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21
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22
r< P!Xn ng M"W!^ M, hiu $[ng chB S ^vi]t tet c`@ Sli&in@tion8V w< P!Xn ng U!nn !Y}^ P K" I@ l9& &!ch VtX $E h h`" +]n &c (h'ng thl nh3n I@ l9 : th] h@" : tchV V, d: nhit hYn &Tt@nt +\t ch" ch_t hBu c x< P!Xn ng [png U!nn !IZ: Hh@" +ci vE tI, n\i +'it th@" +ci vE tI, (h'ng gi@nt chu"ln vEV IV< PHCN dNG OIHOA# Hb T.ONG H1A H2, C3: Qui tec Kc +Enh :\ oKi h*@t ch_t (hX r ch_t oKi h*@t : (hX r : oKi h*@ v9 hng h cYn $[ng hn ng tng t nh hn ng giB@ cc ch_t v' cV V, d: )Yn $[ng hn ng t ?)>2;r)2^)2?84 h 6<M.n{C ?)>2;){{M h >M4){? h ?M{2 h 6<.n{4 h =24{ H@ c* h :\ ch,nh : ? )>2;r)r62^)r?2?84 r 6<T )>2;r)h?{{M h 4M4)hC{? 18 ;P4!7O4 ! 32 P4!4O2 V< C3 CH( PHCN dNG: )on +ng chi ti]t &9 h cc ch_t +0u +i Ou@ +l t!o : g#i l9 c ch] hn ngV ) ch] cho $i]t cc gi@i +o!n c $n c`@ A cch thc hYn cet LM cs v9 h/nh th9nh LM &kiA Ou tI/nh th@" +ci c_u tIJc cc ch_t +0u don tki : V _< P!Xn ng _ gHZH [on: t th] )2?r)24rxI $[ng N@p: )2?)24rxI h N@p ^tIong @KTtonrnkc8 )2?)24p h N@xI ^68 xilu thc t\c +% l9: v ()42;xIVpr x3c c`@ l9 $3c h@i :u" I@ f gi@i +o!n Ou"]t +Enh v3n t\c h@i ch_t +0u hi tng tc tIc ti] vki nh@uV Z\ VtX tng tc tIc ti] l9 4 nn U!nn Mu &' WYZ U F] !ZH ngh@ l9 lang VtXV Mhi o$it@n gi9u T c`@ pr ti] KJc +jc vki o$it@n ngh-o T c`@ ngVtX ) lin (]t vki $Io& : K" I@ tng tc KTn h` theng lc +" V@ndTV@nV pr h )24^)2?8rxI t!o I@ tI!ng thi chu"ln ti] prVVV)24^)2?8VVVxIr don +]n : t!o I@ : ^68V ) ch] th] tIn g#i l9 c ch] th] nuclTo hin lang VtX vi]t tet l9 Z N4 ^chB Z l9 vi]t tet c`@ th]A chB N chF tc nhYn t_n c'ng gi@i +o!n Ou"]t +Enh l9 nuclTo hinA :\ 4 chF VtX :\ c`@ 8V i< P!Xn ng n!H\D gHZH [on: t th`" hYn tTItr$ut"l$Io&u@ $[ng ddN@{2: ^)2?8?)rxI h N@{2 ^tIong nkc8 ^)2?8?)r{2 h N@xI ^48 H\c +% chF h thu%c v9o nNng +% tTItr$ut"l$Io&u@: v (^)2?8?)xI nn $3c c`@ l9 &%tV Za d l9 $3c &%t v/ n9" +L +i Ou@ 4 gi@i +o!n: ^)2?8?)rxI ^)2?8?)h h xIr ^?8t ^)2?8?)h h {2r ^)2?8?)r{2 ^C8 P ^?8 l9 +n VtXt ^C8 l9 lang VtX nhng ^?8 K" I@ ch3& hn nn Ou"]t +Enh t\c +% n9" v/ th] n9" l9 $3c &%tV P n9" l9 th] nuclTo hin +n VtX vi]t tet l9 ZN6V P ^48 Ou@ 4 gi@i +o!nA &yi g+ +1u tIi Ou@ 6 tI!ng thi chu"ln ti] V Nh v3" nhi1u g+ th/ g+ ch3& nh_t Ou"]t +Enh t\c +% V
5
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VI< CHI>, V H6BNG C0A PHCN dNG H2, C3: _< C!H\D RHn THjn WYZ U !tD W: Hiu chun Kt chi1u dinn $i]n c`@ 6 hh f nhit +% v9 :u_t +L cho l9 $i]n thin nng ljng t do W ^nng ljng Wi 8: W 2 rHZV 2 l9 Tnt@n i c`@ t Z l9 $i]n thin TntIo it H l9 nhit +% tu"t +\iV 2 thl hin ch` "]u Ku hkng tng tc giB@ cc ngu"n tX cc VtX hkng tki : &ki c* nng ljng ^th] nng8 th_ hnV 2 g#i l9 hiu ng nhit c`@ hn ngV C"W! Mn! H : h L_" tcng Tnt@n i h/nh th9nh cc ch_t : tIm tcng Tnt@n i h/nh th9nh cc ch_t +0uV h 2ogc l_" tcng +!i :\ nng ljng c0n h h`" +Nng li t_t c cc lin (]t ^nng ljng ngVtX h*@8 c`@ cc ch_t +0u v9 nng ljng h/nh th9nh t_t c cc LM f cc :n h&V )hJ l9 nng ljng hYn li lin (]t ghi d_u c%ng ^thu nhit8t nng ljng t!o th9nh lin (]t l_" d_u tIm ^tb@ nhit8V N]u 2 5 l9 tb@ nhitA 2 5 l9 thu nhitV D!i ljng Z ^$i]n thin TntIo i8 thl hin &%t Oui lu3t c`@ t nhin l9 &#i v3t lu'n c* Ku hkng ti]n tki hYn $\ hyn lo!nV znMroUHkS< F] M!vW [o qW [Q !n Fon WYZ !LV Mhi chu"ln tm h tI3t t :@ng h (& tI3t t ^hyn lo!n8 hn th/ Z 5V Nh v3" l9& tng thl t,ch nh tchA h`"VVV th/ Z 5 cin c%ngA (]t hj th/ Z 5V HIong cqng 6 ch_t ZIen Zlbng Z(h,V C"W! Mn! S : L_" tcng Z c`@ cc : tIm +i tcng Z c`@ cc ch_t +0uV d 4;5) gi tIE 2 v9 Z c`@ &yi ch_t g#i l9 gi tIE chunV 25 t Z5V )hi1u h thu%c d_u c`@ WV N]u W 5 th/ t K" I@ +]n cqng &9 (h'ng c0n cung c_ nng ljng cho n*V N]u W 5 th/ K" I@ thTo chi1u ngjc l!iA W 5 th/ f tI!ng thi cYn $[ngV n!HLM [Q M!U gH" Mr T n! nNn [H FGng T S M WI P ng!Z W!H\D U [GW D}jM [n! TOH RD v] gH" Mr WYZ H^ Vd: d nhit +% thng nhBng tb@ nhit th/ K" I@ t ht cin thu nhit th/ (h'ng K" I@V n!HLM [Q WZo gH" Mr k#T S< WI P ng!Z^ !H S M! # T S W]ng nq nNn G W]ng n!S J!X nKng X} rZ U W]ng Fvn^ NjD S M! W!o JjM DX ngGW FHS J!X nKng X} rZ W]ng gHXq J!H n!HLM [Q MKng^ n!HLM [Q rM WZo M! RD v] gH" Mr WYZ G [GW D}jM [n! TOH [H FGng #T S v M!j R U M!D n!HLM H n!ng njD S v] n!HLM [Q [Y WZo M! G v] U X} rZ [GW^ Vd: )2C h 24{ ){ h ?24 c* K" I@ (h'ng d nhit +% 4; 5) (h'ng thl K" I@ v/ 25 45PM v9 gi tIE chun W5 t,nh +jc l9 6C?ACMV Nh th] chF c* thl K" I@ ngjc l!iV
24
V/ Z c`@ tIn 5 nn +l cho W 5 th/ c0n nYng nhit +% ln =>=5MV )ho nn tIong c'ng nghi tIn +jc thc hin f 64555) +l +i1u ch] hyn hj ){t 24V i< Hvng WYZ U!Xn ng: Dgc +il& c`@ hBu c l9 tIong cqng +i1u (in thng t!o I@ nhi1u : hBu c +Nng hYn ngh@ l9 K" I@ thTo nhi1u hkng (hc nh@uV V3" hkng n9o l9 u tin Z n9o l9 ch,nh Dl $i]t +i1u n9" hi $i]t c ch] hn ng v9 : $i]n +ci nng ljng tIong Ou tI/nh V Vd: Mhi c%ng $Io& v9o $ut@r6A?rdiTn f nhit +% r<5 5) th/ : ch,nh l9 )24xIr )2xIr)2)24 ^c%ng 6A48 nhng f C55) th/ : ch,nh l!i l9 )24xIr)2)2r )24 ^c%ng 6AC8V C W!j: Wi@i +o!n 6 Ôu"]t +Enh t\c +% 8: ion xIh t_n c'ng t!o 4 c@tion tIung gi@n: )24xIr)2^h8r)2)24 ^68 v9 )24xIr)2)24r)24^h8 ^48V Wi@i +o!n 4: H!o I@ 4 : nu tInV Qo nng ljng ho!t h*@ tI!ng thi chu"ln ti] ^68 nng ljng ho!t h*@ c`@ tI!ng thi chu"ln ti] ^48 nn f nhit +% th_ : ch,nh l9 c%ng 6A4 do hkng n9" c* t\c +% lkn hnV V3" hkng n9o c* nng ljng ho!t h*@ th_ hn : l9 hkng u tin hnA ngi t@ g#i +* l9 &V J!'ng W!j [Qng !WV Nhng f nhit +% c@o : ch,nh l9 c%ng 6AC do : :inh I@ $1n hn (h* $E tch ion xI r hn ^ gio vin v gin +N nng ljng +l gii th,ch8V LJc n9" hkng c`@ (h'ng chEu : chi h\i c`@ t\c +% &9 +jc Ou"]t +Enh $fi +% $1n nhit +%ng c`@ : hn ngV Ngi t@ n*i U T J!'ng W!j n!HLM [Qng !WV V3" hkng c`@ c* thl chEu : (h\ng ch] +%ng h#c hogc : (h\ng ch] nhit +%ng h#c +Y" l9 c :f +l gii th,ch hkng c`@ V 5I TP $INH H/A 68 Zo :nh (h nng hn ng c`@ cc cg ch_t :@u vki dd N@{2: Z^ HhTo ZN6: )2?)24)24)l ^68 t )24)24)24)l ^48V T^ HhTo ZN4: )24)2)l ^68 t )2?)24)l ^48V W^ HhTo ZN6: rN{4)>2C)24)l^68 t r)2?{)>2C)24)l^48 t)2?)24)24)l^?8V 48 Zo :nh v9 gii th,ch +% $1n tng +\i c`@ cc ion v9 g\c t do :@u: @V )24)2r)24h ^68 v9 )2?)24)24h ^48 $V )24)2r)24V ^68 v9 )2?)24)24V ^48 cV )24)2r)24r ^68 v9 )2?)24)24r^48 ?8 )ho $i]t :n h& t!o th9nh tIong cc hn ng :@uA ghi (, hiu c`@ lo!i hn ng Z^ )2?7)2)24 h )l4 ^6:68 nhit T^ )24)24 h xI4 tIong ))lC W^ 24))27)2)24 h xI4 tIong ))lC R^ )>2;)2? h )l4 ^6:6t RT8 C8 2o9n th9nh chuyi :@u v9 ghi (, hiu c`@ lo!i hn ng: PIo @n i:o Io "l$Io&u@ Io Tn Io @n zncol i:o Io ilic Io Tn
25
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)ho $i]t cc hn ng :@u K" I@ thu%c lo!i hn ng g/: Hh]t c%ngt tcht h`" Whi :n h&V Z^ )2?7.g)l h )42;){)2? O T^ )2?)24)l h M)N O W^ )2?)24)l h 24{ OHAO R^ 4)42;{2 KtO Hvng Rn 68 Z^ ^48 ^68 do c@tion tIung gi@n ^48 c* hiu ng h) nn $1n hn ^68 T^ ^48 ^68 do )l f ^68 c* hiu ng 7p v9 hiu ng h) c`@ cg T t do tIn ngVtX )l l9& gi& +in t,ch dng f ngVtX ) lin (]t clo f ^68 :o vki ^48 chF c* hiu ng rpV W^ ^48 ^?8 ^68 do nh*& )2?{ v9 ving $TnTn c* hiu ng lin hj h) ln ion r)2?{)>2C)24h nn c@tion tIung gi@n :inh I@ tm ^48 $1n hn ^68 chF c* hiu ng hp c`@ g\c ) 42;V Nh*& N{4 gY" hiu ng 7) l9& gi& +% $1n c@tion tIung gi@n r{4N)>2C)24h :inh I@ f ^68V 48 @V ^68 $1n hn ^48 do hiu ng lin hj c`@ n\i )) &!nh hn hiu ng c& ng c`@ g\c )42;V $V tng t cYu @V cV ^68 $1n hn nh : lin hj r ?8 Z^ )2?7)2)24 h )l4 O )l Q)24 Q)2 ) )24 ! 2)l ^ hn ng th] Z8V T^ )24)24 h xI4 O xI7)247)247xI ^ hn ng c%ng zS8 W^ 24))27)2)24hxI4 O^68 xI)24)2^xI8)2)24 t ^48 xI)24)2)2)24xI ^ hn ng c%ng zS8 R^ )>2;)2? h )l4 O 5o v9 8 )2?)>2C)l ! 2)l ^ hn ng th] ZS8V ;8 Z^ )2?7.g)l h )42;){)2? O ^)2?84)^7)42;8{.g)l ^ hn ng c%ng zN8 T^ )2?)24)l h M)N O )2?)24)N h M)l ^ hn ng th] ZN48V W^ )2?)24)l h 24{ O )2?)24{2 h 2)l ^ hn ng th] ZN48 R^ 4)42;{2 O)42;{)42; h 24{ ^ hn ng th] ZN48
CH0 > w
PHCN dNG C0A HyD.OCAC5ON )c hn ng c`@ 2idIoc@c$on thng gg l9 hn ng th]A hn ng c%ngA hn ng tchA hn ng hYn h`"A hn ng oKi h*@ hidIoc@c$onV HIong +* hn ng th]A hn ng c%ng v9 hn ng oKi h*@ hidIoc@c$on c* ngh@ Ou@n tI#ng lin h &3t thi]t +]n c_u tIJc hYn tXV A< PHCN dNG TH( I< PHCN dNG TH( HID.O C0A NG,yeN Tb CAC5ON NO^ Phn ng +gc tIng c`@ hidIoc@c$on no l9 hn ng th] +Nng li 5 6C- +-R' = (<-F +-R' = 410<- +-R'S9 68 C W!j M!j # Phn ng h@logTn h*@ tiu $ilu thTo c ch] th] g\c t do ^Z8 thu%c lo!i hn ng dY" chu"1n: Mhi &9o 7 ht tIiln &!ch 7 tet &!chV Rlo @n(@n ch` "]u K" I@ h`"V pot (h'ng thu3n lji chF c* )lo v9 $Io& th@& gi@ th] nhng clo K" I@ dn hnV Mh nng th] c`@ ngVtX 2 U! M!DQW v]o TEW WYZ ng^Mu C ch@ ngVtX 2 +*V NgVtX 2 f ngVtX ) c* $3c c9ng c@o th/ ngVtX 2 +* c9ng dn th]V Ngu"n nhYn l9 do g\c @n("l :inh I@ tIong Ou tI/nh hn ng c* +% $1n (hc nh@uV
26
G'W ZnJ}F TEW III [GW &HND FHNn !GU vvH n!H\D FHNn JjM C#H !n nNn T\n !n g'W ZnJ}F TEW IIS Mng MV g'W ZnJ}F TEW II T\n !n g'W ZnJ}F TEW I V Hu" nhin ljng :n h& th] :inh I@ cin h thu%c v9o &' FGng ng^Mu H O W"W TEW J!"W n!ZD^ Vd: )2?)24)2? )lo t!o ;P~ )2?)2)l)2? v9 C?~ )2?)24)24)l )2?r)2^)2?8r)2? clo t!o >C~ )2?)2^)2?8)24)l v9 ?>~ )2?))l^)2?8)2?V h d nhit +% c9ng c@o th/ t\c +% nh@nh hn nhng t,nh ch#n l@ gi& +i ,t c* : chnh lch v1 : th]V d >555) th/ (h nng c`@ cc ngVtX 2 cc $3c (h'ng cin chnh lch nB@V tF l ~ &yi :n h& chF h thu%c v9o :\ ljng ngu"n tX hidIo cqng $3cV h N]u $Io& h*@ th/ K" I@ ch3& hn nhng t,nh ch#n l@ c@o hnA ch` "]u K" I@ f ngVtX ) $3c c@oV 4< Cn! !Ong WYZ vng M!q Mrong ZnJ}F T|n|n HHLD ng FHNn !GU: Nh hiu ng h) c`@ g\c hTn"l l9& tng +% $1n c`@ g\c t do nn ngVtX 2 f vE tI, cu @n("l $TnTn c* (h nng c@oV )2?r2 )>2; 7)24r2 )>2;r)^)2?84 72V ?8 Cn! !Ong WYZ n!Iq M!j r{M |F|WMron^ HHLD ng I : NgVtX 2 c9ng f g0n nh*& th] IJt T th/ (h nng th] 2 +* c9ng gi&V Hh, d : )24r)2r)2r)24 )24r)2r)2r)2r)l 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ^68 ^?A>8 ^?A>8 ^68 ^68 ^?AP8 ^4A68 ^5A<8 Mh nng c`@ ngVtX 2 +jc ghi tIong d_u ngogcVV/ v3" (hi clo h*@ @K $ut@noic c* chi]u :ng : ch,nh l9 @K ?rclo$ut@noicV C!{ P : n]u clo h*@ c* Kt l9 P th/ : ch,nh l9 @K 4rclo$ut@noicV C8 P!Xn ng &DnoWFo !IZ v] U!Xn ng nHMro !IZ: r2 h Z{4 h )l4 ^@:8 rZ{4r)l h 2)l r2 h 2{N{4 ^+gc 7 C45 +]n C;55)8 rN{4 h 24{ 2@i tIn csng K" I@ thTo c ch] g\cV II^ PHCN dNG TH( HID.O C0A NG^Tb CAC5ON TH3$: +h0n Ang th BlBct(on hin l A %&c t(ng c'a #:ng bBnCBnDEFG(HV )' ch] th] 2 c`@ ngVtX ) th& thTo hkng t!o hc A tc nhYn l9 xIh h@" N{4hA )2?){hA Z{?V C W!j W!Dng: )>2> h Sh pon xTnoni )>2>Sh ^68 )>2>Sh )>2;rS h 2hV ^48V Wi@i +o!n ^68 K" I@ ch3& t!o ion dng nu tIn g#i l9 hc V 68 P!Xn ng !ZFog|n !IZ : Phn ng K" I@ ch` "]u vki clo v9 $Io&V )lo v9 $Io& (h'ng tc dng $TnTn f nhit +% thngA tIong $*ng t\i^ n]u ci]u :ng th/ K" I@ c%ng clo 8V N]u c* Kt RT)l? h@" zl)l? : K" I@ th]V ) ch] $Io& h*@ : RTxI? h xI4 xIhRTxICrV
C> H > + Br + C> H > Br + C> H ; Br H + + FeBrC HBr + FeBr? +H +
N]u dqng 2{xI hogc 2{)lA 2{p v9 &%t @Kit &@nh th/ : 2{xI h 42h 2?{h h xIhV Z@u +* xIh : tc dng $TnTnV
27
Z th] c* thl K" I@ nhi1u l0n th] t!o: ) >2;)l t 6A4 h@" 6AC 7)>2C)l4t 6A4AC 7 )>2?)l? Mhi tIn ving th& c* nhnh @n("l nh HoluTn th/ th] K" I@ dn hn v9 u tin th] v9o vE tI, octo h@" @I@V N]u (h'ng c* Kt &9 chi]u :ng th/ K" I@ th] f nhnhV 48 P!Xn ng nHMro !IZ : Mhi c* hh 2N{?+ v9 24Z{C+ +un nhv vki $TnTn th/ t!o nitIo $nTTnV D\i vki toluTn tIn K" I@ ng@" f nhit +% thng t!o : ch,nh l9 o v9 7nitIotoluTnV
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Z@u +* N{4h tc dng tng t xIhV ?8 P!Xn ng &Dno !IZ : Phn ng giB@ $TnTn v9 24Z{C + +un n*ng g#i l9 :uno h*@A t!o I@ @Kit $TnTn:unonicV
SO? + HSOC + H ?O + 4 H 4 SOC C> H > + SO? C> H > SO?+ C> H ; SO? H
C8 P!Xn ng ZnJ}F !IZ : xTnTn tc dng vki &%t v9i tc nhYn @n("l h*@ TlTctIo hin : t!o @n("l $TnTnTV Hc nhYn +* :inh I@ tm : rGzl)l ? ^ hn ng RIidTnr)I@ 8t r{2G24Z{C t zn(TnG24Z{Cho@c zl)l?V Vd: )>2> h )42;)l ^ zl)l?8 )>2;)42; h 2)lV )>2> h )24)2r)2? )u&TnV Phn ng RIidTnr)I@ c* nhjc +il& l9 ion c@c$oni :inh I@ dn $E +Nng hYn h*@ nn t!o hh :n h&A th h@i l9 thng (h'ng dmng l!i f $kc th] 6 l0n &9 c* thl ti] tc K" I@ cc l0n th] ti] thToV Vd: )>2> h )42;)l ^zl)l?8 )>2;)42; v9 c h@i ch_t oA r )>2C^)42;84V Dl (h\ng ch] th] 6 l0n thng dqng d $TnTnV ;8 P!Xn ng Z}F !IZ : D* l9 gen nh*& @K"l r){r v9o ving th& nh cloIu@ @Kit r){r)l hogc @nh"dIitT @Kit ^){84{ c* zl)l? (h@n KtV Vd: )>2> h )2?r){r)l ^zl)l?8 )>2;){r)2? ^ @KTto hTnon8 h2)lV < NQH RDng DH FDEM M!j O Rn DM qQM Fln M!j WYZ T|n|n: h H_t c cc nh*& th] &@ng +in t,ch dng f ngVtX tIc ti] lin (]t vki ving $TnTn nh N{4h ArZ{?2A r)h2{ A r){A r)NA r)2{A r){{2A r){{ +1u l9 nhBng nh*& th] +Enh hkng &Tt@ +Nng thi l9 nh*& hn ho!t h*@V h )c nh*& th] cin cg TlTctIon n f ngVtX lin (]t tIc ti] vki ving $TnTn ^ c* hiu ng h)8 v9 cc nh*& @n("lA @I"l nh 7{2 r A r{A rN2A rN2){A rN24 A r)l A r)2? A r)>2; +1u l9 nh*& +Enh hkng th] o 7 V Tr !ZFog|n M!DQW n!Iq U!Xn !oM !IZ A cc nh*& (hc +1u ho!t h*@ ving th&V < -D} FDEM M!j O !GU W!M M!q J!"W : Z< HGU W!M i Fln M!j WYZ T|n|n| : h N]u c* nhi1u nh*& +Enh hkng o 7 th/ n!Iq WI Xn! !Ong qn! !n W!Hjq D M!j^ h NjD qQM n!Iq [n! !vng o#U qQM n!Iq [n! !vng q|MZ M! n!Iq M! n!M W!Hjq D M!j^ h Z th] hkng +]n vE tI, giB@ 4 nh*& th] &Tt@ chF K" I@ f &c +% I_t ,tV
28
Vd: &r$Io&clo$TnTn (hi nitIo h*@ chF c* 6~ th] f vE tI, :\ 4t >4~ th] f vE tI, C v9 ?P~ th] vE tI, >V T< HGU W!M M!q n!H\D vng ngng M : VE tI, ho!t +%ng c`@ n@ t@lTn l9 vE tI, :\ 6A c`@ @ntI@KTn l9 = v9 65A c`@ hTn@ntITn csng l9 = v9 65V VE tI, 6 c`@ n@ t@lTn c* (h nng th] c@o hn vE tI, 4V Mhi c* nh*& th] ho!t h*@ f vE tI, 6 th/ th] +Enh hkng v9o vE tI, CV N]u nh*& th] f vE tI, 4 th/ : +Enh hkng cho nh*& th] &ki v9o vE tI, 6V Mhi c* nh*& th] hn ho!t h*@ f vE tI, 6 h@" 4 +1u +Enh hkng cho nh*& th] &ki v9o vE tI, ; v9 <V III< PHCN dNG TH( C0A AN zN: Qki tc dng c`@ nhit +% c@oA nh :ng hogc ToKit th/ cloA $Io& c* thl th] cho ngu"n tX 2 f ngu"n tX ) (] c3n lin (]t ))V Vd: )24)2r)2? h )l4 ^C55r;555)8 thl (h, )24)2r)24)l h 2)lV Phn ng n9" K" I@ thTo c ch] g\cA hn ng u tin thTo hkng t!o g\c t do $1n hnV IV< PHCN dNG TH( C0A AN IN: NgVtX 2 @n(in ^+,nh vki ) : 8 linh +%ng hn :o vki 2 c`@ @n(Tn v9 @n(@nV N* c* thl $E th] vki (i& lo!i (i1&V r))r2 h N@ ^6;55)8 r))rN@h h 24V zn(in +" +jc @n(Tn v9 @n(@n (hbi cc hj ch_t c (i& c`@ chJngV r))r2 h )42;.gxI ^TtT8 r))r.gxI h )42>V zn(in l9 @K "]u hn nkc nn c@c @n(inu@ (i& lo!i (i1&A (i1& thc $E hYn h`" ho9n to9n tIong nkc nhng &u\i c`@ (i& lo!i ngng (h'ng t@n tIong nkc th/ (h'ng $E hYn h`" tIong nkcV zn( r6r in tc dng vki hc (i& lo!i tIong dd @&oni@c nh ddzgN{?GN2?V 5I TP $INH H/A 68 )c ch_t ITon gY" I@ hin tjng ly th`ng oon V ) ch] hYn h`" oon $fi ITon ^v, d )R4)l48 +jc vi]t nh :@u: )R 4)l4 )l h )R4)l ^@8 {? h )l {4 h )l{ ^$8 {? h )l{ {4 h )l ^c8 Wii th,ch t!i :@o &%t hYn tX )R 4)l4 c* thl hYn h`" h9ng chc ng9n hYn tX oon HIong (h, Ou"ln c* &%t ljng nhb (h, &Tt@nV 2in tjng g/ K" I@ +Nng thi vki hin tjng ly th`ng oon Wii th,chV 48 )ho i:o Tnt@n tc dng vki )l4 ^nh :ng8 thu +jc C :n h& vki th9nh h0n tF l nh :@u: 67clo747&Tt"l$ut@n ^?5~8A 67clo7?7&Tt"l$ut@n ^6;~8A 47 clo7?7&Tt"l$ut@n ^??~8 v9 47clo747&Tt"l$ut@n ^44~8V Z^ )ho $i]t :n h& n9o dn h/nh th9nh hnA gii th,chV T^ H,nh (h nng hn ng tng +\i c`@ cc ngu"n tX h"dIo gen vki c@I$on $3c pA ppA pppV ?8 Mh nng hn ng tng +\i c`@ cc h"dIo $3c pA ppA ppp +\i vki hn ng clo h*@ @n(@n l9 6: ?A< :; tng ngV Z^ H,nh h0n tI& c`@ cc :n h& (hc nh@u (hi &onoclo h*@ $ut@nV
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SO3H CH3
658 668 648
)h_t z c* @ >V z l9 )>2;r))2V xC l9 $ut@n do : (]t hj giB@ 4 g\c t do Tt"l t!o nnV Z^ Qo ngu"n tX )l c* hiu ng h) ^lin hj r8 nn +Enh hkng th] 5A nhng hiu ng 7p c`@ clo hiu ng h) nn l9 nh*& hn ho!t h*@V T^ Qo nh hfng +" +in tX c`@ {A c%ng hfng l9& cho cc vE tI, orA r tng +in t,ch Y&V W^ Qo nh hfng hJt +in tX c`@ nh*& )2{ l9& cho vE tI, orA r gi& +in t,ch Y& :o vki vE tI, & V R^ Qo hiu ng h) c`@ nh*& {2V 5< PHCN dNG C*NG C0A HID.OCAC5ON I< PHCN dNG C*NG $ VNG C0A yCLOAN AN: Ving ? c!nh c`@ K"clo@n(@n c* thl c%ng &f ving vki xI 4t 2t 24 v9 c $TnTnV Ving C c!nh chF th@& gi@ hn ng c%ng vki hidIo f nhit +% c@oV Ving ; c!nh tIf nn (h'ng th@& gi@ hn ng c%ng nh tInV Qo (h nng hn ng cc lin (]t )r) g0n nh nh@u nn tc nhYn c* thl t_n c'ng v9o cc lin (]t )r) (hc nh@u t!o hyn hj :n h& c%ngV Vd: &Tt"lK"clo Io @n c%ng xI4 cho 4 :n h& +Nng hYn c_u t!oV II< PHCN dNG C*NG VO AN zN: _< P!Xn ng WQng |F|WMronU!Hn: Mhi @n(Tn c%ng h@logTnA @KitA nkc l9 hn ng nhi1u gi@i +o!nV Hc nhYn t_n c'ng f gi@i +o!n ch3& Ou"]t +Enh v3n t\c hn ng l9 Sh nn +jc g#i l9 hn ng c%ng TlTctIon hin ^zS8V Hvng WYZ U!Xn ng WQng |F|WMron U!Hn X} rZ M!|o !vng D MHNn !n! M!]n! WZWToWZMHon MrDng gHZn T\n ^c :f c`@ Ou" tec c%ng .@cconhico 8V Vd: r)2)24 h pr)l r)2^)l8r)24p l9 :n h& ch,nhV C W!j U!Xn ng WQng X} rZ M!|o JHmD WQng MrZn& kZnMH<: X} rZ M i U!Z ['H n!ZD &o vvH qM U!ng WYZ FHNn JjM UH Mrong n'H CCV Vd: "clo TntTn h xI4 ^))lC8 HI@n:r6A4r+i$Io&Kiclo Tnt@n8: );265xI4V C!{ P: r N]u tIong &'i tIng c* &gt cc tc nhYn nuclTo hin nh 2 4{ A )2?{2A pr th/ cc tc nhYn n9" c* thl th@& gi@ gi@i +o!n h@i c`@ t!o hh nhi1u : V r Phn ng c%ng h@logTn t@ dqng cloA $Io& h@" B<ACC= IACC S &9 (h'ng dqng pot (h* hn ng v9 Rlo gY" h`"V
32
r Phn ng c%ng 2h@l v9o L( ( (h nng $i]n thin nh :@u: 2R 2)L2xI 2pV r Phn ng c%ng nkc dqng KJc tc @Kit thng t!o hyn hj cc @ncol $3c c@oA $3c th_ v9 +Nng hYn do hn ng chu"ln vEV r .3t +% T f ): 4 c9ng c@o th/ c@c$oc@tion h@" ion 2h c9ng dn c%ng hnV V/ v@" nTu th@" thT ngVt 2 tIong Tt"lTn $@-ng nh*& +" TlTctIon th/ toc o q tng lnV Mh nng hn ng c`@ StilTn Io ilTn i:o$utilTnV r N]u cc don Ku_t th] c`@ TtilTn vki cc nh*& th] hJt T l!i c* (h nng (& hn : Mh nng hn ng c`@ )24)24 )24)2)l )24)2r){{2 i< P!Xn ng WQng M!|o W W!j g'W MV Ro kWQng [png F} A.< r Phn ng K" I@ (hi c* chi]u :ng hogc ch_t (hi &9o nh oKiA ToKit r Hc nhYn th@& gi@ thng l9 )l4 A 2rxI cin 2RA24Z{C (h'ng th@& gi@ n9"V r Hng t th] c ch] g\cA c%ng c ch] g\c t do l9 dY" chu"1nV !H q]o : {r{ 4{VV {V h 2rxI {2 h xIV 2@" {4 h 2rxI 2{{V h xIV P!"M MrHmn qW! : xIV h r)2)24 r)2Vr)24xI ^$1n8 r)2Vr)24xI h 2rxI r)24r)24xI h xIVV ToM qW!: 4xIV xI4 t r)2Vr)24xI h xIV r)2xIr)24xI 4r)2Vr)24xI r)2^)24xI8r)2^)24xI8r Nh v3" : c%ng 2xI thTo c ch] g\c K" I@ thTo hkng t!o g\c t do tIung gi@n $1n hnt :n h& :inh I@ l9 +Nng hYn c`@ : c%ng HB< thTo c ch] c%ng TlTctIon hin ngh@ l9 thTo hkng tIi Ou" tec c%ng .@cco nhico V r< P!Xn ng WQng !HRro MrNn T\ qM {W M"W JHq FoH : 2idIo h*@ thng dqng KJc tc l9 cc (i& lo!i chu"ln ti] chJng (hc h@ vki cc ch_t (h, v/ th] g#i l9 {W M"W R M!mV h PdG) KJc tc cho hidIo h*@ @n(Tn th9nh @n(@n tIong dd Tt@nol dki :u_t thng ng@" f 5 7 455)V HIong +i1u (in +* nhYn $TnTnA nh*& ){t )N (h'ng $E (hXV Vd: )>2;r)2)2r){{)2? h 24 ^PdG)t Tt@nol8 )>2;)24)24){{)2?V h Jc tc Pt thng dqng tIong Tt@nolA tIong Tt"l@KTt@t dki :u_t thngV h Jc tc Ni I hn :o vki (i& lo!i Ou, nhng ho!t +%ng "]u nn hi dqng nhit +% c@o hn: ;5r6555) :u_t tm ; 7 65@t&V h Phn ng c%ng hidIo tIn $1 &gt ch_t Kt (i& lo!i l9 c%ng +Nng thi (ilu ci: ^:"n8A c%ng v9o cqng h,@ c`@ lin (]t ))V w< P!Xn ng Mrng !GU: Z< Trng !GU g'W: V, d hn ng tIqng hj t!o PSA PV)A PZ l9 tIqng hj g\cV )c &ono&T c%ng vki nh@u thTo (ilu +0u 7 +u'iv/ hn ng c%ng g\c K" I@ thTo hkng t!o I@ g\c t do tIung gi@n $1n hnV n )24)2 r)24r)2rn T< Trng !GU Hon:
33
zn(Tn (hi gg @Kit &!nh th/ tIqng hj thTo c ch] gi\ng nh c%ng TlTctIo hin g#i l9 tIqng hj c@tionV Jc tc thng l9 zl)l ?A xR? v9 &%t ljng nhb nkcV III< PHCN dNG C*NG VO AN IN: 19 P!Xn ng WQng |F|WMroU!Hn Az: Hng t @n(Tn +Y" l9 hn ng +iln h/nh v9 Ou@n tI#ng nh_t +\i vki @n(inV h )%ng h@logTn v9 hidIo h@logTnu@ v1 c ch] tng t @n(TnA :n h& ch,nh u tin thTo hkng t!o c@c$oc@tion $1n hnV Phn ng c* thl thc hin Ou@ h@i gi@i +o!n t!o :n h& noV Vd: )>2;))r2 )>2;))l)24 )>2;r))l4r)2?V h )%ng nkc: zn(in c%ng nkc t!o Tnol (h'ng $1n nn $E +Nng hYn h*@ th9nh @ndThit hogc KTtonA c 4 gi@i +o!n c0n KJc tc l9 @KitV Zn h& tuYn thTo Oui tec .@cco nhico V H\c +% c%ng $Io&A clo v9o @n(Tn lkn hn nhi1u :o vki c%ng v9o @n(inA cin t\c +% c%ng 2 th/ hn (& nh@u (h'ng nhi1uV 29 P!Xn ng !HRro !IZ: Z< HHRro !IZ J!H Rng {W M"W JHq FoH: Mhi dqng KJc tc nh NiA PtA Pd @n(in c%ng hidIo th9nh @n(Tn nhng @n(Tn hn ng ng@" th9nh @n(@nV .u\n dmng f gi@i +o!n to!n @n(Tn c0n l9& gi& ho!t t,nh c`@ KJc tc v, d PdG)@){ ? hn ho!t h*@ $[ng ^)2?){{84P$ ^KJc tc Lindl@I8 hogc PdG) t& Ouinolin h@" iIidin:n h& chF t!o ZnJ|n WD !n! WH&V Vd: )>2;r))r)>2; h 24 ^P$G)A Ouinolin8)i:rZtil$Tn: )>2;r)2)2r)>2;V T< !u Tsng NZNHr Fng: MhX @n(in $[ng N@GN2? lbng cho ZnJ|n WD !n! MrZn&^ Vd: )?2Pr))r)?2P h N@GN2? lbng HI@n: octrCrTn h N@N24 Mhc vki c%ng TlTctIo hinA c%ng hidIo v9o @n(in dn hn @n(Tn v9 n]u th& nh*& @n("l v9o Tt"lTn th/ hYn tX (h* th@& gi@ c%ng hnV Vd : zKTt"lTn Tt"lTn Io Tn i:o$utTnV Hu" nhin @n(Tn dn c%ng hidIo hn @ITnV IV< PHCN dNG C*NG VO POLIzN LIeN H9P : zn(@diTn lin hj c* (h nng hn ng c@o c* thl c%ng thTo c ch] g\cA c%ng TlTctIo hinV Ngo9i (h nng c%ng vE tI, 6A4 cin c%ng vE tI, 6ACV _< P!Xn ng WQng |F|WMroU!Hn v]o RH|n FHNn !GU: d nhit +% th_ thu3n lji cho : c%ng 6A4 nhng f nhit +% c@o : 6AC chi]& u th]V Ngu"n nhYn l9 do tIong Ou tI/nh c%ng TlTctIo hin t!o I@ 4 c@c$oc@tion tIung gi@nV Vd: )24)2r)2)24hxIh)24)2r)2hr)24xI v9 )24xIr)2)2r)24hV Z@u +* ion xIr t_n c'ng v9o 4 ion tIn t!o I@ :n h&V Z c%ng 6A4 K" I@ nh@nh hn nhng (& $1n hn :o vki :n h& c%ng 6ACV V/ th] f nhit +% th_ hn ng K" I@ thTo hkng u tin t!o : c%ng 6A4 ^(h\ng ch] +%ng h#c8V d nhit +% c@o : c%ng 6AC $1n hn ^do n\i +'i giB@ &!ch hiu ng :iu lin hj lkn hn8 nn cYn $[ng dEch :@ng h,@ t!o : c%ng 6AC ^(h\ng ch] nhit +%ng h#c8V
34
48 CQng !HRro v]o RH|n FHNn !GU: Mhi dqng d hidIo diTn $E (hX th9nh @n(@nV N]u dqng hidIo (hX diTn tF l &ol 6:6 f nhit +% th_ t!o hyn hj 4 :n h& c%ng 6A4 v9 6ACV Dl (hX ch#n l#c v9o vE tI, 6AC ngi t@ dqng tc nhYn (hX l9 N@ d!ng hyn h\ng ^N@G2g8 hogc N@ tIong @&oni@cV ?8 P!Xn ng WQng [Ing vng kwhi< gH F] U!Xn ng Hn#An[V Nhi1u diTn lin hj th@& gi@ c%ng +*ng ving vki @n(Tn hogc @n(inV Vd: xut@r6A?rdiTn h Tt"lTn K"clohTKTnV
CH2 HC
h
HC CH2
CH2 CH2
H2 C
4555) ?55 @t&
HC HC C H2
CH2 CH2
d hn ng DinKrzn+A +iTn lin hj g#i l9 RH|nt @n(Tn hn ng g#i l9 [H|noU!HnV Z c%ng diTn vki @n(Tn cho : tng t nh (ilu c%ng 6AC nhng K" I@ +Nng thi ^6 gi@i +o!n8 nn hj h0n RH|n hi f c_u d!ng Zrci: ^gi ci:8 lJc th@& gi@ hn ngV NhBng diTn (h'ng chu"ln th9nh d!ng Zrci: +jc th/ (h'ng th@& gi@ hn ng DiKrzn+V Nh*& +" TlTctIon f +iTn n]u (h'ng cn tIf : t!o I@ c_u d!ng Zrci: th/ l9& tng t\c +% hn ngA cin nh*& hJt TlTctIon th/ l9& gi& t\c +% hn ngV DiTno hin n]u c* nh*& hJt TlTctIon th/ hn ng K" I@ thu3n ljiV Phn ng DinKrzn+ c* t,nh +gc thq l3 thl K" I@ thTo (ilu c%ng :"nV Phn ng n9" hc $i]n v9 Ou@n tI#ng tIong tcng hj hBu c hin +!iA h!& vi dng I_t I%ng ILiV 5I TP $INH H/A 68 HSGN: 2L" vi]t cc : ch,nh t!o th9nh tIong clo h*@ Io Tn tIong dd Tt@nol 7nkc c* &gt MxIV 48 Mhi cho i:o$utTn v9o dung dEch c* hi@ t@n 2xIA N@)lA )2 ?{2 c* thl t!o I@ nhBng ch_t g/A gii th,ch v9 vi]t c ch] hn ngV ?8 HSG N: Vi]t )H)H : ch,nh v9 gii th,ch: as C; H =ClO4 @8)2?^)2484){{2h)l4 $8
CH 4 = CH COO CH = CH 4 + I Cl C; H >ClIO4
C8
HSGN: 2j ch_t c* )HPH )=26>V tc dng vki hidIo d c* Ni KJc tc thu hh gN& ? ch_t 6A 4A ? l9 6rTt"lr?r&Tt"lK"clohTK@nt 6rTt"lrCr &Tt"lK"clohTK@n v9 6ACr+i&Tt"lK"clohT t@nV c +Enh )H)H ;8 )ho $i]t :n h& t!o th9nh (hi cho i:o$utTn tc dng vki cc ch_t :@u: Z^ 2pV T^ 2xI ^PTIoKidT8V W^ xI4G24{V R^ xI4 h N@)l ^24{8 >8 2o9n th9nh cc hng tI/nh hn ng dki +Y" v9 $ilu dinn +Nng hYn l3 thl c`@ cc :n h& t!o th9nh $[ng c'ng thc chi]u Ri:chTIV Z^ ci:7$ut747TnT h xI4 O T^ tI@n:7$ut747TnT h xI4O P8 Vi]t hn ng QiTl:7zldTI ^DinKrzn+ 8 c`@ xut@76A?7diTnT vki cc hj ch_t :@u +Y":
35
Z^ znh"dIidT &@lTicV T^ .Tth"lvin"lcTtonTV W^ zcid &@lTicV R^ zcid u&@IicV |^ 24))27)2)24V ^ )>2;7)2)27N{4V <8 HSGN: )ho : +N hn ng: ddBr ^6:68 ddNaOH At B C + D 5A9 CH ? CH = CH COO CH = CH CH ? '9 V1]t PHP d!ng )H)H cc ch_t tIn v9 g#i tn zAxA)AQV $8 )ho $i]t :\ + l3 thl c`@ zAxA)AQ ^&yi )H c* $@o nhiu + l3 thl8V c8 )ho z c* c_u h/nh $1n nh_t th/ c_u tIJc x nh th] n9o =8 Mhi tIqng hj xut@76A?7diTn +l t!o c@o :u xun@ thng t!o I@ :n h& h l9 ving > c!nh ch@ no ^ hn ng QiTl:7zldTI8A (hi hn ng vki 2 4 d KJc tc Ni th/ t!o I@ Tt"lc"clohTK@nV Vi]t cc hng tI/nh hn ng v9 cho $i]t +i1u (in +l hn ng +*ng ving QiTl:7zldTI K" I@ dn d9ngV 658 HSG N: Vi]t )H)H cc : c* thl c* (hi ti]n h9nh tIqng hj $ut@r6A?rdiTn v9 i:o ITn cho cc tIng hj : @G 2@i tX vki nh@uV $G 2@i lo!i oli&T t!o c@o :uV 668 )ho don Ku_t h@logTn )2?)2)2)24)l ^z8 Z^ )ho ^z8 tc dng vki nkc )l 4 tIong $*ng t\iV Vi]t c'ng thc c_u t!o c`@ :n h&V T^ N]u +un n*ng ^z8 vki dung dEch (i1& loLng thu +jc &ono@ncol tng ngV )ho th& (i1& v9oA t\c +% hn ng (h'ng th@" +ciV 2L" cho $i]t c ch] hn ng v9 :o :nh (h nng hn ng c`@ ^z8 vki )2 ?)24)24)24)l v9 )24)27)24)l tIong cqng +i1u (in hn ngA gii th,chV 648 )* > ch@i g@ ^)h_t (h, f t5 thng8 l9 +Nng hYn c`@ )C2< +1u $E &_t nhLn v9 +jc dLn nhLn tm z +]n RV 2L" Kc +Enh ho ch_t &yi ch@i $i]t I[ng : r zA )A x v9 Q l9& nh!t &9u xI 4 nh@nh ch*ng ^ng@" c tIong $*ng t\i8A tIong (hi S v9 R (h'ng l9& nh!t &9u xI4V r )c :n h& c`@ x v9 ) vki xI4 l9 +Nng hYn l3 thl c`@ nh@uV r zA xA ) +1u cho :n h& gi\ng ht nh@u (hi hn ng vki 24 KJc tc Pd V r S c* +il& :'i c@o hn R v9 ) c* +il& :'i c@o hn xV Hvng Rn 68 )lo tIong nkc : t!o tc nhYn )l h cho c@tion tIung gi@n $1n )2?r)2hr)24)lV HIong dd c* cc tc nhYn nuclTo hin: )lrt Tt@nolt 24{A xIr nn : t!o hh C ch_t tng ngV 48Z hn ng l9: ^)2?8?)7xI t ^)2?8?)7{2 t )2?7^2{r8)^r)l87)2? t ^)2?8?)7{)2? HIong dung dEch c* C tc nhYn l9 xI 7A )l7A 24{ v9 )2?{2 c* (h nng (]t hj vki c@I$oc@tionV Phn ng thTo c ch] c%ng TlTctIo hin ^zS8V # D0u tinA 2h t_n c'ng v9o )UQ +l t!o c@I$oc@tion ^)2?8?)N ^gi@i +o!n ch3&V8 # Z@u +* C tc nhYn tIong dung dEch : (]t hj c@I$oc@tion t!o :n h& ^gi@i +o!n nh@nh8V 39 @8 Nh*& ){{2 gY" hiu ng 7p nn : th] Z t!o : ch,nh )2?)2)l)24){{2V $8 Nh*& vin"l gi9u +in t,ch Y& hnA c ch] c%ng z S nn ph : c%ng v9o nh*& )24V Z ch,nh l9 )24)2r){{r)2)lr)24pV
4 5
36
49 @ 4A :@u cin 6 ving noV V3" )H)H :

CH3 H3C
59 Z^ tTItr$ut"liodu@V T^ i:o$ut"l$Io&u@V W^ 67$Io&747&Tth"l Io @nolV R^ 6r$Io&r4rclor4r&Tth"l Io @nt 6A4rdi$Io&r4r&Tth"l Io @nt 6r$Io&r4r &Tt"l Io @nr4rolV 69 Z^ H!o 4 + +\i Ou@ng 6A4r+i$Io& $ut@n T^ t!o + &T:o 4A?r+i$Io& $ut@n 79
89 HSGN: )ho : +N hn ng: ddBr ^6:68 ddNaOH At B C + D 5A9 CH ? CH = CH COO CH = CH CH ? @8 z l9 ^6r Io Tn"l8r4r$utTno@tt Qo n\i )) th 6 $E lin hj $fi n\i ){ nn $Io& c%ng v9o n\i )) thm 4 t!o x l9 )2 ?r)2)2r){{r)2xIr)2xIr )2?^6A4rdi$Io& Io "l8r4r$utTno@tt ) l9 )2?r)2)2r){{N@ N@tIir$utTno@tt Q l9 {2)r)2{2r)2? 4rh"dIoK"l Io @n@lV $8 z c* C + h/nh h#ct x c* 4 ngVtX ) $_t +\i c* C + Ou@ng h#c v9 4 d!ng h/nh h#c v3" c* < + t ) c* 4 + h/nh h#ct Q c* 4 + Ou@ng h#cV c8 z c* c_u h/nh $1n tI@n: f n\i )) th 4 th/ (hi c%ng $Io& z S : cho c_u h/nh c%ng (ilu tI@n: ^4 ngVtX $Io& cqng h,@ tIong )H i:8 V "9 H!o : 6rvin"lK"clohTKr?rTnV Di1u (in: 2j ch_t diTnT ^z8 hi c* c_u h/nh Zrci:V Phn ng n9" tIf nn dn d9ng hn n]u th@" 2 tIong diTno hin $[ng nh*& hJt TlTctIon nh 7){{2A 7 ){{A 7)2{A v9 th@" 2 tIong diTn $[ng nh*& +" TlTctIon nh: 7)2 ?A 7 )42;A 1%9 @G Vi]t cc : c%ng (h'ng +*ng ving v9 +*ng ving DinKorzn+ giB@ 4 hYn tX vki nh@uV $G Vi]t h@i lo!i oli&T t!o c@o :u ^+Nng tIqng hj 8V 119 Hh& (i1& &9 t\c +% (h'ng +ci v3" +Y" l9 th] ZN6V Wi@i +o!n ch3& z t!o ion )2?r)2)2r)24h :@u +* (]t hj ion {2r t!o : V Mh nng th] ZN6: z )24)2r)24)l )2?)24)24)24)l do hiu ng h) c`@ n\i )) v9 hiu ng h2 c`@ nh*& )2 ? nn c@tion )2?r)2)2r)24h $1n nh_tV 648 > +Nng hYn c`@ )C2<V xutr6rTn cisr$utr4rTn v9 tran- $utr4rTn .Tt"l Io Tn Kiclo$ut@n v9 .Tt"l Kiclo Io @n r ) C2< l9& nh!t &9u xI4 hi c* lin (]t ( A cin (h'ng l9& nh!t &9u xI4 chF c* lin (]t +nV V3" zA xA )A Q l9 C zn(TnA cin SA R l9 4 K"clo @n(@n
4 5
37
r 2"dIo )@c$on c* +il& :'i c@o hn do c* &o&Tn lang ccV .Tt"lKiclo PIo @n c* &o&Tn lang cc n* l9 SV )in .o&Tn lang cc c`@ Kiclo$ut@n 5 n* l9 RV r .u\n t!o cqng :n h& (hi 2idIo ho th/ ch_t $@n +0u hi c* c_u tIJc tng t nh@uA chF (hc nh@u f vE tI, lin (]t +'i zA xA ) l9 xutr6rTn v9 xutr4r Tn V Zu" I@ Q l9 .Tt"l Io TnV r 4 +Nng hYn h/nh h#c th/ (hi c%ng xI4 dn t!o I@ +Nng hYn l3 thl c`@ nh@uV cisrxutr4rTn t!o d!ng &T:o c`@ 4A ?r di$Io& Io @n transrxutr4rTn t!o +Nng hYn +\i h/nh A v9 ZAZ tng ng c`@ 4A?r+i$Io& Io @n V3" x v9 ) l9 cisr$utr4rTn v9 tran- $utr4rTn Zu" I@ z l9 xutr6rTn v/ tran- $utr4rTn c* &o&Tn lang cc tIit tiu nn +il& :'i th_ hn ) l9 cisr$utr4rTnA x l9 tran- $utr4rTnV C<PHCN 6NG OI H1A HID.OCAC5ON I< OI H1A $*T S+ AN AN : 68 )2C $E oKh $fi oKi tq" thTo nhit +% c* thl :inh I@ 2)2{t ){ h@" )V 48 xut@n $E oKh $fi oKi c* .n4h Kt :inh I@ )2?){{2A : h l9 2){{2 c* ljng +ng (lV ?8 )c @I@in $E oKh $[ng oKi cet &!ch @n(@n :inh I@ hh @Kit c@c$oK"lic +n chc dqng +i1u ch] K9 hingV II< OI H1A AN zN: _< OH !IZ FHNn JjM gHt FH FHNn JjM Tsng W"W! Rng RR $nOw Fo%ng Fn! S O&qHM|MrZ oHM O&OwV DY" l9 c%ng JHmD WH& v9o n\i +'i t!o diolV Vd : Tt"lTn Tt"lTn gl"colV iclohTKTn )i:r KiclohTK@nr6A4rdiol h N]u dqng ToKi@Kit ^ T@Kit8 nh 2){r{r{2A ) >2;){{r{2 l9& ch_t oKh thu +jc T oKit h@" oKiI@nV )ho T oKit tc dng vki @K v' c thu +jc tI@n:r diolV Vd : Io Tn h @K T$Tnoic ^ )2)l?8 t!o &Tt"loKiI@n v9 @K $Tnoic V
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38
h CI M!m Rng U oon U!nn kWQng oon rpH M!Y} U!nn<: Z@u (hi c%ng oon v9o lin (]t )) ^ c%ng (ilu :"n8 t!o I@ hj ch_t ving oonit (h'ng $1n :@u +* chu"ln th9nh @Kit ^@ndThit8 hogc KTton V d gi@i +o!n th`" hYn oonitA n]u dqng ch_t (hX l9 nG@Kit hogc ^)2 ?84Z th/ LM ): 4r2 +jc $o to9n ^ t!o @ndThitt KTton8A n]u dqng 2 4{ +l th`" hYn : t!o 24{4 ^+'i (hi th& v9o nkc &%t ,t 2 4{48 th/ ): 4r2 chu"ln th9nh ): 4r{2 ^ @Kit8A KTton +jc $o to9nV
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44
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