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1.
1.1. -
1.1.1.
1.1.2.
1.1.3.
1.1.4.
1.2.
1.2.1.
1.2.2.
1.2.3.
1.3.
2.
2.1.
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.2.
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Her eyes rested on him, and as she saw that he was looking at her she didnt go through the ceremony (she had broken so completely with all conventions), of
removing them... (H. James. The Bostonians).
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Jack looked up from the letter. He was suddenly conscious that the little old lady across the aisle was staring intently at him. He turned his head and smiled at her.
Embarrassed, she looked quickly out the window on her side (I. Shaw. Two Weeks in Another Town).

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The little old lady peered over her bourbon at the sleeping man. Ever since he had boarded the plane at Orly, she had stolen glances at him when she thought he
was not looking in her direction... ( ).
It was on the two little seats facing each other that are always the last ones left on the train. I was going up to New York to see my sister and spend the night. He
had on a dress suit and patent leather shoes, and I couldnt keep my eyes off him, but every time he looked at me I had to pretend to be looking at the
advertisement over his head... (F.S. Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby).
.
:
He stared grimly at the porters back, pretending he didnt notice the two young women who were in the elevator with him and who were looking at him curiously
and whispering to each other in Spanish (I. Shaw. Two Weeks in Another Town).
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( ) Can I help you? (The Game).
( ) :
He was a felon, Kern said. He served in prison. Did you know that?
Jack hesitated, uncomfortable under the saffron, sardonic stare... (I. Shaw. Two Weeks in Another Town).
Blaise lived his face; Monty peered through his, looking from behind it, and not necessarily, Harriet sometimes uneasily felt, through the eyes. Monty had a sort of
intent voyeur face, yet livened at times by a sort of puzzlement or chronic surprise (I. Murdoch. The Sacred and Profane Love Machine).
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Oh, yes, said the boy. He answered quietly, a little nervous of a conversation in public. His companion had a loud, booming voice and no one else was talking
(I. Murdoch. The Bell).
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Americans seem to feel like they have to say something instead of having silence even when what they say is so well known that it sounds stupid. They say
things that are so obvious. Japanese people realize that we have all observed these things so it is unnecessary to talk about them (L.R. Kohls, 1996: 43).
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(1) She had a kind of doleful elegance, tried to be confidential, lowered her voice and looked as if she wished to establish a secret understanding, in order to ask
her visitor if she would venture on an apple-fritter... (H. James. The Bostonians).
(2) I dont want the money anyway, Ginnie said, keeping her voice down so that she was heard only by Selena (J.D. Salinger. Just Before the War with the
Eskimos).
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Would you please lower your voice?
No, I wont (Beaches).
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If I can help her, she shall be an immense power for good.
An immense power for quackery, my dear Miss Olive! This broke from Basil Ransoms lips in spite of a vow he had just taken not to say anything that should
aggravate his hostess, who was in a state of tension it was not difficult to detect. But he had lowered his tone to friendly pleading, and the offensive word was
mitigated by his smile (H. James. The Bostonians).
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Henry had meditated a lot upon what he thought of as great American coldness and upon why he went on feeling such a foreigner in his adopted land. Both
figuratively and literally there was a certain lack of smell (Henrys clothes and person smelt. Bella said she liked it. Russell was odourless)... (I. Murdoch. Henry
and Cato).
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She reached out her left hand and took his and clung to it. Jack, will you take me out to dinner tonight, please? I dont want to be alone tonight.
I dont think that would be a good idea, Jack said, as gently as possible...
She withdrew her hand abruptly. Sorry, she said... (I. Shaw. Two Weeks in Another Town).
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Ransom offered his hand in farewell to his hostess; but Olive found it impossible to do anything but ignore the gesture. She could not let him touch her.
Ransom could not help noticing that Miss Chancellor would not shake hands with him, and he felt, on the whole, rather injured (H. James. The Bostonians).
:
Hi, Mr. Delaney. He turned toward Maurice, offering his hand...
Hello, Brutton, Maurice said, without inflection. He ignored the proffered hand.
The sweat glittered on Bruttons forehead and he blinked his eyes erratically. My hand is out, Mr. Delaney, he said.
I see it, Delaney said.
Jack shook my hand, Brutton said shrilly. hes not too proud. And hes in the government, besides.
Jacks a diplomat, Delaney said, staring coldly at Brutton. He has to shake the hand of any sonofabitch who asks him.
Now, be careful, Brutton said loudly and emptily. I dont let people talk to me like that (I. Shaw. Two Weeks in Another Town).
: said shrilly, loudly and emptily,
blinked his eyes erratically. , , : said without inflection, staring coldly.
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Harriets hand gently sought out Montys hand and took it in a firm cautious gentle grip like a retriever holding a bird. Monty smiled the wan smile, lightly pressed
the intrusive hand, and moved away. He repressed a shudder at the unwelcome contact. His flesh mourned. Harriet sighed (I. Murdoch. The Sacred and Profane
Love Machine).
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Lane was about halfway through this particular reading of the letter when he was interrupted intruded upon, trespassed upon by a burly-set young man named
Ray Sorenson, who wanted to know if Lane knew what this bastard Rilke was all about... Lane, who knew Sorenson only slightly but had a vague, categorical
aversion to his face and manner, put away his letter and said that he didnt know but that he thought hed understood most of it... (J.D. Salinger. Franny and
Zooey).
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Lane Coutell, in a Burberry raincoat that apparently had a wool liner buttoned into it, was one of the six or seven boys out on the open platform. Or, rather, he was
and he wasnt one of them. For ten minutes or more, he had deliberately been standing just out of conversation range of other boys... ( ).
, , (
). :
(1) I need some time alone.
Alone?
Yeah... I have a new emotion every five seconds... (Singles).
(2) Now, what seems to be the problem?
My husband. I believe hes seeing another woman.
No, really...
Im afraid so.
Im sorry.
Mr. Gittes, please, do you think we could discuss this alone? (Chinatown).
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Can I talk to you?
Sorry, I have some work to do ( ) ( Leave me alone).
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Ned, I would like to stand here and talk with you but Im not going to (starts walking away) ( . ..).
Thats all right, Ill walk with you (follows him). Oh, God, it is so good to see you. What are you doing for dinner?
Something else (The Groundhog Day).
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Zooeys reading was suddenly interrupted by his mothers voice importunate, quasi-constructive addressing him from outside the bathroom door: Zooey? Are
you still in the tub?
Yes, Im still in the tub. Why? ( . ..).
I want to come in for just a teeny minute. I have something for you.
Im in the tub, for Gods sake, Mother.
Ill just be a minute, for goodness sake. Pull the shower curtain (J.D. Salinger. Franny and Zooey).
, (for Gods sake) (
Yes).
, :
Sometimes I could almost murder Buddy for not having a phone, she said. Its so unnecessary. How can a grown man live like that no phone, no anything?
No one has any desire to invade his privacy, if thats what he wants, but I certainly dont think its necessary to live like a hermit. ( ) ( .
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, E. Goffman, 1972: 81):
(1) Then Jack felt the wetness on his lip and he knew he was bleeding again. Embarrassed, he stopped and got out his handkerchief and put it to his nose.
What is it? Veronica looked at him, alarmed.
Nothing, he said, his voice muffled a little. A nosebleed. He tried to make a joke of it. The Royal disease...
Somebody hit you? She sounded incredulous. Why?
I dont know. Jack shook his head, annoyed at the scene, at the blood, which was flowing heavily now... (I. Shaw. Two Weeks in Another Town).
(2) It was nearly five minutes before Franny came thoroughly to. She was on a couch in the managers office, and Lane was sitting beside her...
How are ya? he said, in a rather hospital-room voice. You feel any better?.
Franny shrugged. Her eyes looked around the room. Its so embarrassing, she said. Did somebody have to carry me in here? (J.D. Salinger. Franny and
Zooey).
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Theres something funny about a fellow thatll do a thing like that, said the other girl eagerly. He doesnt want any trouble with anybody.
Who doesnt? I inquired.
Gatsby. Somebody told me - -
The two girls and Jordan leaned together confidentially.
Somebody told me they thought he killed a man once (F.S. Fitzgerald. The Great Gtasby).
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He shrank from pushing into the front of the company, which was now rapidly filling the music-room... (H. James. The Bostonians).
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psychological withdrawal, .. (R. Sommer, 1969: 37). :
The people pushed each other a little, edged about, advanced and retreated, looking at each other with differing faces sometimes blandly, unpercievingly,
sometimes with a harshness of contemplation, a kind of cruelty, Ransom thought... (H. James. The Bostonians).
, ,
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:
I remember a significant incident that occurred just a day or two after Bobby and I arrived in New York. I was standing up in a very crowded Lexington Avenue
bus, holding on to the enamel pole near the drivers seat, buttocks to buttocks with the chap behind me. For a number of blocks the driver had repeatedly given
those of us bunched up near the front door a curt order to step to the rear of the vehicle. Some of us had tried to oblige him. Some of us hadnt. At length, with a
red light in his favor, the harassed man swung around in his seat and looked up at me, just behind him. At nineteen I was a hatless type, with a flat, black, not
particularly clean, Continental-type pompadour over a badly broken-out inch of forehead. He addressed me in a lowered, an almost prudent tone of voice. All
right, buddy, he said, lets move that ass. It was the buddy, I think, that did it. Without even bothering to bend over a little that is, to keep the conversation

at least as private, as de bon gout, as hed kept it I informed him, in French, that he was a rude, stupid, overbearing imbecile, and that hed never know how
much I detested him. Then, rather elated, I stepped to the rear of the vehicle (J.D. Salinger. De Daumier-Smiths Blue Period).
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a very crowded... bus, buttocks to buttocks with a chap, bunched up near the front door.
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...she went up to him and shook him gently by the shoulders. Paul, dont be cross. Paul moved away, not responding to her touch. Only you, he said, would be
simple-minded enough, after betraying me in the way you have done, to paw me and say Dont be cross! (I. Murdoch. The Bell).
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Aronoff, 1997: 252)? rich : having abundant possessions and especially material wealth
(MWCD), .. , . abundant
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, . ,
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:
John went into the restaurant. He ordered a hamburger and a coke. He asked the waitrss for the check and left (R. Schank and R. Abelson, 1975. . D.
Tannen, 1993: 18).
, , . 1955 ,
( , 15).
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(D. Hymes, 1974; E. Goffman, 1974; Ch. Frake, 1977; M. Minsky, 1975, 1988).
, Ways of speaking (cultural pattern) (D. Hymes,
1974: 446). ( D. Tannen, 1993: 18).
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time , , (
: . Time is money). , the duration of existence, esp. as
measured in days, months, years, etc., or by clocks, watches, etc. (NHD).

 , waste time, spend time, run out of time, use time profitably ..
( G. Lakoff, M. Johnson, 1981: 7 8).

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2.1.1.
, , .. , , ..
, -, .
. ( 12 )
, , .
: :
1. (person, oneself, myself, ones business and concerns);
2. , (people, other people, others);
3. (confidence, trust, friendship);
4. (alone, solitude, isolation, being left alone);
5. (freedom, free);
6. (personal information, public knowledge);
7. (confidential, secrecy);
8. , (nice quiet area, own space, space by myself, personal space);
9. (relaxful, peaceful, quietness, safety, no interruptions);
10. , (mine, diary);
11. (right, unauthorized);
12. (unauthorized intrusion).
privacy, private.
9 private (WNWD), : 1) ;
2) - ; 3) , ; 4) ; 5) ,
; 6) ; 7) , , .
, ,
, , , ,
(; .. , 1994; .. , 1986).

 , : ,
, , , , .
, , privacy to violate somebodys
privacy, an invasion of ones privacy (BBI), privacy, : unacceptable invasion of
peoples privacy, better privacy protections online, the release of photographs violates a privacy provision in the state constitution, the governments intruding too
much on our privacy .. (Washington Post, 1999). , , .
. : ,
( ), () ,
. , ,
:
1. , (a doctor discusses something about me without
consulting me first, personal information released, Im asked to fill out surveys, Im being tracked on the Internet, telemarketing people call, banks
share financial information, etc.);
2. (somebody starts talking to me when I dont want it);
3. (a stranger butts into whats happening to me);
4. (someone rushes into my home, someone is robbing my house, someone comes into my home without asking);
5. , , (somebody reads my journal, my family members are going
through my personal belongings);
6. , , (when Im showering I lock the door);
7. , (trust, friendship is broken).
,
: privacy is when no one else reads my diary, it is freedom from unauthorized intrusion.
, , ,
. , (, , , ,
), , : , .
, , :
, ; , ; ,
( , 1).
( ),
.
, , (
), ( ).
: , , .
( privacy, private).
, (.. , 1992: 207 209).
.
, ,
.
, (
, )
( , , ,
, ..) ( .. , ). , ..
. : trespass a wrongful entry upon the lands of another (RHWD).
, ,
. .
: informer a person who informs against another especially for money or other reward (RHWD).
, ; .
,
, (.. , 1992: 211),
.
.
freedom (44 , 49 )
freedom .
13 , : ( , ) the state of being free; political or
national independence; civil liberty; , , ease or facility of movement or action; frankness of manner or speech;
improper familiarity; boldness of conception or execution; exemption from external control; release from ties or obligations; ,
the power to determine action without restraint; the right to enjoy all the privileges or special rights of citizenship, membership, etc. in a community
or the like; the right to frequent, enjoy, or use at will.
1 freedom the state (condition, quality) of being free.
:
free exempt from external authority, interference, or restriction; independent. (
), .
, , , : , ,
, .
freedom : liberty, independence, self-determination, self-government, self-reliance, autonomy, license.
freedom:
liberty freedom from rule, control, interference, obligation, restriction, confinement; independence the state of being independent; independent free, showing
a desire for freedom; self-determination freedom to live as one chooses, or to act or decide without consulting others; autonomy independence or freedom, as
of the will or ones actions; license permission to act, freedom of action; self-government condition of being self-governed; self-governed not influenced or
controlled by others ( freedom from external influence, control); self-reliance reliance on ones own efforts and abilities
( freedom from external help (. self-reliance expresses confidence in ones
own resources, independently of others aid F&W). self others
( ).
, . Declaration of Independence, Independence Day, Independence Hall,
Liberty Bell, Statue of Liberty (G. Kurian, 1998).
, , ,
, . freedom ,
. freedom
democracy. .
.

 , , a liberty taken improper familiarity,

unwarranted or impertinent freedom in action or speech, or a form or instance of it ( )
liberty. .
. : The liberty of his behavior made her feel uncomfortable. ,
.
.
:
1. : 15 , confine (shut or keep in; prevent from leaving a place because of imprisonment,
illness, discipline), imprison (confine in or as if in a prison), enclose (hold in, confine), detain (keep under restraint), restrain (deprive of liberty) .;
2. , ( ): 11 , , restrain 2 (to hold back from action; check or control),
bound (to set limits or bounds to), check (to restrain or diminish the action or force of; control), repress (to hold in check) .
, ..
. :
The police confined the criminal to jail cell ( ).
That was marriage, thought Dora, to be enclosed in the aims of another... (I. Murdoch. The Bell). ( ,
).
( , ):
12 , , liberate, release, unfetter, emancipate, enfranchise, discharge, unchain . to free
, to relieve or rid of what restrains, confines, restricts, or embarrasses,
, , :
There were kinds of behavior which struck them as too unfettered (H. James. The Bostonians).
intimacy (24 , 26 )
. -, (a close, familiar,
and affectionate relationship), , , . -,
(a sexually familiar act) ,
( , ). , , ,
privacy (. intimacy privacy, especially as suitable to the telling of a secret; privacy the state of being private;
private removed from or out of public view or knowledge, personal, secret).
. ,
: 1. , ; 2. ; 3. .
:
1. , , ,
:
) , : intimacy, closeness, familiarity (friendly relationship), tenderness, affection, fondness,
dearness, warmth, endearment, friendship ( 10 ). amity ( ),
, (, chumminess). :
In their long intimacy Verena had come to revere most of her friends peculiarities (H. James. The Bostonians). intimacy
.
:
Now however she was thinking about her son... The marvellous intimacy could not last. He had withdrawn first from Blaise, now from her. Blaise said it was
natural and proper. He had become untouchable (I. Murdoch. The Sacred and Profane Love Machine).
) , : friendliness, fraternity, brotherhood, sisterhood, fellowship,
companionship (6 ), .
2. , : lovemaking, sex, intercourse.
, . privacy, , .
3. , (), secrecy: secrecy, privacy,
retreat, seclusion, retirement, (secluded, isolated place), (a place of refuge),
(private or secluded place). :
...She sought the privacy of her own apartment after her interview with her sister. She had for the moment time to think... (H. James. The Bostonians).
privacy , .
secrecy (48 , 48 )
, , - .
. secrecy
privacy : secrecy the habit or practice of keeping secrets or maintaining privacy or concealment. secret
, : secret kept from the knowledge of others or shared only confidentially with a few;
confidentially in a confidential manner; confidential private, secret. (the state or condition of
being secret or concealed) (the habit or practice of keeping secrets). :
Perhaps after all there was something in Jamess theory that privacy has a tendency to corrupt (I. Murdoch. The Bell). privacy
, .
Em, kid, you wont ever, will you, tell Harriet about, you know, our special world? Thats private, such things have to be. An outsider wouldnt understand.
Harriet would just be upset. Thats our secret, isnt it? (I. Murdoch. The Sacred and Profane Love Machine). private secret
.
, secrecy: concealment, confidentiality, covertness, stealth,
surreptitiousness, furtiveness, clandestineness, silence, mystery, underhandedness ( 10 ). privacy
confidentiality (confidential spoken, written, or acted on in a strict confidence; secret; private).
intimacy: indicating confidence or intimacy; imparting private matters.
secrecy privacy (,
).
stealth, surreptitiousness, covertness, furtiveness, clandestineness .
, , :
clandestine held or done in secrecy or concealment, esp. for the purposes of subversion or deception: The government carries on clandestine activities, like
spying ( ); stealth secrecy, esp. with a plan to harm: The robber approached the house with stealth (
); surreptitiousness surreptitious done secretly to avoid discovery: He was watching her surreptitiously while she wasnt looking
( ); covert secret, concealed, disguised: Spies had a covert plan to steal secrets (
); furtive hidden from public view, secret, and possibly deceitful: We were suspicious of his furtive manners.
, .
: confidential information,
secret documents ..
, ( to keep from knowledge).
: hide, conceal, obscure, cover, veil, screen, cloak, curtain, shroud, shadow, confuse, misrepresent . (19 ).
, ,
, , .

 , - ( ).
:
They began hiding themselves behind newspapers to avoid ... being introduced to the notorious writer (F. Harris).
:
1. to hide, conceal (, hide, conceal, cover, screen, etc.);
2. to misrepresent in order to hide (, mask, disguise, confuse, cloud, etc.).
, : mask,
shadow, screen, veil .
, ,
, . confide, reveal, disclose, impart, divulge, confess, entrust,
unbosom. , :
confide impart secrets trustfully; discuss private matters or problems; unbosom disclose one's thoughts, feelings, or the like, esp. in confidence.
, (. ).
solitariness (95 , 95 )
. , privacy retirement or seclusion.
private solitary, secluded; preferring privacy, retiring.
the right to be let alone, .
, ,
: solitariness, solitude, isolation, forlornness, retreat, seclusion, retirement, sequestration, reclusiveness, reclusion, privacy, aloneness, withdrawal,
cloister, detachment, confinement, desolation, loneliness (18 ), : alone, lonely, lone, lonesome, single,
solitary, forlorn, desolate, isolated, private, reclusive .
:
1) , , , : retirement, retreat (the retirement of a public man to private life);
2) , : seclusion (go into seclusion to avoid reporters);
3) , , : solitude, isolation;
4) , , : privacy. privacy
, (.. );
5) : loneliness. , ,
, ;
6) , : forlorn, forlornness.
, .
:
1. (retreat the act of withdrawing, as into safety or privacy; also a place of refuge, seclusion, or privacy);
2. (retirement privacy or seclusion, also retreat).
, ,
:
...Zooey glanced up at her. I wish youd learn to leave the goddam party when its over, he said. I mean it, now, Bessie, Id like about one minute of solitude in
here rude as it may sound... (J.D. Salinger. Franny and Zooey). .
He ascribed the spiritual dullness which he felt to all sorts of natural causes tiredness, lack of solitude, the irritations of his exposed existence... (I. Murdoch.
Henry and Cato). , .. .
He suffered from the communal life of thirty men in a large hut, which meant that there was never a moments solitude (R. Aldington. Death of a Hero).
solitude privacy, , .
, , :
1. , (loneliness lonely destitute of sympathetic or friendly companionship, support, etc.);
2. (loneliness lonely affected with or causing a depressing feeling of being alone; lonesome; forlornness forlorn
lonely and sad; desolateness desolate feeling loveless, friendless, or hopeless).
:
Philip had led always the solitary life of an only child, and his loneliness at the vicarage was no greater than it had been when his mother lived... (S. Maugham. Of
Human Bondage).
The awful terror of solitude seized her when she realized that he would never come back ().
.
, :
, / , /
, ;
( , retreat, retirement loneliness, forlornness, desolateness ).
, , ,
.
, privacy ,
: , ,
. , :
1. , ( ): ostracize, exclude, shut, bar, boycott, exile,
reject, eject, evict, shun, spurn, avoid, ignore, snub, neglect, abandon, isolate, forsake, estrange, banish, expatriate, alienate, isolate, segregate, maroon (
) ( 27 ). :
) - : ostracize exclude, by general consent, from society; isolate set apart from others; segregate separate or set
apart from others or from the general mass; exclude shut out from consideration, privilege, etc.; shut bar, exclude; reject cast out or off;
) (, ): spurn reject with disdain, scorn; snub treat with disdain or
contempt, esp. by ignoring;
) - (, ): estrange alienate the feelings or affections of; make unfriendly or hostile; alienate turn away the
affection of; make indifferent or hostile;
) , : exile expel or banish (a person) from his or her country; banish expel from or relegate to a country or place by authoritative
decree; condemn to exile; expatriate banish, exile;
) - : avoid keep away from; keep clear of; ignore refrain from noticing or recognizing; neglect pay no attention or too little
attention to; disregard pay no attention to; leave out of consideration; ignore; shun keep away from; take pains to avoid;
) : abandon leave completely and finally; forsake quit or leave entirely, abandon;
) : evict expel (a person, esp. a tenant) from land, a building, etc. by legal process, as for nonpayment of rent (
).
, .
. , ,
(, How to win friends and influence people, How to develop
self-confidence and influence people by public speaking ).
: Social success is often a necessary part of achievement, and Americans tend to judge their
personal and social success by popularity almost literally by the number of people who like them... (E.C. Stewart, M.J. Bennett, 1991: 108).

2. , . .
crowd, throng, horde, press, crush, swarm, jam, mob, rout (9 ).
:
) (crowd a large number of persons gathered together; throng a multitude of people crowded together; horde a large group,
multitude, or number; crowd);
) (throng a multitude of people crowded together, crowded uncomfortably close together);
) (swarm a great number of things or persons moving together);
) , (mob disorderly or riotous crowd of people);
) (mob a crowd bent on or engaged in lawless violence).
. ,
. , to crowd to press forward; advance by pushing; to
press closely together; to push, shove, or force; to place under constant pressure. ,
. :
She turned towards her seat. A large, elderly lady shifted a little to make room. Feeling fat and hot in the smart featureless coat and skirt which she hadnt worn
since the spring, Dora squeezed herself in. She hated the sensation of another human being wedged against her side. Her skirt was very tight. Her high-heeled
shoes were tight too. She could feel her own perspiration and was beginning to smell that of others. It was a devilish hot day... (I. Murdoch. The Bell).
, , . crowd,
throng, press, crush, swarm, shove, push, cram, jam, squeeze, surge, elbow, jostle, pack, bump, stuff, overcrowd, sandwich, compress, shoulder, thrust, hustle,
huddle, wedge (24 ). :
) (crowd press closely together; jam press or push, often violently, as into a confined space or against one another; bump
come in contact or collide with );
) (squeeze press forcibly together; jostle bump against, push or elbow roughly or rudely; thrust push forcibly; jam press or
push, often violently, as into a confined space or against one another );
) (overcrowd crowd to an uncomfortable or undesirable excess). :
Things got much worse. One afternoon, a week or so later, as I was coming out of the Ritz Hotel, where Bobby and I were indefinitely stopping, it seemed to me
that all the seats from all the buses in New York had been unscrewed and taken out and set up in the street, where a monstrous game of Musical Chairs was in full
swing. I think I might have been willing to join the game if I had been granted a special dispensation from the Church of Manhattan guaranteeing that all the other
players would remain respectfully standing till I was seated. When it became clear that nothing of the kind was forthcoming, I took more direct action. I prayed for
the city to be cleared of people, for the gift of being alone a-l-o-n-e... (J.D. Salinger. De Daumier-Smiths Blue Period).
-,
: .
( ).
property (30 , 32 )
private belonging to some particular person or persons,
. , , ,
, . ,
, (, private property, private letter, personal belongings ..).
, .
( , portable territory),
, , . ,
. , ,
, : personal letter, my house, her own room, his private study .
, private, personal, own, individual. ,
, ,
. :
He remembered that once, in a borrowed car, after kissing Franny for a half hour or so, he had kissed her coat lapel, as though it were a perfectly desirable,
organic extension of the person herself... (J.D. Salinger. Franny and Zooey).
.
, , , , :
diary a personal record written about ones daily activities and feelings or with accounts of important events;
dossier a file containing detailed records on a particular person or subject.
(My home is my castle).
, : intrude, interlope, interpose, accost, encroach,
infringe, squat, occupy, trespass, poach, invade, impinge, break in, butt in, overstep, transgress (16 ),
trespass, intrusion, invasion, violation .. (
transgress, overstep, , ).
:
) (trespass encroach on a persons privacy, time, etc.; invade intrude upon: to invade someones privacy);
) (trespass commit a trespass, that is a wrongful entry upon the lands of another; encroach trespass upon the
property, domain, or rights of another; squat occupy property or settle land as a squatter);
) , (trespass a wrongful entry upon the lands of another; intrude come in without permission or welcome;
squat settle a land as a squatter, squatter a person who occupies property without permission, lease, or payment of rent; overstep, transgress go beyond
boundaries or limits);
) (encroach trespass upon the property, esp. gradually or stealthily; occupy take possession or control of a place, as by
military invasion; break in enter a house or building by force);
) (infringe encroach upon in a way that violates law or the rights of another; impinge encroach, infringe: to impinge on
anothers rights; encroach trespass upon the property, domain, or rights of another).
,
(encroach, infringe, interlope, intrude)
, (trespass, invade). squat, occupy, break in
.
, ,
( trespass, squat), , , No trespassing, Private
property, Keep out, Violators will be prosecuted. , , ,
.
:
Theres a great feeling the governments intruding too much on our privacy... (Washington Post, 1999).
There has to be a way to check fraud and abuse without intruding on patient privacy... (Washington Post, 1999).
I regard your blundering kindness and officious desire to understand me simply as a rude trespass upon the fastidious integrity of my being (I. Murdoch. The
Sacred and Profane Love Machine).
Its no business of his anyway, said Monty. I have put up with this fantastic invasion of my privacy. Must I have my private concerns discussed as well? (
).
personality (22 , 22 )

, , , . private,
, pertaining to or affecting a particular person or a small group of persons.
personal of, pertaining to, or concerning a particular person; individual; private, ..
. , , , , : person the actual self or individual
personality of a human being. , person, self, personality. , self
. , self me my
(J. Deese, 1965: 205). , self
others. self , , , ,
, .
: ...in the American self, there is a remarkable absence of community, tradition, and shared meaning which impinge upon perception and give shape to
behavior (P. Cushman, . E. Stewart and M. Bennett, 1991: 130).
, , , ,
. , self-realization self-actualization,
, (A. Maslow, 1954: 230).
self, , , ,
, ,
.
self (P. Rosenthal, 1984: 4). , self
,
, (
.. , 1997: 32).
self. own same (900 1500 ),
self my own self, your two selves (1300) (P. Rosenthal, 1984:
9). ,
. , self
(negative self/positive God), , .
self self-praise
(1549), self-love (1563), self-pride (1563), self-knowledge (1613), self-made (1615) ( , 9 11). self
, selfishness,
person unique. self/society (.. ), positive
self/negative society ( , 17 18). self .
self individual unique, .
privacy?
. Self , . Self personal sphere (space)
, .
() . , self/others private/public (
). personality : 1) self, ego, person; personality, individual, individualist,
individuality; personal, private, individual, individualistic, selfish, egoistic (13 ); 2) people, group, society, company, community; social, communal,
collective, public (9 ).
, , : , individual a
single human being as contrasted with a social group or institution; individuality a total character peculiar to and distinguishing an individual from others; ego
the self especially as contrasted with another self or the world; self personality person,
individual. personality individuality : personality
distinction or excellence of personal and social traits; individuality a total character peculiar to an individual, peculiar characteristic of only one person, group,
or thing. individualist , : one that pursues a markedly independent course in
thought and action, independent not dependent: as not subject to control by others. ,
, personal privacy, individual privacy, a persons privacy.
, personality : 1) (a single human being); 2)
(peculiar character, identity of a person); 3) , (independent in thought or action); 4) (
).
individualist , ,
, : individualism a theory maintaining the political and economic
independence of the individual and stressing individual initiative, action, and interests. ,
, .
: ,
(egoism excessive concern for oneself; selfishness
selfish concerned excessively or exclusively with oneself: seeking or concentrating on ones own advantage, pleasure, or well-being without regard for others).
, .
, : people persons in general; persons forming a group; group collection of persons;
society an organized group of persons .. : 1) (
): collection of persons; 2) (people 1 persons indefinitely or collectively); 3) (people
2 persons considered as numerable individuals forming a group); 4) (society an organized group of persons); 5)
(group a number of persons or things ranged or considered together as being related in some way; community a social, religious, occupational, or other group
sharing common characteristics or interests).
, .
group, ,
, group values, group practice, group therapy, group ethics (.
group 2.1.2). ,
, (sense of group identity),
, (E. Stewart, M. Bennett, 1991: 10 11).
society ,
, industrial society (
industrial/human) (P. Rosenthal, 1984: 222). society
( ).
community ,
. , - ,
: : ...they protected one another in teams, they shared their sweat
and labor jointly as together they cut down forests, laid railroads, roofed barns, or husked fields of corn. They deeply depended on each other in all phases of life
(A.R. Lanier, 1973: 17). state government, community
, : Here is where I belong, these are my people, I care for them, they care for me,
I am part of them... (P. Rosenthal, 1984: 221).
state government ,
: ,

constitutional privacy ( constitutional right to privacy), ,

(E. Alderman, C. Kennedy, 1995: 155). community self,
: But when what we really want in calling for community is a certain
feeling of connectedness, when the purpose of community involvement is to make us feel better about ourselves, then we are still nearly as wrapped up in self as
ever (P. Rosenthal, 1984: 231).
relations (6 , 6 )
, , , relations
relationship. , ,
(, , , ,
, ).

. relations .
relations, . relations
, , , .
: acquaintance, familiarity, friendship, companionship, fellowship, intimacy (6 ).
.
acquaintance the state of being acquainted, acquainted being brought into social contact. ,
, , ,
, , a nodding (bowing) acquaintance , speaking acquaintance
, brief acquaintance , close acquaintance ..
acquaintance , .
: a person known to one, but usually not a close friend.
(. to be acquainted with the enemy), .
Familiarity the state of close relationship , , (
close familiarity acquaintance). familiarity
: an unduly informal act or expression, sexual liberty ( ).
Familiarity breeds contempt. ,
: , ;
, ().
, familiarity,
intimacy (refers to mutual knowledge of thought and feeling F&W). intimacy
close, familiar, affectionate, personal. private: close intimate or
confidential; confidential secret, private; personal of, relating to, or affecting a person: private, individual. , , ,
, .
Friendship a friendly relation or intimacy, intimacy.
(F&W). ,
, , , intimacy (MWDS).
fellowship companionship : fellowship friendly
relationship; companionship association as companions, fellowship. friendly , ,
friend, friendship, (MWDS). Companionship
(, companionship between busy clerks at adjoining desks F&W). Fellowship
sympathy ( ). ,
( acquaintance).
, , : acquaintance, companionship, fellowship, friendship,
familiarity, intimacy. , ( ,
).
, .
/ . . , ,
. ,
. . , ,
.
. ,
, .
, .
, ( intimate
friendly ). , , , ,
, , , .., (,
bowling friends, skiing friends ). : But
these patterns of friendship among Americans particularly the specialization of friends do not imply a distrust of people. They signify more often the American
reluctance to become deeply involved with other persons (E. Stewart, M. Bennett, 1991: 101). .
: ,
... (1992, 375).
,
, (.
2.1.2).
. , ,
, , : You should do anything for a friend give him all your money, if he needs it, or travel
anywhere to get him out of trouble ( , . E. Stewart, M. Bennett, 1991: 96).
to win friends, to make friends (
make, to make love, to make fun, to make a living ..). ,
, ( , 108). . ,
,
(1999, 340). ,
, ,
(making friends) , ... ( ).

, , .
, , .. .
. ,
, ( 207 , 238 ).
, , .
: ...
, . (..

, 1999: 79). .
, , .
, , ,
( , 77). , .
, .
, , ,
. .
1. - (41 , 46 ).
:
1. : (5 ), (18 ), ( 2 );
2. (14 );
3. (6 ).
:
) (overhear to hear without the speakers knowledge or intention; snoop to look or pry especially in a sneaking or meddlesome
manner; eavesdrop to listen secretly to what is said in private);
) (eavesdrop to listen secretly to what is said in private);
) (tap to cut in on a telephone or telegraph wire to get information; bug to plant a concealed microphone in; wiretap to
tap a telephone or telegraph wire in order to get information);
) : -, (peer : to look
narrowly or curiously; spy : to watch secretly usually for hostile purposes);
) (pry to look closely or inquisitively, to make a nosy or presumptuous inquiry, presumptuous overstepping due bounds);
) (peek to peer through a crack or hole or from a place of concealment);
) (scrutinize to examine closely; inspect to view closely in critical appraisal; watch, observe to watch carefully; follow
to watch steadily).
:
) (shadow to follow especially secretly; stalk to pursue [game, a person, etc.] stealthily);
) (trail to follow in the footsteps; track to follow by vestiges; chase to follow rapidly);
) (follow to pursue in an effort to overtake; haunt to continually seek the company of; tail to follow for purposes of surveillance);
) (dog to hunt or track like a hound; stalk to pursue quarry or prey or person stealthily; hound to pursue with or
as if with hounds);
) (follow watch steadily; haunt continually seek the company of);
) (supervise to watch over and direct (a process, work, workers, etc.); oversee; oversee to survey or watch, as from a higher position; superintend
exercise supervision over).
:
) (investigate to observe or study by close examination and systematic inquiry; scrutinize to examine closely and
minutely; probe to search into and explore with great thoroughness; survey to view in detail, esp. to inspect, examine, or appraise in order to ascertain
condition, value, etc.; cross-examine to question closely or minutely);
) (inspect 2 to examine officially; investigate to observe or study by close examination and systematic inquiry,
especially to conduct an official inquiry);
) (inspect, scrutinize, investigate ; inquire, examine 1, cross-examine ; survey, examine 2, inquire );
) (inquire to make investigation or inquiry; inquiry request for information; survey in order to ascertain condition, value, etc).
,
, (, chase, supervise, superintend).
( 10 )
(5 ). (
). : 1) ,
(18 , .. 38,6% , overhear, snoop, dog, sniff ); 2) ,
(61,4% , inspect, watch,
supervise, survey). :
I stood watching her, fascinated, till suddenly she sensed, then saw, that she was being watched. I quickly smiled to show her that this was a non-hostile figure in
the tuxedo in the twilight on the other side of the glass but it did no good. The girls confusion was out of all normal proportion... (J.D. Salinger. De DaumierSmiths Blue Period).
:
, .
Some critics worry that Image Deltas plans will create a sense of unwanted surveillance for many people... It contributes to an atmosphere where people feel they
are being watched, said Robert Smith, publisher of the Privacy Journal (Washington Post, 1999).
(critics worry, unwanted surveillance). watch
.
Merchants have always wanted to know their customers better, but todays vast, high-speed computers allow them to track consumer purchases with
unprecedented precision and on a much larger scale than in the past (Washington Post, 1999).
track :
. , , track,
, :
Whether this corporate effort leads to a dangerous erosion of consumer privacy or something more benign is a question that divides some consumers if theyre
even aware of whats going on... For some consumers, that kind of exposure is unnerving ( ).
:
He heard steps in the distance and he saw, outlined against the light of a lamppost, the figures of two policemen. The policemen stopped and looked at him and
Jack could guess at the everlasting policemens suspicion in their eyes as they surveyed him, waiting for him to make one false move... (I. Shaw. Two Weeks in
Another Town).
, , .
:
The policemen Americanized him, took away his ghostly Roman citizenship. Eyes were upon him; he was no longer unreachable; the world once more put its
claims upon him; he was subject to search and seizure and could be forced to announce his identity... ( ).
A gentleman ... passed three times to scrutinize her long and stealthily (J. Galsworthy). stealthily scrutinize
. examine :
Critically to examine newcomers was one of the amusements of the occupants of the lounge (A. Bennett. The Old Wives Tale).
, :
) + : observe watch carefully; follow watch steadily;
) + : snoop look in a sneaking manner; peek look furtively;
) + + : spy watch secretly usually for hostile purposes;
) + ( ): peer look narrowly or curiously ( ).
, , .
() ,

 . ,
( ), ,
:
1) ;
2) () ;
3) (, , );
4) (, , , ..).
2. - (15 , 15 ).
, , : + + (,
) + .
. :
) : , (gossip to relate gossip; gossip rumor or report of an intimate nature); (tattle
to tell secrets; reveal to make something secret or hidden publicly or generally known; divulge to make known as a confidence or secret);
(expose to make known: bring to light as something shameful; ventilate to expose openly); (rumor to tell or
spread by rumor; rumor talk or opinion widely disseminated with no discernible source; noise to spread by rumor);
) : (gossip, tattle, rumor , ); (air expose to public view or bring to
public notice; publicize to bring to the attention of the public; let out to disclose special information to the press so that the relating publicity will accomplish
something). : divulge (disclose, leak) news to the press.
, , ,
( gossip, tattle, rumor, leak, divulge), (disclose make known or public.
,
, disclose family secrets). : air, ventilate, publicize. :
Patients may become less willing to divulge personal information to their doctors. And in a country where some estimates say that about 10 percent of the
population may have been born out of wedlock, long-held family secrets could leak out (Washington Post, 1999).
,
. leak out divulge , ..
.
Miss Chancellor shook her head with a melancholy that was not devoid of sweetness... Such moods, however, were not often revealed to the public at large; they
belonged to Miss Chancellors very private life (H. James. The Bostonians).
reveal .
Whether you are depressed or not is not information you should have to disclose to a government agency, said Denise Nagel, executive director of the National
Coalition for Patient Rights, a nonprofit advocacy group (Washington Post, 1999).
disclose , :
.
, tell, ask, say , ,
, :
...I guess so, Teddy said. He told Sven quite a bit about me, right while I was standing there. It was rather embarrassing (J.D. Salinger. Teddy).
tell : - -
, . ,
, ,
.
, gossip,
. rumor
, . rumor
, : idle, unfounded, wild, unconfirmed, vague rumor (BBI),
. tattle, leak, reveal, divulge, expose ( expose
shameful, , , , ), (
). , ,
. disclose, release, air, ventilate , ..
, : My privacy is violated when personal information is released ( ).
3. , (93 , 104 ).
, , . (
, , ),
. (, , , ),
. (.. , 1999: 141). ,
, ,
. , , , ,
, ..
, ( )
, .
( , 70% ),
:
1) (, , );
2) ;
3) (, , );
4) , .
(
). , ,
,
.
, ,
, ( ), ..
, .
-. ,
.
1 . annoy (35 , 43 ).
:
) (annoy 1 to disturb or irritate especially by repeated acts; harass to annoy persistently; persecute 2 to annoy with persistent or
urgent approaches; henpeck to subject (ones husband) to persistent nagging and domination; hound to drive or affect by persistent harassing).
11 ;
) : (annoy 2 to harass especially by quick brief attacks); (bother
to annoy especially by petty provocation; tease to disturb in a petty or mischievous way; vex to irritate or annoy by petty provocation, etc.);

 (bait to persecute or exasperate with unjust, malicious, or persistent attacks; worry 3 to assail with rough or aggressive attack or
treatment; molest to annoy, disturb, or persecute especially with hostile intent or injurious effect);
) : , (annoy, ruffle, irritate 2, irk, tease, pester, bother); (vex, worry, plague);
(irritate 1, exasperate, rile, provoke, nettle, offend 1);
) (persecute 1 to harass in a manner designed to injure, grieve, or afflict; tease to disturb or annoy by persistent irritating or
provoking; provoke to incite (stimulate to action) to anger). : ,
bother (It is too bad to bother others with your troubles), ( May I bother you?
He cant be bothered) ();
) (nettle to arouse to sharp but transitory annoyance or anger);
) (henpeck to subject [ones husband] to persistent nagging and domination; hector to act in a blustering, domineering way; be
a bully).
:
(1) He asked me how babies are born, and I was busy, so I put him off and told him Id let him know some other time. But he kept pestering me and I got
impatient with him after all, theres a time and place for everything... (I. Shaw. Two Weeks in Another Town).
(2) She left him in peace, too wise to vex him with chatter (J. London. Martin Eden).
(3) Though I did not like him, though he meant nothing to me and to be with him irked me somewhat, I was against my will a trifle interested (W.S. Maugham.
The Magician).
(4) He was irritated and annoyed by the invasion of his house and he avoided his guests when he could (I. Murdoch. The Sacred and Profane Love Machine).
(14
, ),
.
, .
( , ), (. , 1995: 22). ,
(, ). ,
(anger, irritation, worry, etc.).
, , (, ,
..) . , ,
(, , - , , ).
2 . criticize ( ) (19 , 20 ).
:
) (scold to find fault noisily and angrily; revile to say negative, angry things about smb.; accost to approach
and speak to often in a challenging or aggressive way; insult 1 to treat with insolence, indignity, or contempt);
) (upbraid to criticize severely: find fault with; berate to scold or condemn vehemently and at length; assail to attack
violently with blows or words; rail to revile or scold in harsh, insolent, or abusive language; rebuke to criticize sharply; vituperate to abuse or censure
severely or abusively; abuse 3 to speak insultingly or harshly to or about; revile etc.);
) (reprimand to reprove sharply or censure formally usually from a position of authority; bully 2 to affect by means of force
or coercion: use browbeating language or behavior; coerce dominate or control, esp. by exploiting fear, anxiety, etc.; browbeat to intimidate or disconcert by a
stern manner or arrogant speech; arrogant making claims or pretensions to superior importance or rights, etc.);
) (affront to insult especially to the face by behavior or language; accost to approach and speak to). :
I knew how I was depressing people, or even hurting their feelings but I just couldnt stop! I just could not stop picking (J.D. Salinger. Franny and Zooey).
, . ,
. , , ,
( reprimand) ,
(, browbeat, bully). , , ,
(, , ..), .
(, affront, bully).
( )
. ,
, , .
3 . afflict ( ) (11 , 12 ).
, , :
) (torment to cause severe usually persistent or recurrent distress of body or mind; afflict to distress so severely as to cause
persistent suffering or anguish);
) (torment to cause severe usually persistent or recurrent distress of body or mind; torture to cause intense suffering to; try to
subject to an undue strain or excessive hardship or provocation); , ,
torture , torment (MWDS);
) (abuse 2 to treat in a harmful or injurious way; vex 2 to bring physical distress to; assault 1 to make an assault on, assault a
violent physical or verbal attack);
) (torment, vex, rack distress; afflict anguish);
) (try to subject to smth that tests the powers of endurance). :
They began, in a way, to be afflicted by this presence that was living in their home (J. Baldwin. Sonnys Blues).

( ) , ;
, ,
, (
,
).
4 . rape ( ) (7 , 7 ).
:
) (rape to commit rape on, rape sexual intercourse with a woman by a man without her consent; molest to make annoying
sexual advances, especially force physical and usually sexual contact on; force to do violence to, especially rape; assault to rape: to force to have sexual
intercourse.);
) ( rape; molest; force; assault; violate 3 to assault sexually, esp. to
rape; ravish 2 to rape; violate; paw to feel or touch clumsily, rudely, or sexually);
) (molest annoying sexual advances; paw clumsily, rudely; rape chiefly by force or deception, etc.);
) (rape 1 the unlawful act of forcing a female to have sexual intercourse, as by physical attack or threats ,
rape: assault, violate, ravish, force).
harass ( sexual
), sexual harassment, : uninvited and unwelcome
verbal or physical conduct directed at an employee because of his or her sex (MWCD).
.
, , (

 ). , , ,
, , .
5 . offend ( ) (14 , 15 ).
:
) (offend to cause or feel vexation or resentment usually by violation of what is proper or fitting; outrage 1 to offend against
(right, decency, feelings, etc.) grossly or shamelessly, decency conformity to a standard of propriety, modesty, etc.);
) (disconcert to throw into confusion; outrage 2 to arouse anger or resentment in usually by some grave offense; embarrass to
cause to experience a state of self-conscious distress; discomfit to put into a state of perplexity and embarrassment; etc.; confuse to make embarrassed);
) (outrage 1. grossly or shamelessly; 2. by some grave offense; embarrass self-conscious distress, self-conscious intensely
aware of oneself);
) self, (abash to destroy the self-possession or self-confidence; embarrass self-conscious distress; disconcert
to disturb the self-possession of; disturb to destroy the tranquillity or composure; composure self-possession);
) (affront 2 to offend by an open manifestation of disrespect or insolence).
, .
, ,
. (.
2.2.3).
6 . stare ( ) (7 , 7 ).
, 1
, . .
.
:
) (stare to look at smb. steadily often with wide-open eyes; gaze to fix the eyes in a steady and intent look);
) (gawk to look at smb. usually in a stupid or rude way; ogle to look at especially with greedy or interested attention; gape to gaze
stupidly; gaze to look with studious attention; goggle to stare with wide or protuberant eyes);
) (gape in surprise; ogle out of curiosity, especially with sex in mind; eye with suspicion).
, : gawk look in a rude way,
rude impolite, impolite showing bad manners), : ogle look impertinently intrusively presumptuous; intrusive
tending or apt to intrude. ,
(, ):
Turning away from the window, he was conscious that the old lady across the aisle from him was staring at him intently, frowning. As he straightened in his seat
and buckled the safety belt, he had the feeling that he must have spoken in his sleep and uttered a word of which the old lady hadnt approved (I. Shaw. Two
Weeks in Another Town).
4. (52 , 65 ).

( ) . (
, ), , ,
.
, ( - )
( 34 , .. 65,4% ):
) (, ) (abase to lower in rank, office, prestige, or esteem; demean to lower in character, status, or reputation; degrade
to lower in grade, rank, or status, etc.);
) (chasten to cause to be more humble or restrained; humble insignificant; inferior; meek or submissive; humiliate
to cause (a person) a painful loss of pride, self-respect, or dignity; shame to cause to feel shame, shame the condition of humiliating disgrace; mortify to
subject to severe and vexing embarrassment, etc.);
) - , (diminish to lessen the authority, dignity, or reputation; belittle to cause a person to seem little or less; disgrace 3
to cause to lose favor or standing, standing good position, reputation, or credit);
) - (repress to put down by force; oppress 1 to govern or manage with cruel or unjust impositions or restraints,
exercise harsh authority or power over; quell to thoroughly overwhelm and reduce to submission or passivity, overwhelm overpower with superior force;
crush to oppress or burden grievously; subdue to bring under control especially by an extortion of the will, etc.);
) (crush grievously; mortify severe and vexing embarrassment; quell thoroughly overwhelm).
, ( ), ( 18 ,
34,6%):
) - (dominate to rule over, control; domineer to exercise arbitrary or overbearing control; command to have
control over; control to exercise restraint or direction over; dominate, regulate, or command; overbear 2 to dominate, etc.);
) (tyrannize to rule or govern tyrannically, treat oppressively; domineer overbearing control; overbear 1 to
domineer over, etc.);
) (oppress 2 to burden spiritually or mentally; tyrannize to treat oppressively, oppressive causing discomfort, distressing or
grievous, etc.);
) (condescend to assume an air of superiority; stoop to descend from a superior rank, dignity, or status; deign to
condescend reluctantly and with a strong sense of the affront to ones superiority, etc.);
) (intimidate ; bulldoze ; bully ; dominate
).
,
. ,
(, overpower, overbear, tyrannize, crush, mortify, quell)
( humiliate, mortify, chagrin, insult). ,
, ( control, check, repress, suppress, subdue, tame ). :
(1) Mrs. Brodies spirit quailed. The superior look of the purser as he directed them below intimidated her (A.J. Cronin. Hatters Castle).
(2) Only one narrow domineering fellow, the Latin master, bullied him and made the blue eyes mad with shame and rage (D.H. Lawrence. The Rainbow).
(3) Isabel and Jeorge Augustus depress me so much that I am anxious to get rid of them (R. Aldington. Death of a Hero).
5. (28 , 31 ).
, (14 , 17 ).
, , - .
(interfere, intrude, trespass .), ,
, : interrupt, disturb, impose, force, thrust, bother, annoy (
, ). :
Evarts tried to work, but the telephone began to ring again and he was interrupted regularly by jewelry salesmen, theatrical lawyers, and laundry services
(J. Cheever. O City of Broken Dreams).
, (158 , 162 ).
, , .
. ,
. ( ): ,

 ; , ; , ; ,
. .
1. (28 , 28 ).
, , , (,
) . :
) (inquiring to inquire seek information by questioning; snooping given to snooping, especially for personal information about
others; spy one who keeps secret watch to obtain information);
) (gossip a person who habitually reveals personal or sensational facts about others; tattler a person who tattles, tattle to
tell something secret or private about another);
) ( inquisitive, interrogative, questioning; snooping, probing, searching, snoop, spy, peep);
) (inquisitive unduly curious; prying impertinently or officiously inquisitive; curious taking an undue interest in others' affairs;
busybody a person who pries into or meddles in the affairs of others);
) (curious in others affairs; snooping information about others; inquisitive curious; informer a person who informs against
another; gossip a person who reveals personal or sensational facts about others);
) (snooping in a sneaking way; snoop; spy one who keeps secret watch; peep in a peeping (slyly) manner);
) ( gossip; voyeur, tattletale; rumormonger, talebearer, tattler, telltale);
) (voyeur 1. sexual gratification; 2. enjoyment; informer for money or other reward; spy espionage).
inquiring, questioning, searching, investigative, probing ,
. searching (search examine carefully in order to find something
concealed) ( ), probing, questioning
(probe search into or examine thoroughly; question ask questions, interrogate, interrogate ask questions
esp. formally and thoroughly), (, ). :
She asked him a great many questions... Not that he cared; if it were a part of the Boston character to be inquiring, he would be to the last a courteous
Mississippian (H. James. The Bostonians). inquiring
courteous.
, :
1) + + ( ): spy, snoop, peep;
2) + + (, , ): voyeur, snoop;
3) + + (, , , ): gossip, gossipmonger,
scandalmonger, rumormonger, talebearer, etc.;
4) + + : informer, tattletale, tattler, etc.
,
( ). , ,
.
2. (72 , 74 ).
. showing or characterized by correct social usage,
a keen sense of what to do or say in order to maintain good relations with others or avoid offense (MWCD). ,
- , , ,
, , .
, , ,
. :
1) (lacking in social refinement). :
) : rude 1 lacking refinement or delicacy; rough marked by a lack of refinement or grace; discourteous,
uncivilized, crude, unrefined, uncultivated, uncouth, indecorous, indelicate, etc.;
) : uncivilized not civilized, civilized characterized by taste, refinement, or restraint; wild unrestrained by reason or
prudence; savage, barbarous, coarse;
) ( ): rude 2 discourteous or impolite, esp. deliberately so; ill-mannered, impolite, uncivil
.
2) ( ) (offensive to good taste or morals). :
) : vulgar morally crude, undeveloped, or unregenerate; obscene repulsive by reason of crass disregard of moral or ethical
principles; loud obtrusively vulgar; unchaste lacking in chastity, chastity moral purity;
: licentious lacking legal or moral restraints, especially sexual restraints; lewd sexually unchaste or licentious; lascivious lewd;
immodest not conforming to the sexual mores;
) : vulgar 2 offensive in language; obscene 2 containing language regarded as taboo in polite usage;
) : gross gravely deficient in civility or decency; obscene crass disregard of principles; crass gross; ribald mildly
indecent;
3) . :
) : presumptuous overstepping due bounds: taking liberties; impertinent not restrained within due or proper bounds;
) : familiar overly free and unrestrained; free overly familiar or forward; frivolous marked by unbecoming levity, levity excessive
frivolity;
) : freedom (, free, liberties);
) : impertinence ( impertinent, impudent, saucy, brash, cheeky, insolent, brassy ).
4) , . (importunate overly persistent; persistent persisting stubbornly),
(importunate in request or demand; insistent compelling attention or notice; persistent in statement, request, or question; obtrusive imposing
oneself or ones opinions on others, officious objectionably aggressive in offering unrequested and unwanted help or advice).
5) . : ) obnoxious odiously or disgustingly
objectionable; offensive giving painful or unpleasant sensations; ) nasty highly objectionable or unpleasant; vile highly offensive,
unpleasant, or objectionable.
6) . ) , : unseemly inappropriate for time or place; improper
not suited to the circumstances; ) , : unbecoming not according with the standards appropriate to ones position or
condition of life.
, , importunate, obnoxious.
- (disrespectful),
(tactless), (impolite), (unrefined, discourteous, uncivilized) ..
,
, ( ),
, - . (importunate).
:
(1) He had perceived very soon that she was a tremendously familiar little woman that she took, more rapidly than he had ever known, a high degree of intimacy
for granted... (H. James. The Bostonians).
(2) She had never seen any one so free in her own drawing-room as this loud Southerner...; he extended invitations to her guests under her nose... ( ).
(3) Did I, by chance, say anything obnoxious or irrelevant to you in my last letter that reached the attention of Father Zimmermann and caused you discomfort in
any way? (J.D. Salinger. De Daumier-Smiths Blue Period).

3. (38 , 40 ).
. ,
. :
1) :
proud having or displaying excessive self-esteem; arrogant 1 exaggerating or disposed to exaggerate ones own worth or importance; haughty blatantly or
disdainfully proud; superior affecting or assuming an air of superiority;
2) :
swaggering characteristic of a person who swaggers (swagger to conduct oneself in an arrogant or superciliously pompous manner); arrogant 2
characterized by an overbearing manner; lofty 2 having a haughty overbearing manner;
3) :
supercilious coolly and patronizingly haughty; disdainful full of or expressing disdain (disdain a feeling of contempt for what is beneath one); scornful
full of scorn, contemptuous (contempt the act of despising, despise to look down); snobbish characteristic of a snob (snob one who tends to rebuff, avoid,
or ignore those regarded as inferior);
4) , :
despotic, despot a person exercising power tyrannically; oppressive, oppressor abusing power; tyrannical, tyrant; arbitrary; authoritarian;
domineering .
(excessive, exaggerating),
(contempt, disdain, displeasure, etc.), (abuse of power, abuse wrong, improper, or excessive use; presumptuously
self-assertive, presumptuous overstepping due bounds; unduly exacting .).
( ,
),
, :
(1) He had changed since his New Haven years. Now he was a sturdy straw-haired man of thirty with a rather hard mouth and a supercilious manner. Two shining
arrogant eyes had established dominance over his face and gave him the appearance of always leaning aggressively forward... (F.S. Fitzerald. The Great Gatsby).
.
(2) She was considerably exasperated with her visitors superior tone, at seeing herself regarded by this dry, shy, obstinate, provincial young woman as
superficial... (H. James. The Bostonians). .
4. (20 , 20 ).
, ,
(: intrude intrusive, intruder; meddle meddlesome, meddler; interfere interfering, interferer ..), ,
(officious, unwelcome, uninvited .).
:
1) - ( - ) :
intrusive intruding where one is not welcome or invited; meddlesome meddling in what is not ones concern; interfering entering into or taking part in the
concerns of others. : + + (
, );
2) , :
officious volunteering ones services where they are neither asked nor needed; obtruding, obtruder obtrude force or impose (as oneself or ones
ideas) without warrant or request. : + () + , ,
+ ;
3) , :
unwelcome not received gladly into ones presence or companionship; trespassing, trespasser trespass encroach on a person's privacy, time, etc.;
poacher a person who trespasses on private property, interloper, squatter (
), intruder . : (, ..) + ( , - , , ..) + .
, (
), ( ,
) .
, (37 , 38 )
:
1) , ;
2) , ;
3) , .
,
.
. . .
(25 , 25 ) ,
:
1) ( , ):
coy shrinking from contact or familiarity ( , coquettish); shy sensitively diffident or retiring
(implies a timid reserve and a shrinking from familiarity or contact with others);
2) :
reserved avoiding familiarity or intimacy with others; unsociable not sociable; having or marked by a disinclination to friendly social relations; private
preferring privacy; retiring withdrawing from contact with others;
3) :
silent indisposed to speak (implies a habit of saying no more than is needed); taciturn temperamentally disinclined to talk (usually connotes unsociability);
reticent inclined to be silent or uncommunicative in speech (implies a reluctance to speak out or at length, especially about ones own affairs);
4) :
secretive disposed to secrecy: not open or outgoing in speech, activity, or purposes (implies reticence); close practicing or keeping secrecy, secretive; discreet
judicious in one's conduct or speech, esp. with regard to keeping silent about a delicate matter;
5) , :
self-conscious uncomfortably conscious of oneself as an object of the observation of others; timid lacking in courage or self-confidence; diffident lacking
confidence in one's own ability, worth, or fitness; modest having or showing a moderate or humble estimate of one's merits, importance, etc.;
6) :
touchy marked by readiness to take offense on slight provocation; sensitive easily hurt or damaged especially emotionally, also delicately aware of the attitudes
of others; bashful easily embarrassed; tetchy irritably or peevishly sensitive; testy easily annoyed; fussy easily upset.
, .
- , , ,
. , ,
. :
(1) The humiliations he suffered when first he went to school had caused in him a shrinking from his fellows which he could never entirely overcome; he remained
shy and silent (S. Maugham. Of Human Bondage).

(2) A few new boys appeared, and with these presently Philip found himself talking. He was shy and nervous. He was anxious to make himself pleasant, but he
could not think of anything to say ( ).
(3) In conversation he had always seemed to shrink from the direct and personal approach, he was painfully shy (C.P. Snow. The Conscience of the Rich).
, .
(7 , 7 ) ,
. , , .
:
1) , :
fastidious showing or demanding excessive delicacy or care; finicky requiring much care, precision, or attentive effort; finical finicky;
2) , :
squeamish easily nauseated; nauseous affected with nausea or disgust;
3) , , :
fussy revealing a sometimes extreme concern for niceties (i.e. delicacies of taste or feeling); picky extremely fussy or finicky, usu. over trifles.
, .
squeamish, nauseous disgusted.
, , to be squeamish about drinking out of somebody elses glass. :
And slovenly messiness in the kitchen made him squeamish. His mother licking a spoon, then using it to stir the food (I. Murdoch. The Sacred and Profane Love
Machine).
, :
David was a fastidious boy... He noticed how things dropped from his fathers fork at meal-times, even from his fathers lips... The involuntary spasms of the
body, its slimy moist interior, inspired horror. Shameless kissing in the cinema made him turn away ( ).
(6 , 6 ) , ,
:
1) + + ( , ): prude a person who is excessively or priggishly attentive to
propriety or decorum; especially a woman who shows or affects extreme modesty (, , .
, , ,
); prudish, prim;
2) + () + + : prig one who offends or irritates by
observance of proprieties in a pointed manner or to an obnoxious degree (, ,
); priggish;
3) ( ) + + ( , ): puritan (puritanical) one who
practices, or preaches a more rigorous or professedly purer moral code than that which prevails (,
, , ).
.
( , ,
).
2.1.2.

, .
:
1) , ( , , , ,
);
2) , ;
3) , ( ), ;
4) , , .
355 .
,
. :
1) (in private, for somebodys private ear, take somebody in ones confidence, worm
oneself into somebodys confidence) (mind ones own affairs, poke ones nose into
somebodys affairs);
2) (air ones dirty linen in public discuss private matters in public; get fresh with
somebody become overly bold or impertinent; hit one where one lives affect one personally or intimately; have a big mouth be a gossiper, be a person who
tells secrets).
, (
.. ):
1) (), : cut a pie ;
put somebodys monkey up , ; put on the dog ; let the cat out , ;
2) , : have long ears ; ruffle somebodys feathers
-; dog somebodys footsteps -; be pinned to ones wifes apron ; be ones own man
;
3) , : between ourselves, keep a secret, make a secret of, nodding
acquaintance, hurt somebodys feelings, give chase to somebody, privileged communication.
:
1) ( ): keep in line, give somebody the cut credit, open ones heart to somebody, put somebody on hold, give
away the show, break loose, hold still; , + : kiss and tell, poke and pry; 12
( like, as): avoid like a leper, treat somebody as mud, cling like a limpet to;
2) ( ): blank check, the American dream, rat fink, tough egg;
3) ( ): as independent as a hog on ice, as bold as brass, high and mighty, as proud as a peacock;
4) ( ): on the quiet, off the record, at liberty, on somebodys track, face to face, within these three walls, between you, me
and the lamppost.
, 1.
, ,
. ,
:
1) (, ) : worm oneself into somebodys confidence ,
; have itching ears ; force somebodys hand ;
2) : crash a party ; a cuckoo in the nest ;
3) : stab somebody in the back , ; cast dirt at somebody
; talk scandal ; : wash ones dirty linen in public ; foul ones own nest
;
4) - : watch somebody like a hawk ; stare like a stuck pig ; have ones eyes
glued on ;

5) : cling like a limpet to somebody , ; bother the life out of somebody

; breathe down somebodys neck ;
6) : poke ones nose into somebodys affairs ; poach on somebodys preserves
-; poke and pry ;
7) , , , : scrape acquaintance with somebody ; cram something down somebodys
throat , ; a Dutch uncle , ;
8) , : as independent as a hog on ice , ; a rough customer ; go beyond all bounds
;
9) , : have ones nose in the air ; high muck-a-muck , ;
10) -, : get somebody by the short hairs , ; get the whip over
somebody - ; trample under foot -, -;
11) , -: give somebody the freeze , ; avoid somebody like a leper
; cut somebody dead , ;
12) (, ) : rub salt into somebodys wounds ; touch
a sore spot ; hit somebody where it hurts ;
13) -, : bite somebodys head off -; give somebody hell ; pick a hole in
somebody -; tear somebody to shreds ;
14) , : throw ones weight around ; treat somebody as mud
, ; bring low ;
15) : blue nose .
:
1) , : free somebodys hand ; give somebody his head ; as
free as a bird ;
2) : keep ones nose out of something , ; go about ones own business
;
3) : be a master in ones own house ;
4) , : keep on the rails , ; keep a civil tongue , ;
mind ones ps and qs .
, .
. :
1) , (crash a party, swap lies, rough
customer, give somebody hell);
2) , (,
: stare like a pig, as independent as hog on ice, cuckoo in the nest; : wear the collar, under somebodys hoof, keep somebody in blinkers,
keep somebody on the chain, get the whip over), , (bind somebody hand and foot, rub salt into
somebodys wounds, fling mud at somebody, breathe down somebodys neck, turn the heat up on somebody);
3) , : high muck-a-muck ., poke and pry ., back-seat driver
., smart Aleck . ..;
4) . , Dutch
( .. , 1992: 256),
, , : Dutch uncle one who admonishes sternly or bluntly. a Peeping Tom, a Paul
Pry, Pecks Bad Boy , : a
Peeping Tom , , , (
); a Paul Pry , ( . ,
), to Paul-Pry Paul-Pryism ; Pecks Bad Boy ,
( . . ). the
American dream - :
, , 1776 . (.. , 1984).
, , , ,
, :
1) , : come (get, go) home to somebody, hit someone where one lives ; all in the family - (, ,
), ; skeleton in the closet , , ;
2) / : make a stranger out of somebody , , ; a stranger within somebodys gates
, ; mind ones own business ; have an oar in every mans boat ;
3) , : keep a civil tongue , ; mind ones manners ;
4) , : beat up somebodys quarters ; darken somebodys door ; go over the
edge ;
5) ( surveillance): have an eye out for somebody -; be at somebodys tail
(on somebodys trail, track) , -; keep a tab on somebody -, -.
,
. , , ,
, (.. , 1996: 249).
, ( , 241). ,
, , ,
(.. , 1998: 52), ,
.
- : ( : as
independent as a hog on ice, stare like a stuck pig; , , : cuckoo in the nest);
( as bold as brass , ,
; hair in ones soup - ,
; door close the door on somebody, darken
somebodys door ); ( : heart
, , at the bottom of ones heart, cut somebody to the heart, heart-to-heart talk; head , ,
: go about with ones head in the air; hand , have somebody in his hand, rule with a heavy hand, keep a firm hand on
: stay somebodys hand, free somebodys hands, have ones hands tied; feet , : have somebody at ones feet, trample under
foot; nose : poke ones nose into, keep ones nose out of something ..); ( not to breathe a word
, breathe - ; paddle ones
own canoe canoe, - )
..
,
, - (..
, 1988: 177). , , .
. . Metaphors We Live By (1981) ,

 . , ,
. ,
, . ,
, , ... (.. ,
1998: 295), , . ,
:
1) , : , fence, door, gate, wall, edge, mark, distance
.; house, family, nest, quarters, closet (cupboard), preserves;
, : crash force ones way ( crash a party); beat up attack physically ( beat up somebodys
quarters); poach trespass ( poach on somebodys preserves);
2) , (, , ):
: give the cold shoulder, give the frozen mitt ; as cold as ice ; break the ice ;
, , : turn the heat up on somebody
-; put on the grill ; give somebody hell ( ); .
: , , , , ;
, : have long (itching) ears, be under the eyes, watch like a hawk;
3) , . ,
, : stick pins into somebody -, ; cut to
the bone , ;
4) , ( , -): keep in
blinkers, keep on chain, wear the collar, get the whip over;
5) , : be on somebodys track, give chase to somebody, follow somebody like a dog ; cover somebodys tracks
, .
, , ,
. :
1) He seldom answered her notes, and he disliked extremely the way in which, in spite of her love of form and order, she attempted to clamber in at the window
of ones house when one had locked the door; so that he began to interspace his visits considerably, and at last made them very rare (H. James. The Bostonians).
, - ,
- . door window ,
.
2) ...It was although he were all wrapped up in some cloud, some fire, some vision all his own; and there wasnt any way to reach him. ...And what was happening
was that they penetrated his cloud, they had reached him. Even if their fingers had been a thousand times more gentle than human fingers ever are, he could hardly
help feeling that they had stripped him naked and were spitting on that nakedness (J. Baldwin. Sonnys Blues). ,
,
, (. draw into
ones shell). ,
.
3) From the radiator, where he was attaching supporters to his socks, Zooey glanced up at her. I wish youd learn to leave the goddam party when its over, he
said. I mean it, now, Bessie... (J.D. Salinger. Franny and Zooey).
, .
4) , , . The Truman
Show ,
,
(J. Gamson, 1998).

, (.. , 1970: 230),
. , , ,
, , (.. , 1970; ..
, .. , 1978). - ,
,
, , , ,
... (.. , 1996: 17).
,
, 63 .
, , , ..
( .. , 1987: 216), .
.
2 . ,
. 11 8 ,
. :
Hands off! Thats the limit! Mind your own business (affairs)! Keep off the grass! Stop back-seat driving!
. Never mind , A little bird told me
, playful, .. (DPC).
, ,
:
Live and let live Dont interfere with other peoples business and preferences ( ).
Judge not and you wont be judged.
Good fences good neighbors Its easier to be friendly with your neighbor if neither of you trespasses upon the others property or privacy.
, .
Every fool will be meddling .
.
Put not your hand between the bark and the tree ( ), .. .
, :
, , . , ,
. :
1) ,
: Familiarity breeds contempt (Familiarity begets contempt);
2) .
: Short acquaintance brings repentance;
3) : Friends are thieves of time.
. God defend me from my friends,
from my enemies I can defend myself ( , , , ).

 : A hedge between keeps friendship green

Your friendship will flourish if you and your friend respect each others privacy. ,
flourish.
, .
.
:
Neither a borrower nor a lender be Its difficult to be friends with somebody who owes you money or who you owe money to (DPC).
Short reckonings make long friends If you borrow something from a friend, pay it back as soon as possible, so that you can remain friendly (DPC).
Lend your money and lose your friend You shouldnt lend money to friends (DPC).

, :
1) ( , );
2) ( , );
3) (, ) ( ).
, (
). :
1) , :
A talebearer is worse than a thief ( ).
Believe nothing of what you hear, and only half of what you see ( ).
The tongue is not steel but it cuts ( ).
Give a dog a bad name and hang it ( ).
2) :
Curiosity killed the cat ( ).
Ask no questions and you will hear no lies (and Ill tell you no lies) ( ).
Eavesdroppers never hear any good of themselves ( ).
Fields have eyes and woods have ears; Walls have ears ( ).
(
): A cat can look at a king Everyone has the right to be curious about important people (DPC).
: Little pitchers have long ears.
.
( ,
). ,
: Never tell tales out of school You shouldnt wash dirty linen in public. Its an ill bird that fouls its nest
.
, .
, , : 6 7 . Dog
eats dog Dog does not eat dog. ,
, . , (.. ,
1992: 266). , , Who chatters with you, will chatter of you
, , , Fling dirt enough, and some will stick
, , , (,
).
, , .
. :
1) , ( ): Self-preservation is the first law of nature;
2) , : Each for himself and the devil take the hindmost;
3) ( ): Every tub must stand on its own bottom Every man for himself (. :
);
:
1) ( ): A chain is no stronger than its weakest link If one member of a group fails, the whole group fails;
Union is strength If people join together they are more powerful than if they work by themselves. Dog doesnt eat dog :
, (.. ., 1985: 70);
2) : A house divided against itself cannot stand If the members of a group fight each other, the group will disintegrate (DPC);
3) , : United we stand, divided we fall People who join together as a group are much harder to defeat than they would be separately (DPC);
Theres safety in numbers A group of people is less likely to be attacked than a single person (DPC).
, ,
, .
, , :
1) : A mans home is his castle;
2) ( ):
) (Visitors and fish stink after three days);
) (A constant guest is never welcome);
) (A surprise guest brings unrest).
, :
1) . : Let the sleeping dogs lie;
: Two is a company, three is a crowd ( );
2) . , : No man likes his fetters, be they made of gold (
);
3) . : An ounce of discretion is worth a pound of wit; Civility costs nothing (
);
4) . ( ): Pride goes before a
fall.
- . ,
,
.
:
, , , , , . ,
, .
2.2.
2.2.1.
, - , ,
,
(.. , 1996: 13).

 .
(.. , 2000: 24 25). ,
- . , ,
, , , .
, ,
, . ,
. ,
, .
, , .
, (R. Lacoff,
1973; .. , 1985; G. Leech, 1983; . , . , 1985; P. Brown and S.C. Levinson, 1987; R. Scollon and S.W. Scollon, 1995; . ,
1997 .).
, .
, ,
( . ), ,
(R. Scollon, S.W. Scollon, 1995: 35). ,
, ,
. ,
, .
- .
,
, , .
(, R. Harris P. Brown, S.C. Levinson, 1987: 14).
(K. Wolff, 1950: 45). , .
, , ,
, , ,
(. , 1984: 194).
, , :
,
. ,
. , ,
: positive and negative politeness P. Brown, S.C. Levinson (1987),
involvement and independence strategies R. Scollon, S.W. Scollon (1995), positive and negative ritual E. Goffman (1971),
. (1997) .. :
1) (P. Brown, S.C. Levinson, 70; E. Goffman,
63); , ,
(E. Goffman, 62), ;
2) , , ;
3) : , (Bill, can you get that report to me by
tomorrow?), (, You always do so well in school), (All of us here at City
Polytechnic...), , , .. (I know just how you feel), (I think we should be able to finish that
annual report quite quickly) . (R. Scollon, S.W. Scollon, 40 41);
4) : (I dont know if you will send this by air
mail or by express mail), (It would be nice to have tea together, but Im sure you are very busy), (Im sorry to
trouble you, could you tell me the time?), (I dont suppose youd know the time, would you?),
(Mr. Lee, theres a phone call for you) . ( );
5) ,
(, ) (P. Brown,
S.C. Levinson, 70);
6)
, (E. Goffman, 63);
7) (E. Goffman, 63),
.
, , ,
. , ,
- , ,
.
, ,
(. , 1983: 27). , , . , ,
, . , ,
. , , ,
(.. , 1985: 298).
,
. , , ,
, , (R. Burchfield, 1985: 13).
:
( . . , 1986: 195).
, :
1) , , ;
2) ;
3) , ;
4) , (,
).
, ,
,
, , -
- (.. , .. , 1980: 7).
, ,
, (.. , 1985: 200),
, . ,
, , , (T. Kochman, 1984:
203).

 , .
: , , , ,
.. (.. , 1982). .
. , , ,
, , .
, . , .. (1998, 586)
, .. ,
. , ,
. ,
.
:
1) , ,
. ,
, ( -
) , (, ).
:
, (R. Scollon, S.W. Scollon, 1995: 35).
2) Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., Dr. ,
. , .
( ) .
. Mr. Mrs.
, ( Miss,
.. , 1992: 199).
3) ,
.
4) , ,
, , ,
.. (., , S. Mufwene, 1993). ,
(
), , ,
.
,
(E. Stewart, M. Bennett, 1991: 99 100).
.
:
, .
:
(1) ...when she and the girl happened to be out of the house together, she would say something and add the name Hulga to the end of it, and the big spectacled JoyHulga would scowl and redden as if her privacy had been intruded upon. She considered the name her personal affair (F. OConnor. Good Country People).
.
(2) Thats the answer Id expect, she said. Youre very clever, Councillor Lampton.
Dont call me that, I said. Please dont call me that. It makes me feel a hundred years old (J. Braine. Life at the Top).
.
,
- (, ).
.
, (.. , 1986: 11). ,
,
( ), ,
(, ..
: 1998, 15).
(50- . ) . , . , ..
. ,
, ,
( ), ( ) ( ) (. , 1986: 84 88).
, ,
, ,
.
. -
, ... ,
(. , 1986: 182), , , , , ,
( . .. , 1990). , ,
, , , .
( ) (
strategy, , ,
. D. Tannen, 1989: 15):
1) , : ( ) Will you please finish this report by Monday?
2) : Do you mind...? Will you please...? Could you please...? I
wonder if you could... .
, ,
, (. Could you help me, please , ). ,
, (. ,
1997: 176).
3) (R. Scollon, S.W. Scollon, 1995: 41), ,
, : I dont suppose youd be able to... I am not sure I can ask you...
( . , 1990 . . , 1997: 176).
4) (hedges), sort of, kind of, like, in a way ( P. Brown,
S.C. Levinson, 1987: 116) .
5) , . :
( ) ,
. :
(1) Well, we have enjoyed seeing you in our home; it quite raises my appetite for social intercourse. Did you come out on wheels? I cant stand a sleigh myself; it
makes me sick ( . ..) (H. James. The Bostonians). ,

 : . .
, : I cant stand a sleigh myself.
(2) She remarked to him that they might talk for ever without coming to an agreement their points of view were so far apart... It had happened to the young
Matthias more than once to be shown the way to the door, but the path of retreat had never yet seemed to him so unpleasant... ( ).
.
(3) Every five minutes or so she would stifle a yawn. He sat for two hours until finally she told him she must go because she had an appointment in town. He
packed his Bibles and thanked her and prepared to leave (F. OConnor. Good Country People).
() . I have a lot of work to do, I have to go, I have
an appointment . , .
(4) Ah yes, dont I know it?... The monologue continued; I listened impassively, from time to time making noncommittal noises... I looked at my watch...
(J. Braine. Life at the Top). , .
6) , : Excuse me..., Im sorry
to intrude..., I hate to bother (trouble) you... .
7) , , ,
: We are very short of time, could you help us...? I could have asked John but he is very busy... .
: . , ,
, , , . ,
, , (.. , .. , 1980: 105).
, . :
1) : Ah, Oh ..;
2) : Im afraid, Sorry, Unfortunately...;
3) : Any other time, Must run, Talk to me later, The thing is...;
4) ( ): No chance, Not in a million years, I should say not...;
5) ( ): Are you serious? Id rather die, Impossible, Over my dead body, You must be joking, Push off;
6) , : If it were up to me, Its not in my hands, Love to, but...;
7) / : The editor regrets, Chance would be a fine thing, Closed for business, If wish were father to the deed... (D. Crystal, 1997: 287).
, (.
, : ?, ? .. , .. , 1980: 105).
(
, ), (
). ,
, . :
1) , Do you mind my asking you? Can I ask you a personal question? ..,
:
Actually, theres something Ive wanted to ask you about, but you seem like a nice person, and I didnt want to offend you.
Oooohhh, this doesnt sound like mindless, boring, getting-to-know-you chit-chat. This sounds like you actually have something to say.
Only if you promise not to get offended. (Pulp Fiction).
, , :
Are you very deeply in love with your wife? Or am I being too personal? (J.D. Salinger. For Esme with Love and Squalor).
. , ,
( dodges . E. Goffman, 1972: 115).
2) well, so, now, like, I mean, you know, oh , ,
(discourse markers . D. Schiffrin, 1987).
( ), : Oh, I forgot to ask you... You know I was wondering... .
3) , :
) : Can I help you? What can I do for you?,
What do you want? (. ?);
) , (
): . Are you a student? You are a student, arent you?;
) (, , ): Say, I heard you
just bought a beach condo in California! It must have cost you a fortune! Did you buy a beach condo? Was it expensive?
Mrs. Mulwray, I think you are hiding something (Chinatown) Are you hiding something?.
, ,
(. , 1986: 196), ( , 201).
, .
:
) . . ,
, . .
, (1981, 37), ..
. , (, ,
).
:
(1) Are you seeing anyone?
I think this is getting too personal. I dont think Im ready to share that with you (The Groundhog Day).
(2) May I speak frankly, Mrs. Mulwray?
Yes, you can, Mr. Gittes.
Well, that little girlfriend... shes disappeared. Maybe they disappeared together.
Supposedly they did. How does that affect you?
Its nothing personal, Mrs. Mulwray.
Its very personal (raises her voice). It couldnt be more personal... (Chinatown) ( . ..).
, .
( ) ( ,
). (
, ).
) . ,
, . :
(1) Ask him if she left alone, or if there was a gentleman with her.
In heavy, Teutonic Italian, the priest translated. The concierge now seemed annoyed with the interrogation, and began to make notations on a series of cards on the
desk... (I. Shaw. Two Weeks in Another Town).
(2) So naturally Michaelis tried to find out what had happened, but Wilson wouldnt say a word instead he began to throw curious, suspicious glances at his
visitor and ask him what hed been doing at certain times on certain days. Just as the latter was getting uneasy, some workmen came past the door bound for his
restaurant, and Michaelis took the opportunity to get away, intending to come back later... (F.S. Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby).
, .


, , :
He was asked a great many questions and answered them all quite willingly. One boy asked him whether he could play cricket.
No, answered Philip. Ive got a club-foot.
The boy looked down quickly and reddened. Philip saw that he felt he had asked an unseemly question. He was too shy to apologize and looked at Philip
awkwardly (S. Maugham. Of Human Bondage).
, .
.
, .
. Thats none of your business! Mind your own business! That does not concern you!
.
( well, you know, so, oh ..),
, (): That (information) is privileged, We cant release that information, Im sorry, but thats privileged (
); Thats not something I want to share at the moment, Sorry, I cant say right now, I dont feel like talking about that now,
Lets not talk about that . ( , ). :
(1) I think he hardly knew what he was saying, for when I asked him what business he was in he answered: Thats my affair, before he realized that it wasnt an
appropriate reply, Oh, Ive been in several things, he corrected himself (F.S. Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby).
, , , , Oh.
(2) Did you work in the air plane factory, too? Ginnie asked.
God, yes. For years, and years, and years. Lets not talk about it please (J.D. Salinger. Just Before the War with the Eskimos).
(3) I didnt really mean to bring that up, old man, he said softly. But you are lucky, you know. And yet this is the remarkable thing youre envious of me.
Why is that?
I turned my gaze to him with an effort. He wasnt angry with me, but he was accusing me. The conversation was going out of control. Lets drop the subject, I
said. I smiled at him... (J. Braine. Life at the Top).
, . :
1) , .. ( ):
(1) I have to go.
Where?
Just... I have to (Chinatown).
(2) This all the bags you brought? Whats the book?
Franny looked down at her left hand. She had a small peagreen clothbound book in it. This? Oh, just something, she said. She opened her handbag and stuffed
the book into it... (J.D. Salinger. Franny and Zooey).
(3) Where did you go?
Out.
What did you do?
Nothing ( ).
2) (, ):
(1) Why did you leave police force?
Do you have any peroxide or anything like that? (Chinatown).
(2) Her sister interrupted her with an inquiry about Miss Tarrant.
Mr. Ransom thinks her wonderfully charming. Why didnt you show her to me? Do you want to keep her all to yourself?
Olive rested her eyes for some moments upon Mrs. Luna, without speaking. Then she said: Your veil is not put on straight, Adeline (H. James. The Bostonians).
3) ( ):
(1) Its your maiden name?
Why? (Chinatown)
(2) Sally Carrol, said Clark suddenly, it a fact that youre engaged?
She looked at him quickly.
Whered you hear that? (F.S. Fitzgerald. The Ice Palace).
4) () :
Olive told me to tell you she hoped you will stay to dinner. And if she said it, she does really hope it. She is willing to risk that.
Just as I am? the visitor inquired, presenting himself with rather a work-a-day aspect... Are you ever different from this? Mrs. Luna was familiar intolerably
familiar.
Basil Ransom colored a little. Then he said: Oh, yes; when I dine out I usually carry a six-shooter and a bowie knife. And he took up his hat vaguely...
(H. James. The Bostonians).
(colored a little, took up his hat vaguely
) ( ).
5) , , , .. :
(1) That gets you on the raw, doesnt it? You still dont like to think about it, do you, Joe?
...Joe, do you hear me?
No, I said. Im not listening any more. I stood up. I need a drink (J. Braine. Life at the Top).
.
(2) What was it you had to talk about? It was Alice, wasnt it?
I looked away from her. Shes dead. Its over and done with... ( ).
.
6) :
:
P. (commenting on having canceled recent classes): Im sorry Ive been out so much recently. Ive had to make several visits to the hospital.
S.: Oh my God, what for?
P.: Oh, a lot of stuff with my internal plumbing ( ).
, :
(1) All right, where did you get this information?
A little bird told me ( , ).
(2) How are things going with your divorce proceedings?
The less said, the better ( , ).
(3) What happened? Ginnie asked, looking at him.
Oh... Its too long a story. I never bore people I havent known for at least a thousand years (J.D. Salinger. Just before the War with the Eskimos) (
Its a long story).
(4) So, any boyfriend?
Oh, you dont want to know... (Singles).
Goddamn, nigger, whats up with them clothes?
You dont even want to know (Pulp Fiction).
,
. , , ,

 ,
, , (.. , 1999: 153).

, .
2.2.2. ( )
, .. , (1983, 58)
, ( , 57).
(.. , .. , 1998: 9 10).
, , ,
.
,
.
, , .
: ,
comfortable/uncomfortable/impossible, .. ,
: , . ,
3.
( : Mansfield University, Pennsylvania George Washington University, Washington,
DC), 22,9 . 102 .
, .
, - ,
- :
1) :
comfortable . , ,
comfortable, uncomfortable impossible, ,
.
impossible , .
uncomfortable, .
. ,
, uncomfortable ,
impossible.
2) .
impossible, . , ,
, . ,
, , , , .
, , , , , , .
impossible 2
(. ). .
, ,
(6,52% politics 7,61% who you voted for)
( 3%).
sex (14,13%), who you voted for (10%), your grades at school
(8,7%), politics (9,78%), bad habits (6,52%), personal relationship (6,52%), .. , ( )
, .
.
. :
1) : I would have no trouble discussing sex on a theoretical plane with perfect strangers... (e.g. group
discussion on American vs. Soviet/Russian sex mores, or, say, Monica Lewinsky).
, , .
, , . : I personally
hate discussing my health, except with my wife. What I mean by discussing my health is the big picture: heart attacks, cancer risks, major dental work, etc. I
dont mind complaining about a cold though.
2) , : If I were sitting next to a stranger on a plane I would feel more comfortable talking to them, rather than someone on a short
bus ride; Casual chit-chat is fine though in some social situations. : ,
, .
3) , :
) - : I am usually an easy going person who believes in complete honesty, so I really dont find it hard to talk to
people about almost anything; I regard myself as a private person, one who doesnt discuss personal matters publicly. ,
(, , ,
. 1.1.2).
) : There are a lot of times when it will mainly depend on what I think of the person from first impression. Some
people I may feel comfortable with and others I may not. I dont really think its impossible to talk to people (even strangers) about anything it is mainly a
comfort issue. , ,
(., , generational discourse, gender discourse R. Scollon, S.W. Scollon, 1995; D. Tannen, 1990).
) : I think many of these topics are considered uncomfortable or comfortable to talk about directly
because of a persons security with the topic. For instance I would feel uncomfortable talking about a class I flunked with all categories of people.
) : When talking with strangers I feel I must guard personal information; while talking with familiars, it would depend on
how familiar, to what degree; All of this is dependent on what situation I am in and the relationship that is established with the people who I am with. Some of
these topics are not conversed about with anyone except for myself; I have a best friend who I talk to; I would only feel comfortable talking about sex with
certain people such as close friends or my sister or husband. , :
, , .
.
4) : I would feel comfortable talking about a subject if I had brought it up, or I was freely volunteering the information.
However, if others were asking me questions and pressuring me to answer, I probably wouldnt feel comfortable about it. Its OK for them to ask, but sometimes I
wont answer, and I wouldnt want to be pressured to say something if I didnt want to.
, : ,
. , ,
.
5) , , , :
, . :
Religion... is traditionally taboo, or at least restricted. My father always told me: Never discuss politics or religion with people you dont know well. (I didnt
listen.) Still, direct questions, such as Do you believe in God?, Do you go to church? and What religion are you? are considered improper. In fact, in many
job interview situations (like for public employment) they are illegal. (First Amendment: separation of church and state).

Ethnicity is another no-no. ...Americans, at least well behaved ones, do not admit to ethnic prejudice that is, such open admissions have been socially
unacceptable for the last 30 years. Of course, that changes with different social strata. Ive heard lots of racist talk from poor rural whites or working class whites.
But in my social circles, its very taboo. However, the actual level of hypocrisy varies from person to person.
, , ,
. , , , ,
- .
, (
), , , , . ,
, , ( ,
, ..) , ,
( , , ..).
:
-
.
2.2.3. ( )
, :
. ,
- , , , .
(. , 1984: 173).
, -
. , , ,
, , ( , 178).
, ,
, , , .
, (,
R. Sommer, 1969).
( , ),
, 14 .
. : OK
( ), strange (), embarrassing (, ), insulting () other ( ).
(,
, , ), ,
-, .
, . :
, 1 , , , 3
( , ).
, 4. :
1) OK ( ) 8 (
- ) 83,33% 14 ( , )
59,8%. other, 2,94% .
, insulting, 0,98% 2,94% .
. , ,
(. , E. Stewart, M. Bennett, 1991: 58),
: could show respect for that persons opinion, that is appropriate, respectful, attentive,
some direct eye contact is positive.
, , could be
nice. 16,67% strange 5,88% embarrassing.
, , : OK,
if they hail you a cab. Not OK if they get in with you or offer to carry packages.
2) strange (
embarrassing insulting, , )
2 ( ), 3 ( -
), 4 ( ), 13 ( - ), 6
( ), 9 ( , .., ) 12
( ). , ,
: , , ( ,
).
3) embarrassing 5 ( - ) 32,29%.
12 13 (
) 21,57% 27,45% , strange. ,
, .
4) insulting 11 ( -) 59,80%, 1 ( )
41,18%, 10 ( ) 37,25% 7 ( ) 31,37%.
,
. :
, ( ), , ,
( ,
).
, ,
, . (. 1.1.1),
, .
( ), (
). , , , ,
(G.G. Morain, 1986: 73).
( , ).
5) other. , ,
, , .
, : ,
. :
) ( 35 , ,
, upsetting, nervous, awkward, mad, angry, alarming, suspicious .), :
- , , (,

 : . , , , ,
, ), ..;
) 8 4 ( OK);
) : 4 ( ) 17 ;
7 ( ) 10 ( ) 5 ;
9 ( , ) 10 ;
) other , , ()
, , . ,
(, , , , ..)
,
.
2:
1. .
, ,
.
2. . ,
: 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) .
3. ,
. , ,
.
/ , / ,
.., , .
4. , , .
, ,
.
5. .
.
6. , . ,
: , , ,
, , .
, , .
.
7. ,
, .
8. , .
, ,
( , ). ,
.
9. , (
- ), .
, .
10.
, .
11. ,
. ,
, , , ,
, .
12. , .
, ,
, ( ,
).
13. :
.
.
14. , ,
. , ..
, .
15.
, ( ), , .
16.
.
17. . ,
.
( ) , ,
, , , , , .
18. ,
. ,
: , , ,
, .

- ,
: 1)
; 2) ;
3) .
:
1. ,
. ,
, , , ,
, , , , , , , , .
2. , , ,
, . ,
, ,

 ( ) ,
( , ) ( ).
3. ,
( ) .
, , , .
, (.. , , ),
.
, , , .
4. , ,
,
( , , , , , , ,
), .
,
(, , , ,
, ).
, , , .. ,
, , , .
,
, , .
, ,
.
,
.
, . ,
, .
,
. (
, ), ,
.

1. .. , I. . .: " ", 1995. 472 .

2. .. , II. . .: " ", 1995. 767
.
3. .., .. - . . 1999.
4. .., .. , . . . // . XVI.
. .: , 1985. . 3 42.
5. .. (, , ). .: , 1988. 338 .
6. .. : // . . .: , 1991. . 21 31.
7. .. // . . .: , 1993. . 3 6.
8. .. . .: , 1999. 896 .
9. .. ( ) // -
. .: , 1977. . 268 277.
10. .. . .: - , 1990. 367 .
11. .. - . ., , 1996.
12. .. - . : - -, 1996. 104 .
13. .. // . .: , 1985. . 7 21.
14. .. // . .: , 1985. . 3 6.
15. .. : // Hermeneutics in Russia. Vol. 1. 1998. Published by Tver State University Internet Center.
.
16. .., .. // . . . 56. 1997. 1. . 11 21.
17. .. . .: . ., 1987. 128 .
18. .. . .: . , 1994. 106 .
19. . // . . .: - . -, 1984.
. 173 180.
20. .. // . , 1990. 88 .
21. .., .. // . . .: , 1991. . 14 21.
22. . . . . .: , 1996. 416 .
23. . . .: , 1999. 780 .
24. .., .. . .: , 1980. 320 .
25. .., .. : . .: , 1990.
246 .
26. .. . .: - , 1989. 239 .
27. . // : . . . / . : , 1995. . 15 24.
28. .. : //
: . . . . : , 1996. . 16 25.
29. .. ( ): . .: - , 1997. 331 .
30. .., .. // . XX . . : , 1997. . 37 42.
31. .. // . 1995. 6. . 112 121.
32. .. . .: " ", 1998. 768 .
33. . : . .: . , 1988. 445 .
34. .., .. . . . // . . XXIII.
. .: , 1988. . 5 11.
35. .. ( ) // .
1985. 2. . 71 79.
36. . ? 1. .: , 1992. 491 c.
37. . ? 2. .: , 1992. 340 c.
38. .. . .: , 1983. 109 .
39. ., . // . . XVI. . .: ,
1985. . 276 302.
40. .. // . .: . , 1990. . 221.
41. .., .. : . .: . , 1991. 240 .

42. . // . . .: - . -, 1984. . 188 196.

43. .. // . . XVI. . .: , 1985. . 217 237.
44. . . . .: , 1984. 400 .
45. .. : // . .
. . .: , 1989. . 114 135.
46. .. . . . : . . .: , 1989. 312 .
47. .. - // . 1998. 6. . 48 57.
48. . 1950 // . . . -
. .: , 1991. . 48 59.
49. .. : // . .: , 1985. . 296 322.
50. .. . : - -, 1990. 208 .
51. .. . .: - , 1982. 128 .
52. .. . . .: - , 1981. 118 .
53. .. . .: - , 1992. 330 .
54. .. // : . . . . : , 1996.
. 3 16.
55. .. ( ) // . . . .
: - , 1997. . 2. . 154 171.
56. .. . .: , 1987. 261 .
57. .. " " . . . // . .
XVII. . .: , 1986. . 7 21.
58. .., .. . : - . -, 1978. 144 .
59. .. "" // . . .: , 1991. . 61 64.
60. .. ? (. . ). .: -, 1998. 352 .
61. . . .. . ., 1996. 248 .
62. .. // : .
. .. . .: , 1988. . 141 172.
63. .. : // . 1994. 4. .
34 47.
64. .. // . ., 1996. . 90 93.
65. .. . .: , 1986. 128 .
66. .. : . 1 // .
. 14. . 1996. 4. . 35 44.
67. .. : . 2 // .
. 14. . 1997. 1. . 20 27.
68. .. : // . 1996. 4. . 15 26.
69. ( ) // . . 6. 1997. 2. .170
180.
70. .. // . . . - . 1993. 1. . 52. . 3 9.
71. . . .: , 1991. 204 .
72. .. : // . . : - ,
1997. . 1. . 11 35.
73. .. // . : . . . / . . .. .
: . -, 1997. . 34 45.
74. .. . . ... . . , 1998. 453 .
75. .. // . . . . . . 11-13 1996 . .-., 1996. .
74 77.
76. .. // . .: . , 1990. . 606 607.
77. .. . .: -, 1996. 206 .
78. . // . . XXIII. . .:
, 1988. . 281 309.
79. - . .: , 1977. 352 .
80. .. : // . . . . . 36. .: ,
1998. . 5 8.
81. .. : //
. . . . : - , 1998. . 80 85.
82. .. . .: . ., 1988. 168 .
83. .. // . .: . , 1990. . 367.
84. . . XVI. . .: , 1985. 501 .
85. . . XVII. . .: , 1986. 424 .
86. . . XXIII. . .: , 1988. 313 .
87. .. // : -. .: , 1990. . 252 253.
88. . . 1. . . .. . .: - , 1994. 192 .
89. . . 2. . . .. . .: - , 1994. 159 .
90. . . // . . XVII. . .: , 1986. . 22 129.
91. .. // . . . . .: , 1996. . 5 32.
92. .. ( ). .: - "", 1970. 240 .
93. .., .. . : - -, 1984. 148 .
94. .. // : . . ..
. .: , 1988. . 8 69.
95. .. : . . . // . . . . . 36. .:
, 1998. . 274 323.
96. .. " "? // .. ( ). .:
- "", 1970. . 213 237.
97. .. // . . .: , 1991. . 52 56.
98. : . . .. . .: , 1988. 216 .
99. . . . . . 36. .: , 1998. 320 .
100. . . .: "", "", 1993. 656 .
101. . . // . . XVII. . .: , 1986. .
170 194.
102. . . // . . XVII. . .: , 1986. . 195 122.
103. . . .. . .: , 1983. 445 .
104. .. : . .: Academia, 2000. 128 .

105. .. // -
. .: , 1977. . 219 247.
106. : -. .: , 1990. 432 .
107. . . .: - . -, 1984. 256 .
108. .. . . .: , 1994. 560 .
109. . . . . .. .. . .: , 1975. 319 .
110. .. // . .: . , 1990. . 383 385.
111. .. . . .: , 1997. 824 .
112. .. // . : , 1996. . 13 21.
113. .. // . . XVII. . .: , 1986.
. 130 150.
114. .., .. . .: - . -, 1980. 143 .
115. .., .. . , 1998.
116. . . // : . .
.. . .: , 1988. . 173 204.
117. .. // . .: . , 1990. . 236.
118. .. . , . .: " ",
1996. 288 .
119. . . . .: , 1992. 554 .
120. .. -. .: . ., 1988. 239 .
121. .. . . .: , 1986. 240 .
122. . // . . XXIII. . .: , 1988.
. 52 90.
123. . . .. .. . .: , 1963. 544 .
124. . . .. . .: . , 1989. 814 .
125. .. . .: . ., 1982. 192 .
126. .. // . . 2. . 1992. 3.
. 1 8.
127. . : . .: , 1983. 703 .
128. .. - - //
. 1996. 3. . 63 71.
129. .. // . .: , 1985. . 154 178.
130. .. : . .: - - -,
1993. 388 .
131. .. - . : - -, 1987. 192 .
132. .. -
: . .... . . , 1999. 182 .
133. .. . .: , 1964. 244 .
134. . / . . .: , 1969. 237 .
135. . .: , 1985. 328 .
136. . . .: , 1994. 320 .
137. . : . . . / . . .. . : . -, 1997. 84 .
138. : . . . / . : , 1995. 252 .
139. : . . . . : , 1996. 260 .
140. .. // . 1993. 4. . 48 62.
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*

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