x 1000 x 9.8m = 39,200 Pa
)C P ) )W )P F D 150Pa/m L = CMH = L P )
D P
F P D
) P D
L )
Content
Chapter - 1 Fundamental and Basic Concept Chapter - 2 Understanding Psychrometrics Chapter - 3 Air Handling Units Chapter - 4 Cooling Towers Chapter - 5 Air Distribution Systems Chapter - 6 Fans and Blowers Chapter - 7 Ventilation
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Programmable Logic Controllers - Chapter 3 - Logic Concept

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http://www.acmv.org/ebook/PLC_Chapter_03.pdf
Programmable Logic Controllers Chapter 2 - Number System and Codes

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Content
Variable Speed Dirve (VSD) or Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) M E ) I S S M M L C L C F
P L P D L C V V F E H ) S M S D D ) VSD) S C
Maxim
L S
C D
S E P )
C VSD) D V ) F D P
S AC M )
VSD)
VFD)
120 x Frequency (Hz) Synchronous Speed = -------------------------------Number of Poles F S N ACMV H S S S Synchronous Speed - Full load (Actual / Measured) = ACMV S M S S S F S A M H )= F P = AC P H ) H M P Poles AC motor T ) S S F H )
P H incoming electrical power F

50 Hz 25 Hz 10 Hz 5 Hz
VSD
VSD
Single Phase induction moto
H )
Motor Synchronous Speed of 4 Pole motor

1500 rpm 750 rpm 300 rpm 150 rpm
VSD VSD
VSD
rectifi
AC C T IGBT ) S F AC
DC
Insulated Gate B DC
C AC
AC
VSD Singan D D VSD P P T
S C T A S
) VSD V G DC
C I C S
S S C
) VAV S
ACMV System
Chiller Compressor E S C C C P L VSD
Air Handling Unit VSD V S S Chilled Water Pump VSD W W P F R S C VSD W P C C C P C ) A V P A H C U S VAV AHU) A H -D A T T U CAV AHU)
A V
CAV AHU A V
Chiller manufacturer R
Condenser Water Pump C C W P VSD ) C W C Chiller F R R
Cooling Tower Fan Motor E S C T F M VSD
Mechanical Ventilation Fan Energy S F C VSD M B C C P M V C V M F S R C P MV VSD
Installation of VSD On Site Problem Total Harmonic Distortion VSD T P D S C VSD H H D F D D S C VSD Total Harmonic Dist H H VSD D T H F D )
)
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Chapter-5 Introduction to Building Automation System (BAS)

Contents
I W B B B C F S M B A -Level Controllers -Level Controllers L S Management Processor (Baisc Function) A on B A B S A A A B S C
BAS T D T S Eq M M G A M C S U Q A S I C I k A z R G
. Introdu tion B B
A M
BAS) )
BMS)
- B C
BAS)
)
.. Wh t is Building Autom tion?
) BAS BAS)
) BAS ) )
BAS BAS
- B
BAS)
O )
Commerc ) M
B BAS A
L C ) ) ) ) PLC) BAS Cost-effectiveness/saving energy Communication via bus systems and networks C F
Building Control
.. Building Autom tion
Building Automation Building Control A ) ) BAS commercial building G E ) Functio
- BAS B ) BAS ) DDC ) Special DDC ) BAS central DDC system c ) ) ) C ) S ) ) O E brain) BAS C
D ) D BAS ) Primary field D D D C commu ) BAS ) Data acquisition and processing ) ) Control Communication and information management ) ) Sensors and transducers ) ) ) ) Actuators and control devices Direct digital controllers (standalone or networked) T S PDU ) ) ) DDC ) DDC) ) O C ) DDC)
) Diagnostic functions
) Digital communication system
- B ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Electrical power supply system UPS, regulated power supplies, and power conditioning equipment Standby/emergency power supply system Ventilation and air-conditioning system Primary and emergency lighting system Passenger and goods lifts/elevators Fire alarm and protection systems Noxious fume detection systems(e.g. in chemical plants) Access control, intruder alarm and security systems ) W ) Domestic hot and cold water supply systems, water treatment plant etc
.. B n fit of Building Autom tion Syst m
Integration
BAS
H F S F
) )
Central or remote control and monitoring of building operations Efficient use of building resources and services High productivity Rapid alarm indication and fault diagnosis Good plant schematics and documentation Low operating cost Reducing energy costs Reducing operational manpower costs Reduced maintenance costs & downtime Incr I ) Effective monitoring and targeting of energy consumption. Good control of internal comfort conditions Possibility of individual room control Increased staff productivity Improved plant reliability and life Effective response to HVAC-related complaints Summary of Infometrics Benefits ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Reduced energy consumption and energy cost Prioritization of equipment maintenance Reduced downtime caused by mechanical equipment failure Improved facility operations Ongoing commissioning of mechanical systems and control systems Reduced risk of indoor air quality problems Identification of profitable mechanical retrofit opportunities Improved occupant comfort Knowledge of facility energy consumption patterns and trends ) Integration with information technology systems . Building Automation System Architecture .. Configur tion BAS F Architecture
B B ) ) ) A
A BAS) M S F )
BAS)
level) Z A Management level controllers
- B
BAS)
- B B A
A BAS
BAS)
) J C BAS BAS N
S )
-) BAS N ) M ) S ) L F
-)
A DDC
operator workstation
- J
BAS
- J -) BAS ) Management Level
BAS BAS
) ) )
Integration Level F A C L L
- L BAS IT) S C F s
.. Fi ld-Level Controllers
BAS architecture I T automated syste valve VSD V BAS A )
VSD
F )
F )
) adjus
) F P C O T -L
POT) POT
S -
.. Syst m-Level Controllers
S ) D ) O ) F ) F
BAS
(maintenance)
S -
BAS ) system-level co
C HVAC EMS
ACMV
Johnson Controls Building Automation System(BAS) architecture
- J
..
C
v l
Management Processor
BAS
n g m nt
M S ) ) O
) W
) S ) ) management Level
- J
- M M
- I
One-to-one room temperature sensing ) I
O O ) ) ) ) Graphics operator interface Generation of reports S ) B
- B
A F )
- Three-level functional hierarchy PC management leve ) IO )
) SCADA ) P
M ) ) (processes) M M ) historical handling alarms )
- B BAS B M S
g performance
- BAS . Building Autom tion Syst m Building Au S ) Alarm detection/management ) Scheduling
- H (Baisc Function)
) Trends (short-term storage) and historical data (long-term storage) ) Totalization ) O ) C

.. BAS Tr nd logging
T ) R Trend Data T )
- T ) ) - ) ) power C T ) ) Parame BAS ) ) ) )
ding power demand )
memory N -
A A )
- T
Memory Storage
) RAM F F M F GFB M RAM M RAM F M F RAM RAM RAM
- J
BAS N
A ) BAS BAS
.. D t An lysis nd R port G n r tion
fun
D energy consumptio
Seven Essential Reports ) Big Picture Energy (normalized use and consumption) ) Consumption (details by energy type) ) Production (including efficiency of production) ) Electrical Energy (usage, peak demand, reactive power, power factor) ) Energy Cost (easy to configure overview) ) Equipment Runtime (hourly, including number of starts/stops) ) Load Profile (demand profile by day) Other standard reports may be: ) All point summary ) ) ) ) Alarm summary Disabled Points Log Controller Status Summary Applications Summary BAS ) ) ) Point summary Alarm summary Limits summary ) ) ) Lockout summary Off-line summary Override summary
) Single System Summary (single AHU or single chiller)
Applications Summary ) ) ) ) Alarm detection/management Scheduling Trend logs/Trend Summaries Totalization BMS D ) ) Optimal start ) Custom control applications ) Demand limit / load rolling ) Tailored Summaries ) ) P
.. Tot liz tion
F T
) total
) Analog calculates consumption from flow ) Runtime counts elapsed time in a specified condition ) Event counts number of occurrences
.. S h duling
E S ) B
startin ) )
) ) S one year calendar) e
AHU
AHU
- BAS S manual time T ) Start and stop a point ) Change alarm limits, warning limits or set point ) C
) Lock/unlock point reporting or point control ) Demand limit target setting ) Load rolling target setting ) Trend point enable/disable for a point ) Totalization enable/disable for a point ) Alarm summary
.. Equipm nt Int rlo ks
BAS ) E cooling C E B
Equi
-
.. t ring
energy management software
DDC
-)
..
onitoring
)
Graphic
BAS BAS
SMS -
BAS ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Main screen for each building
Flow diagram for every air handling unit Flow diagram for chiller system Fire/security plan for every floor Plumbing system diagram Electrical system diagram Vertical transportation system diagram Point history graph for all analog points Real-time graph for all analog points
- AHU
Chille d water syste m grap hic
-)
BAS S
- VAV B
.. Al rms
opening percentage)
A
.. int n n
S h duling nd Inv ntory Control
M
.. Controls
BAS R ) ) ) Point summary Alarm summary Override summary ) ) D C BAS ) Off-line summary
.. Softw r fun tions
BAS ) ) Configuration Commissioning ) Monitoring ) Commanding
) BAS
Data archiving
ss l v l
) S )
.. Us r A
Level 1 = View Data L Level 2 = Command L Level 3 = Operator Overrides L Level 4 = Database Modification L Level 5 = Database Configuration L Level 6 = All privileges, including Password Add/Modify L
. Qu stion
) Explain the difference between building automation and building control.
) What is an operational system interface? ) Why are most commercial buildings nowadays equipped with building automation? ) Is Limiting Peak Demand an energy saving function? ) Give examples of energy management functions that can be used in hotel rooms. ) What kind of comfort and convenience functions can be implemented in a private residential building? ) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using standardized bus systems and ) Networks in building automation? -End-
Introduction To HVAC Control Systems

Introduction To HVAC Control Systems C C L
C G C - C C A R L T
g 26 Normal Position M Operating
C PDF F http://www.acmv.org/ebook/Into_to_HV...tro_System.pdf ) C ) )C ) C )C C ) HVAC S )O )T ) M )D )C C C S E C ) ) ) ) R L C S L ) C C S L modulating P P) Norma I) N C S B HVAC ACMV S C
Study Objectives
Derivative (D)control
) C C C ) A Con C A A C )
M C
Closed-loop manu
S ) D S ) C C ) A ) HVAC R S S C ) S S Peak co ) ) ) C A D
C C S C
A A
Set S )
C ) S HVAC
HVAC S
HVAC S HVAC
automa O S )
thermal
HVAC S HVAC ) E M ) C S
C )
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functi
S E Safety control function C
HVAC E
conta D constant pressure v
C B ) S -
Modulat )
)S ) ) ) A ) D
-powered controls
ASHRAE -H C G I )
Hybrid cont H
. Control Loop (Speed) (accelerator) speed speed speedometer (Speedometer) (accelerator) speed engine accelerator Control point ( control decision control variable) controller speedometer (accelerator) control loop speed speed
accelerator C
1-1
information information Sensor controller Controller
schematic speedometer
Control loop ) controlled variable speed speed speed
set point
instruction
output
accelerator
Controlled device (accelerator)
process plant (car engine) Control loop essential element heating coil set point (temperature) (control point) control point Controller Valve error signal ) process plant coil output signal opening position sensor sensor
Process plant Controlled variable Controller Controlled device Set point control point 1-2 / controller (set point) valve (Heating medium flow rate supply air coil controller cycle information desired output error steam ( ) hot water ( C controller sensor error set point ) heating source fan supply air air-heating system
system sensing system controller controlled variable feed ( ) closed loop
controlled variable feedback control
Controlled device variable device sensor
process plant
Controlled output signal controlled
controller
controller set point
Open-loop control system feedback
controlled variable Open-loop control
controller
sensor ) control valve control valve
(direct link) outside air temperature supply air temperature controller control
Controller outside air temperature controller control valve (response)
(feedback
controller open-loop sense
control variable
Open-loop control system
end result (presume
variable sensed by the controller ) closed-loop control
indirect connection heating load
outdoor air temperature performance
open-loop control open-loop control system continuous control system Time clock occupancy sensor Reset control adjust open-loop output 1-3 open-loop control predetermined schedule boiler set point heating system capacity control loop output second control control loop
constant space temperature HVAC
open-loop control closed-loop control setpoint outside temperature open-loop output Reset control control ability input essential element
on/off
continuous control
open-loop control heating supply water temperature ( ( heating load Cascading sensor controller ) )
Outside temperature
controlled device,
process plant
control system
(complex) system sensor controller
elementary control loop package
Sensor
controller Stat sensor controller
- thermostat humidistat Enclosure
pressurestat
Stat
controlled device control damper (air flow control
control valve (steam ) velocity ) measurement sensor actuator Damper Actuator valve
hot water device
control
Controlled variable cooling system variable
temperature humidity pressure Controlled variable sensor ( controlled L
Hydronic heating system pressure control physical force Actuator accuracy signal (accuracy)
temperature velocity
accuracy controller
controlled device (valve)
controlled device (valve) control system control system
Actuator characteristic (term)
(fundamental)
HVAC Control Systems
ACMV Lecture
High-Ris Buildings
http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2008/07/m-for-high-rise-buildings.html http py phyon ing-n t. logspot. om high-ris - uildings-m.html
C C 1. Architectural Design 2. L S ) 3. S 5. W R H S ) 6. Electrical Distribution, Wiring & Voltage Drops 7. ELV Signals 8. Lightning Protection P ) 4. Ventilation P S M ES L
M ES
MEP S
1. Architectural Design
I.
Penthouse Design
E E O ) E E C T E F E
II.
Flattop Design
E
-World Trade Center
U -L
Cooling Tower M E
A H
E
New York
III.
Intermediate Floor Bands Design
I I F F
M EE M ES F
IV.
Signature Design
S C T -T
2. Life Safety
A ) R
(Office Premises, M T H -R
Shopping Malls, Retail Outlets, A T B C

o
) W ASET > RSET ) )
O B )
o o
ASET A RSET R
S S
E E
T T
E. Structural Safety (Passive Fire Protection) i. Purpose Groups

o
Comp Fire Applia
ii.
Fire Appliance Access

o
iii.
Walls & Floors

o
FRR F D
R ) )
iv.
Means of Escape
o
E ) E M E ) ) R F G F A M E ) S
o o
E
o o o
Unprotected Areas, leading direct to exit Protected Areas, leading direct to exit P T Staircase
o
S S T W L
M ) M ) M ) )
o
- NFPA T W
P I )S B N V L
F )
v.
Elevator use for Evacuation
E US NFPA C
E Architect E
NFPA Code : An elevator complying with the requirements of Section (x.x) and (x.x.x) shall be permitted to be used as a second means of egress from towers, as defined in (x.x.xxx), provided that the following criteria are met:
i.
The tower and any attached structure shall be protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section (x.x.)
ii. iii. iv. v. vi.
The tower shall be subject to occupancy not to exceed 90 persons. Primary egress discharges shall be directly to the outside. No high hazard content areas shall exist in the tower or attached structure. One hundred percent of the egress capacity shall be provided independent of the elevators. An evacuation plan shall be implemented, specifically including the elevator, and staff personnel shall be trained in operations and procedures for elevator emergency use in normal operating mode prior to fire fighter recall.
vii.
The tower shall not be used by the general public.
E E E Piston Eff L E F C E E P S
F.
G. Fire Protection Modes M ES . Fire Detection, Alarm and Communication Systems

o o
M ES
Heat Detectors / Smoke Detectors H A D S F A S D )
C
o
communication Systems
Fire Brigade
Public Address Systems
i.
Extinguishing Systems
o o o o
Portable Fire Extinguishers Sprinkler Systems Standpipes (Wet / Dry Rising Mains) Fire Hoses (Hose reels)
B R H S G S Fire Eng S ) S
Sprinkler
Systems D S C
ii.
Emergency Lighting and Standby Power G

o o
Electric Fire Pumps Emergency Command Center / Fire Command Center Equipment & Lighting Fire Lifts (serving all floors) Mechanical Equipment for Smoke Proof Enclosure Power for Detection, Alarm, and Communication Systems Emergency Lightings
o o o o
iii.
Emergency Command Center E 2. F section of this Code 3. Fire detection and fire alarm system annunciation panels 4. E ) 5. Sprinkler valve and waterflow annunciators 6. Emergency generator status indicators 7. Controls for any automatic stairway door unlocking system 8. Fire pump status indicators 9. Telephone for fire department use with controlled access to the public telephone C C ) ) service panels and controls where required by another
1. Voice fire alarm system panels and controls
H.
o o o o o o
F S A C R
I ) ) ) )
Faulty Electri
I.
o o o o
J. H .
Dupont Plaza, Puerto Rico
E B G F
o o

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Dupont Plaza fire/San Juan, PR-12.31.86 (Part 1) Dupont Plaza fire/San Juan, PR-12.31.86 (Part 2)
i. ii.
MGM Grand fire (November 21, 1980)
Fire at Las Vegas Hilton (February 10, 1981)
3. M ES
o
P O P S B
M ES ) M EE S S C D S B Unde P F ) )U O -F S O -F L S L ) )D D I
C E E
o
H S
Delivery of Supplies, Fuel Storage
U S
F C U P P M EC ) C U M E P P P L
S C Building C R T B C
M EC )I L
Central Plant Location . C P R S Arc i. ii. iii. D ) iv. v. vi. S T M M EE E ) Boilers, Chillers, Liquid Filled S E F T W F C P H P ) ) ) ) L M EE O O A S A S E E A D A U D ) C
vii. viii. ix. x. xi.
M ES C P E V A S M C
C C P -H N A A E T
M EP M EP M EP Architect's Conce
xii.
R F U A F F W T S S ) F F
A E T T
Ground Floor (or) Basem ) B
Cooling Towers
o
P P R T E C
T M F S A I A C T F A
AHU
o
AHU
AHU Components
o
M M N C
B B
A R P D R P
AHU P
) R P
AHU P H
o
A W E A HEPA F S A ) BOTH R -H H P M I I UV UV S A
z L
A W
F L L C C F I S A C R C A ) C Run S
F )
C H
S C S
P -C AHU E
Around Coils
o
B -H
Water Tanks and Pumps

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K E S L P Pu SYABAS
T
o
) P P H F P P
Wet riser S )
4. 5. Ventilation )
Temperature Stack Effect

o
H B I
CFD C
6. Water / Hydronic Systems Pressure
P C R V
C C L Cavitation V F F P S B V P C P I P V P B F ) F
va P
P B
C P R V C C
7. Electrical Distribution, Wiring & Voltage Drops 8. ELV Signals 9. Lightning Protection
http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2008/07/m-for-high-rise-buildings.html
H H
E E
) )tr H ) C H ) H H E ) L L R ) ) W H G )
H R
S ) L H E ) )
(phase ch S ) ) ) S
FUNDAMENTALS H ) H E )
Q A U LMTD LMTD C H H T E overa
logarithmic mean temperature (less than 1.0) Heat Exchanger
) H ) T E U H E
temperature cross)
H (T2 < t2).
A H
load co F
LMTD LMTD surface area
the approach temperature (the difference between T2 and t ) H T S A)
LMTD
TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS A )C )C P Refriger
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers U) ) ) both )
Tube ) U-Tube.
) Straight-Tube.
) Shell-and-Coil.
Heat Transfer of Human Body - male adult (W) H C C C R S C R H S E
Convection
Radiation
C C R D B MRT E Dry Bulb temperature, RH, A A
Air Con S
ISO ASHRAE C C C C
ASHRAE
ISO
Average Room Dry Bulb Temperature (oC) Metabolic 28 27 26 Typical rate Application male Sens. Lat. Sens. Lat. Sens. Lat. adult (W ) Cinema, theatre, school 100 50 50 55 45 60 40
Degree of Activity
24 Sens. Lat.
22 Sens. Lat.
20 Sens. Lat.
Seated at rest
67
33
72
28
79
21
Seated, Computer very light working work Office work Hotel reception, cashier
120
50
70
55
65
60
60
70
50
78
42
84
36
130
50
80
56
74
60
70
70
60
78
52
86
44
Standing, Laboratory walking 130 work slowly Walking, seated Servant, Moderate hair work dresser Light bench work 150 160
50 53 55
80 97 105
56 58 60
74 92 100
60 64 68
70 86 92
70 76 80
60 74 80
78 84 90
52 66 70
86 90 98
44 60 62
Mechanical 220 production 250 300
55 62 80
165 188 220
52 70 88
158 180 212
70 78 96
150 172 204
85 94 110
135 156 190
100 110 130
120 140 170
115 125 145
105 125 155
Moderate Party Dancing Fast walking Mountain walking
Heavy work
Athletics
430
132
298
138
292
144
286
154
276
170
260
188
242
Plate Heat Exchangers P ) E ) ) P ) p col
P P P G B G C E G Welded. P Brazed. B closed-system a EPDM)
MP
) MP
) C
NBR) ga
cassette
heat exc
Double-wall heat exchange D -
G COMPONENTS HVAC
double-wall p
H C P
ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code
Shell-and-Tube Components
) Shells
) Baffles, tube supports, tie rods, and spacers ) Tubes ) Tubesheets ) Heads
Shells
Baffles, tube supports, tie rods, and spacers vel
Tubes
) )
Tubesheets T pitch
Heads C cast
Plate Components
C F S P
H C C
fixed frame
S C NPT
P NPT carbon
ANSI S
Movable pressure plates M
Plate packs stainless
press
Compression bolts plates
M F
Fixed frame
Carrying and guide bars
cha
Support columns
plate heat
Splashguards
Drip pans
APPLICATION H
ASHRAE Handbook
) ) ) (isolation) ) ) -
H H C F
(evaporators, condensers, and liquid coolers)
SELECTION CRITERIA A Thermal/Mechanical Design Shell-and-tube heat exchang P
Thermal Performance. H H higher coefficient of heat transfer) F F ) U Thermal Stress. ) thermal stresses H ) G thermal thermal H heat exchangers c U ) ) )
Pressure Drop. Fluid velocity and normal limitations on tube length tend to result in relatively low pressure drops in shell-andtube heat exchangers. Plate units tend to have larger pressure drops unless the velocity is limited. Often a pressure drop limitation rather than a thermal performance requirement determines the surface area in a plate unit.
Fouling. Often, excess surface area is specified to allow for scale accumulation on heat transfer surfaces without a significant reduction
of performance. This fouling factor or allowance is applied when sizing the unit. Fouling allowance is better specified as a percentage of excess area rather than as a resistance to heat transfer. Shell-and-tube exchangers with properly sized tubes can handle suspended solids better than plate units with narrow flow channels. The high fluid velocity and turbulence in plate exchangers make them less susceptible to fouling. The addition of surface area (tube length) to a shell-and-tube exchanger does not affect fluid velocity, and, therefore, has little effect on thermal performance. This characteristic makes a fouling allowance practical. This is not the case in plate units, for which the number of parallel flow channels determines velocity. This means that as plate pairs are added to meet a load (heat transfer surface area) requirement, the number of channels increases and results in decreased fluid velocity. This lower velocity reduces performance and requires additional plate pairs, which further reduces performance. Cost On applications with temperature crosses and close approaches, plate heat exchangers usually have the lowest initial cost. Wide temperature approaches often favor shell-and-tube units. If the application requires stainless steel, the plate unit may be more economical. Serviceability Shell-and-tube heat exchangers have different degrees of serviceability. The type of header used facilitates access to the inside of the tubes. The heads illustrated in Figures 3, 6, and 7 can be easily removed without special pipe arrangements. The tube bundles in all of the shell-and-tube units illustrated, except the fixed-tubesheet unit (Figure 6), can be replaced after the head is removed if they are piped with proper clearance. The diameter and configuration of the tubes are significant in determining whether the inside of tubes of straight-tube units can be mechanically cleaned. Figure 7 shows a type of head that allows cleaning or inspection inside tubes after the channel cover is
removed. Plate heat exchangers can be serviced by sliding the movable pressure plate back along the carrying bars. Individual plates can be removed for cleaning, regasketing, or replacement. Plate pairs can be added for additional capacity. Complete replacement plate packs can be installed. Space Requirements Cost-effective and efficient shell-and-tube heat exchangers have small-diameter, long tubes. This configuration often challenges the designer when allocating space required for service and maintenance. For this reason, many shell-and-tube selections have large diameters and short lengths. Although this selection performs well, it often costs more than a smaller-diameter unit with equal surface area. Be careful to provide adequate maintenance clearance around heat exchangers. For shell-and-tube units, space should be left clear so the tube bundle can be removed. Plate heat exchangers tend to provide the most compact design in terms of surface area for a given space. Steam Most HVAC applications using steam are designed with shell-andtube units. Plate heat exchangers are used in specialized industrial and food processes with steam.
INSTALLATION Control. Heat exchangers are usually controlled by a valve with a temperature sensor. The sensor is placed in the flow stream of the fluid to be heated or cooled. The valve regulates flow on the other side of the heat exchanger to achieve the sensor set-point temperature. Chapter 46 discusses control valves. Piping. Heat exchangers should be piped such that air is easily vented. Pipes must be able to be drained and accessible for service.
Pressure Relief. Safety pressure relief valves should be installed on both sides between the heat exchanger and shutoff valves to guard against damage from thermal expansion when the unit is not in service, as well as to protect against overpressurization. Flow Path. The intended flow path of each fluid on both sides of a heat exchanger design should be followed. Failure to connect to the correct inlet and outlet connections may reduce performance. Condensate Removal. Heat exchangers that condense steam require special installation. Proper removal of condensate is particularly important. Inadequate drainage of condensate can result in significant loss of capacity and even in mechanical failure. Installing a vacuum breaker aids in draining condensate, particularly when modulating steam control valves are used. Properly sized and installed steam traps are critical. Chapter 10 discusses steam traps and condensate removal. Insulation. Heat exchangers are often insulated. Chapter 23 of the 2005 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals has further information on insulation.
If you are intend to purchase a shell and tube heat exchangers, you must consider 7 critical factors before deciding to purchase one. Consider the following: 1) Heat exchanger tube diameter The diameter of the tube can be manipulated by the provider. A key point to consider is the nature of the particular liquids used in the pipes. Smaller pipes warrant will clean faster, yet more pipes may be less effective and less compact with respect to space. 2) Thickness of the tube The thickness of the pipe refers to several factors. Corrosion, flow resistance, axial force, pressure, and the availability of spare parts in connection with a heat exchanger tube thickness. 3) Heat exchanger shell diameter and tube length A heat exchanger costs is directly influenced by the shell diameter and tube length. Customers who are concerned about the cost of heat exchangers questions which the longest length of pipe to provide without compromising its effectiveness. The possibility of long tubes may be limited because of the limited space, specific job specifications, capabilities and replacement. 4) Tube corrugation
The corrugation of tubes influences the performance of a shell and tube heat exchanger. Corrugated cardboard, the tube increased turbulence of fluids in turn deliver better results. 5) Tube Layout T T layouts to consider: triangular, twisted triangular, square and rotated square. Triangular tube facilitates a better heat transfer, while the square tubing provides a longer period of purity. 6) Tube pitch T te but interconnected tubes. A general rule determines the pitch of a pipe shall not be less than 1.25 times the outside diameter tubes. 7) Heat exchanger baffles B B les prevent tubes from sagging, and can also prevent them from vibrating. Baffle spacing is important in relation to pressure drop and heat transfer. Baffles closely shared a greater pressure drop causes, but still too far apart may cause cooler spots between them.
Heat Exchanger Maintenance https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.134946433355032.1073741850.100438533472489&type=1
k H E E M F M P S H E H E M H
H E F according to transfer process Fig ( 3 ) 2.Classification according to number of fluids
1.Classification
Fig ( 3 ) 3.Classification according to surface compactness Fig ( 3 ) 4.Classification according to construction Fig ( 3 ) 5.Classification according to flow arrangement Fig ( 4 ) 6.Classification according to heat transfer mechanism
Fig ( 4 ) 7.Classification according to type of construction
Fig ( 5 ) 8.Classification according to how energy is supplied Fig E PDF F
C L k
S E
P D
Mechanical Cleanin T A S T W E T S T P T S J P C C T E C R P T C
A C R T S
L CGO M T
Tube Expand
F T T E
F L
A k
T E F
T T
k F
A (
T F T S W W S
R T
T T T T
S T S T G OD
T E
T S P
OD T k T Tube S T E T T F
S T
G S
S E
Fig ( 12
F S q
T q
T q
Content Chapter - 1 Fundamental and Basic Concept Chapter - 2 Understanding Psychrometrics Chapter - 3 Air Handling Units Chapter - 4 Cooling Towers Chapter - 5 Air Distribution Systems Chapter - 6 Fans and Blowers
Chapter - 7 Ventilation
Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
S R
H R R G G G G G ) H )
R R
infrared radiation
W W P
G )
) ) ) ) ) P ) S ) ) G W (ozone) - PFCs -SF6
carbon dioxide -CO2) (Methane - CH4) -N O - Hydrofluorocarbons HFC(R134a, R410a)
Gas Water vapor Carbon dioxide Methane Ozone
Formula H2O CO2 CH4 O3
Contribution (%) 36 72 % 9 26 % 49% 37%

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_list_of_greenhouse_gases
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Greenhouse_gas?topic=49554
Carbon Dioxide) G W ) I R ) ) C
G W
(Image Copyright: Michael Pidwirny, Data Source: Neftel, A., H. Friedli, E. Moore, H. Lotscher, H. Oeschger, U. Siegenthaler, and B. Stauffer. 1994. Historical carbon dioxide record from the Siple Station ice core. pp. 11-14. In T.A. Boden, D.P. Kaiser, R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.) Trends'93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. USA and C.D. Keeling and T.P. Whorf. 2001. Carbon Dioxide Research Group, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093-0444, USA.). (Deforestation Emissions)
) removal) ) ) ) ) ) UN FAO (charcoal production) (slash-and-burn practices) ) Tree
) about 2 billion tonnes of carbon) )
(a net sink of
- rice cultivation - ruminant livestock landfill out-gassing - oil and gas extraction
) ) ) ) )
) ) A - rice cultivation
) - ruminant livestock ) landfill out-gassing ) )
ETTV ETTV
RETV E T T V ETTV Envelope Therm T W A ETTV W A C W E W V ETTV)
W A W
ETTV T T ETTV
BCA C
ETTV A C ETTV
A C Hea S ETTV
ETTV
ETTV E W ) E ETTV A A
W )
ETTV E ETTV ETTV )A W ETTV ETTV A W S P W
B F
O S
ETTV 1) Heat conduction Through Opaque Walls
T T C C
2) Heat conduction Through Glass Windows W W W
3) Solar Radiation Though Glass Windows G S W R D R D Solar Ra R D D R R
A C ETTV
L H H
H L
H H
ETTV V ETTV F A ETTV V )B E
) A
)C
T )
E C H S ) (Air
Co
ETTV
ETTV )H T
O W
Heat conduction Through Opaque Walls = 12(1-WWR) Uw C CC= C) T T C WWR WWR WWR = U H Q) = U A D T U W For C
U ETTV W K
H C
C -
) = W S
Heat conduction Through Opaque Walls = 12(1-WWR) Uw =
U U
ASHRE H
BCA D
Envelope Layers of Materials Thickness of Material Thermal Conductivity of Materials (K Value or R Value) Air Resistance Thermal Conductivity (K Value) K to trasmit h ) H Quantitiy of heat trasmiteed under steady-state conditions through unit area of the material of unit thickness in unit time when unit temperature difference exists between its opposite surface (W/m K) K H K ) K ) K (ablility of a material
)H
Heat conduction Through Glass Windows = 3.4 (WWR) Uf H D A W Q) = U T A D = C T W S A F
ETTV V )S R T G
) W
Solar Radiation Though Glass Windows = 211 (WWR) (CF) (SC) Mean Solar Radiation = 112 Watt per Sq meter S R H E L E H E Solar Radiation P S R
The solar factor has been derived from the annual average of solar radiation transmitted through a 3mm clear glass window. L ) L S R S R O
S W S
R R R )
SC = SC SC where SC : shading coefficient of the fenestration system SC1 : shading coefficient of glass or effective shading coefficient of glass with solar control film where a solar control film is used on the glass SC2 : effective shading coefficient of external shading devices S C F CF) W
int
Wheelock Place Building Pitch
Angles is below 90 Degree
Most of building Pitch Angles are Concourse Building Pitch Angles is

90 Degree above 90 Degree
HVAC Control (01) - Chilled Water Fan Coil Units http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2009/10/hvac-control-01-fan-coil-units.html
R F C U
o o
A C C
S W F C A
1. Constant Volume (Cooling) with Temperature Control 2. Constant Volume (Cooling) with Temperature & Humidity Control 3. Multi-Speed (Cooling) with Temperature Control 4. Variable Speed (Cooling) Control
1. Constant Volume (Cooling) with Temperature Control

o
A C C BAS C R C C S S T C T V T M P H M L ) F -C S
C M
U FCU
C V C C O -O C S S C P A C R W
o o
A T S M C P V
R C
A T Chilled W T PI P
) F
S C I
C C )C
Automatic Control Systems
Control Diagram
BAS I/O Points Schedule
NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
INPUT / OUTOUT VARIABLES RETURN AIR TEMPERATURE FAN ON/OFF CONTROL FAN ON/OFF STATUS FAN TRIP STATUS LOCAL/BAS SWITCH MODES CHILLED WATER VALVE CONTROL CONTROL VALVE POISTION
DO 1
AO
DI
AI 1
1 1 1 1 1
TOTAL :
Note: Temperature control shall be of PI mode P

o
S L A T C
N N C W C V W P V
No. 1 : Room/R C PI M
N N
FAN ON OFF CONTROL N Centra BMS N O O S
LOCAL BAS SWITCH MODES M
FAN TRIP STATUS A
Modulating Valve:
o o o
S F V C T R R R I C
C A T BAS ) )
Modulating Valve Drive :

o o
Sensor
o o o
Controllers
o o
Post Automatic Control Systems FCU O C L O ) F O ) I ) ) M C C
V P
2. Constant Volume (Cooling) with Temperature & Humidity Control

o
S T L H T O A D
H H )> C P R
Sensible Heat Ratio = ( Sensible Loa S C

o
S H
T H ) C C
H i. ii. iii. RSH is high)
Constant Volume Air Supply with Treated Outdoor Air Ventilation (when Constant Volume Air Supply with Re-Heat Coil (when RSH is low / varies) Variable Volume Air Supply with Constantly cool coil
W S
P H
R C V S T C C AHU S H E W
H R H
RH H Con
BAS
NO. 1
INPUT / OUTOUT VARIABLES RETURN AIR TEMPERATURE
DO
AO
DI
AI 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
FAN ON/OFF CONTROL FAN ON/OFF STATUS FAN TRIP STATUS LOCAL/BAS SWITCH MODES CHILLED WATER VALVE CONTROL CONTROL VALVE POISTION Electric Heater Capacity Control TOTAL :
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2
Note: Control shall be of PI mode H C C C H C C W T P P D P T C
3. Multi-Speed (Cooling) with Temperature Control

o
C T C P )
V H M
L M
4. Variable Speed (Cooling) Control
FCU R C
M M D M
S C D
FCU F
Stepless Motor Drive)
5. Chilled Water Valve Control: On-Off vs. (PI) Modulating

o
(Wet Pr O H RH) ) T
H S
H S R
R ) H
) C H C
P C E
Humid )
R V
C RH O -O
S T
RH S
RH
PI P T S
)M
C RH
S L
Humidity (Latent) Load = Instant Load

o
S L
F E P
) I
C P T
V C RH V
O T
A )C
P V
A D C W S ) P T T D D C
D C
Content Chapter - 1 Fundamental and Basic Concept Chapter - 2 Understanding Psychrometrics Chapter - 3 Air Handling Units
Chapter - 4 Cooling Towers Chapter - 5 Air Distribution Systems Chapter - 6 Fans and Blowers Chapter - 7 Ventilation
Energy Smart Office O E O A Q L S O E E T I N U S E )E S O S U
Technical Guide Towards Energy Smart Office
O G C E S (cor P C Smart Office A S C D C B C S ) O
E F A
S )
O O C A
G M C S H E )
F R
A ) R S IT D C S D ) T R
Energy
Energy Smart Offi T Chiller Pla C C W W C P C T R ) E T C P RT W
P R W E C
E C P P C T ) E W ) C C W
R RT P S I )
P E C
S C F V D P F S M W F T ) E M S D ) F M M F ) F D ) W) M L W)
M W
Mechanical Ventilation Densit
T D R B T H A M M C C
C C A M C R T D B T
F S
)O L
A S C ) F S
L A
S )O A
Reception Area (Lobby
F S B P PPM Volatile organic compound F PPM
F E G
A Q
S D
A D
O O T O
Energy Smart Hotel H E S H N U S E H E E )E S H S U
Thermal comfort, Indoor Air Quality L

T G T E S H Technical data
H G
E F
S A )
H Ho C A
C E ) G R S H B R M H H R ) S O G F A
Guest E
Occupancy rat
E T C C C F V E P
H C P RT P S C E F F T W P E
P R kW (el C P
E C ) P C W T F ) D ) C C W
R RT P S
P W
) F M S
M F M D
W) M
M W
D P )
Thermal Comfort level D R B T H A M M C R T C A M C D B T
E H D K
E I H I
F A S L S L C )
A R
)O A L L S A S
A S C A S F )
L F A R L A )O )O
R A A S
) Outdo
F S P PPM
PPM F E G
V B F
A Q
Understanding on Energy Bill P C ) E ) E
) Availab R )
Nuclear Power Hydro Power Natural Gas Power Coal Diesel Power
G C )
Solar Power Wind Power G A R ) P A E )
High Voltage Tr V
Electric Rate Structure E C
Power Cost ( Fuel cost, Maintenance Cost etc..) Transmission Line Cost Substation Cost Distribution Cost Meter Cost A C D C Administrative/Customer Charge A C Energy Charge E C W ) E E C G A E G C C C A C C E C
based on average cost. Demand Charge D Ca D C D A A W C T C R C
W )
The energy charge is
F )
W E
B W ) W ) B W
Energy Comsuption = 20 kW x 1 hour = 20 kWh Demand = 20 kW E A

Energy Charge = 20
Energy Comsuption = 20 kW x 1 Demand = 2 kW
W B
kWh x 1$ per kWh = 20$ kW x 5$ per kW = 100$
Energy Charge = 20 Demand Charge = 2
kWh x 1$ per kW
Demand Charge = 20
kW x 5$ per kW =
Total Charge= Energy Charge + Demand Charge = 120$
Total Charge = Energy Charge + Dema
W M C D C W I M W D C
Why are the bills so different? The actual energy (kWh) used is the same. The difference between the bills is based entirely on the highest demand recorded during any given 15-minute period that month. Power Factor and Reactive Power
Base Power Factor
Billed Demand =
Actual Metered Demand x
---------------------------Actual Power Factor
where the base power factor = 0.80 = = S A D P F W D W P P Reactive I M ) R P )E B P R F P P T F P W) M M R C R C P C T P VAR M D M C T P W) R = B =
Billing demand is measured in VA VA VA
F B D
C A A C
P D
)R
C R C C
)C
C C C C
)S I C S ) L I C C I C Customer C Large Industrial C C
R C
C W
R E
O -P
O -P
H H
P P C H S C T H H R ) ) H
P H
M )
) H H ) H ) P V V V D P ) ) L ) L L ) ) V V P P ) ) ) G V ) ) H L H P H P H C P H P H P V P ) R ) ) H B G
G )
C D S H H P R
A C H R S ) ) H
S R R D E S ) ) D
A H C
C L
L P
C C B C A C ) C HCFC) H P C R A B F L E C C R A P A L H F F H G ) V ) R A H Z C S ) pre-cool co R C
AHU
R C
F C V FA L refrige V F
AHU Co R H V FA V F C
C FA H L C H E V
F R H FA
Advantage of Heat Pipe H P M H P F A C S I D C H P ASHRAE S ) P
Chiller Plant Room Efficiency and Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) Chiller Plant Room Efficiency
C R R C P E
A C T R
S W RT
C C T W RT C P E P R P R W R W RT
W RT Chille P E
B ) R
Electrical kW
W RT C C E E E C C
P C
R E C E B
E C C E W RT W )
W RT P R
W RT C P
ASHRAE S
ASHRAE F E C C I T E O C C C E P R E
C W A W W
P N
R I
W G
) A P S C W WT C E C W P P R D E )C C C C T C WT )
Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) C P P R R E C C P E E E EEI C W ) EEI for Office buildings = (TBEC / GFA) * (55 / OH) - EXAMPLE OF EEI CALCULATION T TBEC) = Gross floor area (GFA) = 65,000 m2 Operating Hours (OH) = 60 hrs/week EEI = (12,345,678 / 65,000) * (55 / 60) = 174 kWh/m2/yr W ) EEI E C I ) W ) E EEI EEI E W EEI R C C
EEI E C S O EEI B C EEI O C TBEC) CPEC) C DCA) C P CPA) O H O D P C B ) ) EEI ) EEI E P O
EEI ) B ) EEI
D DCEC) G O
C T C P GFA) D
EEI F V R )
EEI
T S S )
TBEC) G
GFA)
Chapter-8 Chiller Performance Rating

Energy efficiency - kW/ton, COP and EER
kW/Ton kW/Ton COP
= = =
12/EER 12/(COP x 3.412) EER/3.412
COP EER EER

E )
= = =
12/(kW/RT)/3.412 12/kW/Ton COP x 3.412

COP= EER= COP) E E W RT W) R - EER R C T A )
W RT) W C P kW/RT W RT ele R T
R W W
B ) W RT
Coefficient of Performance - COP C C COP H P COP COP the rate of heat re H P P COP) COP) energy app )
If a heat pump delivers 3 units of heat for every unit of energy input - the COP is 3. COP Cooling Cycle A heat pump delivering 60000 Btu/h with a total input of 9 kW:
Heating Cycle A heat pump delivering 50000 Btu/h with a total input of 7 kW:
Energy efficiency Ratio (EER) E cool The efficiency is determined at a E R EER) single rated condition specified by the appropriate
equipment standard and is defined as the ratio of net cooling capacity - or heat removed in Btu/h - to the total input rate of electric energy applied - in watt hour. EER EER B
The Energy efficiency Ratio - EER - measures the cooling efficiency of a heat pump.
EER
An air conditioner or heat pump in cooling modus draws 1000 W to produce 10000 Btu/h cooling. The EER can be calculated as EER = (10000 Btu/h) / (1000 W) = 10 EER -
W RT
EER
1 kW/RT = 1kW/ 12,000 Btu per h= 1000W / 12000 Btu per h= 12/EER , where ( 1 EER = 1 Btu per h/ Watt)
. hill r ffi i n y ( IP V nd NP V )
C C C water cooled centrifugal chiller) chiller compressor () ) ) ) ) ) E IP S W RT ) Reciprocating Compressor Scroll Compressor Screw Compressor C A ) Air
Coefficient of Performance(COP)= (heat produced (Btu/h))/(equivalent electric energy input (Btu/h) )
SI
COP
R R E E
S R EER)
) M P
) ) chiller B efficiency 0.54 kW/ RT 0.61 kw/ RT L B ILPV
Integrated port load value (IPLV)
Non standard port load Value (NPLV)

L )
port load condition (90%, 80%, 70% T % of Loading 100% Loading 70% Loading D chiller A efficiency 0.55 kW/ RT 0.65 kw/ RT L ) A ILPV
Where A = kw/RT at 100% Load B = kw/RT at 75% Load C = kw/RT at 50% Load D = kw/RT at 25% Load IPLV chiller Loading (%) 100% Loading 75% Loading 50% Loading 25% Loading I V Operation Hour (%) 17% of operation Hours 39% of operation Hours 33% of operation Hours 11% of operation Hour A
Condenser Subcooling
C refrigerants effect
W C C C )C S
C A C S
D C C )D H R C M ) C A C C A
Air Cooled C C W C C C )C C )C ) S )R )S C C
C W C C
W C
Centrifugal Compressor
Screw Compressor
Reciprocating compressor
Scroll compressor
PARTLOAD RATING WITH CONSTANT ENTERING CONDENSER WATER TEMP D
Model
YKMQMSH C R
COG
Y R C E E Chiller R ) ) T A M
YK
YK Y
C Refri
Rated Capacity (TR) R R ) INPUT POWER YK Voltage/Hz: P T C C B )
R B ) BTU E D )C F
W V
AC F H
ORIFICE (VARY): Valve:3 ISOLATION VALVE FLA: Full L A MIN CIR AMPS INRUSH (AMPS) C C Electric Cu C SSS SIZE = S S S S S S S S LBKW TR) W R S C T kW per Ton Refrigeration = 0.519 E W W E P ) C F L ) C E R R S E C D C Sta S S S INRUSH A F L ) A )
FULL LOAD
Energy Ef R P T T E ) T
R S H R L H -F P -- A C F E E
) ) T E )
F C F R
R What is required to make a refrigeration unit? )C )C )E )E 5) Refrigerant R ) E ) ) ) )
C R C
) ) R S
1) To c R )R E R V R V ) ) L L S S C L P R
R )
) E
) P C P
Condenser ) C L H R H H T E R R R W A H T S A C C A ) W ) H H T H T H H
The expansion device
Evaporator
E S
E M ) H E
E C )
What are Refrigerants? li R R B R A C S R RRRR-
Boiling points at atmospheric pressure (14.7PSIA) R-11 = + 75F R-123 = + 82F R-12 = - 21F R-134a = - 15F R-22 = - 41F
R C T L
R R R
F W V A ) C
V R B
[ ) MP )
MP ) pr
F[ [ F[
C C
) R B T
At a given pressure, the temperature at which a liquid will boil into a vapor is the same temperature at which the vapor will condense back into a liquid.
R-
[ C
MP
R-
F[
[ F[
MP C
In order to condense the refrigerant vapor at this higher temperature, a substance at a temperature less than 121.5F [49.7C] is needed. Ambient air or water is generally available at temperatures less than this.
Decision Making Process and Chart ) S I D Multi N ) )P ) P S S C MNC) T F M P
) E I
D ) H I
D ) D
)L
D D I
C )
X )
E Y
D L I
D ) H
D E D I
) D ) H ) D
W L I
D W Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Difficult t D )
D ) ) )
Possible Solutions
P T
D D
)
Possible Solutions
O P P S Poss S P S B C
Over view of Chiller Plant Room C C W C W C C A )W S C ) C C A C C C A C ) C R C C C C W P S W R
1 2 3
W t r Cool d Chill r Chilled Water System A S C ) Air Distribution System C W S C ) Chilled Water Distribution System Condenser Circuit
Air Cool d Chill r Water System W S C C W S C Distribution System A C
Chilled ) Air Distribution System ) Chilled Water C C
Naming of Circuit C C W W C L Chilled W C B W E )L ) C C W W R S S ) C B W C ) R ) S R
R C L C C A S )
F W C W C
B C W
) C ) E S R A C R
C F C A R A R A C W ) S S W ) W Condenser Water Return (R
Supply Air ( Supply A )
Air To serving Are )
C C Air H
W W
D D U C F C
S S U
) Chilled Water Circuit )C C C W C W W C W P P P C C C H E I T C C W W E ) ARI W W S Chiller P R C
C C C W ) W R H C
AHRI (Air-Conditioning, Hea S T ) C C W
R S C
S C C GPM H
C C ) S T L 12.2C Chill W R R )
US G C C T T CC C T W C C S W RT
USGPM) S )C ) RT S
GPM =
C R C C
T C C
C C C C P S R C C C ARI
W W A W W C
R C D D C C W ) C S ) ) C C USGPM) C S RT C T L ) C C )C AHRI A -C C H C T C S S C
) Condenser Water Circuit ) Cond C C C W W W W C P P P C C C C C H H W W S S S C S St ) RT C C GPM = GPM T W R C ) T ) T web bu R I E ) W W W W
C US G
(Standard Conde
H T T T R Condenser Water Circui T W S C W H S
C C C W W C A C O W C R
S C O C
Refrigerant Circ C
Air Distribution System (Circuit) A D S A S S C ) S A A H A U W T A B R ) C A ) C S A S A )
A Flow Rate
) C ) )
R C A F
A T W F ) AHU Variable-Air-Volume
C Condenser Water
Constant
Air Volume system (CAV) (Air Flow r System(VAV)
AHU
Chiller Selection -Chiller C A C A C S C
C C E C C C C replacemen ) B E E A A C One to one C A
G W W C P L Maximum Load C P B P ) W R P
C ) R T
E P
A R
Peak Load c L L
Off Peak Load O P L O P Night Load N R D C L Server Ro N L C P L L M O P L L
L G H T T T
G Load Profile Graph H P L O P N L L L P
Refrigerati R R
C H W T
) C
C C C C W
S S M M C C
-C A C ) C OEM C
) C R Original Equipment Manufacturer. C
C ) C C C C Chiller Efficiency C C RT C M RT C ) W C C RT RT C
T W C S Centrifugal compressor
RT C
RT
1000RT C
C W RT R
E C
W RT)
C R E
T W Chiller E
B ) C
Electrical kW T C C C E E P C C L E M C ) T T V E
W RT
C RT W C CTV S S
C C
L L P RT
C C
C Time Night Load Off Peak Load Peak Load Off Peak Load P L RT C redundancy 00:00 to 06:00 06:00 to 08:30 08:30 to 20:30 20:30 to 00:00 RT C
RT
Cooling Load (RT) Below 400 RT 400RT to 800 RT 800 RT 1200 RT 400RT to 800 RT N C N N N+1
Chiller Sele
1 no of 450
2 no of 450
3 no of 450
2 no of 450
S S M RT Max Peak L RT F capa M RT C C C L E ) R
) C RT ) RT C RT RT C C C L RT C RT C S C RT )
RT C
RT
RT) (same size)
C C Select
A C
A C C W P C T F Variable S D VSD)
A C Monday to Friday : 9:00 am to 6:00 pm Sturday : 9:00 am to 11:00 pm T S L O B ) S
D B S D D C
B P D C C )
P P R B
B RT C P S R RT
Building
D P
D L RT
RT)
C C P R R L
P P
D D RT T T
C C
Chiller Selection Chiller S C W W RT C C C C C C C RT C S = RT = RT
RT C RT C
R BAS C
RT C R ) C
C C RT C
C C B
S P E -F L
BCA Building and Construction A RT C R E R E M T C W W (650 RT x 0.55 kW/ RT = 357.5kW) 357.5kW T W RT W RT
E W RT ch C RT C P
R C RT C
P T C C
F P C
T F L =
P W RT W C
RT C AHRI ARI) C RT RT C T C C C R W
C W F L USGPM ) R
W C USGPM S F L
F C
R USGPM RT
Liter per Second. R = liter per S W T RT USGPM W
C =
W RT elec
T S C T
D R C R T T E C C T P ) F C
T F T C C E L =
W RT
electrical 0.058 kW inp W P C W P C
F L
L E
Chapter-6 Refrigeration Calculation
P S
Negative Pressure Machine (R 123 Chiller) S )
Slide valve
S C ) C
D W R
C C
Chill
) ) ) C High pre
R R = ) work C L R E S C ) AHRI ARI)
R )
C R C ) )
density) ) R R I
R O
H )
) ) P
) ) )
R C )
refrigeration effect
P P
P ) C W P C W P ) N
) ) ) )
Pumping Power Calculation
RT C
P SI U I P U
H 5 ) USgpm )P P H H F = L RT C RT C
C W
Required Chilled Water Flow Rate for 500RT Chiller = 500 RT x 2.4 USgpm per RT = 1200 D W L
Impeller Power Formula (SI Unit) Flow Rate (m3/s) x Pump Head or Pressure Difference (Pa or N/m2) Pump impeller Power (kW) = -------------------------------1000 x Efficiency P E SI U P H W P P N H P N P P F P R ) W Pump Head (Pa or N )
Pressure = Density of water (Kg/m3) x Gravity force (m/s2)x High of water (m) S = 196,000 Pa = 196 kPa H P
Density of water (Kg/m3) x Gravity force (m/s2)x High of water (m)= 1000 x 9.8 x 20m
US
Chilled Water Flow Rate = 1200 USgpm (1200 USgpm = 0.0757 cubic_meters_per_second) 0.0757 x
0.0757 x 196,00 Pump impeller Power (kW) =-------------------------------- = 17.46 kW 1000 x 0.85 P E W P mecha P
Impeller Power Formula (Imperial Unit) Flow Rate (USgpm) xPump Head or Pressure Difference (Ft of water) Pump impeller Power (HP) = -------------------------------3960 x Efficiency
1200 USgpm x 20 m x 3.28 ft per meter =-------------------------------3960x 0.85 = 23.39 HP = 17.45 kW W B E M T S Output power (Pump impeller Power= 17.45 kW) Transmission Efficiency (95%) = -----------------------------------------------------------Input power (Motor Power= ?? kW) M Sa W W motor ) W motor) kW/22.0kW 6 kW/18.7kW P W W W W P T S M P )
E M S = W E E M
E ) E
W W
C S F E F R Liter per S W R T W D L S E E E P H T P P P W E V
S )
e., the practical density of fresh water is 1000 kg/m3);
g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.81 m/s2 on earth's surface); h is the height of the fluid column (in metres). Other units can be used if the rest of the units used in the equation are defined in a consistent way. Density of water (Kg/m3) x Gravity force (m/s2)x High of water (m)= 1000 x 9.8 x 20m = 196,000 Pa
Chapter-7 Ventilation (Part 3 of 3)
Contents
S B S U B C M S E S k P S B C P k (Outdoor Air Requirement) ASHRAE S S C A R (Outdoor Air Intake) 2004 (Minimum Ventilation Rates ) S C k E C L B P kC C M CO P kM M V S S ' D P kC S M M V F CO S C D C S
R E T M A
A V E
T R R
Exhaust Air Rates and Pressure Relationship .. Smok Extr tion Syst m
Smoke Extraction System ) A ) )

2
sterile tube ) )
[Floor area = 1,200 m typical (1 fire zone)] )

2
(Atrium void= 20m long x 10m wide(200 m )) spr ) ) ) )
(3m x 3m sprinkler controlled, 12m perimeter, 5,000kW convective heat output)
) ) ) Design Clear High
(Inlet: 4 nos. twin leaf sliding doors, size 2.2m wide x 2m high, Total area = 17.60m2)
Design Clear High : 3m above finished floor level Max. mass flow Mf = 175 kg/s Min. smoke layer temperature above ambient T = 18 C Max. replacement air velocity, V = 5.0 m/s ) H = 1st ~ 5th Storey = 5.00m + 4(3.50)m = 19.0m ) (Calculate smoke layer depth, dB) dB = H clear ht. below smoke layer(assumed 3m) = 19.00 3.00m = 16.0m ) M = the mass rate of the smoke produced P= the perimeter of the fire (meter) Y= the height of the smoke layer (meter) mass flow of smoke, Mf (based on entrained plume)) Calculate height of atrium, H)
= 11.85 x 2 = ) (Initial temp. of smoke layer a ) = ) ) )
= 5000 /(23.7 x 1.01) = 208.88 C (say 209C)
the temperature of the smoke in C above ambient the heat heat carried by the smoke in kW the mass rate of smoke production in kg/s ) S S ) S S ) ) ) Smoke layer
= (209 + 68) = 138.5C > 18C [OK] ) Absol To = 300 K (27 C) ) S (Absolute temperature of smoke layer,Tcm) = 300 + 138.5 = 438.5 K T Absolute ambient temperature, To)
()
-(volume of smoke produce, Vp)
= 28.43m3 =add 20% safety factor = 28.43m3 x 1.2 =34.12 m3/s ) (Proposed smoke extraction rate, Ve) ) Ve = 3 duty fans + 1 standby fan (each 12 m /s)
3
= 3 x 12 m3/s = 36 m3/s > 34.12 m3/s [OK]
( )
) )
A )-
= 34.12 / 5.0 = 6.82 m2
( )
doors
Check Inlet Area Opening Available, Am) Am = 4 pair sliding = 4 x 2.2m x 2.0m = 17.60 m2 > 6.82 m2 [OK] )
- S
. B s m nt C r P rk C r on onoxid
onitoring nd V ntil tion F n Control Syst m
) ) )
- ) )
) )
.. S f v l of
CO) )
CO) CO) CO)
) )
(C )
CO)
PPM CO) CO) CO) CO) CO) Symptoms le ) ) ) CO)
PPM
L )
PPM L PPM L )
CO) PPM
CO (PPM) 35 PPM 200 PPM 400 PPM
Time 8 hours 2-3 hours 1-2 hours eight hour period.
Maximum exposure allowed by OSHA in the workplace over an Mild headache, fatigue, nausea and dizziness. Serious headache- other symptoms intensify. Life threatening after 3 hours.
800 PPM 1600 PPM 3200 PPM 6400 PPM 12,800 PPM
45 minutes 20 minutes 5-10 minutes 1-2 minutes 1-3 minutes
Dizziness, nausea and convulsions. Unconscious within 2 hours. Death within 2-3 hours. Headache, dizziness and nausea. Death within1 hour. Headache, dizziness and nausea. Death within 1 hour. Headache, dizziness and nausea. Death within 25-30 minutes. Death. Carbon Monoxide Allowed exposure level Slight headache. sensation of uneasiness Headache. sensation of uneasiness Headache, sensation of uneasiness Confusion, headache, nausea Balance loss tendency Unconsciousness Fatal IAQ Time (hours) 8 3 2 1 1,5 0.5 0.5 <1 ) PPM
h ni
Concentration (ppm) 50 200 400 600 1000...2000 1000...2000 2000...2500 4000 Singpore Standard CO) B CO) MV
.. Und rst nding of B s m nt C r P rk
l V ntil tion Syst m D sign
CO) (Basement Car Park)
CO) MV
N ) ) ) )
) )
) mechanica )
R V C Exhaust air ) L ) S ) C ) ) (Aboveground car park) ) building ) ) N ) S ) E ) grille N (Basement Car Park) ) N ) ) ) ) ) V M V Exhaust A ) ) code of practice for fire precaution in ) ) ) ) ) C exhaust air grille) ) ) E ) )
) F ) ) D ) D ) )
) ) C
) )
) E ) ) E failure )
) principle sou ) ) ) S
.. B s m nt C r P rk C r on
onoxid
onitoring Syst m's D sign Consid r tion
- ) )
(basement car park duct)
B C P ) )
) IAQ S ) CO) S SS )
S CP )
S ) Operat )
S B
Control Strategy CO concentration to be controlled through DDC via EA and FA Fan
- B
- Controller wiring diagram (Compliance of Carbon Monoxide Content)
Sin
S CO) - F ) CP
IAQ PPM ) CO) ) PPM PPM CO) )
) )
S ) S
basement car park
..
(C )
S nsor
CO) ) S
CO) )
- CO) ) ) CO)
CO)
sensor response ) CO) ) ) ) V DC A
CO) C B D C D C
CO)
DDC) CO) P L C PLC) )
.. Control Str t gi s
S CO) )
S ) PPM M
IAQ OSHA OSHA
recomme PPM
) CO) CO) S S Mode CO) ) CO) ) S ) C S P )
PPM PPM
) OSHA ) ) ) Normal )
V V S ) D VSD) Fire Mode basement car pa )

..
VSD)
F ) )
(En rgy S ving)
Fire Mode ) W) ) ) ) ) )
) W) CO) C W Week Days 4 No of car park supply air fan 4 No of car park exhaust air fan Existing Load Existing kWh Estimated kW after complementation Estimated kWh Saving F M P W) 15 kW 15 kW 30 kW 30 kW x 11 hrs x 5 days x 52 Weeks 85,800 kWh ) W )
= 23.5 kW x 6 hrs x 5 days x 52 Weeks = 46,800 kWh = 67,219 kWh - 24,449 kWh
= 39,000kWh per year Estimated kWh Cost Saving ) C ) )

. h ni l Smok Purging Syst m for B s m nt C r P rk
= 39,000 kWh x $0.2369/kWh = 9,239 S$ per year CO ) )
- S ) ) ) ) B C Mode Fire Mode Normal Mode ACMV S M E Fire Mode Fire Mode Normal m
3
) B1 CMH
F A S ) S Shutting down of Air Handling Units of the affected areas
ACMV S
Closing of smoke check doors for segregation of affected areas from non-affected areas Start-up of pressurization fans Start-up of smoke extraction fans (mechanical smoke control) Public Address System Grounding of all elevators ) ) )
- B
Smoke purging ) E (exhaust fan rating : 250C @ )
FCC ) ) C ) S S )
FCC
S S E E ) E )
.
)
(Outdoor Air Requirement)
Supp )
) ) ) ) ) ) per second per metre squared(l/s/m ) ) ) H ACH- ) V ) A infiltratio ) A C

2
) )
occupan ) ) ) )
) litres ) ) ) )
) )
.. ASHRAE St nd rd ) .

2004
(Minimum
Ventilation
Rates
ASHRAE
ASHRAE Standard 62.1- 2004

Outdoor Air Rate (1) People CFM/Person 5.0 5.0 5.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 8.0 Area CFM/SF 0.12 0.06 0.06 0.06 Educational Facilities 0.18 0.12 0.12 0.06 0.06 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.12 0.12 0.06 0.06 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.06 0.06 0.06 Default Values (2) Occupant Density People/1,000 SF 25 30 15 50 25 25 35 65 150 20 25 20 25 25 35 100 70 100 100 50 10 20 30 CFM per Person 10 7 9 9 17 15 13 8 8 19 17 19 15 15 12 8 10 9 9 6 11 8 10 0.93 0.93 0.31 0.06 0.12 0.11 0.16 0.29 CFM per SF 0.25 0.21 0.14 0.44 0.43 0.37 0.47 0.55 1. 0.38 0.43 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.41 0.8
Occupancy Category
Correctional Facilities Cell Day Room Guard Stations Booking/Waiting Daycare (through age 4) Classrooms (ages 5 to 8) Classrooms (ages 9 plus) Lecture Classroom Lecture Hall (fixed seats) Art Classroom Science Laboratories Wood/Metal Shop Computer Lab Media Center Music/Theater/Dance Multiuse Assembly Restaurant Dining Rooms Cafeteria/Fast Food Bars/Cocktail Lounges General Conference/Meeting Corridors Storage Rooms Bedroom/Living Room Barracks Sleeping Areas Lobbies/Prefunction
Food and Beverage Service
Hotel, Motels, Resorts, Dormitories
Multipurpose Assembly Office Space Reception Areas Telephone/Data Entry Main Entry Lobbie Occupancy Category
5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 People CFM/Person 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 8.0 -
0.06 Office Buildings 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Area CFM/SF 0.06 0.06 0.18 0.12 0.12 0.06 0.06
120 5 30 60 10 Occupant Density People/1,000 SF 5 4 10 10 100 -
6 17 7 6 11 Default Values (2) CFM per Person 17 20 23 17 8 -
0.66 0.09 0.21 0.36 0.11 CFM per SF 0.09 0.08 0.23 0.17 0.12 0.81 0.06
Outdoor Air Rate (1)
Miscellaneous Spaces Bank Vault/Safe Deposit Computer (not printing) Pharmacy (prep area) Photo Studios Shipping/Receiving Transportation Waiting Warehouses Public Assembly Spaces Auditorium Seating Area 5.0 0.06 150 5 0.81 Places of Religious Worship Courtrooms Legislative Chambers Libraries Lobbies Museums (childrens) Museums/Galleries Sales (except as below) Mall Common Areas Barber Shop Beauty and Nail Salons Pet Shops (animal areas) Supermarkets Coin-Operated Laundries Sports Arena (play areas) Gym, Stadium (play area) Spectator Areas 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 20.0 8. 8. 8. 8.0 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.06 0.12 0.06 Retail 0.12 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.06 0.06 Sports And Entertainment 0.30 0.30 0.06 30 150 8 0.30 0.30 1. 15 40 25 25 10 8 20 16 9 10 25 26 15 11 0.23 0.36 0.27 0.62 0.26 0.12 0.21 120 70 50 10 150 40 40 6 6 6 17 5 11 9 0.66 0.41 0.31 0.17 0.81 0.42 0.36
Swimming Pool (pool and decks) Disco/Dance Floors Health Club/Aerobics Rooms Health Club/Weight Rooms Bowling Alley (seating) Gambling Casinos Game Arcades Sages, Studios Patient Rooms Medical Procedure Rooms Operating Rooms Recovery and ICU Autopsy Rooms Physical Therapy Living Rooms Kitchens Baths, Toilets
20.0 20.0 20.0 10.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 25 15 30 15 15
0.48 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.18 0.06 Healthcare Facilities 0.50 -
100 40 10 40 120 20 70 10 20 20 20 20 20
21 22 26 13 9 17 11 25 15 30 15 15
0.48 2. 0.86 0.26 0.52 1. 0.33 0.76 0.50 -
Residential Facilities (Single, Multiple) 0.35 AC/hr. or 15 CFM/Person whichever is greater 100 CFM Intermittent 25 CFM Continuous 50 CFM Intermittent or 20 CFM Continuous 100 CFM per Car 1.5 CFM/SF
Garagesseparate for each dwelling unit Garagescommon for several units . Supply Air R t
Supply Air ) ) H G H A ) - C C ) ACH)

3
O ) A ) ) C
cubic metres per second(m
air volume) 2.0 m3
air ch )
V S S E E V ) (Occupancy) ) (Use of the Area) ) ) (Size of the Space) ) System design data Heating load V ) Design approach Outdoor air requirements ) ) ) CIBSE) G CIBSE) G O A B T BT R
C C
I I
B B
(ai
) )
) Design data Outdoor air supply
) )
rate: Number of occupants: Calculation procedure T
CIBSE G
B T
F Design air qua ) tip: )
CIBSE Guide B T D
VAV)
V H ) ) ) ) (must
not be less than 1/20 th of the floor area of th
M H
Design Criteria V ) ) ) ) )
.. (Outdoor Air Intake)
) ) )
) A ) stai ) V ) )
) )
(ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 Air Intake Minimum Separation Distances) S ) ) D ) ASHRAE ASHRAE S A I M
Significantly contaminated exhaust (high contaminant concentration, significant sensoryirritation intensity, offensive odor): 15 feet. Noxious or dangerous exhaust air with highly objectionable fumes or gases and or exhaust air with potentially dangerous contaminants (laboratory exhaust, fumes, gases, potentially dangerous particles, bio-aerosols, gases at high concentrations to be harmful): 30 feet.
) ) ) ) ) ) )
Vents, chimneys, flues, and other combustion appliance discharge: 15 feet. Garage entry, automobile loading area, drive-in queue: 15 feet. Truck loading area or dock, bus parking idling area: 25 feet. Driveway, street, or parking area: 5 feet. Street or thoroughfare with high traffic volume: 25 feet. Roof, landscaped grade or other surface directly below intake: 1 foot (or expected average snow depth, whichever is greater). Garbage storage/pickup area, dumpsters: 15 feet. ) Cooling tower intake or basin: 15 feet. ) Cooling tower exhaust: 25 feet.
. Cont min tion
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) outdoor
..
) )
) ) ) )
air intake)
(Air Classification and Recirculation)
Return Air = A T E R A = A = )
.. R turn Air Tr nsf r Air ASHRAE Standard 62.1- R Exh ust Air A E
AHU
A C
A T
C C (sensory ) Offices. ) ) Reception/waiting areas. ) ) Telephone/data entry. ) ) Lobbies. Sports ) arena. ) Conference/meeting rooms. ) ) Corridors. Computer rooms. ) ) Storage rooms. ) ) Break rooms. ) ) Coffee stations. ) Equipment rooms. ) Mechanical rooms. ) ) ) Hotels, motels, resorts, dormitories: bedrooms, living rooms, barracks, sleeping quarters, lobbies, prefunction spaces, multipurpose assembly. Public assembly spaces: auditorium seating area, places of religious worship, court- ) Supermarkets. Mall common areas. Transportation waiting rooms. Shipping/receiving rooms. Photo studios. Correctional facility day room and guard station. Elevator machine rooms. Laundry rooms within dwelling units. ) Electrical/telephone closets. )
) ) ) C
rooms, legislative chambers, libraries, lobbies, museums/galleries (all types). Educational facilities: classrooms, lecture classrooms, lecture halls, computer lab, media center, music/theater/dance studios, multiuse assembly. Sports and entertainment: sports arena (play area), spectator areas, disco/dance floors, bowling alleys, gambling casinos, game arcades, stages, studios.
C ) C M ) ) ) ) ) ( Kitchens and kitchenettes. Toilet/bath rooms Locker rooms. Locker/dressing rooms. Central laundry rooms. ) Science laboratories. ) University and college laboratories. ) Art classrooms. ) Retail sales areas. ) Barber shops. ) Beauty and nail salons. ) Prison cells with toilets. ) Darkrooms. ) Pet shops (animal areas). C C ) ) Commercial kitchen hoods other than grease hoods. ) Residential kitchen vented hoods. ) Refrigeration machinery rooms. ) Boiler rooms. ) Soiled laundry storage areas. C ) Trash/recycle rooms. ) Janitor closets. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Copy printing rooms.
Wood/metal shop classrooms. Correctional facility booking/waiting areas. Bank vaults/safe deposit vaults. Pharmacy preparation areas. Warehouses. Coin operated laundries. Gym/stadium (play areas). Swimming pools and decks. Health club/aerobics rooms. Health club/weight rooms. Food and beverage services: restaurant dining rooms, cafeterias, fast food establish ments, bars, cocktail lounges. )
) General chemical/biological laboratories. ) Daycare sick rooms.
C C F ( Recirculation ) ) ) ) C C V ) )
. Exh ust Air .. Toil t V ntil tion R t s
(b
Commercial kitchen grease hoods. Laboratory hoods. Paint spray booths. Diazo printing equipment discharges.
) ) )
Chemical storage rooms. Auto repair rooms. Parking garages.
) )
) ) ) Natural Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation

.. inimum Exh ust R t s Exhaust Rate CFM/Unit CFM/SF 0.70 1.50 0.50 0.60 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.70 Additional ventilation may be required in arenas where combustion equipment is expected. Engine exhaust should be provided separately. Comments
) )
Occupancy Category Art Classrooms Auto Repair Rooms Barber Shop Beauty Shop and Nail Salons Cell with Toilet Darkrooms Arena Kitchencommercial
Kitchenettes Locker Rooms Locker/Dressing Rooms Parking Garages Janitor, Trash, Recycle Pet Shops (animal areas) Copy, Printing Rooms Science Lab Classrooms
0.30 0.50 0.25 0.75 1.00 0.90 0.50 1.00 Rate is per water closet or urinal. Provide higher rate where periods of heavy use are expected (theaters, schools, sports facilities). Use lower rate where use is intermittent. Single occupancy toilets. Lower rate is for Exhaust is not required if 50% of the sides are open.
ToiletsPublic
50/70
ToiletsPrivate Woodwork Shop/Classroom
25/50 -
0.50
continuous
operation;
higher
rate
is
for
intermittent operation. .. Exh ust Air R t s nd Pr ssur R l tionship Pressure Area Designation Relationship Obstetrical Facilities Delivery Rooms Labor/Delivery/Recovery Labor/Delivery/Recovery/Postpartum Operating/Surgical Cystoscopic Rooms Recovery Rooms Critical and Intensive Care Intermediate Care Newborn Intensive Care Treatment Rooms Trauma Rooms Bronchoscopy Triage ER Waiting Rooms Procedure Rooms Laser Eye Rooms X-Ray (Surgical/Critical Care and Catheterization) Anesthesia Gas Storage Pos Pos 0 0 0 0 0 Pos Neg Neg Neg Pos Pos Pos Neg 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 15 6 6 15 6 6 6 6 6 15 12 12 12 15 15 15 8 Yes Yes Yes Yes Minimum OA AC/hr. Minimum Total AC/hr. All Air Exhaust to Outdoors
Emergency, Surgery, and Critical Care
Support Areas Medication Rooms Clean Workrooms or Clean Holding Soiled Workrooms or Soiled Holding Examination Rooms Treatment Rooms Physical Therapy and Hydrotherapy Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Rooms Endoscopic Instrument Processing Rooms Imaging: X-Ray (Diagnostic and Treatment) Imaging: Darkrooms Imaging: Waiting Rooms Laboratory: General Laboratory: Biochemistry Laboratory: Cytology Laboratory: Glass Washing Laboratory: Histology Laboratory: Microbiology Laboratory: Nuclear Medicine Laboratory: Pathology Laboratory: Serology Laboratory: Sterilizing Autopsy Rooms Non-Refrigerated Body-Holding Rooms Pharmacies Food Preparation Centers Area Designation Warewashing Dietary Day Storage Laundry, General Soiled Linen (Sorting and Storage) Clean Linen Storage Soiled Linen and Trash Chute Rooms Bedpan Rooms Bathrooms Housekeeping Rooms Pos Pos Neg 0 0 Neg 0 Neg 0 Neg Neg 0 Neg Neg Neg Neg Neg Neg Neg Neg Neg Neg Neg Service Areas Pos 0 Pressure Relationship Neg Neg 0 Neg Pos Neg Neg Neg Neg Sterilizing and Supply Minimum OA AC/hr. 4 10 Minimum Total AC/hr. 10 2 10 10 2 10 10 10 10 All Air Exhaust to Outdoors Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 2 4 4 10 6 6 6 6 10 6 10 12 6 6 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 10 12 10 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Diagnostic and Treatment Areas
ETO Sterilizer Rooms Sterilizer Equipment Rooms Central Medical and Surgical Supply: Soiled or Decontamination Rooms Central Medical and Surgical Supply: Clean Workrooms Central Medical and Surgical Supply: Sterile Storage Note (1) Pos = Positive Pressure Relationship Note (2) Neg = Negative Pressure Relationship
Neg Neg Neg Pos Pos
10 10 6 4 4
Yes Yes Yes -
Note (3) 0 = Neutral Pressure Relationship - End
Contents
S F F k S P R E S (Kitchen) A H S R ) L F F L (Generator Room)
S E D .. ) S
k T S F k C Sz
AHU S - Design Consideration and Over View
S -
L MV
B ) ) ) ) F ) ) ) ) ) ) F ) ) -
- Staircase fan and supply air duct
- M
- F
..
G Generator Room) ) ) )
FCC)
)F
- Fi ) ) F enclosed) )
G ) )
FCC) )
) )
- F
FCC)
- R
- F
..
S )
) ) ) ) f ) )
..
) ) ) ) ) -
) M kitchen ) ) Kitchen)
) kitchen
K )
) )
Kitchen Exhaust K Fi ) E
) )
- K chen exhaust system ) ) F ) ) ) ) Kitchen hood )
Kitchen exhaust hood exhaust flow rate Q [m K V = Capture velocity which shall not be less than 0.30 m/s for commercial type kitchens
L = Length of cooking surface, m W = Width of cooking surface, m H = Distance of hood to emitting surface, m F = 1.0 for heavy duty high temperature kitchen F = 0.7 for light duty, medium and low temperature cooking with equipment such as ovens, steamer, ranges, griddles and fryers. Design Consideration K ) Exhaust K ) ) ) ) ) K K ) ) ) K Exhaust hoods K ) ) ) ) ) ) ) S ) M ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Duct ) K Duct (compartmentalized D
S H F ) Hood Filter Grease filter Canopy Type Hoods C ) hood ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) m K
) Filter
) ) )
) ) H
Minimum CFM per Lineal Foot of Hood Type of Hood Extra-Heavy Wall-Mounted Canopy Single Island Canopy Double Island Canopy (per side) Backshelf/Pass-Over Eyebrow 550 700 550 Not permitted Not permitted Type of Cooking Appliances Duty Heavy 400 600 400 400 Not permitted Duty Medium 300 500 300 300 250 Duty Light Duty 200 400 250 250 250
Application Factor (CFM/in ft.) Kitchen Types Light duty (no grease, light grease) Medium duty (fryers and griddles) Velocity 150-250 CFM/ft 250-350 CFM/ft
Heavy duty (heavy grease, charbroiler)
350+ CFM/ft
Application Steam kettles, ranges, ovens, non-grease producing equipment Fryers/griddles, grease Producing equipment Charbroilers, high heat and grease producing equipment
Updraft velocity factor 50 fpm 85 fpm 150 fpm
- C ) K ) ) ) Mounting Height 78" 78" 78" 78" 24" End Overhang 6" 6" 6" N/A 6"
- E
brown hood )
) Front Overhang 6" 6" 6" 6" 10"
(Mounting heights and overhang requirements) Type of Hood Wall-Mounted Canopy Single Island Canopy Double Island Canopy Eyebrow Backshelf/Pass-over Rear Overhang N/A 6" N/A N/A N/A
Hood exhaust Type of Hood Wall-Mounted Canopy Single Island Canopy Double Island Canopy Eyebrow Backshelf/Pass-over Notes: ) Light duty Gas and electric ovens (standard, bake, roasting, revolving, retherm, convection, combination convection/steamer, conveyor, deck or deck style pizza and pastry ovens, electric and gas steamjacketed kettles, electr ) Medium duty open deep fat fryers, donut fryers, kettle fryers, and Minimum Exhaust Flow Rate (CFM/Lineal Foot of Hood Length) Light Duty 200 400 250 250 300 Medium Duty 300 500 300 250 300 Heavy Duty 400 600 400 Not Permitted 400 Extra-Heavy Duty 550 700 550 Not Permitted Not Permitted
pressure fryers), electric and gas pasta cookers, electric and gas conveyor (pizza) ovens ) Heavy duty electric and gas underfired broilers, electric and gas ) chain (conveyor) broilers, gas open burner ranges (with or without oven), electric and gas wok ranges, electric and gas overfired (upright) broilers, and salaman ) Extra-heavy duty )
- K K ) ) wet ) K
- K Kitchen Exhaust Hoods K ) Fume Hoods ) ) ) ) V E H C

. Air H ndling Syst ms
fume hood system
R -
) ) ) ) )
Outdoor air intake )
C ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) E ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
E )
- F
.. Smok Tripping of AHU
) ) fire
compartment AHU
AHU ) m3
AHU
) AHU ) AHU ) AHU ) AHU ) AHU return air stream ) m

3
- A H
AHU)
- R S P D AHU ) AHU
Activation of smoke detector R
- Probe type smoke detector S AHU B A S BAS)
Smoke detector AHU
AHU
. Engin
r d Smok Control Syst m - Design Consideration and Over View
Engineered Smoke Control System
- Engineered smoke contro E C ACMV M V ACMV) S M E A
- E )
) )
A -
) ) )
(Perimeter of the fire.) Temperature of the flames in the plume.) E )
) kg/m
3
C 850C (1,112F 1,562 F) )
M = the mass rate of the smoke produced P= the perimeter of the fire (meter) Y= the height of the smoke layer (meter) ) tempera )
Temperature of the smoke in C above ambient Heat carried by the smoke in kW Mass rate of smoke production in kg/s -) ) m
2
MW/m2
burning rate) ) MW
Growing fire Heat output (MW) 0.1 0.4 1.5 2.6 3.0 4.6 5.0 Fire size (m2) 0.4 1.5 6.0 10.0 12.0 18.0 20.0 Max. smoke temp (C) 43 66 118 152 159 195 201
Effect of spreading and growing fires on smoke temperature

Time from ignition (minutes) 8.0 16.0 18.5 20.0 22.0 22.5 Constant burn rate at 0.5 MW/m2 Heat output (MW) 0.3 1.2 5.0 8.5 10.0 _ Fire size (m2) 0.6 2.4 10.0 17.0 20.0 Max. smoke temp (C) 80 144 277 356 384 -
MW ) m
2
engineered smoke control s ) ) ) )
- A Engineered sm E
.. D sign d Fir Siz
(Fire Size) Occupancy (Sprinklered) Shops Offices Hotel Guest Room Hotel Public Areas Heat Output (MW) Q = 5.0 Q = 1.0 Q = 0.5 Q = 2.5 Perimeter of Fire (m) P = 12.0 P = 14.0 P = 6.0 P = 12.0
Assembly Occupancy with fixed seating in meters
Q = 2.5
P = 12.0
Q = the heat carried by the smoke in P = the perimeter of the fire System to handle worst case scenario Minimum clear height below smoke layer = 2.5 m D BR 186 Design principles for smoke ventilation in enclosed shopping centre BR 258 Design approaches for smoke control in atrium buildings
- S Retail Stores Open Plan Offices Hotel Bedroom Motor Car (BRE 368) Motor Car (BS7346-Pt 7) Ladened Lorry Standard
) (Fire Size) 12 metres x 5 megawatts 9 metres x 2.5 megawatts 14 metres x 2.7 megawatts 6 metres x 4 megawatts 12 metres x 3 megawatts 20 metres x 8 megawatts 14 metres x 4 megawatts 20 metres x 7 megawatts Fast Response Standard Standard Non Non Standard
- Atrium smoke control system
- A
- A
extraction system
- S
- S
)S
- )S
- F
dby fans
- S
- End of Part 2 of 3
)
(Indoor Air Quality)
) N ) IAQ Test Parameters ) ) ) ) ) Temperature (Degree Celsius) Relative Humidity (%) Air Velocity (m/s) / Air Flow Carbon Monoxide (ppm) Carbon Dioxide (ppm) Threshold Limits 22.5 25.5 < 70 <0.25 9 1000 ) E A NEA) ) )
) ) ) ) ) )
Ozone (ppm) Total Volatile Organic Compounds (ppm) Respirable Suspended Particulate (/m3) Formaldehyde (ppm) Total Bacteria Count TSA, 35 Degree Celsius 48 Hours (cfu/m 3) Total Fungi Count PDA, 25 Degree Celsius 5 Days (cfu/m ) ) R H ) air
3
0.05 3 150 0.1 500 500 velocity)
..
(Causes of Poor IAQ) ) ) ) ) ) I ) ) )

(IAQ)
IAQ
(poor intake/exhaust locations) (poor air distribution.) (inadequate operation) (inadequate maintenance)
(IAQ Control Methods)
(inadequate filtration or dirty filters.)
..
) (control temperature and humidity) ) ) )

..
(ventilation - dilution) remove pollution source.)

(IAQ)
(filtration)
(IAQ Factors)
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) smoke) odors) (irritants dust) toxic gases carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide) (biological contaminants thermal environment)
) Stress problems (perceptible, nonperceptible) (allergens pollen)

..
(IAQ)
CO2)
) CO2 Levels) CO2 L ) PPM PPM
(Outdoor background level: 350 PPM CO2 avg.) ) ASHRAE S (ASHRAE Standard 62 recommends: 1000 PPM CO 2 max.) ) OSHA US A F (OSHA and U.S. Air Force standard: 650 PPM CO2 max.) ) (Human discomfort begins: 8001000 PPM CO2.) ) CO2 L ) PPM (Long term health effects: >12,000 PPM CO2.) ) ) ) ) ) ) A ) me ) Natural Ventilation n ) ) ) occupi CO) ) (remove heat) CO2 Levels) 800 PPM CO2 L ) PPM CO2 L ) PPM
CO) )
Mechanical Ventilation
naturally ) )
.
ventilat
) )
) ) )
Natural Ventilation)
- U
uilding (Cross Ventilation)
- Venturi effect )
Principle of Natural Ventilation ) ) ) ) Wind pressure on building Venturi effect C S
- A
- Stack driven natural ventilation

.. St k Eff t
- Wind driven natural ventilation
) N ) ) ) ) ) ) Stack Effect )
) Stack Effect
) vertical air movement CIBSE AM ) Stac ) N
win )
) -
air movement) ) ) )
) ) ) ) machine Stack Effect ) ) ) )[ complex arrangeme ) CIBSE AM N ) more ) CIBSE A ) ) enclosure) ) ) ) ) ) )
Stack Effect ) ) choosing areas of air intake) () Stack Effect ) ) ) )

..
) Stack Effect
(does not rely on wind) (Greater control in ) (Sustainable method)
(Relies on temperature difference) (Design restrictions)

(Design Information)
location of
) openings) )
) ) ) )
) ) ) ) )
Key Design Inputs) ) ) ) ) ) C)
.. D sign outputs
ventilati
..
(Calculation Approach)
) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) )
.. D sign W t h Points
outside tem
) ) Stac
) )
S S
natural ventilation
References for Natural Ventilation
CIBSE Guide A, Environmental Design, 2006, ISBN 1 903287 66 9 CIBSE, Natural Ventilation in Non-Domestic Buildings, AM10, 2005, ISBN 1 903287 56 1 AIVC 1998, TN 44 Numerical Data for Air Infiltration & Natural Ventilation Calculations,
ISBN 1946075972 Natural Ventilation Guidelines: Whole Building Design Guide, National Institute of Building Sciences http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php "Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings," a report (including design guidelines) by World Health Organization for naturally ventilated health-care facilities. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547857_eng.pdf N V ( http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California. ( http://www.lbl.gov) Department of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (http://architecture.mit.edu/building-technology/program/research-topics) The Center for the Built Environment (CBE), University of California, Berkeley.
h ni
l V ntil tion
M )
V )
S ) ) ) )
MV S
) E )
..
A ) )
natur )
- S
exhaust air Positive Pressure
- S Pressure
exhaust air Negative
- M
. Hospit l
- D
p r tion Room V ntil tion
) ) Efficiency Particu A ) ) V A ) ) S ) ) ) ) operation room) ) ) F HEPA) ) ) High ) airb ) )
sensible heat load) ) ) Lamina Flow System ) ) ) ) ) ) A
) ) L ) energy c )
Low uniform velocity
) )
) l S supply air
) )
L L P A F ) HEPA ) D HEPA HEPA ) HEPA
- Full Ceiling Supply Full ) )
- L clean zon Ceiling Lamina
- Partial Ceiling Supply ) Flow Ventilation System
) A
) ) ) ) ) Linear air ) ) ) L
) )
- A supply air to create a controlled operating room work area. C ) ) outer boundary layer) ) )
S air curtain )
) Positive Pressure ) ) ) ) ) )
) )
.. C iling Constru tion
S ) ) Dry ) ) G C ) ) ) TD
) )
wall
ceiling T ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) (temperature gr (temperature c )
) )
) )
A C
ACH)) )
ACH )
(Essential Rooms) V Syst m
ACH
ACH)
)
.
ACH
ACH
M E ) M E) S )
- E
routres
ACMV ) ACMV
ACMV ) ACMV
) V ) ) ) S ) G C C FCC) ) ) F Rooms involving us ) ) K

.. ( )
S ) ) )
(Exit (Internal Passageway)
) F
)
St ir s )
M )
- S ) ) ) B HVAC )
- S stack effe Stack Effect
) ) )
supply
) ) ) ) )
) ) ) )
P1= Pressurization ) ) ) )
system
pressure P2= occupied area pressure P1-P2>50 pa Pressure P1 is grater than P2 in occupied space
- P F ) ) ) )
P1= Pressurization system pressure P1>P2>P3 P1-P3>50 Pa Pressure P1 in staircase is greater than pressure P2 in Smoke stop lobby P2 is greater than pressure P3 of occupied space - M
- ) ) ) staricase pressurization fan )
pres
) )
pre
(Pressurization Level) P p ) S ) ) )
)
..
-) )
)S
L ) ) ) U ) user S -
Smoke-stop lob ) )
- S ) )
..
) ) S )
smoke-sto )
)F
C C
FCC) R FCC R ) PA system (Public Address S A S ) F A
Fire Co
- FCC
smo
staircase p )
FCC
FCC
) S FCC FCC FCC ) S ) r )
- S ) C F C C C FCC) FCC) FCC ) ) ) C C FCC) ) F ) ) ) ) F
M/V to exit staircase and internal exit passageway
- E
- End of Part 1 of 3
mechanical ventilation
Contents
D (Calculation Approach) S E (Design Information) IAQ) IAQ) IAQ) (Indoor Air Quality) (Causes of Poor IAQ) (IAQ Control Methods) (IAQ Factors) CO2 Levels) Natural Ventilation)
D M H ) )S )F C O
W V
Positive P R C E S C L C FCC) R S ) V
) MV S Internal Passageway)
Chapter-2 Understanding Psychrometrics (Part 2 of 3)
Contents
(Specific Volume) E S L H H H C Heating) Dehumidification)
S A M P
..
Specific Volume)
- C S
E S SI )
- C ) m
3
) (m ) ) S
3
) IP ) S ft ft )
3 3
RH 80F D B
) RH
) in )
F D
- S
E )
- S
E E
) Thermodynamic ) ) system
) thermodynamic system E ) ) of Vaporization ) S ) H )
T sensible Enthalpies of Fusion Enthalpies
Enthalpies of Vaporization of Water
Enthalpies of Fusion of Ice ) E E
- E
- E
B J
RH E IP
E U )
BTU/lb
SI
- E D J E B ) ) W B C D B J J E RH C C D B
- R
E RH C D B
RH
25C D IP ) F D B
RH RH
=)
J P
P C )
RH ) F D B
RH
34C D R H
B RH) ) W B W
D H
B RH) W B
34F R Dew Point
R D H B
RH) P
. S nsi l H ) )
t ) ) ) D ) B
(Cooling Dry Bulb )
Heating) ) Sensible cooling ) ) (decreases) (decreases) (decreases) )
) ) P
E Parameters Dry Bulb Temperature Enthalpy Humid Volume
Sensible heating (increases) (increases) (increases)
Wet Bulb Temperature Percentage Saturation Moisture Content Dew Point Temperature Vapor Pressure . t nt H t ) Humidification Humidification
(increases) (decreases) (constant) (constant) (constant) (Humidifi tion
(decreases) (increases) (constant) (constant) (constant) Dehumidification) ) ) )
- H
dehumidification
- S
sensible cooling process
L ) A )
) H
) C
C ) E E )
- S ) )
) )
) ) ) )
0.45 Mw x
) M
moist air
S IP
Q = Sensible heat added to or removed from air (BTU/hr) Ma = Mass of dry air = weight of air (lb/hr) Mw = Mass of water vapor = Weight of water vapor ( lb/hr) = t2-t1= temperature change in (F)
- ) ) ) )
F D
F D
- E ) Qs = 0.24 x 400 x (90-60) = 2880 Btu/hr ) Capacity = 2880 Btu/hr x 1 kW/3410 Btu/hr = 0.84 kW P Mw = 0.0072 lbw/lb d.a x 400 lb air/hr = 2.9 lbw/hr E ) ) F D B RH ) )
- H sensible heat
W)
RH ) humidity
Qs = 0.24 x 400 x (90-60) + 0.45 x 2.9 x (90-60) = 2880 + 39 = 2919 Btu/hr
Q P ) CFM ) air) CFM L ft3 ) ft/lb F D B ) )
) RH
) ) CFM
CFM = 400 lb/hr x 1hr/ 60 min x 13.25 ft3/lb = 88.3 CFM ) ) CFM ) leaving
Leaving air flow rate (CFM) = 400 lb/hr x 1hr/60min x 14.0 ft 3/lb = 93.3 CFM
CFM Standard Air Condition 0.75 lb/ ft

3
CFM
) CFM
Specific volume of 13.3 ft3 FD B H
Density
) A
) F D B sensible cooling capaci CFM F D B B
CFM
C )
FD ) B ) B
QL= Latent heat change (Btu/hr or watt) W2 W1 = Humidity ratio change (gr w/ lb dry air) . S nsi l A C ) ) IP QTotal = Q Sensible + Q Latent QS(Btu/hr) = 1.1 x CFM x (t2-t1) QL(Btu/hr) = 0.68 x CFM x (W2 W1) QTotal(Btu/hr) = 4.5 x CFM x (h2-h1) Q = Sensible heat (Q S) Latent heat (Q L) T CFM L/s h2-h1 t2-t1 ) ) ) = Enthalpy change (Btu/lb F) = T = H C) ) (kJ/kg K) F) (kg/kg d.a) A SI QTotal = Q Sensible + Q Latent QS (watt) = 1.232 x L/s x (t2-t1) QL(watt) = 3012 x L/s x (W2 W1) QTotal(watt)= 1.2 x L/s x (h2-h1) QTotal) ) ) cooling) t nt Pro ss
= Volume flow rate of air being process.
w2 w1
H ) )
AHU) CFM F D F D B
B ) RH F WB
- C ) ) ) ) Sensible cooling capacity Latent cooling capacity T The amount of moisture condensed (or) removed. = 1.1 x 20,000 x 18 = 396,000 Btu/hr P W1 W2 W2 W1 =82-75 = 7.0 gr w/lb da
= 0.68 x 20,000 x 7.0 = 95,000 Btu/hr total heat removed) 396,000 + 95,000 = 491,000 Btu/hr T E ?
psychrometric chart R
RT)
1 Refrigeration Ton = 12,000 Btu/hr = 3.517 kWthermal
cooling coil
) drain pi ) CFM L
SI unit)
C Dry Bulb B ) -) - ) ) ) 25C D D B B C W 25C Dr B B C W B 20C W B C Value = = = = = = = 25C (given) 20C (given) 63% 57.5 kJ/kg of dry air 12.6 g/kg dry air 0.86 meter cube/kg of dry air Dew Point temperature 17.6C W B C C C W
) ) Property Dry Bulb temperature Wet Bulb temperature Relative Humidity(RH) Enthalpy Humidity Ratio by Mass Specific Volume of Air
(SI unit) P ) PDF EAT LAT Entering Air T L A T P RH P RH P P C D C D ) B B P
- Blue Line Yellow Line Red Line Green Line Black Line Brown Line Grey Line Purple Line = = = = = = = = Cooling Process EAT Dry Bulb temperature EAT Wet Bulb temperature EAT Enthalpy LAT Dry Bulb temperature LAT Enthalpy EAT Humidity Ratio(Same as LAT on sensible cooling) LAT Humidity Ratio
- Outside Conditions(EAT): Entering Air CFM = 2000 Dry Bulb = 90F Wet Bulb = 75F 90F D WB ) ) D ) Bulb ) ) ) D W B D B B F B F WB ) CFM
) Final Conditions(LAT):leaving air CFM = 2000(Same) Dry Bulb = 75F Wet Bulb = 70.5F ) ) F W B B ) F Wet 75F D B F
F D EAT
) )
EAT B
) ) ) LAT P ) ) ) B running) Fan Coil Unit FCU) ) ) DX (Direct Expansion) Unit chilled Dry Bulb = 75F Wet Bulb =
70.5F LAT LAT A A H U
EAT
AHU)
FCU
AHU water unit SI )
- F
FCU)
performance) On-Coil ) )
) ) ) W B )
O -
) RH D ) B
B W B
) ) L F S M CFM) ) IP
) SI
) ) C
-) ) Before Point (Point 1) entering air properties) Point 1 Enthalpy = h1(kJ/kg) Point 1 Dry Bulb Temp = t1(C) Point 1 humidity ratio = w1(kg/kg d.a)
.
) A ) After Point (Point 2)
entering )
leaving air properties)
Point 2 Enthalpy = h1(kJ/kg) Point 2 Dry Bulb Temp = t1(C) Point 2 humidity ratio = w1(kg/kg d.a) FCU CMH Wet Bulb P Enthalpy (h2)= 36.1 kJ/kg Off-coil h2 (Point 1) = 36.1 C D B C
FCU
CMH C D B C Web
On Coil Condition(point 1)= Return Air Bulb Psy Enthalpy (h1)= 53.9 kJ/kg P kJ/kg CMH
Off Coil Condition(point 2)= Supply Air
On-coil h1 (Point 1) = 53.9 kJ/kg
Liter per Second = (18,000 CMH x 1,000 )/ 3600 = 5000 L/s = 5,000 X 1.2 x (53.9 36.1) = 106,800 Watts = 106.8 kW (106.8/3.517) = 30.37RT
= 5,000 X 1.2 x (26 13) = 80,080 Watts = 80.1 kW (80.1/3.517= 22.77RT) SI )- AHU Return air Supply air Return Air Flow Rate C ) R RH = ) C DB )= J W= 0.01122 kg of water/kg of dry air ) S RH = ) C DB enthalpy)=36.71 kJ/kg W= 0.00919 kg of water/kg of dry air C ) htt ) ) C SI IP B D B C WB ) = 26.7C D = 13.4C D ) C WB intersection poi ) B B ) C Wet Bulb C Wet Bulb
= 6,856 CMH = 1904 L/s
) ) ) ) ) )
Return air Return air RH Return air W Supply air Supply air RH Supply air W
= = = = = =
26.7C D
C WB
51.26(%), h (enthalpy)= 55.4 kJ/kg 0.01122 kg of water / kg of dry air 13.4C D B C WB 96.00 (%), h(enthalpy)=36.71 kJ/kg 0.00919 kg of water / kg of dry air
Total Cooling(watts)
= 1.2 x Liter per Sec x (h1 - h2) = 1.2 x 3236 x(55.4 - 36.71) = 72,4577 Watt = 20.63 RT
Sensible Cooling(watts)
= 1.232 x Liter per Sec x ( t1 - t2) = 1.232 x 3236 x(26.7-13.4) =51,414 Watt = 51.41 kW / 3.517 = 14.61 RT
Latent Cooling(watts)
= 3012 x Liter per Sec x (w1 - w2) = 3012 x 3236 x(0.01122-0.00919)= 19,878 watt Y B AHU AHU
AHU
. Air A A
ixing Pro
ss )
) C
- FCU
- CFM CMH)
Chapter-2 Understanding Psychrometrics ( Part 3 of 3)
Contents
D P C R F W C S W H A Steam (Adiabatic Saturation) (Steam Injection) A W her F H G FHG F S A CF B F BF Effective Surface Temperature (EST). A C
. D t rmining Supply Air Condition C L C RSCL) Room Latent Cool L ) RLCL) R ) Cooling lo H )
) RH ) )
- - A
) F D B ) RH CFM D B W B
22,000 Btu/h B D B
sensible cooli
S H
temperature) tS = 78 - 25 = 53F
C S
WR
WR = WS = 71 - 16 = 55 gr w/lb d.a
CFM
CMH D B RH CFM ) W
S B
- CFM Point 1 1A 1B R Supply Air Flow (CFM) 2000 2500 3200
Supply Air Condition (F Dry Bulb) 53 58 62.4 78 P P ) ) ) Point R = 78F D B ) W SHF) B RH ) A W( gr w / lb d.a) 55 60 62.6 50% B
- P ) ) R RH RSHR RSHR ) RSHR S H F RSHR D B Sensible Heat Ratio (SHR)
RSHR
S RSHR R RSHR) S H R SHR) R S H
- B H R RH WB) RSHR) B RSHR L ) RSHR P RSHR ) RSHR F D B RH B SHR RSHR ) )
- supply condition (CFM D R S
) D ) R
-) ) B RH ) RSHR RSHR SHR SHR G
SHR SHR
Gui P F
Guide Point
RSHR RSHR ) )
RSHR RSHR RSHR E ) ) RSCL B = 50%RH F WB 150,000 ) ) RSHR RSHR RSHR
Btu/hr RLCL = 53,000 Btu/hr Room design condition = 78F D Design supply air = 62F Dry Bulb Supply air condition (measured) = 61F DB ) ) RSHR RSHR -) F DB F WB
Guide Point RSHR
) RSHR
F D B
RSHR RH
S )
62F
D B
A RSHR
- Sensible heat ratio line ) ) R ) )

. Coil Pro ss
SHR
outdoor a )
C C ) entering ) cooling coil
- P ) C ) ) coi C C entering ) C )
Coil Process Line
) )
(entering
- EST P
)C C ) ) ) )
-C CFM - )C ) ) F DB F Dry B F WB F W B )
Entering Air Point = Point 2 Leaving Air point = Point 1 Qsensible = 1.1x CFM x (t2 - t1) = 1.1 x 24,000 x (68-59) = 734,000 Btu/hr Qlatent
=
0.68 x CFM x
(w2 - w1) = 670,000 Btu/hr Qtotal

=
734,000 + 670,000 = 1,404,000 Btu/hr = 117 tons - Enth ) Qtotal = 4.5 x CFM x (h1 - h2) = 4.5 x 24,000 x (36.8 23.8) = 1,404,000 Btu/hr IP Qs (Btu/h) = 1.1 x CFM x (t2 t1)F QL (Btu/h) = 0.68 x CFM x (W2 W1) QTotal (Btu/h) = 4.5 x CFM x (h2 - h1) . Psy hrom tri ) ) ) ) Room Outside and inside design condition ) V S CFM ) D B ) ) W QTotal (watt) = 1.2 x L/s x (h2 - h1) An lysis QL (watt) = 3012 x L/s x (W2 - W1) ) SI Qs (watt) = 1.232 x L/s x (t2 - t1)C
D B S ) ) CFM RSCL ) F D ) ) ) ) ) ) F Supply air CFM Supply air conditioning Conditioning entering cooling coil C P ) B CFM F D B B RH ) CFM
) )
AISI
CFM ) D
ASHRAE SMACNA ANSI
RLCL F W S B B (indoor)
) good practice)
- S ) RSCL = 1.1 x CFM3 x (t4-t3) )
) Dry Bulb3 =78 - 20 = 58F
RSHR
) RSHR P ) C ) M WB
F D
B F
M P ) P point C ) )
WB2 )
F D
entering )
Qs = 1.1 x CFM 2 x (Dry Bulb2 Dry Bulb3 ) = 1.1 x 33,640 X ( 81.2-58) = 858,500 Btu /hr C QL = 0.68 x CFM2 x (W2 W3) = 0.68 x 233,640 x (77.5-65.0) = 286,000 Btu/hr Total cooling load Qt = Qs + QL = 1,145,000 Btu/ hr = 95.4 Refrigeration Ton (RT) QS C ) hx h3 - ) )
QS= 4.5 x CFM x ( hx h3 )
= 4.5 x 33,640( 29.8-24.1) = 862,900 Btu/hr QL C (h2 hx) = 4.5 x 33,640 x (31.7-29.8) = 287,600 Btu/hr Qt T ) h2 h3 ) Qt = 4.5 x CFM x (h2 h3) = 4.5 X 33,640 x (31.7-24.1) = 1,150,000 Btu/hr = 95.4 RT RSHR cooling coil ) ) cooling loa ) ) ) ) h2 hx ) QL = 4.5 x CFM x
QTotal(Outside Air) = 4.5 x CFMOA x (h1 - h5) = 4.5 x 6730 x (38.6 30.1) = 257,400 Btu/hr C ) ) RSCL = 740,000 Btu/hr RLCL = 150,000 QTotal(OA) = 257,400 Coil Load = 1,147,000 Btu/hr . Cont C tF tor (CF) Byp ss F F ) CF) B tor (BF) Effective Surface Temperature (EST). F BF) )
M ) S T ) EST)
E ) C
S D B
T C
EST) ) EST D P ) ) f ) ) ) E
CF
CF B C ) -) ) C F E CF) F
) BF)
) ) EST) T C ) ) EST RH EST
CF
entering S
- C CF
CF= ) )
- Determining CF for a cooling coil
D D -C F DB T ) C ) C ) C F CF) F WB EST) C B =D B EST = Effective Surf
=D
B F) F) F DB ) F WB F BF) ) ) RH point 2 entering air)
F)
Effective Surface
CF) )
entering
C C
BF)
BF =
- CF =
= CF BF EST RH
- C )
- )
. R h ) H R t
saturated line)
C ) R C
) RHC)
- R ) R L C L RLCL)
reheat R T
) C L RTCL)
) RSHR ) Cooling co RSHR )
RH )
. F n
(H
t)
F nH
t G in(FHG)
S ) F ) Psychrometric
F)
F P
- F AHU ) 16C D H B D )
D A
H U A AHU) H
Draw-throug U
point 1) B
FHG -
P A H FHG C D ) C B ) U AHU)
hot water heati C )
air supply C D B )
. W t r Spr y into Air St S ) E ) D
m (Adi B )
ti S tur tion) ) ) C D ) ) B )
mixtu ) ) )
- W
- W J ) ) ) 14.6C D C) AC AB A K ) ) ) AC P ) J
Spray into Air Steam process ) ) U constant Wet Bulb B ) G -) C D B C W B kJ
constant W
. ) ) D B C
(Steam Injection) ) ) ) D Moisture content of air before = 0.0079 kg/kg ) B C S
) - S C ) ) J D B C 100C ) ) ) C D B (steam inject )
. Chill d W t r Air W sh r ) M ) ) ) ) D ) P
- C ) C D B (a) (b) D B ) (i.e. saturated air at 5C) C ) D B C ) C C ) ) ) ) C D B ) C - ) AC AB AC AB initial water temperature B ) D
- C
. ) P A DB (F) a b c d e ) 70 40F D B RH DP WB RH P 80 75 65 50 50 40% 70% ) F 60 40% WB (F) Dew Pt (F) RH(% ) W (gr/ lb d.a) ft3/lb (d.a) Btu /lb E
) ) RH ) F D 54F WB ) ) B ) ) ) ) ) C ) S B ) ) C D S ) C 60F D C ) F B CF) F D B E ) AC B ) ) ) RSCL RLCL O B L R RLCL) RH C L CFM RH F WB Sensible load Latent load Total load M R RLCL) S B
75F D F D ) ) F ) B B
F F DB )
C U FCU) ) F D B F D
G C B B
P L RSRL)
GPM) B R RH B R suppl D B W B L S
R H R L RSHR) R C B R F D B RLCL) L F F Wet Bulb B F BF) CF F F D B CF) F W C
F D L
RSCL) CFM S C B S supply F W E B S F D S D F D B ) RTCL B B T CFM) L
RSRL) W B
F Dry Bulb T EST) EST) W RH ) CFM C F B
RSCL B CFM
F D RLCL
B B F D
RH B D F D B B W
F D B B F D RH RLCL B B )
) RSCL AC ) )
F D
= 235,000 Btu/hr Ventilation air = 6,000 CFM 56F Dry Bulb Space conditions = 77F D 50% RH ) ) ) ) ) ) C ) C A RH RH ) ) ) ) ) AC AC AC L L D P B B B ) water removal rate) D ) F CF) CFM ) B F ) F D BF) B B B (schematic diagram ) Apparatus arr S M C CFM B Supply air = 812,000 Btu/hr RSCL RLCL =
F D
Effective surface temperature (apparatus Dew Point)
F D
B F D B
RH
) ) )
E CFM) R H ) ) D B W ) ) se B ) ) ) E R S ) E C C R ) CFM ) S ) F CF) B F T EST) S H R RSHR) ) S F D F D B AC ) ) B ) ent F D R RH) ) B
CFM) W B ) CFM F W B M R ) ) B CFM B CFM H RH) E
) )
B F W ) B )
latent cooling load B CFM F W ) B )
) ) ) ) ) ) AC B
F D B EST BF) F D B B B RH A F D RH D
CFM F D
F W M
) )
A C D B
F )
W -End-
Chapter-2 Understanding Psychrometrics (Part 1 of 3)
Contents
P (Evaporation) (Condensation) (Standard Air) (Specific Heat of Air) D P D W D B B P C T T (Temperature) L
C
H R R H
) Air conditioning ) D E ) ) Psychr ) P ) S ) ) P . Psy hrom tri American Society of Heating, Ref Air ) ) Conditioning ) A ) ) E ASHRAE) ) ) ) properties) properti ) ) ) B W B Air Standard P R P ) H RH) D P
A ) ) Comfort ) cold P ) Air Comfort air conditioning Conditioning
Industrial air conditioin
Industrial Air Conditioin
Psychro
)
moist air
Hygrometer
) Moist Air
) )
moist air
Moist Air
Psychrometric Chart A ) properti ) Psychrometrics )
) ) )
) )
Chart
P ) A Psychrometric Chart ) ) ) P P
- C E ) ) A P P
P W B
Psychrometric Chart
process
) -
) )
) ?
- ) ) r ) ) Superheated Low-Pressure Steam ) ) ) ) ) )
P )
.. (Evaporation)
hot a )
) )
(Condensation)
Saturated Air and Unsaturated Air Saturated ) ) Unsaturated Air ) (Standard Air) ) ) Air . )
Standard atmosph )
P ) )
-
(Specific Heat of Air)
) Specific Heat ) ) ) K Cp =1.006 kJ/kg K J F (20C) ) ) ) BTU BTU ) B C T U ) )
C )
F S ) Cp =1.006 kJ/kg K ) ) celsius (1C)
heat remove)
BTU
- Air
Water 62.4 S.l metric system (kJ/kg K) 1.005 4.187 2.110 1.369 0.540 0.139 2.575 0.398
Density at 68F (lb/ ft3) ) Substance air Water Ice Wood Iron Mercury Alcohol Copper ) ) IP SI Specific heat Conventional metric and Yard-pound system (Btu/lb F) 0.243 1.0 0.504 0.327 0.129 0.0333 0.615 0.095
0.075
Total heat of moist air Sensible heat ) ) + Latent heat ) = = Total heat
. ) ) )
Daltons Law )
Daltons Law is the total pressure equals the sum of the partial pressure. P Pa Pw C S Partial pressure of dry air (Pa) = Partial pressure of saturated vapor (Pw) = Total(standard) pressure (P) = H ) 31.66 mbar 971.59 mbar 1013.25 mbar ) = = = Total pressure Partial pressure of dry air Partial pressure of water vapor ) ) )
ba
) )
Daltons Law Pa = P Pw Pa = 14.6-0.2 = 14.4 Psia H
water vapor) )
H )
Humidity ratio 0.0086
) Grains P ) )
) ) )
IP
SI
RH Pw Pws . Psy hrom tri Ch rt
= = =
Relative Humidity % Partial pressure of water vapor at Dry Bulb temperature Satuation pressure of water vapor at Dry Bulb temperature
- P
.. Dry Bul
(T mp r tur )
t B ) ) )
B D
B DB
D C
B D B ) Psychrometric Chart D B )
- D
- S
IP ) D B )
Psychrometric c
- D
.. W t Bul
B
(T mp r tur )
- D
W ) B W
B W ) WB B W B D B ) W B B W
B D ) W B B W
) ) D B
) W
- D D W D B B W B B
B ) W B D B W B W B
- D
B W B
Wet Bulb Depression
(37C) ) W B D B D B )
B W W
) B B
celsius
celsius (37C)
celsius (33C)
) ) ) ) ) RH
F WB P P
- 76.5F Wet Bu F DB C S E )
- RH F DB
RH WB F WB
psychrometric H R
F DB )
RH WB 71.2F
- 55F
F DB
F WB B
humidity ratio
.. D w Point
(Temperature)
consta ) D P
) R H
RH)
Dew Poi
) - -
Dew Point Temperature
RH
pressure)
) D P
R H RH) Re F D H F F D D B ) RH) B B F DB
H RH) R
- D Dew P P
- D Point A
P A(point A) D ) B
- C C
Point B D 25C P
C ) W D S ) D B C D C
saturated
B B C B C) C ) C P C) C) C
BC) C )
14.2C B) D P
B ) )
- D D
- C
- D D D P D P P ) ) - ) RH
D ) D P Saturated Air
P D B W
RH B
) Saturated Air
) )
Saturated Air D P P ) D ) ) B B RH 80F DB F F RH ) 80F D ) F D B F F DB RH D ) ) T D B
F )
RH)
D R H RH)
P P
) P
- D
W B
P
67F
B
-
W
W
B
B
(Properties) Dry Bulb(given) RH %(given) Wet Bulb Dew Point = = = = 80F 50% 67F 59F C
(Value)
) ) ) D P
..
- C
- R
D )
D P
) ) ) D P
(Single-gla )
F DB F DB ) R H RH)
- D
F ) Psychrom ) ) ) RH )
.. Humidity R tio
F DB Dry Bulb 70F D Dew point 30F RH RH R
F DB F F H
RH)
R )
.. R l tiv Humidity
- R R ) D B H
H RH) D B
- R
H )
R R H H RH) RH)
) )
RH)
- C C D W B B
) D W B B
content)
D B
W B
Humidity RH) D B
ai
Relative
- R 20% Relative Humidity(RH)
H ) ) )
RH)
D D
B B
50% Relative Humidity(RH) )
) ) D B
RH
100% Relative Humidity(RH) )
C R ) RH) Saturated Air H RH)
20C R 100% RH
30C ) A RH) )
Relative
Humidity (RH) R H
Unsaturated Air
100 % Relative Humidity 100 % Relative humidity Dry Bulb 90F Wet Bulb 90F Dew Point 90F Relat D B H
less than 100 % Relative Humidity(RH) 80 % Relative humidity Dry Bulb 80F Wet Bulb 75F Dew Point 73F RH) W B D W 50 % Relative humidity Dry Bulb 90F Wet Bulb 75F Dew Point 69F B B W B
) R
RH)
Wet Bulb ) Bulb ) Dry Bulb
Dry Bulb (Wet
Bulb Dry ) )
Bulb
) ) ) ) Wet
) ) 25C )
C D
B C
RH
) ) )
- ) ) ) )
Chapter-1 Fundamental and Basic Concept
Contents
(Units of Measurement) A P P Lq A C (temperature) (Absolute Zero) A P E S H (Phase Change of Water) (Melting Temperature) (Boiling Point) C S S S P S T S T T Superheated T ture H L H T (Tempera V (Scale) V P G P Head V P
. A C HVAC) IP ) I )
(Units of Measurement) M V US ) SI E
ACMV) I
V US
A C US US
SI HVAC E E SI I
Metric syste E I
A ACMV
) )
ACMV )
HVAC
nd V uum Pressure
. Atmosph ri Pr ssur A solut Pr ssur G ug Pr ssur
A N Atmospheric Pressure) ) Torr kPa SI IP Inch of Hg V
M Bar
Psia Psig
760
101.4
29.92
1000
14.696
0.0
- -) Vacuum ) ) ) ) ) P ) ) Absolute Pressure ) ) ) A G
[P ) Partial Vacuum ) complete vacuum Perfect Vacuum
) )
P 0 kgf/cm 0 Pa H H )
2
) 0 mm Hg
) P
sea Pabs P
level) P ) Gauge Pressure P ) A P
P P
) ) atmospheric pre
G A psig psia psiv A
Guage Pressure Absolute Pressure Vacuum Pressure
Positive pressure Positive pressure or Negative pressure Negative pressure
- C
G pressur
- C
- C
-C )
Pabs = Patm Pvac = 60 (-5) = 65 psi S C) T P STP) P F P
- S
Discharge pressure
Atmospheric Pressure)
- A
ACMV ACMV
P
Head
pre ) ) H ) H ) )
A )
P ) Head
.. Pr ssur of iquid Column
M (liq ) )
P = pressure exerted by a liquid d = density of liquid(lb/ ft3) H = height of liquid( ft)
- M
- Positive pressure a) b) )
- Negative pressure ) ) ) ) ) negative pressure (atmospheric press
c) )
) lb/ft
3
) ) )
) )
) break) ) )
- M ) inches) ) WG
- T =
=S
P )
P )
) D
D )
) ) . (h t) ) ) ) )
) ) H ) (temperature) )
) )
) of e )
form
) ) ) ) ) )
F C
..
(Absolute Zero)
- A (motion) A
S Z
) A 0C (zeroC R F) ) A Z
Absolute Zero
A K
-273C
( -460F
-
.. A solut T mp r tur (Scale)
T application) K R
(very low temperature SI K K) -273C -460F IP
Rankin(0R)
K IP ) R . (Volum ) air) K
) R Fahrenheit )
C R
) -273C
F (T mp r tur )
-460F
) ) ) 0F 460F ) ) -100F ) -21.7=7 ) -460F ) F F F )
F ) F F -100F
-460F A
-460F -460F F F +460 = 560R
) F
Absolute Temperature 20F + 460 = 480R ) ) ) )
V1 = Initial volume of air V2 = Final volume of air - F )
T1 = Initial absolute temperature T2 = Final absolute temperature volume) 2100 ft3 F
Initial absolute temperature = 460 + 45F = 505R Final absolute temperature = 460 + 125F = 585R
= 2100 F
x 585 / 505 = 2432.7 ft volume @ 125F - F ) volume) 1500 ft3
Initial absolute temperature = 460 + 110F = 570 Final absolute temperature = 460 + 70F = 530
= 1500 x 530 / 570 = 1395 ft3 volume @ 70F F ) F
= L )
V2/V1 = T2/T1 S A C )
for )
V2/V1 = T2/T1 V2 = V1 T2/T1 V2 = 13.34 x T2 / 530 T2 )
T1 = 70F, V1 = 13.34 ft3 T1 = 70 + 460 = 530F
T2 )
V2
V2 ) IP
V = T/39.7 ) ) ) F
= 550/39.7 = 13.85 ft3 volume @ 90F = 13.85 ft3/lb ) . = 120 lb x 13.85 ft3/lb = 1662 ft3 (Pr ssur ) (Volum )
) )
P1 = Initial pressure, psia cy Initial absolute pressure = 14.7 psia ) ) ) ft3)
P2 = Final pressure, psia ) )
Final absolute pressure = 14.7+13 = 27.7 psia
= 3 x 14.7/27.7 = 1.59 ft3 volume @ 13 psig ) Initial absolute pressure = 14.7 + 25 = 39.7 psia Final absolute pressure = 14.7 + 75 = 89.7 psia ) ) ft3) )
= 10 x 39.7/89.7 = 4.43 ft3 volume at 75 psig A 70F ) ) ) ) )
V2 = V1 P1/P2 = 13.34 x 14.7/P
F Absolute pressure = 14.7 + 82 = 96.7psia
V = 196/P = 196/96.7 = 2.03 ft3/lb @ 82 psig or 96.7 psia ) ) )
) ) )
) ) ) )
F F
10ft3
Initial absolute pressure = 14.7 psia Final absolute pressure = 14.7 + 30 = 44.7 psia
3 = 10 x 14.7/44.7 = 3.29 ft
) Initial absolute temperature = 460 + 85 = 545R Final absolute temperature = 460 + 125 = 585R
= 3.29 x 585/545 = 3.53 ft3/lb volume @ final air 125F @ 30 psig
) . Enth lpy Enthalpy E E H
heat E H
) E H Enthalpy
E ) )
) )
) )
) ) T
) E ) ) ) )
Heat ) ) )
Definition - heat is defined as the form of energy that is transferred between two systems by virtue of temperature difference. S ) Eout ) (Ein)
Ech = change in stored energy in the system Ein = energy added to (entering) the system Eout = energy removed (leaving) the system ) B
= 4000 Btu/hr - 6500 Btu/hr = - 2500 Btu/hr ) ) ) A

. S nsi l H t nd t nt H t
- ) B E
)S
)L
- S
) ) ) ) ) ) Latent heat ) Sensible Heat
Sensible Heat Change Process
- T Sensible Heat
-enthalpy(heat content)change of water at 14.7 psi a surrounding pressure.
Sensible heat Equation: = rate of sensible heat added or removed from substance (Btu/hr) m = weight rate flow of substance (lb/hr) = specific heat of substance at constant Pressure Btu/lb ( F) = temperature change or substance (F) Air conditi ) Chill C ) F B ) F RT) W ) GPM) A C
(for water 1GPM = 500 lb/hr)
= 250,000 lb/hr GPM)
=-3,000,000 Btu/hr ) B R ) )
RT (Refrigeration Ton) 12,000 Btu/hr = 3.517 kW
) ) B ) F GPM) GPM den ) F ) B
) F )
) F
GPM
A D ) W ) H ) B 1kW = 3,410 Btu/hr
F ) ft
3
) CFM) )
W F
CFM
Latent Heat
- ) of Vaporization
) )
- Latent Heat
Latent Heat of Condensation
) of Solidification
) )
so )
Latent Heat
Latent Heat of Fusion
) )
C )
C )
R-
-40.8C
MP C
) ) ) MP MP
C C
Latent heat of vaporization (condensation) Substance air Water R-12 R-22 R-407C R-410A R-134a Latent Heat Formula 970 at 212F 68.2 at 5F 93.2 at 5F Btu/lb kJ/Kg 2501 2257 at 100C 159 at 15C 217 at 15 C 294 at 15 C 233 at 15 C 209 at 15 C
) L Q= . (H t) H
C V J =
) J J
) ) ) C C Kilocalorie [kcal] Joule [J] Kilojoule[kJ] 1 kg 1g 1 kg
intensity of heat ) ) [ ) 1C 1C 1C ) amount of heat) 1 kcal 4.187 J 4.187 kJ
British Thermal Unit [BTU]
1 lb
1F
1 Btu
J)
) )
Conventional metric systems cal 1 1000 0.2389 238.9 252 kcal 0.001 1 0.0002389 0.2389 0.2520 ) Fusion ) J
S.I metric system kJ 0.004186 4.186 0.001 1 1.055 ) ) 4.186 4186 1 1000 1055
Yard-pound system Btu 0.003968 3.968 0.000948 0.9480 1 ) Vaporization
- ) Sublimation ) )
- ) ) ) ) )
Condensation Solidification
(Phase Change of Water)
-
A B
) -50C
0C(32F)
0C(32F)
(32F) 0C(32F) )
C(32F) ) C(32F) C ) S Superheat Temperature C(212F) ) ) ) )
0C(32F) C D D 100C(212F) E
00C(212F)
100C E F
. ) ) ) . ) ) ) 100C(212F) h . Cond ns tion T mp r tur ) (212F) ) ) ) water) )
(Melting Temperature) ) melting point) 0C (32F)
(Boiling Point) ) )
. Solidification Temperature Temperature ) ) water) ) ) C (32F) ) ) Solidification
sensibl
SI
- F(0C)
IP ) ) ) ) Latent Heat of Fusion L )
) ) ) B B
) ) JK ) )
Latent Heat of Solidification
C)32F ) )
F sensible hea
IP B B F F F F ) ) B
F ) F
1F F 180F x 1 Btu/lbF =
B Latent Heat of
212F Vaporization
) )
Latent heat of
Latent Heat of Condensation
) ) B )
F ) ) Saturated Liquid )
F F ) Saturated Vapor
(Enthalpy of fluid)
E (Enthalpy of gas)
(Enthalpy of fluid and gas mixture) E S E ) )
Entha
) )
- B ) -) curve) )
-temperature curve for water(saturation vapor pressure curve) F(67.7C) (curve) ) liquid ph )
) ) )
- B )
-temperature curve for water(saturation vapor pressure curve) 225F ) ( ) F
) )
boiling p )
Molecular Kinematic Theory )
) ) ) ) ) ) - ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) - ) ) ) F ) C ) ) ) liquid) ) liquid) ) ) ) liquid) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) - - ) ) ) Evaporative Cooling
molecular b ) . S tur t d Su ) S S S boiling temperature (100% vapor) boiling temperature ) ) ) ) ool d ) ) ) Superheated ) ) ) ) )
liquid) . S tur t d Prop rty T S ta ) l (St mT
) superheat l ) ) S
A S C psi saturation temperature (boiling point) 193F S F F ) F
S F saturation temperature(boiling poin ) F ) F )
-End-
Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1) by Kaung Htat Nyunt Chapter-4 Air Compressors (Part 2 of 2)
Contents
(Multistage Compression) R R N S S V S S T C C C V C A C O - Cooled Rotary Helical Screw Compressors - Lubricated Rotary Screw C R C C
L Lq D A C C
C R C A C C C C
..
(Multistage Compression)
M ) ) ) ) M ) ) ) ) ) )
) U ) ) ) ) ) ) )
- M C
S RPM
-coolers ) ) C
) S ) S
stag )
- ) ) ) ) ) )
) Singl single stage ) ) ) Multi-sta ) )
) ) ) ) - T ages compressor T -
D A ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
.. R
ipro
ting Compr ssor
Single-Acting, Air-Cooled Reciprocating Air Compressors (Advantages) ) ) ) U ) ) ) ) ) Disadvantages) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) W CFM Double-Acting Water-Cooled Reciprocating Air Compressors Advantages) ) M ) ) U ) ) ) T ) Disadvantages) ) ) ) R ) ) ) single stage compress )
) ) ) ) . Rot ry Air Compr ssors Rotary c ) R R ) S ) V Rotary air compr HP HP ) ) L S ) W CFM F )
) )
R )
Pressure ranges)
C - Intake( 1 ) inle ) )
- I R
Compression ( 2 ) + ( 3 ) )
Discharge ( 4 )
Compression ( 2 ) + ( 3 )
Discharge ( 4 ) )
..
il - Cooled Rotary Helical Screw Compressors
CFM -
CFM H ) T L ) -
) ) C )
maximium l oil - cooled rotary-screw oil ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
C )
) F(82C) R
B )
B )
) Base Load R
- S
- S R M G -
1. Air filter 4. Coupling 7. Separator elemet 10. Ball valve - drain 13. Oil cooler 16. Fan 19. Moisture separator
.. Non - Lubricated Rotary Screw
2. Intake valve 5. Motor 8. Blow down valve 11. Oil filter 14. Aftercooler 17. Pressure transmitter
3. Airend 6. Minumum pressure valve 9. Receiver tank 12. Thermal valve 15. Ball valve - service line 18. Temperature sensor
- O
- R Non-lubricated rota C C ) CFM clearance-type
) G CFM ) C
- S
.. S r w Compr ssor
Lubricant-Injected Rotary Screw Compressors (Advantages) ) ) C ) ) S ) O ) ) ) ) F ) ) T ) U ) W CFM kW/100 CFM ) (Disadvantages) ) V )
Lubricant-Free Rotary Screw Air Compressors (Advantages) ) C ) ) ) ) ) Disadvantages) ( ) ) ) ) ) W ) U ) . Sliding V n Rot ry Compr ssors .. V n Compr ssors V R S ) ) ) ) R V W full loa ) W CFM CFM Load/Unload ) ) ) VSD )
- S
Sliding vane rotary compr V S D VSD) L U -
CFM
Variable speed dr L A T Rotary po ) R T R P . S roll Compr ssors S ) A ) ) ) ) S S efficien S Part load Part load Part load Part load
S ) T )
- S
.. S roll Compr ssor
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . Tooth Compr ssors co )
Oil-free design) ) ) c O - ) I C ) )
Tooth compressor compression ch
R )
- T . o L Compr ssors clearance-type -
C )
) . iquid Ring Compr ssors L H . Dynamic Compressors R B R
E CFM -
R )
)C ) A D R A centri
D C K P E K E) P
) ) E P E)
) )
) C I RPM . Axi l Compr ssor C S )
) C
RPM
)L )R )M ) C A C C A G - D -spool axial-flow compressor . C ntrifug l Air Compressors A ) H
- C
- I C ) K E K E) ) C Centrifugal compressor C R reciprocating compre V C C S D VSD) full load efficie Blow-Off HP
- C
A C Dynamic compres
Impeller pressure energy ) )
Blow-Off B
S S
.. C ntrifug l Compr ssor Advantages) ) ) ) ) ) Disadvantages) ) ) R V ) ) ) S ) W ) ) Effect of Altitude on Volumetric Efficiency Altitude Meters Barometric Pressure milli bar* Sea level 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 1013 945 894 840 789 737
-3 2
HP
HP )
inter-cooli W CFM CFM
Percentage Relative Volumetric Efficiency Compared with Sea Level At 4 bar 100% 98.7% 97% 95.5% 93.9% 92.1% V E At 7 bar 100% 97.7% 95.2% 92.7% 90.0% 87.0%
* 1 milli bar = 1.01972 x 10 kg/cm sea lev )
- C
Motor Sizes: Discharge Pressure Ranges: Flow Ranges:
A C 400-800 HP (300-600 kW) 50-150 psig (3.5-10 barg) 2000-4000 CFM (3400-6800 m /hr)
3
- C Motor Sizes: Discharge Pressure Ranges: Flow Ranges:
A C 800-1750 HP (600-1300 kW) 50-150 psig (3.5-10 barg) 4000-8000 CFM (6800-13,600 m3/hr)
- Class Zero 3-stage oil-free centrifugal air compressor 400 to 800 kW
- Class Zero oil-free rotary screw air compressor 160 kW -End-
Chapter-4 Air Compressors (Part 1 of 2)
Contents
(Useful Energy Output) C C C (Type of Cooling) H A C R C A C S D sipation (Duty Cycle) E
Compressed air system C
) hear )
C ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) )
.
) ) com
(installation) maintenance) - A C
(Useful Energy Output)
= =
= -) ) H D ) P ) ) ) ) ) ) C ) HP) ) ) HP)
HP) HP 3 HP HP HP HP) HP) )
- C
useful energy output
- C . Compr ssor
O -
Oil-lubricated compressor compre direct drive ) )
) )
O -
Oil-free reciprocating compressor
Oil-lubricated compressor
O -
Oil-flooded screw compressor
O -
C ) C ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -
air c
) )
Oil-Free compressed air
) ) )
statio
) C )
) )
) )
- C
compressor F A D 50 CFM CFM CFM CFM CFM CFM CFM )
Reciprocating Compressor(single stage) Reciprocating Compressor (two stage) Screw Compressors Centrifugal Compressors
- C m)
3
S W
C Description
3
E Capacity (m /min) 0.12 - 1.5 1.5 - 15.0 15.0 - 60.0 0.12 - 1.5
C Specific Energy Consumption(kWh/m3) 0.141 0.118 0.100 0.153 0.129 0.112 0.141 0.124 0.112 0.119 0.106 0.106 0.124 0.106 0.100 Capacity (m3/h) From 100 To 30000 12000 12000 2400 2200 300000 Pressure (bar) From 0.1 0.8 12 0.8 0.8 0.1
Part Load efficiency Good Good Excellent Good Good Excellent Poor Fair Fair Good Good Good Good Excellent Excellent
Lubricated piston
Non-lubricated piston
1.5 - 15.0 15.0 - 60.0 0.12 - 1.5 1.5 - 15.0 15.0 - 60.0 1.5 - 15.0 15.0 - 60.0 60.0 - 120.0 15.0 - 60.0 60.0 - 120.0 Over 120.0 C
Oil-injected vane/ screw
Non-lubricated toothed rotor/screw
Non-lubricated centrifugal
.. C
C Roots blower compressor single stage Single / Two stage Multi stage Single stage Two stage Centrifugal A C ) Compressor Reciprocating Efficiency: (7.8 8.5
To 1 12 700 13 24 450 ) Disadvantages)
Reciprocating 100 100 Screw 100 100 600
Advantages) -Syst
kW/m3/min)
-M -C
Screw Efficiency: (6.4 -7.8 kW/m /min)

3
-V -T )
) -Water-cooled -L ) )
Vane
Centrifugal Efficiency: (5.8 7 kW/m /min)

3
-E -C -
- C A C Reciprocating ) Screw (oil injected) Screw (oil
d pressure limitations residues in the air) (Oil residues in the air) Oil (Characteristics)
Vane
air treatmen
free)
-E
-E
(Type of Cooling)
Centrifugal Scroll Rotary tooth

..
-C -O -O
A W HP) ) A
) B
) ) ) Air Cooled Compressors C Water Cooled Compressors - H Water Cooling ) ) ) F ) C ) W ) ) D
) (contin )
(heat
I C
(cooling ) ) ) )
L C I
.. H t Dissip tion
Inter-cooler
Where: GPM = gallons of water flow per minute BHP = air compressor brake horsepower Heat dissipation = value from table below T T-rise = F, water temperature rise B Single Stage (Btu/minute per BHP total) Inter-cooler Cylinder Jacket Aftercooler ) ) ) F Compress ) ) None 15 26 Two Stages (Btu/minute per BHP total) 20 5 17 ) F )
..
(Duty Cycle) D D ) D ) [32.65 CFM 4 CFM/HP] R ) du ) ) ) ) ) double L S Lubricated Compressor ) L U L U ) C R ) O O co C L S C ) C ) ) ) C ) = ) HP CFM HP) HP CFM HP D compressor )
R T N -L
Non Lubricated Compressor
compressed ai
N L C
.. Air Compr ssor Effi i n y
C )
Air c
D D )
C ) ) ) ) down stream) A C Reciprocating Air cooled Water cooled Water cooled E Rotary Screw Lubricated Lubricated Centrifugal NonLubricated <250 HP ) ) ) ) ) )
Units
SingleStage
SingleStage 25
TwoStage 19-22
SingleStage 23-26
Two-Stage
Two-Stage
BHP per 100 CFM kW per 100 CFM )
26-32
20-22
20-26
22-27
22-27
21 )
16-18
19-22
17-18 Compres
17-22
18-22
Lubricated System C ) R seal ) )
) ) )
) Comp C F C ) ) C F A D M FAD) CFM) ) F A ) lubri
) D ) ) filter CFM L S )
. R
ipro
ting Air Compr ssor ) m W W

3
Reciprocating ) ) S E ) S W recip )
7.8 W
) D P C
F )
R ) ) ) ) ) V H CFM CFM CFM CFM P C ) ) ) multi-stage
configuratio
R ) I -line compressors, ) V-shaped compressors ) T
)H )V )H ) T B -O
) S ) D ) D
-acting compressors
- P
)R ) N W CFM) ) ) -L O F )
air compr
In-line compressors - W ) comp P ) ) ) C(401F) ) )R
V-shaped
Diaphragm
T C(320F) ) S C(464F) C(284F)
Multi stage
)R
- M
Clearance Area C )
Intake
Compression - C = C ;S=S
Clearance area ; R = Re-expansion
- Reciprocating Compressor S ) D effici )
- T
- A
- ) P - ) P c
.. Compr ssion St g
T inlet side) ) )
fo ) ) )
A Discharge pressure M )
S -End)
Chapter-4 Air Compressors (Part 2 of 2)

Contents
(Multistage Compression) R R N S S V S S T L Lq C C R C C C V C A C O - Cooled Rotary Helical Screw Compressors - Lubricated Rotary Screw C R C C
D A C C C
C A C C
..
(Multistage Compression)
M ) ) ) ) M ) ) ) ) ) )
) U ) ) ) ) ) ) )
- Multi Stage Compressor and Inter-coolers C multi-s ) ) ) ) ) C RPM ) ) -
S S
) - ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) comp ) ) ) ) T M ) S ) single stage shaded ) )
- T
D A ) )
.. R ipro ting Compr ssor
) ) )
) ) )
Single-Acting, Air-Cooled Reciprocating Air Compressors (Advantages)
) ) ) U ) ) ) ) ) Disadvantages) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) W CFM Double-Acting Water-Cooled Reciprocating Air Compressors Advantages)
) M ) ) U ) ) ) T )
) (Disadvantages) )
) ) )
) ) ) F
) . Rot ry Air Compr ssors R
kW/100 CFM(single-st
) R ) ) R HP HP R ) L S ) ) )
R ) S ) V
Pressure ranges)
- Intake( 1 ) ) )
- I Ro
Compression ( 2 ) + ( 3 ) )
Discharge ( 4 )
Compression ( 2 ) + ( 3 )
Discharge ( 4 ) )
..
il - Cooled Rotary Helical Screw Compressors
CFM
CFM H ) T L ) ) ) -
) ) C cooled )
) )
oil
oil - cooled rotary-screw
C )
) ) ) F(82C) R f ) ) )
B )
B )
) Base Load R
- S
- S R M G -
) -
1. Air filter 4. Coupling 7. Separator elemet 10. Ball valve - drain 13. Oil cooler 16. Fan
2. Intake valve 5. Motor 8. Blow down valve 11. Oil filter 14. Aftercooler 17. Pressure transmitter
3. Airend 6. Minumum pressure valve 9. Receiver tank 12. Thermal valve 15. Ball valve - service line 18. Temperature sensor
19. Moisture separator

.. Non - Lubricated Rotary Screw
- O
- R N C C ) CFM clearance-type
) G CFM ) C
- S
.. S r w Compr ssor
Lubricant-Injected Rotary Screw Compressors (Advantages) ) ) C ) ) S ) Oil flooded(continuous inter) ) ) ) F ) ) T ) U ) W CFM kW/100 CFM ) (Disadvantages) water-cooled recip ) V )
Lubricant-Free Rotary Screw Air Compressors (Advantages) ) C ) ) ) ) ) Disadvantages) ) ) ) ) ) W ) U ) . Sliding V n Rot ry Compr s sors .. V n Compr ssors V R st S ) ) ) ) R V effic W ) W CFM CFM lubricant-injecte Load/Unload ) ) ) VSD )
- S
S V V L Adjustable roto T R foo ) R T R P . S roll Compr ssors S ) A ) ) ) single-st S D VSD) L U -
CFM
adjust S
Part load Part load Part load Part load
Scroll compress ) S
Scroll compres ) T )
- S
.. S roll Compr ssor
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . Tooth Compr ssors )
Oil-free design) ) ) O - ) I C ) )
Tooth compressor
R )
- T . o L Compr ssors clearance-type -
C )
) . iquid Ring Compr ssors L H . Dynamic Compressors R B R
E CFM -
R volume)
)C ) A D R A r
D C K P E K E) P
) ) E P E)
) )
) C I RPM . Axi l Compr ssor C S )
) C
RPM
)L )R )M ) C A C C A G - D -spool axial-flow compressor . C ntrifug l Air Compr ssors A ) H
- C
- I C oil free ) K E K E) ) centr C C centrifuga C R V S screw C D VSD) Blow-Off ca HP
- C D
A C
Impeller ) )
Blow-Off B
Centrifugal compress
S S
.. C ntrifug l Compr ssor Advantages) ) ) ) ) ) Disadvantages) ) ) R V ) () ) S ) W ) sea l ) Effect of Altitude on Volumetric Efficiency Altitude Meters Barometric Pressure milli bar* Sea level 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 1013 945 894 840 789 737
-3 2
HP
HP )
W CFM CFM
Percentage Relative Volumetric Efficiency Compared with Sea Level At 4 bar 100% 98.7% 97% 95.5% 93.9% 92.1% V E At 7 bar 100% 97.7% 95.2% 92.7% 90.0% 87.0%
* 1 milli bar = 1.01972 x 10 kg/cm )
- C
Motor Sizes: Discharge Pressure Ranges: Flow Ranges:
A C 400-800 HP (300-600 kW) 50-150 psig (3.5-10 barg) 2000-4000 CFM (3400-6800 m /hr)
3
- C Motor Sizes: Discharge Pressure Ranges: Flow Ranges:
A C 800-1750 HP (600-1300 kW) 50-150 psig (3.5-10 barg) 4000-8000 CFM (6800-13,600 m3/hr)
- Class Zero 3-stage oil-free centrifugal air compressor 400 to 800 kW
- Class Zero oil-free rotary screw air compressor 160 kW -End-
Chapter 3 Distribution of Compressed Air (Part 1 of 2)
Contents
C C D A D A S S S A C
Distribution System Piping Layout Distribution System Layout
(Threaded Pipes) (Seamless Steel Pipes) (Stainless Steel Pipes) (Copper Pipes) (Plastic Pipes)
) C
A S
Compressed Air Distribution Network
) E )
) )
)
. Compr ss d Air Distri ution Syst m
- C C A D Compressor )M ) S ) L P C C B S
Compr
Pressure) 689KPa (100 PSIG) 1034KPa (150 PSIG) 172KPa (25 PSIG)
Air Flow) 24 L/S (50 SCFM) 142 L/S (300 SCFM)
) LS P ) SCFM) ) ) ) D ) ) ) D )
. Compr ss d Air Syst m
) ) L ) SCFM)
) ) ) )
Auxili ry Compon nt
C ) ) ) ) ) C ) ) ) ) C lubricators) pressure regulators) air receivers or storage tank) ) ) ) ) filters) dryers) separators) coolers)
heat recovery equipment)
C C A S
1. Stud Fitting 2. Wall Bracket 3. Ball Valve 4. Vented Valve 5. Plug-in Reducer 6. Fixing Clip 7. 1/2" ID (16.5 mm) Pipe 8. Reducing Bracket 9. Equal Pipe-to-Pipe 10. 1-1/2" (40 mm) Pipe 11. Remote Control Shut-Off Valve 12. Equal Tee 13. Pipe-to-Pipe Connector with Vent 14. Pilot Kit 15. 2-1/2" (63 mm) Pipe C
16. Modular Cantilever Bracket 17. Blowgun 18. Hose Reel 19. Mini Valve 20. Recoil Tubing 21. Air Distribution Column (4 or 6 port) 22. Automatic Coupler 23. Equal Elbow 24. Mini-Bracket 25. Braided PVC Hose 26. Reducing Tee 27. 45 Elbow 28. Fixture Canalis 29. End Cap 30. Bracket -
. Distribution System Piping Layout

T ) )
.. D
) ) ) )
- C plant
A D )
) ) C ) ) D R -) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Header Riser S )
location) ) ) P )
Connection Pipe Service Pipe Distribution Pipe Sub Header Inter-connection Pipe Branch Pipe D Drop Line Vertical Lag
- C C )
A D )
S )
.. D
) ) G
)G ) C ) ring main)
)U ) ) C E
)U ) ) R C ring main)
) Loop ) ) C )
.
layout
) )
C ) D ) C ) ) c ) ) ) ) ) ring o ) ) ) ) horizationa )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) com ) ) ) ) compres J )
) elbo ) ) B )
) A )
) H
H )
(r
) H ) S ) ) L ) S ) )D ) ) ) ) bran ) )
) ) ) ) )
.
) ) )
S )
) B S
) ) ) ) C ) ) ) )
Maximum Operating Temperature)
) T ) )
Maximum Operating Pressure) )
Low Pressure Loss) ) Low-Cost Installation)
..
Threaded Pipes) ) DIN DIN DIN
steel threa )
) ) B S
) ) ) Advantages) ) Disadvantages) ) ) U ) maximum o ) ) DN DN ) )
) C
- compress ed Air Piping Layout
..
Seamless Steel Pipes) S C ) ) ) DIN ) )
B ) )
S ) ) Advantages) Disadvantages) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) C
D D
..
Stainless Steel Pipes) S ) C ) maxim Advantages) S ) ) ) ) ) ) ) C ) ) C stainless stee DIN highest qu ) DIN
) ) )
Disadvantages) ) ) ) ) O ai ) Ring Seal

..
) ) Oil free wet ) )
Copper Pipes) C C ) maximum operating press ) ) C ) Hard semi) ) DIN DIN -
) hard ) )
Advantages) ) ) ) ) Disadvantages) ) C ) ) C ) lea ) C
L K F
) S
) )
working ) H L S
) -
So 1145F(618C) A
..
F(982C)
) Plastic Pipes) Advantages) pla ) ) ) ) ) ) low pressure )
Disadvantages) C) maximum ) L ) ) N ) ) ) PVC M ) ) ) ) operating pressure) ) )
) ) ) )
PVC
F ) PVC
PVC
F(71C) F(21C)
) ) T T (38C) ) P
Temperature Rating ) ) F(49C) F(38C) NFAP H ANSI B F C ) H E A ) C N -20F Thermoplastic F ) F(60C)
) M S F ) 200F(93C) L T L) )
) ) C ) FRP) ) ) K ) T K)
) 250F(121C) ) PVC ) ) ) ) ) ) F (537C) ) ) M V ) G Ball Valves) Ball Gate Galves) ) ) ) ) B ) ) compres ) ) FPS) PVC
) PVC
F (871C) S ) ) ) com FPS) )
) ) ) )
) ) ) ) )
) )
) ) ) )
) ) )
) F ) SCFM) ) ) ) ) psi
SCFM Lengths F ) M )
) F ) ) ) F ) Max Flow) SCFM)
pressure
drop) ) Equivalent
Pipe Diameter)
Diameter in mm [inch] 10 [inch] 25 [1 inch] 50 [2 inch] 65 [1 inch] 80 [3 inch] 100 [4 inch] 150 [6 inch]
liter/second 5 25 100 180 240 410 900
CFM 10 55 220 375 500 875 1,900 Nominal Pipe Size (inches)
Friction Loss Equivalent Length - feet of Straight Pipe (ft) Fitting 90 Elbow 45 Elbow Gate valve Tee Flow Run Tee Flow - Branch Male /Female Adapter 0.50 1.5 0.8 0.3 1 4 1 0.75 2 1.1 0.4 1.4 5 1.5 1.00 2.5 1.4 0.6 1.7 6 2 1.50 4 2.1 1 2.7 8 3.5 2.00 5.7 2.6 1.5 4.3 12 4.5 3.00 7.9 4 3 6.2 16 6.5 4.00 12 5.1 4.5 8.3 22 9 6.00 18 8 6.5 12.5 32.7 14
- P SI
Item
F )
Equivalent Pipe lengths in meters Inner Pipe Diameter (mm) 15.0 20.0 0.2 32.0 0.6 1.5 2.7 0.5 3.4 1.0 2.6 4.8 0.2 4.9 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 25.0 0.3 5.0 1.3 4.0 7.5 0.2 2.4 2.0 0.3 0.4 40.0 0.5 8.0 2.5 6.0 12.0 0.4 2.2 3.2 .5 0.6 50.0 0.6 10.0 3.0 7.0 15.0 0.3 5.0 4.0 0.6 0.8 80.0 1.0 16.0 4.5 12.0 24.0 0.4 2.6 6.4 1.0 1.3 100.0 1.3 20.0 6.0 13.0 30.0 0.3 4.1 8.0 1.2 1.6 125.0 1.6 30.0 8.0 18.0 38.0 0.5 3.3 10.0 1.5 2.0 150.0 1.9 40.0 10.0 22.0 45.0 0.6 12.1 12.0 1.8 2.4 30.0 60.0 0.6 22.3 16.0 2.4 3.2 200.0 2.6
Gate valve Fully open Gate valve Half closed Diaphragm valve Fully open Angle valve Fully open Globe valve Fully open Ball valve (full bore) Fully open Ball valve (red. bore) Fully open Swing check valve Fully open Bend R=2d Bend R=d
0.1
Mitre bend 90 Run of tee Side outlet tee Reducer
0.6 0.6
1.0 0.3 1.0 0.3
1.5 0.5 1.5 0.5
2.4 0.8 2.4 0.7
3.0 1.0 3.0 1.0
4.8 1.6 4.8 2.0
6.0 2.0 6.0 2.5
7.5 2.5 7.5 3.1
9.0 3.0 9.0 3.6
12.0 4.0 12.0 4.8
D ) -End of Part 1 of 2
Chapter 1 Introduction to Programmable Logic Controllers D P C A ) S C PLC D C L C PLC) C C )
PLC C Central Processing Uni CPU
PLC
PLC
Programmable Logic Controllers A S P M R PLC C PLC I O) H PID BASIC C P PLC ) C S H PLC
) ) PLC ) PLC ) PLC
)M )S S IO I PLC
IO P PLC PLC L N IEC PLC IO PLC C ) )
BASIC L
PLC
High-le D Advanced functional D ) mach F C
PLC
) ) D da
PLC P
C s D
PLC D C PLC ) S
PLC C
Control S S ) P PLC ) ) PLC
PLC H
- P -5 )C )I
O PLC
P C )P ) M ) P
U )
CPU)
PLC
CPU
PLC I
) I O) S C ) Solen F
PLC F F
IO O
CPU
CPU
)F ) M ) O S S
instru ) C )
I S S S P S P V C ) P
Pr P
) PLC
PLC
PLC P
PLC )
CPU PLC PLC PLC H H D P R C Input/ou
Other Types Relay C S PLC PLC PLC S of
Controls control PLC
PLC PLC
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -
PLC
R C
S ) ) PLC Control
) l
) PLC R
Dow
Chapter - 6 Fans and Blowers (Part 2 of 3)
Contents
C C C S S S R C D S C S C Duct Syste A F F F F D P L C O S P C R A C O P F F F A S R S (System Resistance) (Characteristics)
I
V T
(air filter) system curve Pressure - Volume Curve Law Of Fan Performance
.. C ntrifug l F n
Imp ll r
Bl d D sign
- hi ) ) C -) I ) I C )
) ) Blade ) S )
Forward Inclined/Curved Blade
Impeller
Radial Blade
Radially Tipped
Forward Curved Blade
- Backward Curved Blade ) C
Backward inclined blade
Backward aerofoil
curved
) blade) Radial Radial(straight) straigh ) ) Radial Tip
Forward Inclined Forward Blade Forward curved Forward aerofoil Backward Inclined Backward Blade Backward curved Backward curved aerofoil Aerofoil )R B R R R ) ) pressu ) ) B C ) ) ) A A ) curved A )
) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) B )
mechanical strengt ) R medium speed) ) ) E O ) ) S ) ) ) (v (high ) )
I E ) Radial Tipped Blade R ) R R O
maximum) blade tip absolute velo R
) ) )F B F
R F
) ) ) ) ) ) Forward Curved Blade Impeller ) forward c ) T ) ) ) ) ) I ) E ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) O ) blad )
) )
) F S )B B ) ) ) ) overl ) B ) B Backward Inclined Blade B ) ) HVAC ) Backward inclined ) ) H )
) )
) P I O
) non-
B ) unifor )
) )
) S )
) )
Backward Curved Blade B R D Overloa ) ) R
Backward Inclined Aerofoil Blade B ) ) large L ACMV scale industrial application) E
) E B ) B ) Aerofoil ) ) ) ) rotational energ )
dia
C ) ) A .. C ntrifug l F n V lo ity Tri ngl I ) I ) ) ) )
- F
Flat Blades (Radial Blade)
Backward Curved Blades
V = Absolute velocity of air leaving blade(shown equal for all three blade type) Vr =Velocity of air leaving blade relative to blade Vb = Velocity of blade tip
- F
tive to casing
.. C ntrifug l F n Arr ng m nt
Clockwise down blast
Clockwise up blast
Clockwise Top angular down
Clockwise Top angular horizontal
Counterclockwise down blast
Counterclockwis e up blast - C
Counterclockwise Top angular down
Counterclockwise Top angular horizontal
D rotation di )
F Centrifugal fa T SP BHP ) . St ll
CFM ) ) Fan Law (Characteristics) St ll S P
) ) W RPM)
) C I )
RPM )
(R gion) ) St ll R
C ) F ) ) C ) S ) ) C cent )
) )
- S
- S
) F
- F M
F ) ) )
- I . Syst m
C (System Resistance)
P ) B )
) B pressure drop) (
P A
PA > PB)
D ) )
) H )
) -) Point A Point B S Point C - D Y ) ) ) Y C duct system S

Curv
.. Syst m R sist n
Design Operating Point )
- S
Fan curve
.. Du t Syst m
D mp r
Syst m Curv
Point P1 -) ) ) Point P2 P P ) partial ) Point P1 ) (effect o D
- D
.. -
(Air Filt r) (air filter)
Syst m Curv
- No Filter Point (P0, P3, P4) P P P4
air
Filter)
system curve O ) C F P ) Operating Point (P P1) clean air filter) system ) (flow) 3.23 m3
P P1 curve Operating point )
flow) 3.0 m3/s
D P O )
A F
Operating Point (P2) ) flow) 2.75 m

3
) ) P
) )
) P ) ) m
3
P m/
3
. F n P rform n
Curv
Pressure - Volume Curve
- Theoretical fan curve and actual fan curve -) ) Fan Curve Cen ) F SI X X ) ) Y ) Y ax ) X ) Pressure-Volume Curve ) Pressure Volume Curve ) ) F C ) Fan Curve )
X axis) CMH F I
P )
theoretical characterist
R )
F ) ) I ) )
F ) F F fan cu
- T E F consumption) E F F S ) ) Steep Fan curve P
power ) )
pressure ) ) ) )
- Steep curve and flat curve
D ) ) ) ) . F n w F Law Of Fan Performance ) ) ) )
L ) ) ) flow) )
) ) ) ) po ) volume
) ) range )
speed)
) Q N P Volume flow rat CMH CFM) Rotational speed of the impeller.(rpm) Pressure developed by the fan(either static or total) H kW) Fan wheel diameter.
Hp H D W Air density
fan law ( ) V R ) S R ) H R -L Given: Air quantity - 33,120 CFM Fan speed - 382 RPM ) ) N) H ) N) P Q) N) P) R V
N) Q) Rotational s P R H N) P)
) ) N) H ) Static pressure - 1.5 in wg Brake horsepower - 10.5 )
RPM
RPM
RPM BHP
) CFM CFM
- S -) ) ) ) Point 1 Point 2 acual duct System Point 3 ) Point 4 ) ) . F n Curv s nd Syst m R sist n Curv s Fan curve CMH] Pascal) point air fan - System resistance curve ) pressure (inch wg) WG) flow)[CFM] static fan curve operating operating region s ) fan air flow) [CFM ) (deficient ) ) ) ) RPM ) F fan curve )
- Typical operating point -) F ) ) backw
- Unacceptable operating point ) ) poin A
- ) F )
) ) ) ) ) ) )
- air fl F )
) ) ) )
fan curve )
) )
) ) S
flow rate)
) p ) . D sign D ) )
pr )
) )
p r ting Point ) ) )
p r ting Point nd A tu l
- S F design operatin A A
design system resistance) ) ) D
actual system resistance
Operating Point 1 (Design Operating Point)
Operating Point 2 (Actual System Resistance > Design System Resistance) A B O Operating Point 3 (Actual System Resistance < Design System Resistance) A C ) ) design condition Operating Point 4 A P Operating Point 5 F F flow) [CFM ) air flow) [CFM BHP) G - F -) C CFM ) ) BHP air flow) [CFM - ) power(BHP) air A operating point ) des )
-End of Part 2 of 3-
Contents
T P D P P S D P N nd Velocity Pressure P D Velocity Profile
. Fan
F Eq F F F P E V R
Blower
F O A F A A A C C
R F F F F F I D N O
(Class) F (Principle of Operation)
(Performance)
F (Principle of Operation)
) ) ) air freshness) . Tot l Pr ssur St ti Pr ssur F ) F ) V ) T V T V ) IP ) SI ) W P G P ) WG) ) velocity pressure P Blower ) ) Static Pressure P S ) ) nd V lo ity Pr ssur rot ) ) ) temp )
Fan
WG)
Static Pressure S ) (equal in all direc N M ) - ) ) ) ) D ) ) ) W G - ) WG) ) ) S U P S
- M P
- N A
- -
)S )P )
)T
) V locity pressure
) ) V ) FPM) ) WG)
V D )
. Positiv Pr ssur Du t nd N g tiv Pr ssur Du t
- Static Pressure
Total Pressure
Velocity Pressure D Static P
Positive Pressure Pressure Positive Pressure S P T P
- D - )
Negative Pressure S P T P V P
N )
- T
. Du t
S
Velocity Profile
V ) )
) -) av ) )
- D ) ) F F
velocity profile
Duct Hydraulic Diameter (D)
duct height C
- . F n National Association of Fan Manufacturers (NAFM) Volume Total Pressure Velocity Pressure F F Fan outlet Static Pressure Power output F F Power input F Horse Pow ) H HP) air volume) W) average v Cubic Meter per Hour(CMH) ) C fan outlet F M
CFM) ) ) )
HP) Mechanical efficiency Static efficiency Fan-outlet area Fan-inlet area F F I F
W) power
S ) kg/m3 SI ) ) lb/ft3 I-P ) kg/m3
. F n Equ tions
TP = Total Pressure(standard conditions) SP = Static Pressure(standard conditions) VP = Velocity Pressure(standard conditions)
ATP = Actual Total Pressure ASP = Actual Static Pressure AVP = Actual Velocity Pressure
) inch of Water Gauge(WG) F )
SI
IP
ACFM = Actual ft3/min and BHP = Break Horse Power
6346 P ) H
) P
NFA
Net Free Area of the fan
velocity pres F WG)
FPM)
.. F n Pr ssur
nd V lo ity R l tionship
Bernoulli ) )
lb/ft2 )
40F
lb/ft3
lb/ft3 = 62.4 lb/ft2 per foot height of water.
W V
) (sea level, standard air condition 0.075 lb/ft 3) F
.. F n Effi i n y
mechanical efficiency
) pressure) F )
WG HP
lb/ft2 WG HP
) )
HP) WG
S -) (belt)
static pressure ) ) ) ) Impeller loss (heat) B M ) )
) loss)
D ) D ) ) ) I M
) )
. F n Centrifugal Fan Axial Fan ACMV
.. F n
Centrifugal Fan
- Axial Fan Pressure Ratio A Pressure rise (mm Hg) 1136 mm 1136-2066 mm ) ) ) S M E ) ASME)
Blow r
Pressure Ratio
) Equipment Fans Blowers Compressors Fan
Pressure Ratio Upto 1.1 1.1 to 1.2 more than 1.20
Blower Negative Pressure
S
(Class)
Positive Pressure
.. F n R ting
C SCFM)
Fa ) ) ) 200F(93C) ) F F ) F Class II A C M ) (Fan Classes) ) F(93C) )
) F F(21C)
) ) F (93C) ) p
F(21 C) )
) ) C A I fan )
Class I
AMCA) )
- C Class of Construction for Centrifugal Fan Class I II III IV Maximum Total Pressure 3 in. wg - standard 6 in. wg - standard 12 in. wg - standard More than - 12 in. wg - recommended
..
v rlo ding F n nd Non
v rlo ding Fan
F F A
Overloading Type Backward curved bl Non Overloading Non-overloading
Non Overloading Type Overloading Overloading Overloading Forward curved Radial blade centrifugal fans Axial flow fans
Non Overloading
Backward curved blade centrifugal fan Axial flow fans
The AMCA standard Test Code for Air Moving
Device
. Axi l F n
.. Axi l F n (Principle of Operation)
) ) ) ) A F ) ) Axial Fan ) ) A B )
- F
- F
n an aerofoil in a moving airstream
- D
- A
H Impeller )
) ) )
H )
- Propeller fans A
- Tube axial fan
- Vane axial fan )
- Propeller fan
- Propeller fan
- Vane axial fan
- Hub and Blade A Plane of Rotation )P F n Axial of Rotation
- Pitch Angle ) Pitch Angle
.. Axi l F n Imp ll r D sign
P ) E P ) ) ) ) )T A T H ) H ) ) HVAC ) ) )V A ACMV ) ) ) (single thickness cro ) ) ) D ) ) S
Vane Axial ) A HVAC ACMV

.. Axi l F n (Performance)
) ) ) Down stream )
A -)
) E V
) )
S ) ) )
- E
. C ntrifug l F n
A C
aerodynamic li
) )
) ) )
C ) radial direc ) ) ) ) A )
- Centrifugal fan
.. C ntrifug l F n
(Principle of Operation)
- Centrifugal fan C radial d I ) ) ) ) C ) ) ) I )
) ) ) ) ) ) I K ) E T )
) ) )
) ) static pressure
) K E)
) I
- P C Housing C )
al Energy(P.E) and Kinetic Energy(K.E) )
V )
- B ) I P E)
F ) l )
K E)
- C C ) C )
- Backward curved centrifugal fans R ) ) )
- Double inlet centrifugal fans ) r ) ) )
- (a) Radial blade
(b) Backward inclined blade
(c) Backward curved blade )
) ) ) K E K E) Potenti E ) C P E) ) )
C ) F ) ) C U FCU) ) A H U I Inlet G ) V IGV) ) vol ) )
C C )
) AHU) F C
- I )
-End of Part 1 of 3-
Contents
F C S S I L D D C I G V C IGV (Flow Control by Speed Regulation) (Flow Control by System Damper Regulation) C
M T
F F T A
S S F ) C
- Fans in Series and Parallel F P F )
Isolation Damper R

N F S C C
(Perfor
(Multiple Choise Questions)
. F n Control ) ) ) ) volume f F ) ) )
- D ) F
speed) )
F ) ) )
) D I B
) (Fan blade/air geom ) )
) S ) )
..
(Sp
d)
Control
(Flow Control by Speed Regulation)
F D VSD)
) V F
) D )
Control
AC Variable Speed )
(Flow Control by System Damper Regulation)
VFD)
.. Syst m D mp r
- Flow control by system damper regulation B )
.. Inl t ouv r D mp r
Inl t Guid V n (IGV)
Control
- Inlet Guide vane
- I
P I In G
) )
) F ) ) ) ) )
- Pre-rotation of inlet air by dampers
Point P1 air flow P - G Point P2 G )Q P )Q )Q P )P ) partially open) rate) Q P
ultipl F n Syst ms - Fans in Series and Parallel A C M V ) V S
VSD) ) ) ) S
F )
) ) ) ) C )
) )
computer ) )
room
etc ) B ) Fire Mode ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) F si )
) ) ) )
- Characteristic for two fans in series ) A point A A -
- S
- S
F ) ) F F fans in pa
) ) ) ) ) ) stall
.. Two F ns in S ri s (F n
AMCA
) F
F F T ) S ) A ) ) ) ) )
) F )
push-pull arrangement )
) A ) ) inlet absolute )
) ) )
) S
.. Two F ns in P r ll l (F n
) )
) ) ) ) ) ) fans in pa ) S S )
Fan
in
pa
) P F
) )
) F P ) )
- V
- Characteristic for two fans in parallel
- T
.. Addition l Consid r tion
- T
intersect) ) C VSD ) Variable ) F F

.. Isol tion D mp r
) F
) ) )
) )
) pre ) ) I fa ) ) iso ) ) shock during start-up) B
B B
P E F
.. R vi w
- S
(-)
V P ) low imped ) ) ) S
L S ) ) S ) ) ) ) F F I ) )
-
.
fans in paralle
Fan
P
) CFM CMH
)
density effects on fan Volume flow rat )
performance) F ) F )
Standard density of Air I-P 0.075 lb/ft3 Metric = 1.201 kg/m3 SI = 1.201 kg/m3
- )
- E
A D
Mass flow (density) volume flow(CFM) AHU (density decreased) mass flow effective cooling capacity cooling mass flow
S )
) )
) ) . Nois Consid r tion )
) ) ) ) ) F A ) ) ) ) P
so
S ) D
- Sound attenuator (splitter)
- Sound attenuator (in line)
- General comparison of noise A mi S . F n S l F F ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . tion Crit ri
- Noise compared to peak efficiency
(fan selection criteria) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Fan type Drive type(Direct or Belt) Noise criteria Number of fans Discharge Rotation Motor position Expected fan life in years
Air volume required - CFM System resistance - SP Air density(Altitude and Temperature) Type of service Environment type Materials/vapors to be exhausted Operation temperature Space limitations
(Multiple Choise Questions)
1 The parameter used by ASME to define fans, blowers and compressors .is__________. (a) Fan ratio 2 . (b) Specific ratio (c) Blade ratio (d) Twist factor
Which of the following axial fan types is most efficient?
(a) Propeller
(b) Tube axial
(c) Vane axial
(d) Radial
3 .
Which of the following is not a centrifugal fan type? (a) Vane axial (b) Radial (c) Airfoil, backward (d) Forward curved
4 Match the following for centrifugal fan types. . Type (a) Backward curved (b) Forward curved (c) Radial Suitable for (i) High pressure, medium flow (ii) Medium pressure, high flow (iii) High pressure, high flow
5 For fans, the relation between discharge and speed is indicated by____ .
6 The choice of fan type for a given application depends on . (a) Flow (b) Static Pressure (c) Both a & b (d) Neither (a) nor (b) fans
7 The
efficiency of backward curved fans compared to forward curved . is__ (a) Higher 8 . (b) Lower (c) Same (d) None
Name the fan which is more suitable for high pressure application? (a) Propeller type fans (b) Tube-axial fans (c) Backward curved centrifugal fan (d) None of the above
9 .
Axial fans are best suitable for _________________ application. (a) Large flow, low head (b) Low flow, high head (b) High head, large flow (d) Low flow, low head
1 0 The efficiency of forward curved fans compared to backward curved fans is ____ .
(a) lower (b) higher (c) same (d) none 1 The efficiency values of Vane axial fans are in the order of: 1 (a) 78 85% (b) 60 70% (c) 90 . 95% (d) 50 60% 1 Backward curved fans have efficiency in the range of: 2 (a) 65 70% (b) 75 85% (c) 90 . 95% (d) 50 60% 1 The pressure to be considered for calculating the power required for centrifugal fans is: 3 (a) Discharge static pressure (b) Static + dynamic pressure . (c) Total static pressure (d) Static + ambient air pressure 1 Typical design efficiency of aerofoil fan handling clean air is: 4 (a) 40 to 50% (b) 80 to 90% (c) 60 to 70% . (d) 70 to 80% 1 The clearance required for efficient operation of impeller of 1 meter plus diameter in Radial type fans is 5 ___________. . 1 (a) 5 to 10 mm (b) 1 to 2 mm (c) 20 to 30 mm (d) 0.5 to 1.5 mm 6 Which type of control gives maximum benefits for fan application from energy saving point of view? . (a) Discharge damper control (b) Inlet guide vane control (c) Variable pitch control (d) Speed control
1 7 . 1 8 .
The pressure along the line of the flow that results from the air flowing through the duct is ______________. (a) Static pressure (b) Velocity pressure (c) Total pressure (d) Dynamic pressure The outer tube of the pitot tube is used to measure __________________. (a) Static pressure (b) Velocity pressure (c) Total pressure (d) Dynamic pressure
1 Axial-flow fans are equipped with ________________. 9 (a) Fixed blades (b) Curved blades (c) Flat blades (d) variable pitch blades 2 The ratio of maximum to minimum flow rate is called 0 (a) turn up ratio (b) turn-down ratio (c) up-down ratio (d) None 2 The density of a gas at a temperature of 50 deg. C at site condition is _____________. 1 (a) 0.94 kg/m3 (b) 1.2 kg/m3 (c) 1.5 kg/m3 (d) 1.4 kg/m3
Questions and Answers Q1. Centrifugal Axial flow
In centrifugal fans, pressure is developed due to the centrifugal force imparted to air, unlike axial flow fans where velocity energy is imparted to air, which in turn is converted to pressure energy at the fan outlet. Q2. H Centrifugal fans are suitable for high pressure applications as compared to axial flow fans. Q3. Q4. Under which conditions of pressure ratios and volumes, low speed fans are preferred? Low speed fans are preferred for low pressure ratios and large volumes. A very conservative approach is adopted allocating large safety margins, resulting in oversized fans, which operate at flow rates much below their design values and consequently which leads to operate at very poor efficiency. Q5. Centrifugal fa )
Radial, forward curved and backward inclined fans. Q6. F )
Forward curved fans have the advantage of lower shut off power, which is desirable for low flow rate operation. Q7. F ) performance)
Performance of fans also depends on the fan enclosure and duct design. Spiral housing Q8. a. Changing pulley ratio for drive and driven equipments. b. Variable frequency drive variable speed fluid coupling. Q9. Fan application ) ) )
1. Change of impeller by a high efficiency impeller along with cone. 2. Change of fan assembly as a whole, by a high efficiency fan
3. Impeller de-rating(by a smaller diameter impeller) 4. Fan speed reduction by pulley diameter modifications for de-rating 5. Option of two speed motors or variable speed drives for variable duty conditions 6. Option of energy efficient flat belts, or, cogged raw edged V belts, in place of conventional V belt systems, for reducing transmission losses. 7. Adopting inlet guide vanes in place of discharge damper control 8. Minimizing system resistance and pressure drops by improvements in duct system Q10. F performance) The affinity laws governing fan performance is given below: Flow x speed Pressure x (speed)2 Power x (speed)3
Q11. speed control Speed control
guide vane control
Guide vane control
The flow is varied in accordance with the process requirement by changing the speed of the fan.
The flow is varied by guiding the inlet air into the fan in the direction of impeller rotation in accordance with the process requirement.
Q12.
F )
The following are the factors considered for fan sizing: 1. Flow requirement in m3/hr 2. Pressure drop 3. Power requirement 4. Density of flowing gas at the site condition Q13. F ) performance)
The main factors affecting the performance of fans are flow, pressure, temperature, speed and damper positions on the fan side and the power input in KW on the motor side. Q.14 F A
When the flow of air(or)fluid is parallel to the axis of the fan it is called an axial fan. Application areas of axial fans are: HVAC, drying ovens, exhaust system Q.15. R Radial type of centrifugal fans is used at high pressure, medium flow conditions. Example. Dust laden, moist air/gas in textile industry. Q16. Backward curved blade centrifugal fans B (a) High pressure generation (b) High efficiency (c) Power reduction with increased flow Q17. F inlet guide vane control
Inlet guide vane control is one type of capacity control of fans. The inlet guide vanes are designed to guide the inlet air into the fan in the direction of impeller rotation and, therefore, improve performance, resulting in somewhat better energy efficiency than damper controlled operation. Q18. F ) Variation in flue gas temperature will change the density of the gas given by a formula, Gas density = (273 x 1.29)/(273 + tC). Density of gas is important consideration, since it affects both volume flow-rate and capacity of the fan to develop pressure. Q29. F ) ) )
1. Ambient temperatures, both the minimum and maximum are to be specified to the supplier. This affects the choice of the material of construction of the impeller. 2. Density of gas at different temperatures at fan outlet has to be considered while designing the fan. The volume of the gas to be handled by the fan depends on temperature. A H U B T D
B B
AHU techanical d
Fan Motor Specification D Blower type / Blade = DIDW / BACKWARD B B Wheel diameter/ Frame (mm) 800 / K B K ) DIDW SISW Double Inlet Double Wi S I S W DIDW) SISW) )
Discharge (Rear) AHU Rear ) AHU AHU Air Volume CFM (CMH) 28,249(48,000) AHU B Volume Flow Rate Total Pressure in. WG (Pa) 2.83(707) AHU 2.83 inc T ESP / TSP in. Wg(Pa) 1.40(350)/ 2.41(603) ESP E Altitude / Temperature 0(0)/ 68.9(20.5) AHU FAN RPM = 1019 AHU B ) ) External Static Pressure AHU P T S P AHU inc External/total stat P TSP Total Static Pressure P ) ) CFM CMH R
Motor type / Pole TEFC - IP55 / 4 TEFC IP IP 0 1 2 E First digit: Ingress of solid objects No protection Protected Protected against against solid solid objects objects over over 50mm e.g. hands, large tools. No protection Protected against vertically falling drops of water or condensation. Protected against falling drops of water, if TEFC T L Second digit: Ingress of liquids E ) F C
12.5mm e.g. hands, large tools. 3 Protected against solid objects over
the case is disposed up to 15 from vertical. Protected against sprays of water from any direction, even if the case is disposed up to 60from vertical. over Protected against splash water from any direction. Protected against low pressure water jets from any direction. Limited ingress permitted. Protected against high pressure water jets from any direction. Limited ingress
2.5mm e.g. wire, small tools. Protected against solid objects
1.0mm e.g. wires. Limited protection against dust ingress. (no harmful deposit)
Totally protected against dust ingress.
permitted. 7 8 N/A N/A Protected against short periods of immersion in water. Protected against long, durable periods of immersion in water.
Absorbed fan/ Motor Power kW 13.50 / 16.20 A b S R W W W W recommendation W W AHU B ) S L D 93 95 91 / 94 88 / 82 H W W ) ) Motor safety allowance % 20 Electrical Supply V-ph-Hz 380-415 V / 3ph / 50 Hz W ) W W W W W Recommended motor kW 18.50 ) W AHU W P B ) motor ) AHU blower ) B AHU W AHU Blower AHU
Inlet In-Duct Sound PWR dB(A) Inlet In-Duct Sound PWR dB 125 Hz Per Octiave Band Unit 250 / 500 Hz 1k / 2k Hz
4k / 8k Hz Fan Discharge Velocity m/s 13.15 AHU Total fan efficiency (% 69.79) F ) T )
75 / 66
Transmission Specification Pulley type/ Grooves = SPB / 2 P G ) SPB P
Fan / Motor pulley mm 335 / 236 F ) ) ) Belt length mm 2000 F B -End) ) ) ) S
Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems ( Part 3 of 3)
Contents
F S F C D T C M A D A P A D D A O P D C S D C L (Noise Level) D P C D D D F D Static Fire Damper (pr
.. Fir D mp r
F ) F) ) Static Fire Rating F Access Door: F F F
Fire Damper Installation F -

.. St nd rd Fir D mp r
Static Fire Damper
Fire Mode
.. Fir d mp r
(pr ssur drop)
- F Dynamic Fire Damper D D ) Type-A fire damper T ) -A ) T -A ) () Type-C fire damper (100% free area) T M - T
. Control D mp rs
) duct )
low-pressure part of
duct systems (up to 2 Type-B fire damper T -B
) duct static pressure 3 W C
-C FPM)
-C
) D VCD) VCD) V ) Damper Characteristics ) Opposed blade
V )
V C
C D
) ) WG ) D D ) ) ) ) HVAC ) ) ) D ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) CFM )
Parallel blade: Two-position applications (open/closed). ) @ ) ) D ) B ) ) ) ) FPM)
Airfoil dampers - F -28 Triple V and Airfoil dampers
D ) S ) D - ) T D ) ) rec ) ) V F -
) Flat, one-piece (single metal sheet) blade - ) ) D F B ) ) )
T B ) S S FPM )
V ) ) ) D B
) )
FPM ) ) ) ) )
) ) CFM
P ) A P ) HVAC ) dampe ) D S CFM/ft B ) ) ) B D A damper D ) B ) ) ) P O ) M -) d ) ) D ) ) ) - ) ) bla

2
CFM CFM CFM ) CFM ) U Cooling lo CFM/ft2 L ANSI ASHRAE IESNA P ) )
) ) A ) ) )
- Fans in Parallel M ) )
- Centrifugal Fan with Inlet Vane damper smal L ) )
A ) N C N D ) ) Two position only C NC) ) O ) NO) )
a )
) ) ) Nor O NO)
Two Position ) ) Capacity control duty
F VAV
) Mixing duty E
.. () Two Position Duty
F F
O ) ) ) ) ) gravity damp ) ) ) N R D )
B D G ) Return Damper E discharge p D BDD) B
G NRD) ) Non fan
- Installed Characteristic Curves of Parallel blade dampers ) gra - ) V A V VAV) P ) ) )
F back fl ) )
- Two Parallel blade Triple V dampers From Different Manufacturers
- Two Opposed blade Triple V dampers From Different Manufacturers F ) gravity da F F B ) )
P T )
D HVAC )
S
.. () C p ity Control Duty
A ) ) ) ) O VAV ) -) F D D VAV ) ) ) D ) D ) ) V pr S V ) V C
D )
VCD) V
D ) A ) ) ) )
D D D ) Manufacturer ) D ) D
()
throt VAV
D )
) ) performan )
Manufacturer
Damper Relative Size D ) ) (performanc ) ) ) )
Damper Situation D
- E
D C )
-) )
) frictional ) losse ) )
F H
-) ) )
P ) ) ) ) turbulance
- Air flow through parallel
- Air flow opposed dampers
- Flow Pattern through opppsed dampers and parallel damper )
.. ()
ixing duty
) )
air
steam) )
) - ) O
-) )
- Various Mixing Box Arrangements ) Stratification D S V D ) ) ) ) ) ) Damper identification tag Location Damper type Damper size & quantity Duct size Arrangement
s
) )
) ) ) ) ) ) Blade type Velocity pressure drop Fail position Actuator identification tag Actuator type & quantity Mounting
. Air Distri ution D vi
D Primary Air P Total Air T C
re
) )
.. Air P tt rn
air outle )
- Throw T ) ) ) [ T
) ) [ ) [ ve terminal )
- S
(Plan view)
- Space air diffusion with overhead cooling
- O Drop
- A
-) ) )
) D M
T ) a drop
- D Spread ) ) ) Surface Effect ) ) ) Occupied Zone
) ) ) ) [ ) ) ) )
) S
Occupied Coanda
Zone ) effect
- S P ) D ) )
- Active and inactive sections ) ) P in. w.g.
pressure loss)
- Space air diffusion with overhead heating
- Upward deflection
- Sidewall application
- Ceiling diffuser free space mounting
- S
- Ceiling diffuser
- Slot diffuser
.. Air Diffus r
air co ) )G L F N ) D G Register )L B )L L S [ ) ) S S D S D [ ) ) ) [ L ) ) G linear bar Volume Control D VCD) ) S R ) ) ) )
Round ceiling diffuser
Square ceiling diffuser
Louvered face diffuser
Round plaque diffuser
Square plaque diffuser
Perforated ceiling diffuser
Round Twist Diffuser
Plenum slot diffuser - D
Light troffer diffuser
-L
- Return grille
- Linear slot diffuser
- Double deflection supply grille Industrial Ventilation
- Return grille
Industrial supply grille
Drum louver
Nozzle
Industrial return grille S
Security grille VAV application
- )
.. D
Characteristic length for various diffuser types
Diffuser Type High Sidewall Grille Circular Ceiling Sill Grille Ceiling Slot Diffuser Light Troffer Diffusers Perforated, Louvered Ceiling Diffusers
.. (Air utl t)
Characteristic Length, L Distance to wall perpendicular to jet Diffuser Distance to closest wall or intersecting air jet Length of room in the direction of the jet flow Distance to wall or midplane between outlets Distance to midplane between outlets, plus distance from ceiling to top of occupied zone Distance to wall or midplane between outlets
(Noise Level)
) N C NC) ) ) ASHRAE D Diffuser Type ) ) ) ) Square Cone Square Plaque Round Cone Modular Core NC Level 17 18 22 26 NC
noise
level) )
NC) )
Diffuser Type ) ) ) )
air out
24 in. x 24 in. module [610 mm x 610 mm], 380 cfm [180 L/s], 700 fpm [3.6 m/s] neck velocity NC Level 28 31 33 37 Perforated Curved Vane Louvered Face Perforated Face Deflector Perforated Neck Deflector
.. Pl num Slot Diffus r
1 in. slot, 4 ft [1.2 m], 270 cfm [127 L/s], 8 in. [203 mm] neck, 800 fpm [4.1 m/s] neck velocity Diffuser Type ) ) Linear Slot Linear Fixed Curved
ning
NC Level 31 36 ) )
Diffuser Type Linear Ice Tong Linear Wiper Blade
NC Level 39 46
. Du t Cl
- D Robotic Duct Cleaning
- Robotic Duct Cleaning
- D
- Robotic Duct Cleaning -End
Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems
Contents
(Sound Control) (Duct Leakage) SMACNA D D D H F C D D D D F D F C D P C Sz (Friction Losses in Duct) nd Pressure C P (Duct Design) (information) D Duct Static Pressure Loss by Formula work Testing Sz
..
(Sound Control)
) NC)) ) ) ) ) NC
) )
) )
resultant sound
- D Design guidelines for HVAC system noise in unoccupied spaces (Room Types) Private Residences Hotels/Motels Individual rooms or suites Meeting/banquet rooms Corridors, lobbies Service/support areas Office Buildings Executive and private offices Conference rooms Teleconference rooms Open-plan offices 25-35 25-35 < 25 < 40 25-35 25-35 35-45 35-45 RC / NC 25-35
- With sound masking Corridors and lobbies Hospitals and Clinics Private rooms Wards Operating rooms Corridors and public areas Performing Arts Spaces Drama theaters Music teaching studios Music practice rooms
Schools
< 35 40-45 25-35 30-40 25-35 30-45 c 25 25 30-35 25-30 25-30 25 RC / NC 45-55 40-50 35-45
Classrooms Large lecture rooms Large lecture rooms, without speech amplification (Room Types) Laboratories (with Fume Hoods) Testing/research, minimal speech communication Research, extensive telephone use, speech communication Group teaching Church, Mosque, Synagogue General assembly With critical music programs c Libraries Courtrooms Un-amplified speech Amplified speech 30-40 Indoor Stadiums, Gymnasiums Gymnasiums and natatorium Large seating-capacity spaces with speech amplification 45-55
..
25-35 30-40 25-35 30-40 40-50 45-55
(Duct Leakage) ) (Impact of Leakage ) ) ANSI SMACNA ASHRAE
Energy Cost Example Cost/year = [CFM x TP] / [8,520 x Eft] x Hours/Year x $/kwh
Leakage (%) CFM (Cu ft/min) RPM (rev/min) SP (in wg) VP (in wg) TP (in wg) BHP (hp) Oper/yr (5/year) Extra Oper/yr (5/year) Increased Oper/yr WO
0 5 10 15 20 30
20,000 21,000 22,000 23,000 24,000 26,000
530 557 583 610 636 689
1.50 1.65 1.82 1.98 2.16 2.54
0.39 0.43 0.47 0.52 0.56 0.66
1.89 2.08 2.29 2.50 2.72 3.20
6.68 7.73 8.89 10.16 11.54 14.68
5,600 6,481 7,452 8,515 9,675 12,301
881 1,852 2,915 4,075 6,701
15.7 33.3 52.1 73.0 120.0
Electric rate $0.15/kWh 52 weeks/year x 6 days/week x 24 hr/day Fan/motor Efficiency Initial velocity Annual Operational Costs
= = = =
0.15 7,488 hr 89 2,501
Cost/Year Qfan FTP Hours/Year Efficiency 8,520
= = = = = =
system first year operating cost ($) system volume flow rate (CFM) system total operating pressure (in wg) number of hours the system operates in one year $/kwh = cost of energy fan/motor drive combined efficiency conversion factor to kWh (kilowatt hours)
(Suggested Leakage Levels)
Leakage Levels Test Pressure (in wg) 0-1 1-2 2-3
SMACNA Class 3 (CFM/100 sq ft) 3.0 4.6 6.0
Leakage (%) 2 2 1
3-4 4-6 6-10

.. SMACNA Ductwork Testing
7.4 9.6 13.5
1 0.5 0.5
) ) ) )
(1.5 X pressure rating) +4" water (1.5 X Pressure Rating) ASHRAE Standard 90.1 ) IMC (industry-accepted
static pressures
(in SMACNA HVAC )
IMC pressure
Sizing)
) ) ) ) ) (duct heat loss) ) ) control) ) ) D ) S air distr ) ) ) ) (air balancing) (fire and smoke D (noise levels) (duct leakage) ) (space availability) (space air diffusion)
D ) ) Ductwork Sizes ) ) ) 24 X 12 ) ) )
D Sizing)
) duct insulation
) )
4 X X rectangular) X 6 X 36 X 12 ) maximum recommended) )
) )
(smallest round size)
) Pressurized Method
) Equal Friction Sizing Method (Constant Pressure Loss Method) ) Static Regain Method ) Total Pressure Method ) V ) C ) Velocity Reduction Method ) E ) S F R M M ) ) Equal Friction Sizing Method (Constant Pressure Loss Method) E D ) ) ) R V M M conventional duct design me
) Pressurized Method
S ASHRAE
Equal Friction Method ) ) )
P Equal Friction Method
) S
) ) fri
Equal Friction Method ) ) ) ) )S R S M ) Static Regain Method ) ) sectio ) Static Regain Method ite ) T T P S M pressur ) ) Equal Friction ) ) F fric P P P ) )
) ) ) S )
Static Regain Method
) b ) ) ) )
)V V
M air veloc ) D ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ASHRAE )C C )

) SMACNA S M ) ) ) ) noise HVAC Duct Construction Standards
Friction Losses in Duct)
F E ) Duct ) Duct ) ) D
.. H d nd Pr ssur
) F
) ) velocity) ) H
) H ) ) ) ) H P
("Head" is the height of a ) WC) )
fluid
column
supported
by
Head
) I PSI) = H )
H )
Air pressure 1 Pound per Squar
-W
E ) )
) D -
W D
E ) )
Darcy and Colebrook Equations
) F ) F R ) R R ) ) F R R )
friction fa ) ) )
H R R R N N N
D)
N )
) R N
) ) )
Laminar flow Transient flow
(Laminar if Re < 2300) (Transient for 2300 < Re < 4000) Turbulent flow (Turbulent if Re > 4000) (Noncircular) Duct
Rectangular Duct R ) )
Flat Oval Duct A = major axis of flat oval duct (mm) a = minor axis of flat oval duct (mm) P = perimeter of flat oval duct (mm)
F surface roughness) )
.. Fri tion Ch rt
duct
(Pr ssur Drop)
ASHRAE ) )
Friction losses (Pa/ m) Air Quantity (Liter per Second)
) ) )
Velocity (m/s) Round duct diameter(mm) Friction losses (Pa/m) P P ) CHM AHU P CHM L S ) L ) S CHM ) ) ) D L ) P P
) ) )
Air Quantity (Liter per Second) L Velocity (m/s) Round Duct Diameter(mm)
- ASHRAE friction chart 25,000 CHM M F L P L ) ) ) ) Type of Duct Comfort Systems Industrial Systems High Speed Systems ASHRAE ) ) = ) L ) = L P
m/s Main ducts Main branch ducts Branch ducts 4-7 3-5 1-3 )
FPM 780 - 1380 590 - 985 200 - 590 ) ) CMH
m/s 8 - 12 5-8 3-5 1575 - 2360 985 - 1575 590 - 985 )
m/s 10 - 18 6 - 12 5-8
FPM 1670 - 3540 1180 - 2360 985 - 1575 )
(rectangular d -P )
A F R CMH L
Air Flow Rate 18,000 CMH = 5,000 L/s
R 808mm ) Friction Loss Estimate
L -P ) P
1.5 X System Length (ft./100) X Friction Rate (in.W.G./100 ft.).

.. C l ul tion for Du t St ti Pr ssur oss y Formul
2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI),
)
Chapter 34,
Equation
) Ref:
No:11
Where
De = Q =
Circular Equivalent of Rectangular duct for equal length Air flow rate (L/sec) ASHRAE F ) ) L S H SI) C V)
E N ASHRAE
R ) circular equivalent diame
Ref: 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI), Chapter 34, Equation No:25
) )
Rv V ) H D
= Velocity Pressure (Pa) = Fluid mean Velocity (m/s) )
Ref: 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI), Chapter 34, Equation No: 24
) F
F ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook
Ref: 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI), Chapter 34, Table No: 01
(SI), Chapter 34, Table No: 01 ) R
Re = Reynolds number Dh = Hydraulic Diameter (mm) V = Velocity (m/s) ) P D
) or
Dh V If
= 1.204 kg/m2 (for air) = Hydraulic Diameter, mm = Velocity (m/s)
) For ducting, For fittings, http://www.acmv.org/lecture/file/Duct_Static_Loss_calculation.xls Ductwork Sizing Criteria Table (Ductwork Size Criteria)
Maximum System Type Friction Rate in.W.G./100 ft.
Minimum Velocity ft./min.
Maximum Velocity ft./min. Comments/Reasons
General Air Handling Systems Low Pressure Ducts Medium Pressure Ducts High Pressure Ducts Transfer Air Ducts Outside Air Shafts Gravity Relief Air Shafts General Exhaust and Special Exhaust Systems General Exhaust Ducts Toilet Exhaust Ducts Kitchen Hood Exhaust Ducts Dishwasher Exhaust Ducts Acid, Ammonia, and Solvent Mains Acid, Ammonia, ---3,000 4,000 0.50 (0.60) 1,000 3,000 Mains and risers 1,5003,000 FPM; Branches and lateral 1,0002,000 FPM 0.10 (0.15) 1,500 2,200 ---1,500 2,200 2003 IMC: 1,500 FPM min.; 2006 IMC: 500 FPM min.; NFPA 96-2004: 500 FPM min. 0.10 (0.15) ---1,5001,800 When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs; When CFM < 6,000 friction rate governs 0.10 (0.15) ---1,5001,800 When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs; When CFM < 6,000 friction rate governs 0.030.05 ---1,000 0.030.05 0.050.10 ------1,000 1,000 0.40 (0.45) ---2,5003,500 0.20 (0.25) ---2,0002,500 0.10 (0.15) ---1,5001,800 When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs;when CFM < 6,000 friction rate governs; applicable for supply, return, exhaust, and outside air systems When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs; when CFM < 6,000 friction rate governs; applicable for supply systems only When CFM > 5,000 velocity governs; when CFM < 5,000 friction rate governs; applicable for supply systems only When CFM > 3,200 velocity governs; when CFM < 3,200 friction rate governs When CFM > 1,200 velocity governs; when CFM < 1,200 friction rate governs When CFM > 3,200 velocity governs; when CFM < 3,200 friction rate governs
and Solvent Stacks Silane Ducts ---250 ---Louvers Maximum velocity through free area; Intake ------500 assuming 50% free areamax. velocity 250 FPM through gross louver area Exhaust or Relief Maximum velocity through free area; ------700 assuming 50% free areamax. velocity 350 FPM through gross louver area Velocity across the neck of the cylinder or cabinet window or access port
Notes: (1) Maximum aspect ratio 4:1; unless space constraints dictate greater aspect ratios. (2) Duct velocities should not exceed 1,500 FPM or noise will result. . Du t .. D sign
(Duct Design)
(information)
Duct
(client requirements) supply air condition) space availability)
(installation cost) (air friction loss) ) noise level) duct heat transfer and airflow leakage) duct layout
ambient conditions) D m ) Duct insulation Duct system layout Key design inputs Design volume flow rate (m /s) Limiting duct pressure loss (Pa/m) Limiting flow velocity (m/s) D ) ) )
3
codes and standards requirements) Design outputs Schematic of ductwork layout & associated plant Schedule of duct sizes and lengths, and fittings
) )
) ) ) D ) A A ) ) D ) R ) ) ) ) 20 ) ) A R )
duct ) )
- T D ) D D ) P ) ) D transmission) Noise) ) ) noise N S ) ) Leakage Control) ) ) )
Exposure) ) ) ) ) ) )
Duct Support D
Thermal Conductivity D ) ) D ) ) ) ) ) ) D ) fabr ) ) ) ) )
.. Du t D sign Crit ri
)L D
LCC) ) )
VAV ) ) ) ) ) surp )
VAV
) )
F
.. D sign Pro dur
A ) (volume flow rate) C ) Design Procedure ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Verify local codes & material availability Preliminary duct layout Divide into consecutive duct sections Minimize local loss coefficients of duct fittings Select duct sizing methods Critical total pressure loss of tentative critical path Size branch ducts & balance total pressure at junctions Adjust supply flow rates according to duct heat gain Resize duct sections, recalculate & balance parallel paths ) Check sound level & add necessary attenuation ) ) ) ) ) A ) D ) D Critical ) Path ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) warm air ) )
) ) C A ) ) ) C B ) ) ) D
. Fir D mp r .. Fir Comp rtm nt
Duct system ) J ) ) ) T ) ) ) A energy use C
- F
- F
- D
) F )
) ) ) ) ) ) (vertical)
- F Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings
Wall Mounted Fire Damper and Floor Mounted Fire Damper F )
- H
- Vertical and Horizontal

End of Part 2 of 3
Floor mounted fire damper
Fusible Links
Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems
Contents
D D F V S D D D D D D D A D I S I (External Insulation) (Internal Insulation) S L C (Duct Construction) (Ductwork Materials) C D A D H R z D A D O A D (Types) (Shapes of Air Duct) Flexible Duct
D D D D S P D A
H Hanger
H R
Duct Heat Loss
- Air Distribution System A D ) D Area(A) round) duct ) IP meters(m )

2
V M
S V )
D ) ) ) )
[square feet(ft2) SI [square
) IP per S (M V ) CMS) M D S
Cubic Feet per Minute(CFM) IP ) Feet
SI per
Cubic Meters Minute(FPM) SI
Velocity Pressure
Where:
VP = Velocity Pressure, inches of water (inch wg) V = Velocity, Feet Per Minute (FPM)
Frictional Losses ) E ) Dynamic Loss Frictional Losses ) Dynamic Loss ) ) )
Dynamic Losses
Du t
(Terms)
- D Main Duct (Trunk) A Branch ducts M Duct fittings M Air Distribution Devices D . Du t
.. Du t D
F ) C U
FCU)
duct terms)
AHU)
) ) D (Types) (Shapes of Air Duct)
Branch Duct
D )A (Round) Duct Oval duct ( ) (Rectangular) Duct ) D ) F ) )I )A
Insulated flexible duct
)P ) ) la ) )
)M ) A ) )
Round Du t
Oval Duct
D M A S M ) ) ) A S C H N A C O R A
) ) Major Axis (duct w A -C SMACNA)
) ) ASHRAE)
- Oval duct
.. F
- Round duct Flexible Duct ) ) D
- Round duct
C F
) ) ) ) F ) NEPA
Fle ) ) S ) No.255 ASTM E84 Under Writer L ) smoke developed rati )
.. Vertical Duct and Horizontal Duct
)
.. Supply Air Du t R turn Air Du t nd

utdoor Air Duct
Supply Air Duct P Return Air Duct N Outdoor Air Duct ) Exhaust Air Duct D D Ventilation Duct Maximum Size of Duct S ) ) (Sheet Thickness) ) )
sheet
thickne )
0.56 mm (24 gauge) 0.71 mm (22 gauge) 0.91 mm (20 gauge) 1.22 mm (18 gauge) 1.22 mm (18 gauge)
Air Conditioning Duct
Maximum Size of Duct 300
0.46 mm (26 gauge) 0.56 mm (24 gauge) 0.71 mm (22 gauge) 0.91 mm (20 gauge) 1.22 mm (18 gauge) ) )
R 205
(G.I Sheet Thickness) 0.6 mm (gauge) 0.8 mm 1.0 mm 1.2 mm
- F
- F
.. Duct Layout
D VAV D ) ) ) ) ) M
- S
- T
L
(Cl ssifi tion)
) P )
. Du t Syst m
) ) FPM(feet per FPM ) C
Low Velocity Duct System ) FPM
High Velocity Duct System
Low Velocity Duct System S
High Velocity Duct System
- R ) ) Duct System Class Low Pressure (Class I) Medium Pressure (Class II) High Pressure (Class III) 3 3 6 < D )
- R Pressure) V ) ) static ) V Velocity)
Velocity > 10 m/s
) ) ) ) ) Recommended Maximum Duct Velocities for Low Velocity Systems (FPM) M D V Duct Velocity) feet per minute (FPM) Controlling Factor (Application) Residences Apartments, Hotel Bedrooms Hospital Bedrooms Private Offices, Directors Rooms, Libraries Theaters Auditoriums General Offices, High Class Restaurants, High Class Stores, Banks Average Stores Cafeterias Industrial
From Carrier Air System Design Manual
) )
) ) )
air velocity)
Controlling Factor Duct Friction Main Ducts Supply 1000 1500 2000 1300 2000 2000 3000 Return 800 1300 1500 1100 1500 1500 1800 Branch Ducts Supply 600 1200 1600 1000 1600 1600 2200 Return 600 1000 1200 800 1200 1200 1500
Noise Generation Main Ducts 600 1000 1200 800 1500 1800 2500
air velocity) 3 m/s
theaters) )
4 m/s 7.5 m/s
M B
allowable air velocity) allowable air velocity)
air velocity) 5 m/s 4 m/s
) D SMACNA HVAC D Pressure Pressure D C FPM ) FPM ) fi ) ) ) Negative Pressure S D M Negative Pressure Positive ASHRAE H ) Positive
- D
. Du t (Duct Construction)
D ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Duct Construction Manuals ) D D W Double-wall and lining P (material types) ) ) jo )
spec SMACNA ) )
ASHRAE
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association (SMACNA) SMACNA HVAC Duct Construction Standards Metal and Flexible (Third Edition)
) ) ) )
SMACNA Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards (Fifth Edition) SMACNA Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standard (First Edition) SMACNA Round Industrial Duct Construction Standard (First Edition) SMACNA Thermoplastic Duct (PVC) Construction Manual (First Edition) D ) S ) ) ) approved D D ) ) ) ) ) D ) D ) ) ) ) M ) )
) Code of practice for fire precautions in buildings
) V ) )
F ) D A Ventilatin E
.. Du t
IHVE) ) ASHRAE H ) SMACNA M

(Ductwork
BS
P )
Materials) )G HVAC ASTM A ) C ASTM A ) A ) S K ) ASTM A

SHEET METAL GAUGES Sheet Metal Gauge 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Thickness Inches 0.3125 0.2810 0.2650 0.2500 0.2340 0.2187 0.2030 0.1875 0.1720 0.1560 Welded Ductwork Only Sheet Remarks Metal Gauge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 0.0437 0.0375 0.0343 0.0312 0.0280 0.0250 0.0218 0.0187 0.0170 0.0156 Gauges Not Permitted SMACNA Ductwork Construction Thickness Inches Remarks
S A A
D ) G D D L L S ASTM B
stainless steel sheets
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
0.1400 0.1250 0.1090 0.0937 0.0780 0.0700 0.0625 0.0560 0.0500 SMACNA Ductwork Construction
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
0.0140 0.0125 0.0109 0.0100 0.0093 0.0085 0.0078 0.0070
for Ductwork Construction
D UL (Underwriters Laboratory) standard Class 0 ) I Class 1 Class 2 )

.. Du t S l
Duct Material) ) ) ) (flame spr ) ) ) ) )
D Sealants and Adhesives W ) ) ASHRAE Minimum Duct Seal Level Duct Type Duct Location Outdoors Unconditioned Spaces A B Supply > 2 in. w.c. A A Exhaust C C Return A B ) u ) ) solvent based
Conditioned Spaces
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001 and ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 Ductwork Seal Classes Seal Level Seal Class A Seal Class B Seal Class C
(www.ASHRAE.org)
Sealing Requirements * All transverse joints and longitudinal seams, and duct wall penetrations. Pressure-sensitive tape shall not be used as the primary sealant. All transverse joints and longitudinal seams. Pressure-sensitive tape shall not be used as the primary sealant. All transverse joints only
Sealing Ductwork (ASHRAE Standard 90.1) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
SMACNA Recommended Ductwork Seal Classes
SMACNA Pressure Class (in. WC) 1/2 Outdoors Unconditioned Space Conditioned Space Outdoors Unconditioned Space Conditioned Space Outdoors Unconditioned Space Conditioned Space
SMACNA Ductwork Seal Classes
1 A B B A B B B B B
2 A B B A B B B B B
3 A A A A B B B B B
4 A A A A A A A A A
6 A A A A A A A A A
10 A A A A A A A A A
Supply Ductwork A B B A B B B B B
Return Ductwork
Exhaust Ductwork
Seal Class A B C C 3" WC 2" WC
Applicable Static Pressure Construction Class 4" WC and higher
1/2" WC and higher for all ductwork upstream of VAV terminal units
- Benefits of insulation and sealing ducts

SMACNA-HVAC Ductwork Seal Classes
) Seal Class A: ) Seal Class B: ) Seal Class C: )Unsealed: ) A V
25 percent total system leakage (all transverse joints, longitudinal seams, and duct penetrations). 310 percent total system leakage (all transverse joints and longitudinal seams). 520 percent total system leakage (all transverse joints). 1040 percent total system leakage. SMACNA recommended seal classes. AC duct MV duct M A D internal A M
insulation A
) external insulation
- D
- F
.. Du t Insul tion (External Insulation)
F )
) W/m K
2
mean temperature) 24C ) ) ) ) ) ) A ) kg/m

3
) A
air conditioning
.. D
I I density) 140 kg/m

3
(Internal Insulation) noi M D ) ) aluminum sh ) ) ) )
) ) )
- - D SMACNA Metal and Air Conditioning Contractor N A
) Internnal
insulation ) External insulation ) I ) SMACNA USA) ) Sheet
Duct and Plenum Insulation (Reference: Singapore Standard SS 553:2009)
Minimum duct insulation R-values for cooling only supply ducts and return ducts Duct Location Exterior Ventilated attic Un-vented attic above insulated ceiling Un-vented attic with roof insulation Unconditioned space Buried
.. A ss Doors
Duct location R-value (m2 K/W) 1.06 1.41 1.77 1.06 1.06 1.06 ) A D ) ) A Access Door )
E A
- O A D
access door ) (size) duct duct
- A 300mm x 400mm 450mm x 450mm 450mm x 600mm ) ) ) ) B
access door frame
A
.. Du t T st Hol s
D Test Hole Duct Test Hole )
Duct )
- D
.. Du t fittings
- D )
( ) Elbows
) ) )
Enlargements and contractions Means to reduce dynamic losses Turning angle, splitter vanes
) Converging or diverging tees and wyes ) Entrances and exits

(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2001)
ASHRAE duct fitting database ) ) ) ) ) ) Fitting Types Elbows Mitered vanes Mitered no vanes Fitting Types Elbows Gored long radius Fitting Types Elbows Gored Standard Fitting Types Divided Flow Straight Tee Fitting Types Divided Flow Conical Tee ) Divided Flow Laterals ) Duct fitting -Branch ) Duct fitting -Branch ) Fitting Types Divided Flow Y-Branch ) Reducing Y-Branch ) Divided Flow Laterals
)
. Du t Support Hanger
) - D
Maximum ductwork hanger spacing SMACNA minimum requirements (1) (2) Horizontal: 8 to 10 feet maximum. Vertical: One- or two-story intervals-12 to 24 feet.
) H Cross-Sectional Perimeter of Duct H duct duct Ductwork Support D (Type) 2.4 m 1.8 m 1.2 m
Maximum Spacing Between Hanger )
Maximum Hanger Spacing (Feet) 8 6 4 12 10 )
Horizontal Ducts Less than 4 Square Feet Horizontal Ducts 4 to 10 Square Feet Horizontal Ducts Greater than 10 Square Feet Vertical Round Ducts Vertical Rectangular Ducts
- D F ) )D ) ) ) Aspect ratio of the duct ) ) heat loss ) ) O D )
- D )
) F
. Du t Prop rti s .. Du t H t G in
Duct Heat Loss
A ) ) ) ) D duct ) ) ) ) S ) )
) )
U
.. Asp t R tio
- A
A ) ) A ) R
Duct Class 1 2 3 4 5 6
Max; Size of Duct (inch) 6 - 17 1/2" 12 - 24 26 - 40 24 - 88 48 - 90 90 - 144 ) )
Semi Perimeter 10 - 23 24 46 32 - 46 48 - 94 96 - 176 96 - 238
- Small Aspect Ratio End of Part 1 of 3
- Large Aspect Ratio
Chapter - 4 Cooling Towers (Part 1 of 3)
Contents
Chapter - 4 Cooling Towers
. Introduction . Cooling Tower (Technical Terms) . Condenser Water Piping Configuration

O C C O e System (Individual System) C C W H H C C T C T
Classification of Cooling Towers
. Cross Flow Tower C

D C
Closed Circuit Cooling Tower

C
Open Cooling Tower
. Cooling Tower
I
A ) rejec ) ) ) ) ) ) C
- C C genera ) A C ) ) ) ) S Latent heat transfer ) ) ) W Cooling towe ) ) ) industrial process heat Heat Transfer Medium )
) ) )
) ) )
C
B
T
)
Technical Terms)
) air Wet
Approach C W
Approach
Approach temperature =
Leaving condenser water temperature
- Entering
Bulb temperature
(Blow Down or Bleed Off) C C ) ) ) Capacity: C ) ) Blow Down Bleed Off ) ) ) )
Drift
Drift Drift - D E
Eliminator F Drift
Eliminator
- C Cell Counter Flow Flow Cooling Tower Cross flow Double flow Evaporation (Loss) ) Fill C C )
E ) ) ) ) Counter ) Double Flow ) Evaporation Loss
parallel & oppos ) )
Cross Flow Cooling Tower
Evaporation
) H Forced Draft F Induced Draft C Lift C ) Make up (water) C water Range Range = C ) at Cooling Tower
Fill )
F ) )
) ) ) Static Head st ) ) make up make up make up water pipe ) C
water tank
Entering condenser water temperature
Leaving condenser water temperature at cooling tower
C
C
C
water cooled c W chilled water system Reference Serving Room AHU/FCU Chiller air
W ) ) ) A C
air distribution system chilled water distribution system
Condenser water circuit
Naming of Circuit Circ ) S E supply ) ) )
C C chiller from C ) ) A ) )
) )
AHU FCU)
) ) chilled water return (return
) condenser wat )
C ) ) AHU AHU
) )
- O
..
n to
n Syst m (Individual System)
- O -)
O C
) c C
.. Common Cond ns r w t r H
d r t Chill r nd Cooling Tow r
-) C
- C
.. Common Cond ns r W t r H
der at Cooling Tower
- C
. C C
T )
Configuration )
T F F C ) C L
Induced Draft
Force Draft
C negative p )
Classification of Cooling Towers
- C C I C ) ) ) ) Induced draft counter flow Force draft counter flow I Force draft cross flow D )
F (+ pressure)
- F (+ pressure)
- - pressure)
- C
- C direction) ) ) )
- P air flow )
Counter flow cooling tower Parallel flow cooling tower C
- C
Cross flow tower Condenser Water Side ) P P ) I Condenser Water Side
) ) Air Side ) ) D ) C
mainte )
) B ) Cooling tower
Air Side ) ) ) I )
Counter Flow Tower Condenser Water Side ) S ) A Air Side ) C ) ) ) C ) ) )

. Dir t Cont t
Condenser Water Side ) ) ) Spray Air Side ) A ) ) L S ) ) P
C ) )
Open Cooling Tower
Closed Circuit Cooling Tower
C ) D open
) ) ) AHRI 35C(95F) ) ) water flow rate) ) ) D )
cooli C
B )
ch ) C (85F)
- D
-Contact or Open Evaporative Cooling Tower
- I
-Contact or Closed-Circuit
Evaporative Cooling Tower
) B
Approach Temperature =
Leaving condenser water temperature )
Ambient Web Bulb temperature ) Heat transfer
cooling tower
C Tower ) E
) ) ) )
) C ) ) ) ) ) )
Cooling tower
Ramp Up
Ramp Down
C . Cooling Tow r C ) ) ) Structu Fill Wet deck(hot water basin) Cold water basin C
) ) ) ) Fan(s) I D
- C ( ) Fill F
T ) )
) ) )
S S F
- C C
-fluted F S -
Vertical offset
Vertical flow
Cross flow standoff
coo ) )
- S
- S Spray Fill
Spray Film Fill ) rejection capacity) PVC ) ) )
HVAC
S )
F F ) PVC) ) (uniform water flow) ) ) Film Fill HVAC
(heat
Film Fill cooli
Splash Fill Film Fill
Wooden Structure Steel structure Galvanized Steel C G ) H ) ) ) ) C (sulfuri ) ) ) )
- C ) ) Z
T W Dry Kettle ) G oz/ft2) ) ) ) ) ) Galvanizi heat) ) G Z
Hot Dipped Galvanizing
) ) ) Stainless Steel S SS Concrete SS
) Fiberglass Stressed Skin Fiberglass/ Stainless Steel Casing C UV ) ( ) Hot Water Basin C Hot Water Basin H ) ) ) Cold Water Basin Cold water basin ) ) ) P ) ) C ) C ) ) ) C C ) Wet Deck W H G C ) ) )
- Belt drive () Fan Motor F F ) ( ) Intake Louvers ) D ) PVC ) End of Part 1 of 3 Drift Eliminator Drift e D ) ) C Drive
- G
Direct drive
- ) )
D )
Contents
Chapter - 4 Cooling Towers
. (Cooling Tower Sizing) . (Installation of Cooling Tower)

C C
. Condenser Water Temperature Reset . . Make Up Water

(Makeup Water Tank Size) C T P (Maintenance)
) ) )
(Cooling Tower Sizing)

) cool ) C )
C C ) C B )
) C )
) W
) )
) ) C ) C (95F) co
initial capital cost) ) ) )W B
29.4C(85F) C
B )
W )
B Rule )
(Installation of Cooling Tower) ) C ) C ) -)
- C C )
cooling to ) discharg ) )
- E . C p ity Control
cooling t Interlock
C ) )
C ) )
F F
air flo ) V S D VSD)
cooling tower fan cycling) condense ) ) ) F )
C ) chiller op
F Variable Speed Drive(VSD) ) ) ) VSD ) VSD
) )
) condenser suppl VSD )
Condenser water temperature 29.4C (85 F) ) ) S
) saving) C C
RT C = ) warm water C W
heat rejection capa ) C
(Rated condition = 35C 30C =5C) Actual condition = 32C 30C = 2C ) ) C ) energy VSD
Theoretical fan power consumption =(0.4)3 x 15= 1kW Saving in Power consumption =(15-1)= 14 kW ) ) ) ) C
RT co RT
) )
5 nos: of cooling tower x 500 RT x 0.05 = 125 RT ) )
- Cooling t
) ) W B
) W
lower condenser temperature) ) C ) ch
- C A B ) W B ) condenser water ) VSD C (85F) approach temperature(5F) ) W
)C condenser water temperature.
) Cooling towers with variable speed fans.
- C
X W RT) RT) heat rejection) = C W RT
- ) W RT RT ) ) )
3
Y W) ) ) W
) speed) = ) ) ) = ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) F ) D ) ) ) ) C heat rejection capaci ) ) )
) )
) (s
A ) W C c ) ) B C(5F) C(5F)
C(5F) P )
C )
condenser water supply temper
- C
- C
system efficie
O S
Maintenance)
)
S ) C ) ) C ) )
) ) S ope w C ) ) ) N C ) I
U W
) ) Evaporation loss ) D ) Blown down loss
Evaporation loss: ) ) )
F(29.4C) ) C
Btu/lb at 85F(29.4C) B GPM G M )
C C C
Flow: 1GPM (equivalent to 500 lb/hr) Range: 1F
Heat of vaporization = Q1 = 1045 Btu/lb Evaporation rate = B = 500 Btu/hr 1045 Btu/lb = 0.478 lb/hr E 10F HVAC of condenser water flow rate per F ) Range
) Drift loss: D ) Blown down loss: C ) )
HVAC
BD
= )
Blown )
down )
flow
Cycles = cycle of concentration C - C M Cooling tower heat rejection capacity = 870 kW Latent heat of water vapor = 2420 kJ/kg Rate of evaporation = 870/2420 = 0.36 kg/s Rate of make up = 0.36[ ] = 0.68 kg/s
Rate of bleed off = 0.68 - 0.36 = 0.32 kg/s Mass of solid entering = mass of solid leaving
) difference) 10C 25C ) W ) specific heat capacity(1.02 kJ/kg K) air cooled condenser temperature C ) specific volume
) - W )
W L ) C )
) W
T=
Cp for water = 4.19 kJ/kgK m = 930 (5.2 x 4.19)= 43 kg/s C ) ) B C C C lea ) E W
) )
) ) bleed off water ) )
C Bleed Off ) ) PPM P P M
(Makeup Water Tank Size)
C ) ) C evaporation loss)
Blow Down Drain (blow down loss)

E L )
We Q 600 T1 T2 Wc T1 T2 L
= Evaporation loss (Kg/ hour) = Heat load (k Cal/ hour) = Water evaporation heat(k Cal/ hour) = Inlet water temperature(C) = Outlet water temperature(C) = Circulating water flow(Kg/ hour) = 35.0 C (Entering condenser water temperature) = 29.5 C (Leaving condenser water temperature) = 45.86 Liter/Sec (condenser water flow rate)= 165,096 Liter/ hour = 165,096 Kg/hr. (Specific Gravity of water = 1.0)
We = 1,513 Kg/ hour ) C C hea carry over loss Wco = 0.20% x 165,096 Wco = 330 kg/hr ) B D Water Loss) ) drift loss ) O D L Water Loss)
) m -
(Make-up Water Requirement)
= 1,513 + 330 + 495 = 2,041 kg/hr per cooling tower ) ) 1000kg/m

3
RT )
kg) m)
3
C ) Mw = 2,041 kg/hour x 2 = ) ) (Make-up Water Storage tank) ) = ) ) m Make-up W ) ) st

3
) ) ) )
Total water requirement = 4,082 kg/hr x 18 hours
3m(W)
8m(L)
x )
3m(H)
72
. Cooling Tow r Piping
- Schematic piping layout showing static and suction pressure Question -1 C ) ) ) A Water flow rate = 48 Liter/Sec Entering water temperature = 34C Wet-Bulb temperature of air entering the CT = 28C Question-2 C W ) D B Question-3 C ) heat C ) RT W F W B B D C B W B ) ) C W B L S C ) C C
Question-4 C )
VSD
) )
VSD ) C
W F
) Question-5 C RT ) fan ) ( 500RT x 3 no of cooling tower x 0.05 ) + ( 250RT x 1 no of CT x 0.05 ) = 87.5 RT Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) 1 The type of Cooling Towers with maximum heat transfer between air to water is ___. . (a) Natural draft (b) Mechanical draft (c) Both a & b ) RT
(d) Neither a nor b
2 Natural draft Cooling Towers are mainly used in ____. . (a) Steel industry (b) Alumina industry (c) Fertilizer industry (d) Power stations
3 In counter flow induced draft cooling towers water and air both enter the top and exist at the top . of the Cooling Tower. State whether True or False? 4 The range of the cooling tower is determined by the connected heat load .True or False? 5 Match the following cooling tower parameters . (a) temperature (b) Approach (ii) Related to ambient conditions (c) Out let water temperature (iii) Higher temperature difference 6 Better indicator for cooling tower performance is ____.
Range
(i) Close to Wet Bulb
. (b) Dry (d) (c) Bulb Range Approac h
(a) Wet Bulb temperature 7 Cooling tower effectiveness is the ratio of____. . (a)Range/(range + approach)
temperature
(b)Approach/(range + approach)
(c)Range/ approach
(d)Approach/Range
Cooling tower reduces circulation water temperature close to____. . (a) Dry Bulb temperature (b) Ambient Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT) point temperature (d) None of the above 9 The ratio of dissolved solids in circulating water to the dissolved solids in make up water is termed . as ____. (a) Liquid gas ratio (c) Cooling tower effectiveness (d) None of the above 1 0 Which one of the following has maximum effect on cooling tower performance: (b) Drift (c) Louvers (d) Casing (b) Cycles of concentration (c) Dew
.(a) Fill media
1 Which one of the following is true to estimate the range of Cooling Tower? 1 (a) Range = Cooling water inlet temperature Wet Bulb temperature . (b) Range = Cooling water outlet temperature Wet Bulb temperature
(c) (d) None of the above 1 2
A cooling tower is said to be performing well when:
. (a) to zero (b) range is closer to zero (c) approach is larger than (d) range is larger than design design 1 3. Heat release rate to the cooling tower in vapor compression refrigeration system is equal to: (a) 63 kcal/min/ton (c) 127 (b) 500 kcal/min/ton approach is closer
kcal/min/ton (d) 220 kcal/min/ton 1 4. The operating temperature level in the plant or process connected with a cooling tower is determined by: (a) Dry Bulb temperature (c) Hot water temperature from the process (b) Wet Bulb temperature (d) Cold water temperature into the process
1 Which one of the following fill material is more energy efficient for cooling tower 5. : (a) Splash fill (c) Low clog film fill 1 6. (b) Film-fill (d) None of the above
Which one from the following types of Cooling Towers consumes less power? (a) Cross-flow splash fill Cooling Tower (c) Counter flow film fill Cooling Tower (b) Counter flow splash fill cooling tower (d) None of the above
1 7.
L / G ratio in cooling tower is the ratio of ___. (a) Length and girth (c) Water flow rate and air mass flow rate (b)Length and Temperature gradient (d)Air mass flow rate and water flow rate (b) 12 C (d) 2.8 C
1 Normally the guaranteed best approach a cooling tower can achieve is ___. 8.(a) 5 C (c) 8 C
1 The temperature selection normally chosen for designing of cooling tower is ___.
9.
(a) Average maximum Wet Bulb for summer months (b) Average maximum Wet Bulb for rainy months
(c) Average maximum Wet Bulb for winter months (d) Average minimum Wet Bulb for summer months 2 0. Select the statement which is true for a FRP fan. (a) It needs low starting torque (c) Easy handling and maintenance (Short Questions and Answers) 1. Mechanical draft cooling tower Mechanical draft cooling tower air flow ) air flow ) (b) Increases life of gear box (d) All the above
(a) Counter flow induced draft )C )C 2. C C ) )
(1) Aluminum blades(metallic) )G )F 3. E R R P P GRP) FRP) )
Evaporative F
4. rejection capacity) Water flow rate RT through =
Estimate the cooling tower capacity(TR)with the following parameters 120 m3/h CT
heat
SP. heat of water
1 k.Cal/kg C
Inlet water temperature
37 C
Outlet temperature
water
32 C
Ambient WBT
29 C
= 120 x 1000 x 1 x (37-32)/3024 = 198.4TR 5. C manufactures will guarantee. 6. How a continuously monitored ambient DB and RH data can be utilised for the cooling tower design? From the monitored DB(C)and RH%, Wet Bulb temperature(WBT)can be arrived using psychometric chart and same is used for designing Cooling Tower. In the design of CT Wet Bulb temperature selected is not exceeded over 5 percent of the time in that area. )
Generally a 2.8 C approach to the design Wet Bulb is the coldest water temperature that cooling tower
7. How size of cooling tower and Wet Bulb temperature are related?
Wet Bulb temperature is a factor in cooling tower selection. The higher the Wet Bulb temperature, the smaller the cooling tower required to give a specified approach to the Wet Bulbat a constant range and flow rate. 8. FRP FRP blades are normally hand mould. These blades are aerodynamic in profile to meet specific duty conditions more efficiently. Due to light weight FRP fans need low starting torque resulting in use of lower HP motors. 9. Reasons for excessive electrical load on CT fan motors are: ) Voltage reduction ) ) )
Incorrect angle of axial fan blades
Loose belts on centrifugal fans
Over loading owing to excessive air flow-fill has minimum water loading per m3 of tower
Low ambient air temperature
10 Cooling p . RT ) RT ) 11 A .
RT
RT ) Cooling Tower( )
Effect of cooling tower outlet water temperature on A/C compressors, 1 C cooling water temperature rise may increase A/C compressor power consumption (kW) by 2.7%. C W) 12 C . Rang temperature) 1C Approach Range Approach AC
(1) Range is the difference between the condenser water inlet and outlet temperature. Range (2) Approach is the difference between the cooling tower outlet cold water temperature and ambient Wet Bulb temperature. Though both parameters should be monitored, the Approach is a better indicator of cooling tower performance. Approach 13 C . ) Capacity and range ) ) ) W i B
Approach
Heat load
Wet Bulb temperature
Approach and water flow
Filling media
14 C .
Cooling tower effectiveness in percentage is the ratio of range, to the ideal range, i.e., difference between cooling water inlet temperature and ambient Wet Bulb temperature or in other words it is = Range /(Range + Approach).
15 C .
Evaporation loss is the water quantity evaporated for cooling duty. An empirical relation used often is:
16 C . FRP ) ) 17 C . )
FRP )
Blow Down = Evaporation Loss /(C.O.C. 1) C.O.C = Cycle of concentration 18 What will be the effect of cooling water temperature in heat rate in thermal power plants? . C Effect of Cooling tower outlet water temperature on thermal power plant: 1C temperature drop in cooling water will lead to heat rate saving of 5 kcal/kWh in thermal power plant. C temperature) 1C )
19 C . )S ) F 20 . C energy efficient PVC energy efficient End fi filll fill F
Contents Chapter - 4 Cooling Towers (Part 2 of 3)
. (Principle of Operation)
. (Design Conditions) . Cooling Tower Heat Transfer . Cooling Tower Performance Factor . Condenser Water Flow Rate . (Heat Balancing) . (Selection Consideration)
(Principle of Operation) ) ) ) ) ) C ) C S
C C C C ) H ) M ) C ) ) Vaporization ) C
) )
Latent Heat of Vaporization ) C B ) ) A ) B C D ) ) cond -) ) A B C C Latent Heat of Vaporization
Evaporative c C Cooling ) W ) ) S -
Evaporation Loss
Range
applicati
- R
) a ) ) ) )
) W C B
B ) C ) ) A) Dry Bulb ) )
-) ) B
) C -) fully
- C C ) B ) -) V AC S DE ) coolin L
enthalpy (entha W AB C B components) EB ) C B ) AC D B A) )
) W
AB C W B ) CB
CB D
DB)
water
D ) -) DB WB C ) evaporation ra ) evapo ) ) )
B ) AB WB WA) )
L ) ) ) K )
WD) )
total heat transfe
) )
) ) )
C ) C ) ) W B
(Design Conditions)
D B ) E W B ) A ) ) )
(entering and leaving water temperatures) Condenser wat
) 29.4C(85F)
L W) W kW) evapor ) W) W ) W) B
C(95F) ) C
W)
) cooling RT RT ) ) W RT = RT= RT
W RT RT W = RT) )
W RT RT C
Heat of Compression RT
Heat of Compression )
) )
)W
- -) heat transf ) Merkel Equation )
-) L
C ) )
- C C BC CD DEF LG initial enthalpy driving force
E )
air operating line with slope L/G
projecting the exiting air point onto the water operating line and then onto the temperature liquid to gas mass flow rat
axis shows the outlet air Wet-Bulb temperature
t2 = Entering temperature of condenser water t1 = Leaving temperature of condenser water h2 = Enthalpy of leaving air h1 = Enthalpy of entering air
) lb of wat
RH ) B B F ) ) ) ) B F KJ ) lb of w
85F B ) F = B =) enthalp B
F(25.5C)DB
Condenser w F F
latent heat vaporizatio B
Cooling Tower Performance Factor
- C W A B W B A R )
- V
- V condenser water flow rate. - ) - ) A ) )
Condenser Water Flow Rate C ) = 10F) C C ) C ) L S RT GPM ) RT ) GPM ) RT L S GPM) ) ) ) Range C (95F - 85F Condenser w
) ) )
A -C R I
H AHRI) ) RT condenser ) GPM RT
wate L S L RT
) )
- Condenser and chilled water circuit
C )
) ) ) ) (Heat Balancing) ) ) heat ) ) ) ) C C
) ) )
con
C ) 1kW W) )
) C C temperature raise) 10.5C
[1/(10.5x1.02)= 0.093 kg/kW] ) ) W m

3
- H
- H
C W T = C C= C ) )
) C )
W C
= 12 kW/15C = W C
- Carnot cycle for refrigeration

1 C kW
) ) ) ) C E R E ) ) ) M A [ )
(Selection Consideration) ) (operation cost)] ) ) L ) ) L http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/qed/cop_legionella.pdf ) )
) )
(Conformity to )
building codes) ) G
Relative effects ) ) )
) ) ) )
A E I O ) e ) C ) ) ) ) )
) )
) ) ) ) )
) 2007 ASHRAE Handbook ) L ) P ) E Costs ) P E ) ) ) ) C C ) Chapter 36 HVAC A )
E ) P T S W ) S ) E E M M End of Part 2 of 3 ) ) ) F ) ) ) ) )
) )
Chapter - 3 Air Handling Units ( Part 2 of 2)
Contents
AHU C S C AHU A G B P C T D S E B F C AHU A H AHU F VAV AHU D DDC T AHU C L DDC I B kA U S W FCU D AHU D C O UAH L C Control Logic C V C V M V V G G Thermometer C C H C S L C P F D C Total Capacity
. AHU Cooling Coil Sp C
ifi
tion ) A ) C ) ) York AHU
) A
AHU
Altitude (ft) ) ) ) ) )
) ) Coil Type (BDW) C Tube / Fin Material (Cu/ Al) C ) ) Tube Height / Fin Length (38/87) T ) C
AHU ) )
) ) Al )
F Cu
Rows / FPI / Circuit (6/8/C) C ) Coil Area C Air On DB/ WB A W Air Off DB/ WB A O cooling coi Off Coil Temperature Off Coil Temperature B On Coil Temperature Air C ) F temperature On Coil Temperature just before the D coil B C AHU C AHU ) AHU F P I ) FPI) V )
Air temperature immediately after the coil W B Face Velocity C ) Wet Coil ) C Air Pressure Drop ) ) ) ) Sunction Temp for BDX R Water ON/OFF Temperature W coil. C F Water Flow Rate C ) C F C W Water temperature just before the DX) AHU capaci ) AHU ) ) ) Air Pressure Drop ) AHU ) H ) ) ) ) ) F ) AHU Water Carried Over air velocity) C ) F D B
Water temperature immediately after the coil.
) AHU Water Pressure Drop C ) C ) ) AHU ) ) ) C pumping energy)
AHU ) AHU
flow ra )
AHU ) water pressure dro ) AHU
. S nsi l C p
ity
t nt C p
ity
Total Capacity
CFM
L/s = Volume Flow Rate of Air being process. C) ) (kJ/kg K) F) (kg/kg d.a) C C
h2-h1 = Enthalpy Change(Btu/lb F) t2-t1 = T w2 w1 = H Cooling Coil Sensible Heat Factor(SHF)Formula R
where
SHF = room sensible heat factor Sensible Coo T SHF ) C C ) L ) C ) P off co C ) C 12C 11.5C 18C DB O C Sensible Heat Load (kW or Btu/hr) Total Heat Load (kW or Btu/hr) SHF )
Coil Load Coil loa On coil temperature Off coil temperature ) C ) ) Wet Bulb Depression
Wet Bulb Depression WB) O
DB)
W C
B 2C
Wet Bulb Depression
O C Chilled Water Velocity ) C ) ) ) ) Fin Spacing FPI C ) Cooling co FPI FPI fi Fin F ) ) H Spacing ) ) ) C ) ) 1.0C
) L H ) L FPI
FPI
C coef L M T D
LMTD) )
heat transfer
TA TB
temperature difference between supply air and re ) L M U
T ) ) D
LMTD) U ) A ) ) ) W (barrier) Thermal c
F C )
. Cooling Coil H d r Conn tion
) ) ) LH) ) (Left Hand )
AHU (Right Hand RH LH RH) )
- R . AHU
RH)
LH) C
C D vi
Pip Fitting
- AHU
C devi
(A) Gate valve (Isolation valve) (B) Pressure gauge (C) Thermometer (D) Strainer
.. (A) G t V lv s
(A) Gate Valve (Isolation valve) (B) Pressure gauge (C) Thermometer (E) F) M Chilled water control valve Balancing valve
G )
AHU device ) ) AHU AHU ) Gate
Gate Valve Valve
AHU
-
.. (B) Pr ssur G ug
P ) AHU cooling )
- P
AHU )
.. (C) T mp r tur G ug
A ) ) ) S chille C C )
Thermometer
performance)
.. (D) Str in r
AHU
AHU )
- S
.. (E) B l n ing V lv
- B )
- T
.. (F) Chill d W t r Control V lv
- C
odul ting V lv
AHU C Modulating Actuator . AHU FCU Dr in
AHU )
Valve
AHU
D AHU D AHU ) A - T D -Through Unit Drai PVC T ) -) -) ) R T H U )
- D
AHU FCU W
(Thermal Capacity in kW) W W W W W W W W W W
mm) ) ) ) -
(Cod )
) ) )
. Air H ndling Unit ( AHU )
) )
A H AHU
U ) cooling c ) A
) C C
) U (Air break ) abrasio
between the condensate drain pope and the floor trap. ) ) ) ) AHU AHU AHU AHU
) AHU ) ) AHU )
.. AHU F n Syst m D sign Crit ria
A AHU P
C )
AHU
blower
Fan power limitation in air conditioning system Allowable Nameplate motor power Constant Volume (CAV AHU) 1.7 kW / m/s V C m W A au ) M ) ) O ) S AHU ) ) O ) AHU ) scheduled occu air flow rate) 5 m AHU ) ) (manual ) AHU ) AHU ) AHU ) ) ) ) ) A V S CAV) AHU m)
3
Variable Volume 2.4 kW / m/s kW/m AHU W fan motor namepl AHU ) kW/
VAV) AHU
) ) AHU
) )
m AHU
) P ) ) pre occupancy
) AHU building cool-down ) A ) D damper L 2.4 m F ) W Part load fan power limitation VAV ) V ) AHU S V design airflow) Static pressure sensor location VAV M AHU D VSD) V F D VFD) ) W ) ) )
) ) P l/s per m )
Set point reset D D C . VAV AHU Controll r DDC) ) Control Logic VAV B
- B Building Automation AHU
A D B D
S C A
BAS) DDC) S BAS) AHU
AHU
System(BAS)
)A H
I Legend ST: On/Off status TA: Trip alarm A/M: Auto/Manual mode SD: Smoke detector
SP: pressure RH: Humidity
Static Relative
DPS: Differential pressure switch WLD: Water leakage Detector T: Temperature
WFR: Water flow rate KWH: kilo-watt hour S/S: control VSD: Variable speed drive M: O/C: control Motorised Open/Close legend actuator Start/Stop
)A H
.. D s ription of DDC Inputs and Outputs
V C Dir D DDC) C
A V
VAV) AHU UAH DDC) I D C DDC) UAH L L
(1) Digital Input (Dry contacts) D ) D C DDC) UAH L D I DI) )
- VAV AHU VAV AHU D I Selector mode status On/Off status Trip status S G
) )
(2) Analog Input (0-5 Vdc/ 4-20mA/ NTC 10K temperature) D A D I Temperature sensors(maximum 4 nos.) Static Pressure Chilled water flow rate CO2 U A I I ) abnormal) sensor C DDC)UAH L A I ) conn )
First Order Low Pass Filter Method
Where, Vnew = New reading to be updated in DDC Vold = Old reading updated in DDC Vin = Sensor reading, C = constant(0.0~ 1.0) (3) Pulse Input Direct Digit C ) ) O Direct Digital Con V A) DDC) UAH C
DDC
DDC) UAH )
L A
) )
Variable Air Volume (VAV) AHU
wiring diagram
- V (4) Digital Output D C AHU D C D
A V
VAV) AHU DDC Layout
Wiring Diagram
DDC) UAH O )
AHU Start/Stop(Individual schedule or manual control) F Fan 1 Start/Stop(Individual schedule manual control)(used as By pass damper control ) F Fan 2 Start/Stop(Individual schedule manual control)
Return air d Return air damper Open/Close control(interlock with AHU operation) E Exhaust air damper Open/Close control(interlock with AHU operation) V A V VAV) AHU T S T
- V (5) Analog Output D D C DDC) UAH AHU V AHU S
A V
VAV)AHU T
L D chilled
A VSD) water valve
.. DDC T rmin l Blo k Assignm nt (UAH 484 )
B Terminal Block No TB0
) Label +24V COM AO1 COM AO2 UI1 UI4 COM UI5 UI8 COM UI9 UI12 COM UI13 UI16 COM UI17 UI20 COM UI21 UI24 COM P3 COM P4
TB
TB
TB
Remark
Description 24 VAC Input(L) 24 VAC Input(N) Analog Output 1 COM terminal for AO1 & AO2 Analog Output 2 Universal Input 1-4 2 COM Terminals for UI 1-4 Universal Input 5-8 2 COM Terminals for UI 5-8 Universal Input 9-12 2 COM Terminals for UI 9-12 Universal Input 13-16 2 COM Terminals for UI 13-16 Universal Input 17-20 2 COM Terminals for UI 17-20 Universal Input 21-24 2 COM Terminals for UI 21-24 Pulse Input COM terminal for P3 & P4 Pulse Input Digital Output 1 - 8 Network wire from previous DDC Network wire from previous DDC Network wire to next DDC Network wire to next DDC
TB1
TB2 TB3 TB4 TB5 TB6 TB7
Each com shared by 2 UI Each com shared by 2 UI Each com shared by 2 UI Each com shared by 2 UI Each com shared by 2 UI Each com shared by 2 UI Only P3 is used. Only TO1,3,5,6 are used. TO3 not used for Tower 1
TB8
TB9
TO1-TO8 N+
TB10
NN+ N-
.. AHU Control ogi
AHU ) Purge mode ) Alarm mode ) Normal operation mode ) M ) B
)P P N Purge Mode C O O O O AHU M ) A smoke detector B R AHU ) ) N AHU AHU on ) M AHU O O O O AHU PID M PID AHU ) output contol VSD DDC M type) e ) (set to close) (set to open) ) A DDC M ) ) E ) VSD ) (set to close) ) R ) Alarm Mode AHU AHU ) (set to 0%) ) typ ) ) F (set to open) (set to close) Purge Mode Flushing Mode ) AHU Flushing Mode
O O O O VSD V ) B
set to close) set to open) (set to 0 %) (set to 0 %)
Bypass damp Chilled Water Valve Control PID V T Default S P D C
AHU
A PID PID 5.0 C C reference input
- M I I PI ) sec )
- T derivative constant default
Supply Fan Variable Speed Drive (VSD) control PID V T D default PID P V S D VSD) O
M S P D I PI ) P default P
PID P
reference input
- VSD
- S
-End-
Chapter - 3 Air Handling Units (Part 1 of 2)
Contents
A H AHU M H C H F A H A H C D C H S C AHU C C D C R C F Wet Coil W H W H C (Size) C C C U U T Blower D Fire Mode Heating Coils DX C C B (Air Filter) C C U AHU C
- A H
U ) )
. Air H ndling Unit (AHU) A ) H ) D ) O ) C -T A A V U U M Vertical Unit Blow-Through Unit A ) AHU CAV) AHU M V AHU -A -V
VAV) AHU
- H )H Blower( B AHU )D B S ) T U Blow Through Unit ) V Ai H U Vertical Unit ) Horizontal Unit Horizontal Unit H )
- V
) Air H Vertical Unit U AHU)
Vertical Unit
Vertical Unit
Draw Through Unit Draw Through Unit D -T U
cooling coil
AHU Draw Through Unit
- D Blow Through Unit B )O
-Through Unit
- B
AHU ) ) A M AHU ) ) AHU AHU A AHU Mixing AHU -) Blow -Through Unit Blow Through Unit
Blow Through Unit Blow Through Unit )
Makeup Air Handling fresh air) Outdoor Air Handling Unit Makeup Air ) AHU
Outdoor Air Handling Unit )
Unit
Pre Cooled Air Handling Unit
Handling Unit O ) ) C A V A
AHU
AHU
Pre Cooled Air Handling Unit
CAV) AHU
Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) AHU
AHU Variable Air Volume (VAV) AHU ) AHU duct . AHU V - C AHU
Constant Air Volume(CAV) AHU
Constant Air Volume Air Handling Unit(CAV AHU) ) VAV AHU V A
Variable Air Volume Air Handling Unit(VAV AHU) A V - ) (Compon nt) B VAV B )
- A H
.. ixing Box
U ) C outside ai ) ) ) ) ) AHU ) )
AHU AHU )
AHU
)A H
-
..
)M (Air Filter) ) ) ) AHU )
) AHU
) P )
Particulate Media Filter
Dust-Spot Efficiency
Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value MERV)
-S
ASHRAE S
)D
)W
)B
- ) E M E
F R V
) HEPA F ASHRAE S
)C
MERV)
) ) E )
) ) A H U
-
Air Filtration
) A )
) V )
) )
) M ) ) filter) R ) )
M )
MERV) ) MERV ) MERV ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) P
) )
R )
.. H
seconda
C H ) H
C
AHU
C
.. H
DX)
H
.. F
Humidifier
Blower ) - C - ) hni lD t U B
.. Air H ndling Unit T A H Unit Name AHU 1- M AHU AHU AHU
) ) YDM YDM
AHU ) York AHU
AHU
Unit Configuratioin (Horizontal) AHU C AHU vertical configuration AHU ) C horizontal configuration
F B
AHU AHU B
cooling coil
AHU W )
(Motor Specification)
Blower Type / Blade (DIDW / BACKWARD) B DIDW SISW B Wheel Diameter (800 mm)/ Frame K B ) Discharge (Rear) AHU Top Discharge Rear Discharge AHU ) AHU ) ) pressure l ) ) ) ) ) AHU ) CMH) volume flow rate ) pressure loss) M CFM Top Discharge Air Volume = 28,249 CFM (CMH 48,000) AHU Total Pressure = 2.83 in. Wg (707 Pa) P ) CMH) ) Rear Discharge AHU K ) ) ) SISW S I S W SW Forward Curve Radial Backward Curve DI D I DW D W
ESP / TSP (Pa) = 1.40 in. Wg (350 Pa) / 2.41 in. Wg (603 Pa) ESP AHU P ) E ) ) ) ) External/tot ) ) T AHU ) P External Static Pressure TSP P ) ) Total Static Pressure mixing ) External Static Pressure
Altitude / Temperature = 0(0)/ 68.9(20.5) AHU Fan Speed (RPM) = 1019 AHU RPM) ) )
Motor Type /Poles = TEFC - IP55 / 4 ) against so L ) IP TEFC TEFC ) T E F ) C
Absorbed Fan / Motor Power kW = 13.50 kW / 16.20 kW A W Recommended Motor = 18.50 kW R ) W W W ) W W W Motor Safety Allowance = 20 % Electrical supply = V-ph-Hz (380-415 V / 3ph / 50 Hz) AHU ) ) ) Fan Discharge Velocity = 13.15 m/s AHU ) ) Total Fan Efficiency = 69.79 % ) D ) ) F F H H H ) W W W W W W W W W W W ) AHU W ) ) ) belt) ) B AHU W AHU blower B ) )
Transmission Specification Pulley Type/Grooves = SPB/2 P SPB P drive - P Fan / Motor Pulley = mm 335 mm / 236 mm F Belt Length = 2000 mm F S ) L D dB(A)95 dB 125 Hz 95 250 / 500 Hz 1k / 2k Hz 4k / 8k Hz AIRBORNE SOUND POWER AIRBORNE SOUND POWER PER OCTAVE BAND UNIT dB(A)74 dB 125 Hz 85 250 / 500 Hz 1k / 2k Hz 4k / 8k Hz A H Fire Mode U Fire Mode F ) Smoke detect Fire Mode M ES Normal Mode Fire Mode ) ) Normal Mode 77 / 69 91 / 85 45 / 34 97 / 94 67 / 62 76 / 68 OUTLET IN-DUCT SOUND PWR OUTLET IN-DUCT SOUND PWR PER OCTAVE BAND UNIT ) RPM) RPM) ) ) ) ) ) pul ) ) ) direct
S ) spr
) )
M F Normal Mode Fire Mode ) A H U ) ) purging s A C H Staircase P F C P Heating Coils A ) ) ) A H Cooling Coil Chilled water cooling coil Direct expansion cooling coil (DX coil) C ) [ )[ )[ A U A C H H U ) U A F P S A C ACH) H AHU) ) H ) )
) FM
ACMV S
) ACH)
) smoke
. Cooling Coils C
C C H U -
A H
Heating Coil Hot water heating coil Steam heating coil )[ ) ) ) )
) ) C H H ) ) C direct expans ) fluid(hot A H ) AHU A H U U
H ) ) ) ) C
DX
DX (Direct expansion) cooling coil
- C C ) ) fin and tube C ) Heat Exchanger P )
- DX D ) Heat Exchanger
) DX D )
F Bypass Air B B B
.. Dir t xp nsion oil(DX Coil)
F BF) BF) E F -
C R - ) expansion cooling coil DX
S diamet ) )
direct
direct expansion cooling coil
- DX(Direct expansion) cooling coil

.. Chill d W t r Cooling Coil
c C ) ) ) ) ) C C
- C
- H
.. Hot W t r H ting Coil
eating coil
C )
H H
- Steam heating coil

.. St mH ting Coil
) )
- H - ) - )
- V
- C
H F -
C
pa
H -
Parallel-flow
. Coil
(Size)
) FPM)
air
flow
rat )
Face Velocity
C ) ) D
- C A ) CMH) ) ) S Welding Brazing Brazing R Welding Welding ) Brazing C oil ) ) Carried Over m2 ) C )
) ) ) )
- C
C ) coil
-) C
) -)
Cross counter-flow arrangement ) ) )

Fin
. AHU Cooling Coil AHU C Cu Chilled water c

.. Coil Row
) ) ) Row ) F
Al
F P I
FPI)
AHU
R F
FPI F
- C F C DX ) Direct expansi Tube C DX )
Capillary
coil
) F
)H
- C
- Fow rows coil
Hellically wound fin(Embeded Fin) d = Diameter of Tube -
L-footed fin(Wrapped-On Fin) D = O.D. of Finned Tube -
f = Fins Per Inch t = Fin Thickness -
serpentine 4 water circuit 8 passes 4 row - C
serpentine 6 water circuit 4 and 6 passes 4 row
1 serpentine 8 water circuit 6 passes 6 row )
1 serpentine 12 water circuit 4 passes 6 row - C
2 serpentine 19 water circuit 4 passes 8 row )
. Dry Coil C S )
Wet Coil sensible Dry Coil cooling ) ) (hori ) C D )
) perform) Dry Coil )
C Wet Coil ) ) Wet Coil D
- C
- C C ) DX ) R End of Part 1 of 2.
- D ) ) Dire
DX
Chapter -2 Compr ss d Air Syst m (Application)
Contents
C C C W k A P I V A A V Blower Application (Low Pressure Application) (Standard Pressure Application) (High Pressure Application) C C A A T N zz C A - C A S A A A Energy Air C A C A S (Application)
. Compr ss d Air Syst m
) ) )
l/min or 6 m3
) )
mechanic ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Compression 7 m3 at 1 bar (gauge) . Compr ss d Air (Appli tion) Compr ss d Air Ch r t risti
1 m3 at 7 bar(gauge)
C ) ) ) ) A ) ) C ) production) treatment) ) )
) )
) )
- C Compressed air )
A S )
u ) )
) (fourth) utility
C ) ) P ) P ) ) buoyancy devices.) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) railway braking systems) ) ) vehicular transportation) )
) scuba diving for breathing and to inflate )
road vehicle braking systems) )
C ) )
) )
) compressed air
L C C LCC)
investment costs) maintenance cost) heat losses)
losses in system) -) C LCC) ) C L C C
- Life Cycle Costing (LCC) L C W ) .06 W LCC) ) C
) ) ) ) ) C )
) ) ) ) ) Applications) H Breathing air S R Process air F E L Instrument air P P C Plant air Power C ) ) ) ) C ) A Working Air Active Air Process Air Industrial Vacuum
Energy Air
) )
) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) C ) )
Tools(eg pneumatic drills, high speed drills, etc) Mines, construction sites, etc Energy Air Energy Air ) air )
.. Working Air
Working Air
) )
.. A tiv Air
Active Air ) ) ) ) ) Process Air ) ) A
) )
) )
ss Air
Com
.. Pro
C Process Air
.. Industri l V uum
I I ) Industrial Sector Uses of Compressed Air C (Apparel) (Automotive) (Chemicals) (Food) (Furniture) (Manufacturing) automated equipment Tool powering, stamping, control and actuators, forming, conveying Conveying, controls and actuators Dehydration, bottling, controls and actuators, conveying, A Conveying, clamping, tool powering, controls and actuators, comp ) ) )
spraying coatings, cleaning, vacuum packing Air piston powering, tool powering, clamping, spraying, controls and actuators Clamping, stamping, tool powering and cleaning, control and actuators Sawing, hoisting, clamping, pressure treatment, controls and
(Lumber and Wood) (Metals Fabrication) Petroleum) (Primary Metals) (Pulp and Paper) (Rubber and Plastics) (Stone, Clay, and Glass) (Textiles)
.
actuators Assembly station powering, tool powering, controls and actuators, injection molding, spraying Process gas compressing, controls and actuators Vacuum melting, controls and actuators, hoisting Conveying, controls and actuators Tool powering, clamping, controls and actuators, forming, mold press powering, injection molding Conveying, blending, mixing, controls and actuators, glass blowing and molding, cooling Agitating liquids, clamping, conveying, automated equipment, controls and actuators, loom jet weaving, spinning comp ) ) )
C ) ) ) )
.. V uum
V L S H
Blower Application
) ) ) )
B R Compressed air
)
(Low Pressure Application)
) I
..
R ) -
..
(Standard Pressure Application)

..
)
(High Pressure Application)
H P ) ) D )
- C
. Compr ss d Air
) ) $6,430 $9,640 $16,060 $32,130 $63,900 ) ) ) W Hrs)
C Power 10 HP 15 HP 25 HP 50 HP 100 HP )
. Compr ss d Air
) $1,720 $2,580 $4,300 $8,600 $17,120
Hrs)
) $3,250 $4,880 $8,130 $17,260 $32,330 HP
Hrs)
Easily Transported) hy C ) C Clean and Dry) )
) C )
Easily Stored)
C ) ) C ) C F P ) P ) high ) C ) ) P ) O Compressed air e ) C ) S ) Pneumatic ) H ) C ) Fast Work Medium) ) Simple) ) Overload-Proof) H ) oil Rational and Economical) ) fail Accident-Proof) ) ) ) me Safe to Use) Lightweight) ) )
() )
.
Fully Adjustable) ) )
(Tools)
[Air pressure [Tools or equipment] Hoists Blow guns Bus or truck lifts Car lifts Car rockers Drills, rotary Engine, cleaning Grease guns Grinders Grinders Paint sprayers Spring oilers Paint sprayers Riveters Drills, piston Spark plug cleaners Carving tools Rotary sanders Rotary sanders Tire changers Tire inflaters Tire spreaders Valve grinders Air hammers Sand hammers Nut setters and runners -in cap to in cap Light to heavy Small hand Small to large -in cap, 3-in cap Reach 3645 8"-in wheel 6"-in wheel Production gun -in cap 14,000-lb cap 8,000-lb cap [Size or type] 1 ton (psi)] 70100 7090 7090 7090 7090 7090 7090 7090 7090 7090 4070 4070 7090 7090 7090 7090 7090 7090 7090 7090 7090 7090 7090 7090 7090 7090 1 3 10 6 6 2090 5 4 50 20 20 4 27 1035 50110 5 1015 50 30 1 1 1 2 3040 2540 2030 [Air consumed (scfm)]
Impact wrenches/screwdrivers Air bushings Pneumatic doors File and burr tools Wood borers Rim strippers Body polishers Vacuum cleaners Carbon removers Sand blasters E
Small to large Small to large
7090 8090 4090 7090
410 410 2 20 4080 6 2 6 3 6400
12 in
7090 100120 7090 100120 70100
Wide variation
90
. (Nozzl s) Compr ss d Air
nozzles) ) ) ) ) nozzles) ) ) ) ) nozzl ) nozzles) Operating pressure nozzles)
) )
- C
-End-
Chapter-1 Fundamental and Basic Concept
Contents
P H A T T P E G (Changes in State) I I I I P P P P P P C C V P ) ) ) ) ) V (Vacuum) (Temperature) (Absolute Zero) (Scale) V
(Mechanical Power) I F A D E N zz FAD (Properties of Air) G
(Water Vapor in Air) (Evaporation) (Condensation)
S D W R D B B
A C (Temperature) (Temperature) (Specific Volume) tive Humidity P (Temperature) (Elevation Correction Factor) (Temperature Correction
Factor) (Type of Flows) A C M F R V F R
(Conversion Formule)
C ) A S
. (Pr ssur ) (Vacuum)
) ) )
) ) )
weight) P )
D ) ) (positive pressure) )
) ) )
lin ) ) ) ) )
- Atmospheric Pressure) ) Torr 760 SI IP kPa 101.4 Atmospheric press V ) ) ) Absolute Pressure ) ) Atmospheric Pre ) Inch of Hg 29.92 )
M Bar 1000 ) Psia 14.696 [P ) ) ) (zer ) ) Psig 0.0
Perfect Vacuum A
complete vacuum
0 kgf/cm2 0 mm Hg 0 Pa 0 in Hg(0 mm Hg)
- P
Perfect Vacuum
Pabs P ) ) ) = = = A A V Guage Pressure Absolute Pressure Vacuum Pressure A sea level) P P P )
) P P )
Gauge pressure P )
Absolute pressure
(positive pressure) (positive pressure) (negative pressure)
- C
G uge
Compound Gauge
- C
C guage press ) -C G A S 15.6C) T gauge p P STP) P F Pabs = Patm Pvac = 60 (-5) = 65 psi P disc C
- S
. (He t) (Temperature)
Discharge pressure ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) )
F .
K (Absolute Zero)
A A
(motion) Absolute Zero Z
(heat C (zeroC A - F ) Z -460F
) K F)
A R
-273C
Centigrade scale)
-
. A solut T mp r tur (Scale)
T absolute te Kelvin(0K)
(very low temperature) SI -273C -460F IP K R
Rankin(0R)
K ) F
.
IP ) C ) -460F
(T mp r tur )
C R F ) R
(Volum )
) R
A
) -273C
air)
(Pr ssur )
(Volum )
) )
P1 = Initial Pressure (psia) - 3 ft Initial Absolute Pressure = 14.7psia Final Absolute Pressure = 14.7+13 = 27.7 psia
3
P2 = Final Pressure (psia) ) ) ) )
= 3 x 14.7/27.7 = 1.59 ft3 Volume @ 13 psig ) Initial Absolute pressure = 14.7 + 25 = 39.7 psia Final Absolute pressure = 14.7 + 75 = 89.7 psia 10 ft3 )
= 10 x 39.7/89.7 = 4.43 ft3 Volume @ final pressure 75 psig

. Enth lpy
Enthalpy E p ) H E
heat H
E ) E ) ) ) ) E
) ) E H ) )
Tem E ) )
Thermal Intensity Heat ) ) E
T T ) )
Thermal level
) )
. G s l ws
Boyle )
P = Absolute Pressure (Pa) V = Volume (m3) ) ) ) => V = volume(m3) T = absolute temperature(K) V= T= e Charles ) ) )
Boyle )
Charles ) )
p = absolute pressure (Pa) v = specific volume (m /kg) R ) ) )

3
T = absolute temperature (K) R = R/M = individual gas constant (J/kg x k) ) v = specific volume (m
3
p = absolute pressure (Pa) V = volume (m ) R = universal gas constant = 8314 (J/kmol x K)

3
m = mole mass (kmol) T = absolute temperature (K)
Compression 7 m3 at 1 bar (gauge)

.
1 m3 at 7 bar(gauge)
(Changes in State)
) ) )
Pressure V
) Pressure/Volume plane
) ) I I )) ) )
) )
I I
)) -
P )
)
.. Iso hori Pro
ss(Const nt Volum ) - (
) ) Process G ) Isochoric I Process Isochoric )
- Isochoric process q = quantity of heat (J) T = absolute temperature (K) m = mass (kg) Cv = heat capacity at constant volume (J/kg K)
.. Iso
ri Pro
ss (Const nt Pr ssur ) - (
) ) G ) I ) I - I ) ) Isobaric Process
q = quantity of heat (J) m = mass (kg)

.. Isoth rmi Pro ss(
T = absolute temperature (K) Cp = the heat capacity at constant pressure (J/kg x K)

)
) )
) )
Isothermic Process
I ) I ) ) )
- I
q = quantity of heat (J) m = mass (kg) T = absolute temperature (K) V = volume (m3) p = absolute pressure (Pa) R = individual gas constant (J/kg x K)
.. Is ntropi Pro
ss(
) Isentropic Process ) heat e ) I )
p = absolute pressure (Pa)
T = absolute temperature (K)
V = volume (m3)
) expanded) ) ) - I
.. Polytropi Pro ss( )
I ) I
Polytropic Process P
p = absolute pressure (Pa) V = volume (m ) n = 0 means isobaric process P I

..
3
n = 1 means isothermic process = = n n = ) Mechanical Power)
I P
P ) => n = 1.4 ) P P ) )
Adiabatic ) Adiabatic P ) P P P )
Isothermal P )
=> n = 1.0 P P => n = 1.2 - 1.3 W = work done (Watt)= J/sec when m = mass flow rate = kg/s
- P C
Pressure Volume Graph ) m3 )
) drive ) )
) Isothermal (n=1.0) compression ) Polytropic (n=1.3) compression ) Adiabatic (n=1.4) compression
M Isothermal (n=1.0)
= 1 m3/s x 1.2 kg/m3 = 1.2 kg/s mechanical power)
= 210 kW Adiabatic Process (k= 1.4) mechanical power)
= 284 kW Polytropic Process (n= 1.3) mechanical power)
= 267 kW I S
Specific power = 210 kW / 1 m3/s A P C P ) ) W L S Specific power = 284 kW / 1 m3/s W L S Specific power = 267 kW / 1 m /s W L )= CFM P W CFM K ) W ) ) - Work Input for Various Compression Processes
3
)=
CFM
CFM
)=
CFM
CFM
W )
) Isentropic compression with k= 1.4 ) Polytropic compression with n= 1.3 ) I ) Ideal two stage compression with intercooling with a polytropic exponent of 1.3. Assumptions ) ) ) P E) S I G (R = 287) K E K E) P E ) C
- C Graph Analysis C
Pressure Volume P T-S diagram
)I =
= 263.2 kJ/kg P = )P ) ) = J P I
= 246.4 kJ/kg = )I ) = ) P P kJ P
= 189.2 kJ/kg P = ) I ) ) ) P kJ I
=215.3 kJ/kg I = ) kJ P P
- C
.. Isothermal Efficiency
C ) )
.
) ) E R)
(G s)
m3 W
I
3
J/kg.K
kg/m
S ) )
(Nozzl )
) ) ) ) )
) )

. Fr Air D liv ry (FAD)
C A D m3 ) FAD)
A D
FAD) inlet)
m3
Free air delivery
CFM CFM @ S T H
) SCFM P ) )
) ) F)
Properties of Air)
O N ) ) ) ) )
) Saturated Air ) ) )
) )
Moist Air
Relative vapor pressu
) Dew Point )
P )
PDP) ) ) ) )
-
..
) Water Vapor in Air) Moist Air
Moist Air ) ) solid form) ) ) ) )
Moist Air
) ) ) ) ) )
Cond
..
Superheated
Low-Pressure )
Steam
(Evaporation)
(Condensation)
Saturated Unsaturated Air ) ) ) )
Air
.. St nd rd Air Condition
) )
H ) S ) D B D B P ) ) F)
Standard
conditions at Sea Level) P
Standard atmospheric pressure 101 )
.. Dry Bul
(Temperature)
B
.. W t Bul
) DB
(Temperature)
) W ) D B ) B )
) W WB W B
B )
) W B )
B ) ) W ) B
W )
) ) D B
..
(Specific Volume)
S S D V
V ) ) SI m)
3
m
3
) ) S ) D V IP ft )
3
ft3
.. R l tiv Humidity
R )
H D B )
D B
R R H
) )
R
.. D w Point (Temperature)
) ) D P D P
) 80F DB F D D P tem ) )
) B
) )D F Dry Bulb F D B P
D )
) Dew P
Saturated Air
Saturated Air Elevation Correction Factor) ) )
..
Elevation Correction Factor Altitude (ft) 0 1600 3300 5000 6600 8200 9900 ) ) ) Altitude (Meters) 0 480 990 1500 1980 2460 2970 ) Correction factor 1.00 1.05 1.11 1.17 1.24 1.31 1.39
volume of standard air at sea level) )

..
) F Temperature Correction Factor) ) sea
) E
) F Correction (C) 4 10 18 22 27 32 38 43 49 factor 0.9430 0.9620 0.9810 1.0000 1.0190 1.0380 1.0570 1.0760 1.0950 C Temperature of intake (F) 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Temperature of intake (F) 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30

.
Correction
(C) 46 40 34 28 23 18 9 5 1
factor 0.773 0.792 0.811 0.830 0.849 0.867 0.886 0.905 0.925
(Type of Flows)
F ) L
laminar flow (low veloci ) critical zone (velocity of ) ) L L ) ) )
- L L
Turbulent flow
- L L ) ) H )
) low pressure loss) L )
- T
T ) ) H T F
) high pressure loss) T L
) fluid (Re) C
Reynolds numbers
- L
Where V = velocity ft/s (m/s) D = internal pipe diameter, ft (m) = R R R ) R ) L T T P S)
Reynolds number (Re) 2100 ) )
V = Volume flow rate A1, A2 = Cross sectional Area V1, V2 = Velocity The speed of flow is inversely
proportional to the cross section.
. Air Compr ssor
ss Flow R t
Volum
Flow R t
S steady-flo
) ) )
- )
(Conversion Formulas)
Volume: cubic feet/minute gallons liters/minute cubic meters Pressure: inches mercury inches water psi bar Density: pint water gallon water pounds water Power: = = = 1.042 8.336 7000 x x x pounds water pounds water grains water = = = = 0.4912 25.4 27.68 14.504 x x x x psi mm water inches water Psi = = = = 0.472 0.134 0.2642 35.315 x x x x liter/second cubic feet gallons/minute cubic feet
horsepower horsepower
= =
0.7457 2544.43 -End-
x x
kilowatts Btu/hour
Building
E Syst ms
S op (
http://pyaephyonaing-net.blogspot.com/2010/06/building-m-systems-scope.html
M ES W ) ) ) S ) D C C S C L ) L A S P ) A C E W I C M ES D P C T H S T A C )
) HVAC
P
HVAC
B M EF C L
I.
Project Location P
o o
C R C R
o o o
I M E P S Economic Pro L O
o o
II.
Infrastructure B I A T I D ) S ) A P C TV P C TV M ES S I S U )
I T
D W
W W T P
) )
1. Domestic Water Supply 2. Non-potable Water Supply I W NEW S L )
I D D P S M I F T C I G S L D I ) P M Public P S
Cooling Tower / Fire Fighting Sprinkler S 3. Foul Water (Sewerage) Discharge M 4. Storm Water Drainage Discharge 5. Refuse Disposal A L
6. Town Gas Supply

), LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)
[ CNG, SNG, LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas D W P S S C C H S T
7. Chilled Water / Steam C
C T ) M
L V G P L S M N M D S Federal Government E E T A V Q D ) P S C T ) C C LT L T T )
8. Electrical Power V P T VA) C HT H
C P
Federal Energy
Management Policy
9. Telecom / Data / Internet IT S I T D B C S P P
C P
S A -
10. Cable TV T T S P I S
C TV
IT C TV P
11. Alternative Energy Source (Fuel: Coal) energy, etc. ) P U P PUB P ) I F S D W D A ) C F O ) C U B ) V E I
Gas, oil,
electrical power, coal, central (steam, hot water, chilled water), alternative
III.
Environmental Features 0. Green Building G
L C C D C P I I C
sustainable developmen G P S P B
1. Indoor Environmental Conditions
i.
T etc.
231.1C, 752F
ii.
RH 552.5%
iii. iv. v. vi. vii.
P A L A C V
C C L C L )
P A NC)
P )
-T
F D F RH P T
S C
I RH C
E S
C F RH TDB
A C B )
TDB
Cleanrooms (High-Tech Fa A C C
2. Natual Ventilation 3. Daylighting 4. Solar Shading 5. Intelligent Buildings S A S C ) )
M )
M E B
M&E Systems
Checklists
IV.
Mechanical Systems 0. HVAC A. Indoor Environmental Conditions T C RH A C C V
B. System Composition and Heating / Cooling Distribution

o
Centralized Systems: i. ii. Water-Cooled / Air-Cooled Heating / Cooling Distribution:

All Air System Air and Water Systems All Water Systems VAV (Variable Air Volume) / CAV (Constant Air Volume) Systems DX S U S C C ) H -P A -C W -C DX
Decentralized Systems C O U
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.

o
W S M V P W -C S -S
U ) S R T F A C FCU )
M -S C H S U PTAC )
DCS / DHS D
C. Central Plant Location

o
C C
D. Heat rejection
o
E. Ventilation and exhaust

o
O E A R H B E P E A T Tr H F T G A A
); S H S E E
F. Automation BAS or BMS,

o o o o
Monitor / Control Requirements & Strategy BMS Points Schedule Field Instruments, Hardware Equipments, Cabling Communication Protocol, Software Modules
1. Plumbing Systems . Water source (potable)

o o o o
Pressure, capacity, size, location, etc Pressure, capacity, size, Usage (sanitary; irrigation), etc. System Supply Pressure Zones Tank Location, Material (RC / FRP/ GI etc.) & Sizes (capacities) Pump Location, Purpose (Transfer / Booster), Type (Centrifugal (In-Line, Split-Case, Single/Multi-Stage) & Capacities (Flow rate & head)
A. Water source (non-potable)

o o o o
B. Mode of Supply
o o o
Usage Points : Locations, Pressure required and Demand, etc.
C. Hot water
o
Hot Water Generators : Electric, Steam Powered, Heat Pump or heat exchangers Storage Method Supply Mode Usage Points : Locations, Pressure required and Demand, etc.
o o o
2. Sanitary . Sewage disposal

o o
Storm, sanitary, sewage treatment (on site or in building), Public sewers, etc. Roof, ground, discharge locations, sewer, etc. Drainpipes, sumps, pumps, discharge, location, etc. Sanitary Fixtures, Soil, waste and venting, etc.
A. Storm water
o o o o
B. Subsoil Drainage
o
C. Sanitary facilities
o o
3. Fire Protection Systems
Fire Fighting / Extinguishing Systems

o
Fire Fighting Systems: i. Fire Hydrants
ii. iii. iv.

o
Fire hose (hose-reels) and Standpipe (Wet / Dry Riser), Siamese, etc Portable Fire Extinguishers, Automatic Sprinkler Systems, Hazard Classes & Types, Gas Suppression Systems etc.
Fire Extinguishing Systems: i. ii. iii.
A. Fire Protection water storage

o o o
Lake, pond, Tanks, Tank Material (RC / GRP etc.) Location, and Capacities
B. Fire Pumps
o o
Single or cascading, energy (gas, diesel, or electric), etc,
C. Fire and smoke detection Thermal (Heat) and smoke detectors, etc.
D. Fire and smoke containment (*)

o o o
Fire shutters building compartmentation (by zone or by floor) Smoke exhaust, floor pressure controls,
stair pressurization, etc."
E. Fire Annunciation (Public Address)

o o o
Fire Alarm Public address, Automatic Notification to Fire Department, etc.
4. Industrial Utilities . Equipments & Utilities Matrix

o o
Utility Grade Utility Consumption Rates of each equipments
A. Systems Composition (Systems / Equipments) Required B. Utilities Distribution C. Equipments Hook-Up Scope
V. VI. Checklist of Electrical Systems 0. Electrical Power Systems . Normal power source
o o o o
Utility or on-site power (capacity, phase, and voltage) service entrance substations vaults, etc.
A. Emergency power source

o o
Separate service, on-site generation, etc.
B. Power distribution
o o
Primary or secondary voltages panels and substation locations
C. On-floor distribution
o o o o o
Under floor ducts cellular floors, raised floors, ceiling conduit network, poke-thru, etc.
D. Emergency power distribution

o o o o o
Critical equipment load, emergency lighting. etc. Critical building loads power source (batteries. UPS, etc.) Critical building loads, power source (batteries. UPS, etc.)
E. Power for building equipment
o o o o
Mechanical food services process Vertical Transportation (Elevator, escalators), etc.
1. Lighting Systems
Major lighting systems

o o
Light sources and method of mounting (surface, lay-in, pendent), etc.
A. Lighting Design and Layout

o o o
Light sources fixture selections layout and controls, etc.
B. Emergency lighting
o o o
Exit exitway critical and emergency, etc.
C. Feature lighting
o o
Architectural expression and building features, etc.
D. Daylighting
o o o
Fenestration skylight controls, etc.
E. Exterior lighting Site, landscape, building facade, security, etc.

o o o
Landscape building facade security, etc.
2. Lightning Protection Systems . Air Terminals A. Groundings, etc.
3. ELV Systems . Telephone communications

o o o o o o
Type, lines stations switchboard features facsimile, modem, etc.
A. Data distribution
o o
Cables wire closets, LAN. etc.
B. Public address (PA)

o o
Intercom paging and music systems, etc.
C. Audio video (A/V)

o
Radio, TV and signal distribution systems, etc.
D. Satellite dishes (.)

o o
Number diameter orientation and location, etc.
E. A/V Transmission towers

o o
Radial TV microwave, etc.
F. Time and signal

o
Time and signal Clock and program systems, etc
G. Fire alarm
o
Interface with FP, HVAC, BAS, etc.
H. Security systems (.)

o
CCTV monitoring detecting, alarming, etc.
I. Automatic controls
o
interface with HVAC, elevators, fire protection, lighting, security, etc.
J. Specialty systems
o
Numerous specialty systems
Posted by pyaephyonaing
Chapter-6 Direct Digital Controllers (DDC)

Contents
B F DDC P M M M I O DDC I O P O O V V IOP DDC O C DDC S S q C T S q D P DDC I O P I O I O Sz P T D P D D A I O I DI DO AI Binary Input (BI) Binary Output(BO) Binary Input(BI) DDC H S CPU S Buses C
DDC Input/Output Unit Interface
Analog Output(AO)
. B si F D
tur of DDC H rdw r Compon nt D C DDC) physical proces DDC )
DDC
- Microprocessor based Direct Digital Controller(DDC) DDC DDC ) ) ) A modem(modem port) A Local Area Network(LAN) terminals Other operator interface devices, e.g., serial communications port for connecting it to a portable PC for local programming and re-configuration. - ) ) DDC ) n
- Direct Digital Controller (DDC) communication interface
- B DDC ) M M DDC) M ) ) ) ) ) D
D DDC D
- Microprocessor ) M D D silicon) C
C LSI)
DDC)
Micro-electronic chip A program memory A working memory Input/Output module
) ) A
A A L ) ) U C ) T ) L U ALU) ALU)
- M
.. DDC Pow r Supply
DDC DDC
V P DDC
V DDC
V DDC DDC RAM )
di
.. i ropro ssor (CPU)
CPU DDC RAM )C C ) CPU P U
D CPU
-I -L A ROM
DIL) L ALU M ) U
ALU) CPU
DDC
CPU adddress and
) CPU memory ALU ) A A L U L ALU) U )
ALU) ) ) S
multiplication) ) logical decision
ALU ) CPU C Q U T I )
C )DDC Clock DDC ) ) A DDC D B CPU clock DDC P
DDC CPU - DDC
CPU
DDC ) DDC RAM CPU Random Access Memory(RAM) R ) Read Only Memory(ROM) DDC S PID ROM ROM RAM ROM O O Application prog RAM A M RAM) - DDC )D DDC prpgram ROM ROM CPU DDC RAM ) A )

..
i ro omput r Stru ture and Buses
M )
DDC) ) -)
- M DDC I O) D -) B D ) Addres ) IP ) ) ) DDC U parallel wire ) M CPU)
D A ) M ) Control unit ) M ) Control unit ) ) ) B ) A A A ) A) B)
- Architecture of DDC controller

.. mory Siz
D R O
program instruct M ROM) R A M
M RAM) -
IO
ROM
ROM
ROM data ) ROM M RAM K K I DDC DDC me ROM ) bit a EPROM ) -P )
ROM E
Proportional-Integral- Derivative (PID)
- I DDC
D DDC
C temper S DDC ) ) DDC ) DDC DDC K RAM M DDC ) ) )
temperature -) DDC )
controlled de
. Input nd utput Points D D C C DDC DA S C DDC ) ) ) ) S ) I conditioning DDC V DDC ) ) ) C O O DDC

.. DDC I
DDC instructio
DDC proc ) AD Printed C B PCB )
DDC
DDC
.. DDC Input/Output Unit Interface
DDC ) DDC
DDC
) amplification
digital signal AD signal
) O
) ) DA
Point Typ s (D t Points)
positi
DDC ) Input points S ) S I DI) Digital Inputs (DI)
DDC D
Switch dry contact (open/closed) Smoke detectors Airflow Water Differential pressure ) Analogue Input (AI) AI T AI A P AI AI ) 0 to10V (0 to 5V) 4 to 20mA (0 to 20mA) A I AI) Flow (water, air) Voltage Current Resistance Temperature Detectors Temperature Thermistors Temperature Transmitters Pressure Humidity ) Pulsed Input (PI) P - 10 pulses W ) Output points: O ) Digital Output (DO): DO energizing D O DO) W P I PI) pulses R T D ) ) RTD) Power (on/off status)
High/low limit switch (on/off) Freeze alarm
Air quality (CO2, O2, etc.) Air quantity (CFM)
de-
On/off (driven from a logic variable) On/off (driven from a numeric variable) Duration Adjusted Type (DAT) (driven from a numeric variable) Position Adjust Type (PAT, incremental control)
Start/Stop (S/S) (driven from a logic variable) Pulse (driven from a logic variable). Relays Two-position actuators ) Analogue Output (AO) AO controlled dev A 0 to10V (0 to 5V) 4 to 20mA (0 to 20mA) Damper actuators Modulating valves for Chilled water Modulating valves for Heating coil Table 2. Sample Control Points Classified Control point: Smoke detector (dry contact switch) Outside air temperature Bypass valve Start/Stop relays Chilled water supply temperature Static (Duct) pressure Freeze alarm Damper actuator Classified as: DI AI AO DO AI AI DI AO Inlet guide vanes Variable frequency drives CPU Indicator lights Two-position solenoid valves
RH ) ) S -) AD to - DDC
A H AD DDC
O AD
R RH
I DDC O
DDC
F C ) O ) ) O V S D D A I O I )
A H
O signal
DI) manual switch, fire/smoke detector DO) power to light AI) AO)
) Variable output (Analog Out

..() n off Input
Digit l Input (DI)
Binary Input (BI)
ON OFF I P ) DI) B W D I DI) I rel BI) I B BI) A Digital B
BAS) ) W BI
ON OFF) D
S ON OFF ) B I Binary BI)
- E
..() n off utput
DDC
Digital Output(DO) Binary Output(BO)
B O
l Input
O power on) O
) D O DO)
O BO)
Analog Input(AI) Binary Input(BI)
..() V ri
V B A
l
DDC T S BAS) )
A AI)
Analog Output(AO)
..() V ri
utput
V A digital signal co AD AD B DDC AD AI V ) O
AO) T C
BI BO AD AI AO DDC A/D
digital signal )
- A DDC )P S C Low voltage
DC C )C )IOB AD ) C D/A B C DC)
IO P V AC output Digital signal C L
) D P seque C
- S C ) - ) S
DDC boiler control p D ) PC
- . I
) BI Internally and externally powered t risti s
) Monitored BI point using an analog input
Point Ch r P )
IO - BI ) D DDC A power fail - )
E I Bina ) S internal
) ) ) S ) S ) ) O S open T consta AD A I AI) BI )
F A Low current load
CT) )
monitor low
A signal S S F memory DDC S ) ( Medium R ) F )
true
analog D
digital
) F F(160/250)
-40F
digital signal
Economizer F C bit ) E ) E to
sensor ) ( Sensor ) ( Transmitter ) ( I
) ( A/D ) M M ) ) A VAV F Old signal Input T a AO BO O signal C A DDC A ) T DDC bit resolution AD DA I A D/A c D U DA signal T contro ) ) ) A AD ) ) F ) ) T ) S Req F F -
. DDC I Point Typ (D t Point) DDC ) Input points ) Digital Input(DI) DI AI A AI AI -F E
P AI
- A )A Input(AI) A 0 to 20 mA (0 to 20mA) 4 to 20mA (0 to 20mA) P ) O ) ) Digital Output(DO) D ) ) ) ) ) O L con de-energizing ) I PI) PI
AI)
Output points DDC )
On/off(driven from a logic variable) On/off(driven from a numeric variable) Duration Adjusted Type(DAT)(driven from a numeric variable) Position Adjust Type(PAT , incremental control) S S S S) )
()
- AO Analog Output (AO) )A AO A ) ) 0 to10V (0 to 5V) 4 to 20mA (0 to 20mA) O AO) CPU current control signal C
- Example 3 DDC S ) ) C S - - ) R DDC V S D VSD) bit A to D AD D O RH
C D A ) ) ) DDC Air flow Switch for the air filter Room static pressure sensor Relay coil for contactor(C) of the discharge air fan ass ) Damper actuators(D) ) D ) A D)
) Variable speed drive(VSD) for return air fan
Table 2. Typical Data File for Analog Input. Point Address Point type Sensor Physical terminal assigned Use code Engineering unit Decimal places for display High limit Low limit Alarm lockout point Point descriptor Alarm priority . DDC ( S ) p r ting S qu n ) DDC User Address Regular or calculation Platinum(0 to 100F) 16 Cold deck dry bulb F XXX.X 70 40 Point address Cold deck temperature Critical
( ) ( ) ( )
S DDC I ) CPU CPU Buffer
sensor d CPU
( ) ( ) ( )
P CPU CPU RAM S ) register
CPU
. Control Sequence C C - AHU mixing da ) S )
Subsystem S P C ) A ) ) Zone temperature control ) ) veloc ) D V band outdoor reset ) ) I S P I PI) Main proc chilled water value position control -
. DDC Softw r modul DDC S DDC CAD DDC ) Control modules( e.g., on/off, PID) ) Arithmetic modules(e.g. averaging, summing, totalization) ) Programmable logic modules(PLC) ) Interlock modules , etc(e.g., EF with EF OUT) input output - IO ROM) softw
graphical configure
DDC DDC )
-End
Automatic Control Systems in Buildings http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2009/09/automatic-control-systems-in-buildings.html
E A D C S R
I. II. III. IV.
Introduction BAS Points Schedule and Control Strategies Control Fundamentals Control Examples
V.
References
I.
Introduction
o
O S
O S C
B Integrated Control S
o o o o o o o
Automatic Control System Home Automation System Building Automation System (BAS) Building Management System (BMS) Energy Monitoring and Control System (EMCS) Energy Management System (EMS) Facility Management System (FMS)
C
o
Domestic Water Transfer Pump Control

o o o o
A T )
Drainage Sump Pump Control

o o
Fire Pump Control
o o
F A A
C C
C BAS C C
BAS C S HVAC S
C C
P P
HVAC
P P S S S BAS ) F
Building MEP S P BMS L S S
U S
SMS
Stringent Environment Control Conditio E C M S S FMS) ULPA F S ) I C S NUS MS ) FMS C A E C F FFU F A F P F
B F P F V S C U )
FMS P S
II.
BAS Points Schedule and Control Strategies

o
E A. BAS Points Schedule

o o
BAS Input / Output Digital / Analog
B. Control Strategies (Control / Monitor / Alarms)
B. BAS Points Schedule

o
DO D O ) AI A C
BAS P I S
S ) AO A O
DI D )
I
o
O O C
o
C C E I S S
B E I S S C S O
Digital (Binary) or Analog :

o
D D
T A
P P A B
A V
DO D S
o o
) E )
) A Command
On / Off (Sometimes called Start / Stop) : Equipments Open / Close [ Fully Open / Fully Close ] : Motorized Actuators, Valve, Dampers
AO A ) A
) E M C
(rp ) ) S
o o
Modulating Control : Motorized Actuators, Valve, Dampers Speed Control : Variable-Frequency Drive(VFD) [ VFDs are also know as Adjustable-Frequency Drives (AFD), Variable-Speed Drives (VSD), AC drives, Microdrives or Inverter drives.]
Capacity Control : Thermistor Controlled Electric Heater
DI D E T S A
o o o o
) S A F
Condition S ) D C P S P
P M
On / Off Status : Equipments, Differential Pressure Switch, etc. Open / Close Status : Motorized Actuators, Valve, Dampers Trip Status : Equipments Operating Mode : Auto/Off/Manual Switch Modes, Local / BAS Control Mode, etc.
Water Level: Water Tank High Level, Low Level (Pump Stop), Pump Start Level, etc. Alarm: Fault Alarm, System High Pressure, Low Pressure, Water Tank Extra High Level (Overflow), Extra Low Level (Empty), etc. Pulse Input: Water Meter / Gas Meter / BTU meter, etc.
AI A T S
o
S C I
S C
Temperature : Space, Supply / Return Air, Chilled Water, Hot Water, etc. Humidity : Room, Supply Air Pressure : Air System, Water Systems, Compressed Gas, etc. Differential Pressure : Air System, Water Systems, etc. Flowrate : Air System, Water Systems, etc. Ampere : Equipment Power Usage Speed : Variable-Frequency Drive (VFD), etc. Lighting Illuminance Level (lux) Indoor Air Quality Sensors : CO Sensors, CO2 Sensors, etc. PH : Industrial Discharged Water, Industrial Exhausts, etc.
o o o o o o o o o
V C
T T T
R I I A ) C
) TI
T A U I I UI )
I Point S
HL H S
L C
I E
) C HL H C S
A L I C
C )
C. Control Strategies
o
B C
o o o o o
O C S
O S designer
Control Sequence of Operation A Control Schematics Diagram showing interaction between various parts of the system Commissioning Instruction A maintenance checklist
B A
o o
O T Simple Monitoring
Co
)M
Space Environmental Control (Temperature, Humidity, Pressure, Cleanliness, etc.) Scheduled (Timer) Control Data Acquisition
o o
o o o
Equipment Performance Control, Sequencing, Loading Energy Usage Monitor and Optimization Control Optimization: Static or Dynamics
Local Loop (or) Supervisory Control ?

o
L D
-L W L
C P L L D -L FCU M ) S C S V R )C P A T R FCU
S C Chilled Wat W L C
Control (and/or) Monitor ?

o o
)M D D M ) O W P A P T N F I O O S C
O O D
Remote On/Off Control
M S O O S G Water T
Water Tank Empty, BAS
A G A T )
Control Optimization:
o
Control Optim D O
o o
BAS E O S
C E
III.
Control Fundamentals . Terminology
A. Feedback-Control Example
B. Type of Control Action C. Control Components 0. Controlled Devices 1. Sensors 2. Controllers
D. Communication Networks for BAS E. Specifying DDC System
F. Terminology C
o
ASHRAE H
A closed loop or feedback control measures actual changes in the controlled variable and actuates the controlled device to bring about a change. The corrective action may continue until the variable is brought to a desired value within the design limitations of the controller. Every closed loop must contain a sensor, a controller, and a controlled device.
The sensor measures the controlled variable and transmits to the controller a signal (pneumatic, electric, or electronic) having a pressure, voltage, or current value related by a known function to the value of the
variable being measured.

o
The controller compares this value (the sensor's signal) with the desired set point and regulates an output signals to the controlled device for corrective action. A controller can be hardware or software. A hardware controller is an analog device (e.g., thermostat, humidistat, pressure control) that continuously receives and acts on data. A software controller is a digital device (e.g., digital algorithm) that receives and acts on data on a sample-rate basis.
The controlled device is typically a valve, damper, heating element, or variable-speed drive. It is the component of a control loop used to vary the input (controlled variable).
The set point is the desired value of the controlled variable. The controller seeks to maintain this set point. The controlled device reacts to signals from the controller to vary the control agent.
The control agent is the medium manipulated by the controlled device. It may be air or gas flowing through a damper; gas, steam, or water flowing through a valve; or an electric current.
The process is the HVAC apparatus being controlled, such as a coil, fan, I change in the controlled variable.
The controlled variable is the temperature, humidity, pressure, or other condition being controlled.
G. Feedback-Control Example
Clo
O F B E S
C H C C
S C V
C D M )S T ) C T V
S A T
)S Measured Temperature
S E
E O O C B D B ) S D A A T D
T C
o
L M S S S
T S R T L L S R
V C C T D T T C V L P
T F
L O
H. Type of Control Action 0. Two-Position Action (Action related to Binary Output)

o
C C T H T D C T
V FCU L V C T
I C V
1. Modulating Control (Action related to Analog Output)

o
R C
C V
C C V T
C V V
o
T C R
Temperatur C
P C
I V S L C S O S T
R
o
a. Proportional Control b. Proportional-integral (PI) Control c. ProportionalIntegralDerivative controller (PID controller) d. Adaptive Control e. Fuzzy Logic
C PI PID C
B P A )
A C L C PI) C P P
P D C
2. Combinations of Two-Position and Modulating

o
C M
o o o
-P
Timed Two-Position Control Floating Control Incremental Control
C T C 3. I. J. Control Components 0. Controlled Devices

o
M W
V V C H
V F D
D L
C O P S T ) Controlle
C S C A
o
C C ) D
1. Sensors S
O S R A C
Compatibility of controller in
V C A
A [ T T RH C
C A
F) RH C
S C C S S S A
A A
0. the controller is unable to resolve the input signal, 1. the controlled device cannot be positioned accurately, 2. the controlled device exhibits excessive hysteresis, or 3. disturbances drive its system faster than the controls can regulate it.
o
S Output C
P F S Sensor T
C C (cor ) ) A C A S H F S
A T ) S
C S D S
EMI) S
2. Controllers 1. DDC (Direct Digital Control)

o
BAS M M C D A O P N U S A
o
DDC F D S control A O I
DDC
DDC C H P
C C BAS D DDC H )
DDC
C S S C E S
time-clock integration
P S R
A A
C D
) D
A M
o
C I
P ) PID C
L A )
C
o
C Setpoint, Limits, Alarm Setting, D
S )C M M
P )
HVAC S
DDC
2. Electric/Electronic Controllers
o
W E
P C
A
O I Floatless Level Controller [http://www.omronap.com/product_info/61F/index.asp]
3. Pneumatic Receiver-Controllers
o
P C
4. Thermostats
o
T S D
K. L. Communication Networks for BAS 0. Communication Protocol

o
I S
S Communi
D N SOAP XML BAC P H Protoc . body. a. Public protocol. Published but controlled by a private organization. b. Private protocol. Unpublished; use and specification controlled by a private organization. Examples include the )S Standard protocol. Published and controlled by a standards M ASHRAE H L W O M S
proprietary communications used by many building automation devices.

o
M S E P C
1. Network Structure
o
BAS N Commun T
C IT
N C W
T P W C T
o o
D A S T
E E E D D H T
Network Management : Network diagnostic and Maintenance functions, data access, security functions, etc.
M.
N. Specifying DDC Systems

o
DDC S
o
Descriptions of the products desired, or of the performance and features expected Needed points (Points Schedule) or data objects should be listed A control schematic shows the layout of each system to be controlled, including instrumentation and input/output objects and any hard-wired interlocks.
o o
A sequence of operation should be provided for each system. ASHRAE G ASHRAE )
O.
IV.
Control Examples
o o
P 0. Chilled Water Fan Coil Units
V.
References 0. "Fundamental of Control", Chapter 7, ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, 2009.
1. "Design and Applications of Controls", Chapter 46, ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications, 2007. 2. "Controls", Chapter 10, Air-Conditioning Systems Design Manual, ASHRAE, 1993.
3. Standard Protocols . i. ii. iii. iv. v.

Lonworks by Lonmark International [ http://www.lonmark.org/ ]
BACnet by ASHRAE [ http://www.bacnet.org/ ]
Modbus [ http://www.modbus.org/ ]
DeviceNetTM by ODVA [ http://www.odva.org/ ]
SOAP ( Simple Object Access Protoco) by W3 [ http://www.w3.org/TR/soap/ ]
XML by W3 [ http://www.w3.org/2004/02/XML-Protocol-Charter ]
4. BAS System Providers . i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.

Siemens [ http://www.automation.siemens.com/_en/portal/index.htm ]
Honeywell [ http://acscorp.honeywell.com/Pages/default.aspx ]
Johnson Controls [ http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/ ]
Yamatake [ http://www.yamatake.com/ ]
Trend Controls [ http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2009/09/ http:/www.trend-controls.com ]
TAC [ http://www.tac.com/ ]
Trane [ http://www.trane.com/COMMERCIAL/Controls/Default.aspx?i=875 ]
5. Electronic Controllers .
Omron Industrial Automation : Floatless Level Controllers [ http://www.omron-ap.com/product_info/61F/index.asp ]
6. Wiki References . i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix.

Automatic Control [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_control ]
Building Automation [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Automation ]
Control Theory [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory ]
SCDA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA ]
Proportional Control [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_control ]
PI Controller [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PI_controller ]
PID Loop [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_loop ]
Digital Control [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_control ]
DDC (Direct Digital Control) [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Digital_Control ]
Fuzzy Control System [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_control_system ]
x. xi. xii. xiii.
Adaptive Control [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_control ]
Variable Frequency Drive [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_frequency_drive ]
Lux [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux ]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor ]
http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2009/09/automatic-control-systems-inbuildings.html
Integrated Building Management System (IBMS) I
IBMS IBMS B B S M B M V
I S S S M IBMS
M ) BMS) B
S C A
IT S BAS) )S B S I F M S
syste
S IBMS) V S S
I F
BAS
) BMS I B
Building Control Sy C
M BAS BMS ) ) T ) ) M M )C ) )S )S )E ) S B T ) A S BAS S )M )O )S ) Z B L A L L S DDC C S A A L Operator Layer L L L ) L O ) A BAS H ) ACMV F A D S ) C P E M P H ) ) BAS W ) G E
BAS
BMS )
A C
) ) Histo M
L B ) BAS S PC) SMS ) C )
Operating Level Processor O )S ) S ) D F L S S P P ) D ) P C PC) O L P
) D E ) C ) G )S ) M )S )S IBMS M
AP) E
G rt
) C
) system
IBMS
)E W ) M ) D ) P ) F ) S ) W ) W )W )W R A E S W C M S http://www.acmv.org/ebook/IBMS.pdf N M D M S W T D L C S D S C C S
Energy Power Generator Metering
Introduction to Building Automation System (BAS)

What is building Automation? C S C ) M O B BAS )C )C -effectiveness/saving energy us systems and networks A S C ) B F ) C A L BAS C S BAS ) A A M BAS ) BAS BAS ) E C
)C ) F B A B B B E S BAS ) DDC ) S ) BAS I B ) B A S D ) ) DDC-D D D C ) prog BAS ) ) ) ) T )S )A )D tors and control devices ) B ) DDC) BAS ) S DDC N I P A S BAS) Buil C M Com S C BMS) D ) C B DDC S C C E ) ) A S C C C ) B A A C B D ) C B A A B BAS C C B C G E
) D )T )S PDU )
BAS S
B ) BAS
(brain)
) B
)E ) UPS ) S ) V ) P ) P ) F ) N ) A )W )D B BAS C
BAS Sys
nd air-conditioning system
) ms A S A L A C
BAS )M )A )F L L L L L
BAS F )M )I )F ) A C L L L C L t Level
BAS
BAS S D BAS F )A )V D )S S
S A )C A V P ) A
M M C L
L )
) Management Layer M M ) M S L l M ) S ) Management Level ) S M L L BAS ) M S L W S S ) S W
S M I
Functional aspects of BAS BAS L P S
B C J )M ) S ) L
M M C
S BAS N A C A
E )
B B A
A S
F F
)A )S ) T nds (short-term storage) ) T )O )C BAS T
A D B Runti T energy cons BAS System fun E T E ) D R
T F
T )A ) R ) E S
calculates consumption from flow counts elapsed time in a specified condition counts number of occurrences
DDC M BAS
C E BAS S )
el )
P E A A A SMS
(malfunction) Equipme
BAS operati
C BAS R )P )A )O ) O -line summary )D )C S BAS )C ) C ) D ) M ) C ) System Diagnostics BAS Level 1 = View Data L Level 2 = Command L Level 3 = Operator Overrides L S D equipmen C ) D U A A m summary BAS
O Level 4 = Database Modification L Level 5 = Database Configuration L L E F http://www.acmv.org/ebook/Introduction_BAS.pdf -EndYou need to select an ID number of a data entry D C D
Level 6 = All privileges, including Password Add/Modify
ARHRAE Pocket Guide for Air Conditioning, Heating, Ventilation, Refrigeration (ASHRAE 3005c) S ) L H L A F C E L S D T
)Q ) )
C C R )
IP unit R T RT T C C R T W)
SI unit W T C C W W
Chapter-10 Alarm Processing Alarm Processing

A A A M A B A D I I A D A A O P B Input Object(BI) Alarm
False Alarm
Alarm B A S BAS) C A A
) priority) level)
- A
. Al rm
DDC
alarm page control l S
A ) C
C ) C
control room
A SMS
S ) operator unit ) PC
A ) email P
SMS
. Al rm
A ) )
BAC Simple Alarm - U Basic Alarm - U
Extended Alarm - U )
A ) Digital Alarm -A H ) Analogue Alarm ) Totalizer Alarm - V alarm ) Hours Run Alarm ) Status Alarm - C ) U
) C ) ) W ) ) totalizer digital alarm
total hou hours run alarm
Operation level pro ) A ) S ) A ) A ) ) ) A ) G alarm record) BAS ) BMS H ) blinking) A A Ac ) ) ) LAN )
) ) ) ) ) point name ) )
warning message
M )
even O
- A
. Al rm n g m nt .. An log Al rm Point
A ) H ) H ) N ) L ) L W A )[ A W )[ )[ )[ )[
) )
) Warning normal band 4C
A ) 2C DDC ) F
- BAS S
C (+2C W C Facility
) -2C)
Analog alarm management
-)
) O
) )
C O
PC O L L )
) T ) E
) ) )
N H H
state) state) state)
N ) ) N O
- A High Alarm Limit ) Low Alarm Limit ) ) Setpoint S Normal band N c ) ) ) high alarm limit(analogue point ) )
) Differential D high alarm
Buffer Zone ) D
current value)
W 225 Warni ) )
) ) Report type normal ) Report type warning ) Report type alarm ) Report type override ) ) Warning message ) t override ) change of s ) ) )
) )
) Alarm message ) Report locked R ) Auto dial out - Critical report (critical 1
.. Bin ry D t j
) R
D j t(BI) Al rm
t nd Bin ry Input
- Binary alarm management B I BI) ) Alarm N N O O A ) C ) A N normal state ) ) normal state -) A ) A I ) ) AI) n
nuisance ) L ) A ) A ) ) U O L
S ) O D
. An log Input Al rm
) D ) ) ) ) ) D ) ) Setpoint(F) Setpoint(F) S F F S S F F )
priority 3 alarm )
) )
ON)
F 1F ) )
F F
) S ) ) D ) ) S ) S Spa
room temperature ) S RH ) A ) )
space humidity RH
. Digit l Input Al rm
D D ) I
I DI)
DI)
)D ) S VSD ) ) ) A ) ) I DI) D
D O
I DO) )
DI)
DO)
monitoring
screen Alarm
Normal )
Priority 2 (critical alarm) Priority 3 (mechanical critical alarm) Priority 4 (mechanical alarm)
. Nuis n Al rm
chiller trip alarm, chilled water pump trip alarm E D

False Alarm
O ) ) ) ) ) ()
contro Screen display of message Printer output Log to hard disk Callout to fax machine terminal Callout to a digital pager Take a specific action. ( Hand
SMS
- A P ) Alarm input
) Unmatched command (Failure of start/stop of start/stop points, status unmatched) ) Analog high/low limit alarm ) Sensor error ) Trouble ) Totalized value increase error ) Control alarm (Power demand target value exceeded, etc.) C ) S - Component alarm (bus trouble, line status, error, remote unit no response)
- Power demand alarm, power failure alarm, fire alarm -End-
Cooling Coil of Air Handling Unit S AHU T C A C ) T
C H C
C U C C
A H C
U F C H H E T
S D
closely-spaced wavy finned C
cros -
A H
Type of Coil of Air Handling Unit
Cooling Coil Chilled Water Cooling Coil Direct Expansion Cooling Coil (DX coil)
Heating Coil Hot water Coil Hot water Coil
C R R H C C
C C A ) A ) H T
C W )
W C C
C C
E C
C W )
C )
DX
Heat Exchange C T ) C W
C ) H
Air Handling U A H U
C R R
H A ) A )
H H W
C ) H W
H ) H
Hot water Coil E ) C
AHU C AHU C F C A C T
C C C M ) A M M ) T ) C M F F ) A T
C D C E R E
ROWS / FPI/ CIRCUIT C FPI = F C R F A R C ) I C C B C C P F AHU m R F R
ROWS F T B
FPI F
) T B C
the number of flow
The greater the finned width, the greater the number of tube feeds and thus the greater the number of flow passages. For two finned-tube coils of the same finned width, a difference in the number of tube feeds or water circuits means that the water flow rate, in gpm (L / s), number of passes, and pressure drop of the chilled water, in ft WC (Pa), inside the two coils are
different. O
T )
The greater the number of serpentines, the larger the total cross-sectional area of the water circuits and the greater the water volume flow rate. Figure 15.28 shows five water cooling coils, each specified by the number of serpentines, water circuits, passes, and rows, all made by the same manufacturer. In Fig. 15.28, serpentine means that at the first row, there are eight tubes across the finned width, but only four of them are tube feeds that are connected to the return header. For a full serpentine coil, all eight tubes in the first row are tube feeds and connect to the return header.
Dry Coil and Wet Coil Cool C C ) C ) ) A sensible cooling process is C S D C D P ) )
indicated by a horizontal line toward the saturation curve on the psychrometric chart.
S C C C C
A C
C D S W ) C C C C C D C )
C part-loa
) the ou ) Condensatio P W C
Air Conditioning System > Air Side > Variable Air Volume (VAV) System A C S D C W S A V P CAV) S O S Variable Air Volume (VAV) S P -S S A S T T AHU FCU MV F VAV B A S D Air S D W
Air Conditioning System Air Side
Constant Air Volume (CAV) System
Variable Air Volume (VAV) System
C R
A V
CAV) S
B F A V
S S R
F )
A V C C V L
V V T
H Sat T
U V B ) VAV B T U
VAV S )V S )S )S ) VAV T F D A U A V B VSD) Duct B T V A V
A H U A H U Variable
and Actuator
Content
Air Conditioning System A C P
recommendati
T H A A A A L S C calculation analysis) R S S F O M R F L S A ) ) ) )
) ) ) D C ) ) ) O ) ) ) ) ) load P )
) )
M ) A C H D S C S H S D C H S C C
D H
(Advantages)
other building spaces. M A M repetition of tasks. O T O F from a central point, without affecting occupied spaces. S L I E e at a time as a building is completed, remodeled, or as individual areas are occupied, with favorable initial investment. E A - or water-side economizers may be applicable, depending on type of decentralized system used. Disadvantages P fixed. L T quipment malfunctions. -unit arrangements simplify installation through -matched components have certified ratings and performance data.
used for moving cooling needs do not apply to dedicated packages. T very low loads. S close humidity control. Custom or special-purpose equipment, such as packaged units for computer rooms, or large custom units, may be required. E less than that of the combined central system components. L A O occupants than with central systems. V E A D C M location. ep control. -conditioning unit. -producing machinery is often closer to building -cost cooling by outside air economizers is not always available or practical.
Central Cooling and Heating System The following facility types are good candidates for central cooling and/or heating systems: C H L L U S L E H ) ) ) ) ) ., city centers/districts) C ) ) )
I ) L L ) Advantages P of equipment and systems outside the central plant. U sequences. A E M when purchasing fuel. S ) )
and maintenance cost. It also allows wider operating ranges and more flexible operating ions on servicing accessibility. -efficient design strategies, energy recovery, thermal storage, and energy management ibility and leverage
can be simpler and more costeffective to implement.
However, strategically selecting different-sized equipment for a central plant can provide better part-load capability and efficiency. S added to equipment and plant when planned in advance. E District cooling and heating can be provided. A growth (e.g., adding new buildings to the service group). L S outside the central plant. M -producing equipment can be grouped away from occupied spaces, making acoustic and vibration controls simpler. Acoustical treatment can be applied in a single location instead of many separate locations. I apacity requirement. ) -up fuel sources can easily be
Disadvantages E E knowledgeable equipment operator. A A D on site. If coal is used, space for storage bunker(s) will be needed. A H M equipment. S F S S A some applications). ASHRAE ng may be required. ) uire a chimney and possibly emission permits, monitoring, and treatments. needed. oduction and delivery.
Approach Temperature ACMV A C A )C )E )C T A A A T T T T
Approach T
T L T H
H ) )
M H T A F T
) )
T T
) H ) E ATD)= F
D H
ATD)
The Approach Temperature Differ
Condenser Approach Temperature C H T ) =C =C C W C R R T C@ K )- L R C W
Condenser Approach Temperatu C C C W A T C) = C
-T
ECV6E 56 ( HFC 134a)
Chilled Water Set Point Leaving Chilled Water Entering Chilled Water Entering Condenser Water Laving Condenser Water Active Control Set Point Evaporator Ref Pressure Condenser Ref Pressure Saturated Ref Temp Condenser Ref Temp Evaporator Approach Temp Condenser Approach Temp
6.7C 6.7C 10.1 28.4C 30.7C 100% 254.2Kpa 681.2Kpa 5.0C 31.7C 1.6C 1C
Evaporator Approach Temperature C T E T E ) A C@ T K )= C =L L R A C L C C C W C) E E R T D C C W C) - E R Chil W R H
Evaporator Approach Temperature = Chiller E C C E R T T W E D -C C E
Turbo Machinery
http://nusmyanmarstudents.blogspot.com/2009/01/turbo-machinery.html
Turbo machinery T T E
Pump Compressors Fans Turbines P I B E P ) M C F q ) ) ) ) )
1. Introduction and Pump Classification )
Terminology PUMPS FANS - FAN BLOWER Lq BLOWERS - COMPRESSORS - --
- Dynamic Pumps - Positive displacement Pumps P L P Dynamic Pumps Centrifugal A M F P Positive R R P
C C
P ) ) )
http://www.ted.com/talks/wolfgang_kessling_how_to_air_condi l
How to air-condition outdoor spaces by Wolfgang Kessling ) You need to select an ID number of a data entry
) AC ) DC M )S ACMV ACMV AC M M S AC C M M AC M AC M
M W R AC
Squirrel Cage Motors AC induction Motors W R ) low maintenance)

High realibility A farily Wide rage of torque and slip charactireistic
Wound Rotor AC induction Motors S C M

Excellent Speed Control -
H S
Albe to handle High -inertia L A S S
Albe to handle reduced speed (low speed) for long periods AC S AC M P (120 x Frequency ) Synchronous Speed (rpm) = -------------------------Number of poles S S AC AC N ) F S S S P
) F H
S AC
(120 x Frequency=50 ) Synchronous Speed (rpm) = -------------------------= 1500 rpm
Number of poles=4
) F H
S AC
(120 x Frequency=60 ) Synchronous Speed (rpm) = -------------------------Number of poles=2 S AC S S ) R S R AC AC ) H S S T S ) S S S S ) ) S AC A S F M S M F F ) ) A S = 3600 rpm
Slip = Synchronous Speed (rpm) - Actual Speed(rpm) H S H Slip = S S ) -A S ) = S S )
Motor Torque Speed Curves
M X T ) S
T S
A B C D E Y F T R
S T R
S T )
P L
A L S C
Starting Torque ( Startup Torque) T L S = S S L Full Load t T T
P P -
B P T
Pull-in Torque T T Pull out Torque (Maximu ) T B T A S S A S S ) T A A S S M M T T ) P T
S P B T P F S S D F T C B T F
Actual Speed = Synchronous Speed Slip P S E S S S N L No Load Spe S L Zeor Torque Speed T
Torque and Horse Power
Power (W) = Torque (Nm) x Angular Speed (Radians per Second) = Torque (Nm) x 2 x 3.14 x rpm/60 1 hp =746 W = 0.746kW
Motor Insulation NEMA motor insulation calss accoring to Max Operating Temperature
Insulation Class A B F H Max Operating Temp (C) 105 130 155 180 Allowable Temp Raise at Full load for Service Factor 1.0 motor (C) 60 80 105 125
Ho 5 10 10 15
A H I
T I C F C F
C ACMV
Class A is the lowest grade, suitable for typical household appliances, but not normally industrial applications.
Class B is general purpose, used in many industrial applications. More demanding duty requires Class F or Class H.
Class H is the heavy-duty insulation, capable of withstanding high ambient and internal motor temperatures.
IEC 1. M
W HP)
T frame size and moun
R F
F )
C ) O
4. Rated frequency in Hertz, and rated full load speed in rev AC F H
R W I I
W) W O M W P W
O O
M M
P P
7. Electrical connection and associated operating parameters i.e. three phase motors can be ) ) I flowing from the supply is reduced as is the torque. H P H P H P W W W P P P ) ) ) O O Out put Mechani M M
9. Efficiency class IEC nameplates quote EFF ratings at full load. It is a measure of how well the motor converts electrical energy to mechanical power. The information displayed on a motor nameplate may vary depending on manufacturer and motor size.
Calculating Motor Speed: S C )
induction motor
Srpm = 120 x F P Srpm = synchronous revolutions per minute. 120 = constant F P = = )=
Example: What is the synchronous of a motor having 4 poles connected to a 60 hz power supply? S ) Srpm = 120 x F P Srpm = 120 x 60 4 Srpm = 7200 4 Srpm = 1800 rpm
T F T = 5252 x HP
rpm
T HP = full-load motor torque (in lb-ft) = motor horsepower
5252 = constant (33,000 divided by 3.14 x 2 = 5252) rpm = speed of motor shaft L T = 5252 x HP rpm T = 5252 x 60 1725 T = 315,120 1725 T = 182.7 lb-ft )
Energy Saving from Motor Efficiency C W S P E C ) W W S P B P F E ) W)
Existing motor I Electrical power) New motor I E P W E P W Input Electrical Power for 18.7kW with 88% efficiency = 18.7 / 0.88 = 21.25kWe (input
Input Electrical Power for 18.7kW with 93% efficiency = 18.7 / 0.93 = 20.1kW (input Electrical power) W W Saving kW per hour = 21.25kW - 20.1kW = 1.14 kWh
For one year kWh saving = 1.14 kWh x 12 hr per day x 365 days = 4,993.2kWh
For one year $ saving = 4993.2kW x $0.15/kWh = $749 Simple Pay back period = $3000 / $749 = 4 years ( 48 months)
E )M )M )P ) I E N M D NEMA) M ) Outp P M T S
Estimation of Motor Loading AC AC ) L )I M L )S M ) R ) L Inp ) S A S L ) ) E O P L E P L ) E E M P L ) L
M W N P P ) L ) L F E
Volt (R to Y) = 410 volt , I red phase = 25 amps , Power Factor for Red Phase = 0.86 Volt (Y to B) = 415 volt , I red phase = 27 amps , Power Factor for Red Phase = 0.88
Volt (B to R) = 412 volt , I red phase = 26 amps , Power Factor for Red Phase = 0.87
W N L
P ) F
P E
O I
M E
P P W
Input Electrical Power of Motor =( Output Mechanical Power or Name Plate Power = 22 ) x 0.88 = 25kWe Actual E P
Actual Electrical Power = 1.73 x Average Volt x Average I x Average Power Factor 1.73x 413.33 Volt x 26 Amp x 0.87 = 16.17 kWe
Motor Loading =
Actual Electrical Power = 16.17 kWe -------------------------------------------------Rated Electrical Power = 25kWe
Motor Loading = 64.68 %
Power Factor AC A P T I P E P ) P A F P P F
F R R
P P
R P R P F
L L F
P A A P U T P S T P U C ) ) P F S ) T E L C ) A P P A P
R P P P P F
P P F
P U C
S P
) F
F Capa P F ) R
A C R D P S A
P P
) P A ) P P G F T
Active Power T C
P P
AC P F L P F
P P F
Over
F P F
P P
O P F
P C P C
F P P C L L C L F C R P P C S R
Power Factor Correction S C B C
Static Power Factor Correction S C L C Static Power Facto C L L
Bulk Power Factor Correction C B D P F B C S Lower cost per kVAR installation. A
A V C
P P VA kVAr
W F
P F L
F P F
Motor Rated Power = 30kW ( From Catalogue) Motor Efficiency = 88% ( From Catalogue) Full Load Current = 58 A (measured by current clamp meter or tong meter) Supply voltage = 400V (measured by multi-meter) = W P = P L F P F Apparen P C B R VA
S AC
M S V V
(Unbalanced Voltage)
NEMA S
V S S V V S V P U E L P V ) P U U V V H H C
U NEMA V U
Unbalance %
(Max. voltage) - (Average Voltage of 3 Phases ) ----------------------------------------------------------------- x 100 average voltage of the 3 phases
Average of Voltage of 3 phase = (442+445+440)/3 = 442.33 Unbalance % = (445-442.33)/442.33=0.6%
G U V H )
E ) ) ) A ) A ) F ) O )A ) U ) P such as lighting) ) welders) )L ) P F elta-connected transformer banks
(Unbalanced incoming utility supply) (Unequal transformer tap settings) -phase distribution transformer on the system -phase distribution transformer
-phase power factor improvement capacitors (Unbalanced distribution of single-phase loads (Heavy reactive single-phase loads such as
Motor insulation O T Class A W C T ) O T O H C T C C
S M C
NEMA S
ACMV E
I I F Service Factor A T Service Factor ) R P I B
C)
W T
P S
P F
Ser NEMA S C M raise C S F Motor Enclosures C F) F M
F C A
Allowable temperature
Motor Losses
(elec )
) E
)= losses) E
Copper loss C R C S S R L Losses = Current(I) x Current(I) x Resistance ) R R S curren C R R S S R C St ) C )
C S R C R C E V )
S Insulation
(Total losses )
Core losses C C E ) Core material E I C E C T S )S C magnetic flu S )
C C
W C T
) )
loadin
Windage and friction losses W W W B Stray losses L S losse S S T ) R S S S H S T ) ) )
Copper loss (58%) Core (Iron) loss (12%) Windage and Friction loss
Stator Loss Rotor Loss Eddy Current loss Hysteresis loss External Fan Windage
(14%) Stray loss (15%)
Internal Fan Windage Bearing , Grease Surface loss Harmonics Leakage flux
MOTOR EFFICIENCIES
High-efficiency motors are built to reduce motor energy loss. Larger-diameter wire, increasing the volume of copper by 34 to 40%. This change reduces copper losses that result naturally from current passing through the copper-wire windings. Larger wire slots to accommodate larger wire. This reduces the amount of active steel in each steel lamination. Longer rotor and stator core to compensate for the loss of steel and the resultant need to add more laminations. High-grade silicon steel laminations approximately 0.018 in. thick, having an electrical loss of 1.5 W/lb. The chemical makeup and thinner gage of the laminations, plus a coating of inorganic insulation on each piece, reduce eddy current losses. Special annealing and plating of rotor and stator components and use of high-purity cast aluminum rotor bars reduce hysteresis losses. Higher-grade bearings reduces friction loss. Smaller, more efficient designs reduce windage losses in fan-cooled motors. Tighter tolerances and more stringent manufacturing-process control reduce losses from unplanned conducting paths and stray load phenomena.
http://dcacmotors.blogspot.com/2009/04/losses-and-efficiency-of-induction.html
Code of Practice for Air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation in buildings SS 553 : 2009 ) ventilation system (Code) Code) environment quality (IAQ) ACMV equipment ) equipment Design) indoor thermal indoor air SS 553 : 2009 Singapore Standard Original English Version code practice 13 (Formely CP 13) Air Conditioning (construction) , ) Mechanical )
(code) installation Smoking room Design Consideration Air Conditioning System Efficient System General requirement (code)
Fire protection system design requirement Smoking room ASHRAE 62.1:2007
heating
(comfortable)
Energy
(Naturally Ventilated) space ) Ventilated Air Conditioning Central air conditioning latent heat load Air Con system humidity Air Conditioning Design Drawing Ventilation Rate Full load cooling load A C smoking room C ) A Naturally ventilated ) Mechanical
occupied
(Mechanically ventilated
sensible heat indoor air temperature Relative
part load
Outdoor Air intake ( Air con (Outdoor air) ) wall) Contamination (Roof level) (Outdoor Air Intake) screen O discharge (kitchen) toilet A I )
) O A ) positive ventilation ) insert exhaust car park cooling tower ) Cooling tower Outdoor Air Intake) ( Water laundries )Cooling ) O (external
plant room
exhaust discharge tower Outdoor Air Intake) droplet )
Air classification and recirculation ( ) Return Air = Air con T E A = A = exhaust air air Quality space AHU Air Air Air Classification contaminant
Return air, transfer air concentration
Class 1 Contaminant concentration Class 2 Moderate contaminant concentration, mild sensor-irritation C Class 3 Significant contaminant concentration, significant sensoryirritation intensity odor Class 4 Tune gases (Bio aerosols ) C offensive mild offensive odor Air Class 1
(potentially dangerous particles )
Class 4 Recirculation . (recirculation) Class 1 Class 1 transfer (recirculate) Class 2 Class 2 (recirculate) [ Class 2 (recirculate ) ] Class 2 class 2 class 3 similar purpose same pollutant source Class 4
transfer recirculate class 1 transfer recirculate
Class 3 Class 3 class 3 (recalculate )
Class 4 Class 4 Ventilation outdoor air indoor air (recalculate ) filter
recalculate (flammable vapor), (Dust) (odours) (noxious gases) recalculate
(Outdoor air supply) Total cooling load 35kW (10 RT) Air con unit Outdoor fresh air outdoor fresh air titer () Dehumidification Air con space Outdoor air Comfort air con full load condition minimum quantity
PDF D
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PLC ,AirConditioning and Mechanical Ventilation ,M&E, Automation စသည့္ Lecture (ကိုေကာင္းထက္ညႊန္႔)

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VAV B V F R R NC CFM P VAV B VAV B D

(5) space constraints. VAV B C VAV B I P ) VAV B VAV B P P I T VAV B P C )

Pressure Independent VAV Box P VAV B I VAV B

Pressure Independent control