Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Applicable to:
Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) tunneling
Not for:
Hand mining, such as drilled and blast or excavation by roadheader or other mechanized means Presentation starts from big questions and narrows down to details
Outline
1. Definitions 2. Factors that drive the use of segmental lining 3. Tunnel alignments 4. Rationale for choosing one or the other 5. Types of precast segmental linings/Material 6. Geometries 7. Segment joints 8. Segment construction tolerance 9. Design/Modeling 10. Construction considerations 11. References 12. Q/A
1. Definitions
Primary/initial lining
The ground support installed immediately after the excavation It is a temporary structure for safety and operation during tunneling Normally in associated with hard rock tunneling Examples are rock dowels, steel set, or shotcrete
1. Definitions
Secondary/final lining
Tunnel support or lining installed following and independent of excavation to satisfy user/function requirement Normally it is cast-inplace concrete
1. Definitions
One-pass lining
Lining used as both initial support and final lining of a tunnel; normally it is precast segmental lining
1. Definitions
Two-pass lining
With primary/initial support installed as temporary ground support and followed by an insitu final concrete lining
1. Definitions
Two-pass Segmental lining
Use segmental lining as initial ground support and cast-inplace (CIP) concrete as final tunnel lining
1. Definitions
TBM Shield/Segment
TBM Shield/
1. Cutterhead 2. Shield 3. Articulation (option) 4.Thrust ram 5. Segment erector 6. Muck extraction conveyor 7. Muck transfer Conveyor 8. Gathering arm 9. Muck hopper 10. Motor 11. Tailskin articulation (option) 12. Thrust ring
1. Definitions
Main Beam TBM
The family of open TBMs is developed for excavating in rock. The thrusting force is obtained by reacting on the grippers. The head is equipped with cutting disks.
1. Cutter head 2. Cutter head shield 3. Erector to place rib and mesh 4. Inner kelly 5. Outer kelly in two positions with grippers and telescope jacks 6. Push jacks 7. Cutter head drive 8. Rear support 9. Belt conveyer 10. Roof bolting drill 11. Probe drill
Notes: To be cost effective of employing a TBM, the length of the tunnel shall be roughly greater than 1.2 miles (2 Kilometer) long Generally speaking, the cost of a two-pass lining is lower than the onepass segmental lining
3. Tunnel alignments
Horizontal public right of way; geological
features; 3rd party issues (transportation and muck handling); distance/function
Pattern Dowels
Two-pass ExpandedSegment
South Tunnel Baseline - 30-ft ID; 19,000 ft long; 20% steel rib + 6 shotcrete ; 20% 16 pattern dowels with mesh; 12 dowels and mesh for the rest of the tunnel
(RC/FRC)
One-pass segment
Segment Components
Spalling of joints
6. Geometries
6. Geometries
Cross Section
Side View
6. Geometries
r = k /2 + - determined based on
workability and design to transmit thrust; as small as possible; it is about 2 -5o; 3o is recommended
6. Geometries
l - based on construction consideration; the length of the shield; and the length of the segment; normally from 17 -20o l = 0o
Section a-a
6. Geometries
Shape and width of segments normally based on handling and transportation considerations
6. Geometries
Shape and dimensions of steel segment (in mm)
6. Geometries
Shape and dimensions of concrete segment (in mm)
6. Geometries
Case 1 - key segment inserted in radial direction
6. Geometries
6. Geometries
Case 2 - key segment inserted in longitudinal direction
6. Geometries
Tapered ring to accommodate curved tunnel alignment/or alignment adjustment
6. Geometries
6. Geometries
6. Geometries
7. Segment Joints
Circumferential Joints Radial Joints
7. Segment Joints
Dowell
Shear Cone
7. Segment Joints
Connection by drifting
7. Segment Joints
Dowell
7. Segment Joints
7. Segment Joints
T configuration testing
Elastomeric gasket Typical pressure curve for a given displacement Typical load deflection curve
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9. Design/Modeling Beam/FEM
9. Design/Modeling
Radial joint model:
Empirical formula by Allan Muir-Wood (1975) homogenous rigid ring by reducing the bending I = IS + In (4 / m) I reduced area-wise moment IS area-wise moment of the force transmission zone In area-wise moment of complete section m number of segments (small key-segment not counted)
9. Design/Modeling
Design Loads:
Ground load soil, long term rock, rock wedge Hydrostatic pressure Functional vehicular (highway, transit), surge (water/wastewater), insert support (M&E, Utility) Contact grouting pressure - > 30 psi net (offset the groundwater pressure) Construction loads stacking, lifting/transportation, jacking, gasket compression
9. Design/Modeling
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Lift/Grout socket
Lifting load
Contact grout
9. Design/Modeling
construction loads
Ring erector
Jacking load
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L/D
Match Marks
Segment ID
Grout Tube
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Receiving Pit
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Contract documents
Specifications GC; DRB, VECP, EBD, Division 1, technical specifications, measurement and payment Drawings GBR baseline for DSC GDR Alternative Bid concept
11. Reference
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Design Philosophy of Concrete Linings for tunnels in soft soils by C.B.M. Blom, 2002. Gijsberg, F.B.J., Hordijk, D.A., 1997, Experimenteel onderzoek naar het afschuifgedrag von ringvoegen,TNO-rapport COB K111 ITA Guidelines for the Design of Tunnels, in Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 1988 ITA Guidelines for the Design of Shield Tunnel Lining, in Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2000 Janssen, P., 1983, "Tragverhalten von Tunnelausbauten mit Gelenktbbings", Report-No. 83-41 University of Department of civil engineering, Institute for structural analysis. Japan Society of Civil Engineer 1996. Japanese Standard for Shield Tunneling. Muir Wood, A.M., 1975, "The circular tunnel in elastic ground", Gotechnique 25(1) Tunnel Boring Machines, Trends in Design & Construction of Mechanized Tunnelling. 1996 Specification and Guidelines for the use of Specialist Products in Mechanized Tunnelling (TBM) in Soft Ground and Hard Rock, EFNARC, April 2005.
Q and A Nick.Chen@Jacobs.com
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