August 29, 2013

Register for SAM SAM practice Assignment 2 SAM pretest on Excel and Access Assignment 3

For next week: Lectures on PowerPoint shows

Introduction Processing

Chapter 1
Introduction

Computer Fluent
Computer literate having current knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses
You can be a more knowledgeable consumer You make yourself more marketable in the workplace
http://www.bls.gov/oco/oco2003.htm

You can better understand and take advantage of new technologies You can be a more active and aware participant in society

Computers in Society

Business and retail Government Manufacturing and Shipping Ranching and Farming Medicine Science The Arts Publishing Nanostructures

Law enforcement Law Education Sports Entertainment Design, Architecture Training Electronic homes Travel and transportation Affective computing

Challenges of a Digital Society

Benefits

Disadvantages

Speed Reliability Consistency Storage Communications

Violations of Privacy Public safety Impact on Labor Force Health risks Impact on Environment Piracy
Digital divide - people with access to technology can take advantage of new developments; people without can be left behind

What does a Computer do?

(Von Neumanns definition)

A computer is a data processing device that:

Allows for input of data Processes that data into information Gives output for data and information Stores data and information
Data representation of a fact or idea Information data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful way

Information Processing Cycle

Input, process, output, storage + communications

Input and Output devices

Input
Keyboard Mouse Scanners and cameras Microphones Touch screen Track ball Web cam

Output
Monitors Printers Speakers

Storage Devices
Hard disks drives avg about 350 billion characters CD/DVD and Blu-Ray discs

CD 650 to 1 million characters DVD 17 billion characters Blu-Ray 100 billion characters

USB drives avg about 4 billion characters Memory cards

Processing devices

System unit case that holds the physical parts of the computer together
CPU central processing unit Memory
RAM, cache, ROM

Motherboard Expansion cards

Communications Devices
Modems Transmission media Cables Telephone lines Cellular radio Satellites Networks computing devices connected together to share resources and communicate Internet worldwide collection of networks

Software

Application software set of programs used to carry out specific tasks like typing a letter or creating a spreadsheet Systems software set of programs that enable your computers hardware devices and the application software to work together
OS operating system which manages the hardware of the computer and provides a user interface Windows OS is a GUI (graphical user interface)

5 elements of an Information System

Hardware Software Data People Procedures Information systems is a combination of hardware, software, infrastructure, data, procedures, and trained personnel organized to facilitate planning, control, coordination, and decision-making in society and organizations.

Categories of Computers
Category Physical Size Number of Simultaneously Connected Users Usually one (can be more if networked) Usually one General Price Range Several hundred to several thousand dollars Less than several hundred to several thousand dollars Several hundred dollars or less Several hundred to a million dollars $300,000 to several million dollars $500,000 to several billion dollars Embedded in the price of the product Personal computers Fits on a desk

Mobile computers

Fits on your lap or in your hand Small box or handheld device Small cabinet Partial room to a full room of equipment Full room of equipment Miniature

Game consoles Servers Mainframes Supercomputers Embedded computers

One to several Two to thousands Hundreds to thousands Hundreds to thousands Usually one

Bits and Bytes

Binary language consists of two digits, called bits (contraction of the term binary digits) represented by a 0 or 1; 8 bits=byte Parity bit extra bit added to ensure that systems are odd or even schemes used for error checking
Abbreviation B KB MB GB TB PB EB Number of Bytes 1 byte About 1000 About 1,000,000 About a billion About a trillion About a quadrillion About a quintillion Relative Size One character About half a page of typed text About 768 page About 786,432 pages Stack of pages about 51 miles tall Stack of pages about 52,000 miles tall Stack of pages about 52 million miles high, or twice the distance between Earth and Venus. Stack of pages 52 billion miles tall, 20 times the distance between Earth and Pluto.

Name Byte Kilobyte Megabyte Gigabyte Terabyte Petabyte Exabyte

Zettabyte

ZB

About a sextillion

Yottabyte

YB

About a septillion

As of 2011, no storage system has achieved one zettabyte of information. The combined space of all computer hard drives in the world does not amount to even one yottabyte, but was estimated at approximately 160 exabytes in 2006.[1] As of 2009, the entire Internet was estimated to contain close to 500 exabytes

Multiples of bytes SI decimal prefixes

Name (Symbol)

Value

Binary usage 210 220 230

IEC binary prefixes

Name (Symbol)
kibibyte (KiB) mebibyte (MiB) gibibyte (GiB)

Value
210 220 230

kilobyte (kB) 103 megabyte (MB) gigabyte (GB) 106 109

terabyte (TB)
petabyte (PB) exabyte (EB) zettabyte (ZB)

1012
1015 1018 1021

240
250 260 270

tebibyte (TiB)
pebibyte (PiB) exbibyte (EiB) zebibyte (ZiB)

240
250 260 270

yottabyte

yobibyte

ASCII Standard Code 28 256 different combinations

ASCII Code 01000001 01000010 01000011 01011010 00100001 00100010 Represents this symbol A B C Z | ASCII Code 01100001 01100010 01100011 00100011 00100100 00100101 Represents this symbol a b c # $ %

Unicode 16 bits; currently assigns 96,000 characters

History of Computers

1642 Blaise Pascal and the Pascalene 1804-05 Joseph Jacquard automates a loom using punched cards 1834 Charles Babbage and the Analytical Engine; used punched cards and was the first device based on input, processing, output and storage.
Ada Lovelace first programmer

1890 Herman Hollerith invents tabulating machine 1936-41 Konrad Zuse builds a programmable digital computer; uses binary system

History of Computers
1939 Atanasoff/Berry build first electrically powered digital computer; used vacuum tubes and the binary system 1943 Alan Turing completes Colossus, electronic digital computer 1944 Howard Aiken completed Mark 1944 Mauchly and Eckert ENIAC 1951 UNIVAC

Personal Computers

1975 Altair 1977 Apple II; had a monitor, keyboard, sound, floppy disk; Commodore PET and TRS-80 1981 IBM PC released; MS-DOS 1982 Application software available like Visicalc, Lotus 123, WordStar 1983 Lisa 1984 Macintosh; first with 3.5 inch disks Mid 90s web browsers; Windows 95

Generations of Computers
1st generation (40s and 50s) used vacuum tubes that housed switching circuitry 2nd generation(50s) transistors; performed same function as tubes by transferring electricity across tiny resistors 3rd generation(60s) integrated circuits; packed hundreds of transistors onto a single silicon chip 4th generation (1971) microprocessor which housed all critical components on a single silicon chip