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- 6 ( ) .
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- 9 .

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- 2
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V
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12

1-1

2-1
3-1
4-1
5-1
6-1

7-1
8-1
9-1
10- 1

1-2
2-2
3-2
4-2
5-2
6-2
7-2
8-2
9-2
10- 2

* :




( ) 1-1 11

( )1-1


( ) 2-1 16
( ) 2-1 16
* :



( ) 1-2 21
( )1-2

( )2-2 24
( )2-2

( ) 3-2 26

dO

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1-3

2-3
3-3
4-3
5-3
6-3
7-3
8-3
9-3
10 - 3

* :

( ) 1-3 36
()1-3

11 - 3
12 - 3
13 - 3
14 - 3

( ) 2-3 40
()2-3


* : .

2-4
3-4

( ) 1-4 50
()1-4

1-4

4-4
5-4
6-4

13

V
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7-4
8-4

14

9-4
10 - 4
11 - 4

( ) 2-4 53
()2-4

( ) 3-4 57
()3-4

12 - 4
13 - 4
14 - 4
15 - 4
16 - 4

.
.
.
.
.

17 - 4
18 - 4

( ) 4-4 66
1000 10010
.
( ) 5-4 72

( ) 6-4 74

19 - 4
20 - 4
21 - 4
22 - 4
23 - 4
24 - 4
25 - 4
26 - 4

( ) 6-4 74

1000 100 10

( ) 7-4 81

dO

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27 - 4
28 - 4
29 - 4
30 - 4
31 - 4

( ) 8-4 84
( ) 8-4 84

( ) 9-4 88
( ) 9-4 88

32 - 4
33 - 4

* :

( ) 1-5 94
()1-5

1-5
2-5
3-5

15

V
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16

* ( )

* ( )

4-5
5-5

( ) 2-5 99
( ) 2-5 99

( ) 3-5 103

9-5
10 - 5
11 - 5
12 - 5
13 - 5

()3-5

( ) 4-5 106
( ) 4 - 5

6-5
7-5
8-5

dO

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14 - 5

* :



( ) 1-6 114

5-6
6-6
7-6
8-6

()1-6
()1-6

( ) 2-6 118
()2-6

10 - 6
11 - 6
12 - 6

()2-6
()2-6

* :

3-7
4-7
5-7
6-7
7-7

( ) 1-7 128
()1-7


( ) 2 - 7 134

1-6
2-6
3-6
4-6

9-6

1-7
2-7

17

V
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18

8-7
9-7
10 - 7
11 - 7

()2-7
()2-7

()3-7

13 - 7
14 - 7
15 - 7

* :

3-8
4-8
5-8
6-8
7-8

( ) 1-8 149
()1-8

8-8
9-8
10 - 8

( )
( ) 2 - 8 155
( ) 2 - 8

12 - 7

1-8
2-8

11 - 8
12 - 8

dO

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157

19

V
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. 2 :

20

B

:

- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 - .
- 4
.
- 5 .
- 6 .
- 7 .

. 3 :

:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .

.
- 4
- 5 .
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:
. . . . - .

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:

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:

.

- 2 ( ) :

.
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

- 3

21

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22

. 5 ( ):

.
( )
( ) ....


.




.

- 6 :

hG dG
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dG YG - 2
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FG YG - 4
YG WJ - 5
YG OG - 6

V
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( ) Sets

24

Set .
.
.
1881
Menge Set
:
* 1829 - 1802 N.H Abel .
* 1832 - 1811 E. Galois .
1864 - 1815 G. Boole .
*
* 1918 - 1845 Gantor .

:
. Tabulation Method
*
.
10 { . }10 5 2 1
. Rule Method
*
.
: ( 7 7)
{ : } 7
{ } 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
: 5 3
{ : > 5 > } 3
{ . } 4

( : ) Belonging Symbol

5 3 4 2 11

2
11

( ) ( ) Ven Diagram
1880 .
5

 ( : ) The Subets

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:


Proper Subset


=

( : ) Power of Set
{ A = } a1 , a2 ,..... an

A 2n

: { A = } a
{ } a 21 = 2
{ B = } a , b
( )22 = 4 { , }a{ , }b{ , }a , b
{ C = } a , b , c
( ....... )23 = 8

( : ) The Empty Set

{ } :
*
*
Singleton Set
{ { } 3 } ...

Z :

( ) Finite Set
.
( )Innite Set
.

25

V
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:

26

{
} .
= { } 5 3 2 1 = { }

= { } 5 3 2 1 = { } .

( ) :

( ) .
:
= 4 = } 7 5 3 1 { 1 = } 0 {

: ) The
( Union and Intersection of Sets

: .
.

= { : }
: .

.

= { : }

:
* ( ) Idempotent property
=
=
* ( ) Associative property
( ) = ( )
( ) = ( )
* ( ) Commutative property
=
=
* ( ) Distributive property
( ) = ( ) ( )
( ) = ( ) ( )

dO

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.
-
- = { : }

: Universal Set

: = { } 2 1 = { } 5 4 3 = { } 7
={}754321
.

:The Complement set

= -
:
= { : }
: = { } 6 5 4 3 2 1 = { } 3 2 1
= { } 6 5 4
:
* ( ) = ( ) Involution property
* =
* =

: Demorgans Laws

* ( ) =

* ( ) =

27

V
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( ) 1 - 1

:
: { }

28

:


.

:

32511

.
...1 32511
...7 32511

:

} { .

()


.
: ( )1 6
.
:
( )1
( )2

 ( ) 2 - 1

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:
: { } - .

:




:




.

:
8
8




( ) } { .
: ( )1 7
.
:
} { } {

29

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( ) 3 - 1

:
: -

30

:



.
:




.

:
( )20
( )10

()5
( )15


=
: ( )1 8
.
:
{ }213{}321

.

 ( ) 4 - 1

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:
: -

31

} { 2 1
} { 3 2 1




.

:
9





]
[

:
: ( )1 10

{ 3 2 1 } ... .
}{2
{ 3 2 1 } ...
2
:
} { 2 1 } ... { 1 2 3
.

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( ) 5 - 1

( ) 1 - 1
:
:
=
- .

32

( : ) 1 - 1
) 1 - = { }
- = { }
- = { }
- } 12 6 4 3 2 1 { = 12
- 5 4 3
= {}534 354 345 435 453 543
- { }

 ( ) 6 - 1 ( ) 1 - 1

dO

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-
-
) 2 -
-
-
-
{ } 0
{ }
) 3 } { -

{ } 0
- } 3 1 { = 3
} 2 1 0 { = 3

- .....
) 4 - .....
- ...=.. .....

{ - } ....
{ - } ....

( ) :

3
4
5

453 543

354 534

5
5
3
4

345 435

33

V
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( ) 7 - 1

34

:
: :

:
:
= { }
:
= { }
. :


{ }
= { }

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:
:
= { } 4 3 2 1 = { } 6 5 2 1
2 1
: { } 2 1
: = { . } 2 1
: :
= 10
= 25

. :

:

2
10

1
5

25

18

12

35

V
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: ( )

36

= { }
( )
={ }
:

: = { }
:

0
2
1

:
) 2 ........ = { }
)1 ........
) 4 ........ = { }
)3 ........
........ 8 ) 6
)5 ........ = { }
) 8 ........ = { } 2 1 0
........ 2 )7
) 10 ........
........ 6 )9
) 12 ........
)11 ........ = { }

( )2 ()13
: ( ) 2 - 1 16 .

 ( ) 8 - 1

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:
:
-

37

:
: = {
}
= { }




:

.
.
: ( ) 2 -1 16
.
:

.

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( ) 9 - 1

( ) 2 - 1
:
: . . . . - .

38

( : ) 2 - 1
) 1 -
( )
-
- = { } 6 4 3 2 1
-
- = { } 6
-
-
-
-R

) 2 -
( ) = { } { }
= { }
=

 ( ) 10 - 1 ( : ) 2 - 1

dO

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)2-
( ) = { }
= { }
=

{ }

) 3 - = { }
- = { } 6 4
- = { } 8
( - ) = { } 10 8 { } 8 6 4 2 1
= {}8
( - ) = { } 10 8 { } 6 4
= { } 10 8 6 4
)4 = { } 6 3 2 1
= {} 65 43
= {} 6 3
( - ) = { } 6 3 { } 6 3
={ } 63
-( ) = { } 6 5 4 3 { } 6 3 2 1
= { } 6 5 4 3 2 1
( - ) = { } 6 3 { } 6 5 4 3 2 1
={ } 63

39


( )
/ ( ) ( ) :
( ) 1 = { : } 4 :
) 7
) 8

) ) ( 4

( ) 3 = ( )
( ) 2 = ( )
( ( )4 ) = ( ) ()
/ :
( ) 1 = { } 7 5 3 1 = { } 11 9 7 5
)
)

= { } 16 14 12
) =

( ) 2 :
)
) ( )

) ( )
( ) 3 :
)
)

( ) 4 . 8
. 7
8 3 :
) = {}7
) () ={}7
) ( ) = {}7
) = {}765431

) ( ) = {}75

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dG OGYG Y dG
dG GOe
MGh bQ e eQ e OY Y dG - 1
bQ e eQ e OY Y dG - 2
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HdG QGh OdG He - 4
dG QGh OdG e - 5

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( )

42

:
*
.
* .
* .
*
.

:
( ) 1 19 8
1 + 2 + 16 = 19 /

8 2 = 16
1
8
= 2
4
1
8
= 1
8

1
1
+
+ 2 = 8 19
4
8
=

3
8

( 5 37 ) 2
2 + 5 + 30 = 37 /
5 6 = 30
51 =5
2
=2
5

2
2
=
+ 1 + 6 = 5 37
5
5

V
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( 32 2430 ) 3

30 + 2400 = 2430
75 32 = 2400
30
32
= 30
32

30 30
=
+ 75 = 32 2430
32 32

:
( 8 19 ) 1
2 4 = 8 /
4 = 4 19 3
2=24
3
2
= 8 19
8
( 5 37 ) 2
1 5 = 5 /
7 = 5 37 2
7 2 = 5 37
5
( 25 825 ) 3
5 5 = 25 /
165 = 5 825
33 = 5 165
33 = 25 825

43
75

V
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( ) 4
/

44

32 2430

2 16 = 32
151 = 16 2430 14
75 = 2 151 1
30
= 32 2430
32

75

:
( 8 19 ) 1
2 = 8 19 / 3
2 3 = 8 19
8

( 5 37 ) 2
7 = 5 37 / 2
7 2 = 5 37
5

( 25 825 ) 3
3 = 25 82 7
/
3 = 25 75
33 = 25 825
( 32 2430 ) 4
0 = 32 24
/
7 = 32 243 19
5 = 32 190 30
75 30 = 32 2430
32

 ( ) 1 - 2

V
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:
: .
- .

:


60 = 12 5
12 = 5 60
5 = 12 60
:


9 162
6 88
5 506
.

:
25 = 3 75 :
( )7
( )3 ( )5
( )2
6 32 ( ) 6 < 3
6 32

= + .

42 = 7

= 6 = 7 42
: ( )1 19
.
: 201 = 3 603

45

V
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( ) 2 - 2
:
: .
- .

46

:
:
25 825
82 25 82
25
32 2430 24 32
243 32

.
: ( )2 19
.
:

.

 ( ) 3 - 2

V
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:
: .
. :

:



.
:


.

:

124 1984

( )198 ( )124
.
()6
( ) 314 25496
( )254
( ( )314 254 ) 314
( )2549 ( )314
3 25
.

: ( )3 20 .
: ( ) 200 = 125 25000
.

47

V
dO

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( ) 4 - 2

( ) 1 -2
:
:


-

48

( )1 -2
) 1 15 = 5 75 -
75 = 15 5
139 = 7 974 - 1
974 = 1 + 139 7
309 = 8 2472 -
2472 = 309 8
12 = 26 312 - R
312 = 12 26
238 = 93 22150 - 16
22150 = 16 + 238 93
35 = 265 9275 -
9275 = 35 265

139 = 3 418 - 1
418 = 1 + 139 3

223 = 6 1338 -
1338 = 223 6
12104 = 8 96834 - 2
96834 = 2 + 12104 8
223 = 75 16730 - 5
16730 = 5 + 223 75
6 = 431 2586 -
2586 = 431 6
86 = 506 43516 -
43516 = 86 506

 ( ) 5 - 2 ( )1 -2

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25 = 150 3750 )2

3750 = 25 150

)3

= 34125

175
.
= 195 = 175 34125
195
10500 = 24 252000 )4

252000 = 24 10500

)5

6 = 135 850 40

850 = 40 + 135 6

()2

)1 :
: 3750 150
:
)2 :

)3 :
25 = 150 3750
)4 :
3750 = 25 150

49

V
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( ) 6 - 2
:
: . . . .

50

:



1 =11
.... 9 = 3 3 4 = 2 2

4 =22 = 2 2 1 = 21 = 1 1
.... 9 = 23 = 3 3

: 16

4 4 = 16 ( 4 = 16 )
. 8 = 64
( 196 )

14 = 7 2 = 196

196
98
49
7
1

2
2
7
7

2
7

:
12
: ( ) 2 ( )1 23
15
.
. 324 225 121
:
.

 ( ) 7 - 2 ( )2 -2

V
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51

: . .
.

( )2 -2
) 1 :
9 9 = 81
9 = 81
10 10 = 100
10 = 100
256

16 = 2 2 2 2 = 256

2 256
2 128
2 64
2 32
2 16
2
8
2
4
2
2
1

2
2
2
2

V
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52

( ) 8 - 2 ( )2 -2

169

13 = 169
1296
36 = 3 3 2 2 = 1296

) 2 = ( )
=
2
= 441
= 21 = 7 3
2

13 169
13 13 13
1
2 1296
2 648
2 324
2 324
3 162
3
81
3
27
3
9
3
1
3 441
3 147
7 49
7
7
1

2
2
3
3

3
7

) 3
=
= 16 36
2
= 576

= 576
2
= = 576
= 32 22
= 24
2

576
288
144
72
36
18
9
3
1

2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3

2
2
2
3

V
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( )2 -2

) 4
=
= 40 80
2
= 3200

400 = 8 3200 2
2 400
2
2 2 200
= = 400
2 100
= 5 22
2 2 50
= 20
5 25
5
20
5 5
1

53

V
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( ) 9- 2
:
:

54

:





.

:
35 = 5 5 5 5
34 = 4 4 4 4

=
( ). 3

216

2 216
6 = 3 2 ( 216 = 3) 6
2
2 108
216
2 54

3
6 = 216
.

3 27
3 9
3 3
1

: ( )3( )2 26 .
: .

 ( ) 10- 2 ( )3 -2

V
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:
: .

55

( )3 -2
) 1 :
11 = 1331 3
1= 1 3

10 = 5 2 = 1000

14 = 7 2 = 2744

11 1331
11 11 121
11 11
1
2 1000
2 500
2 250
5 125
5 5 25
5 5
1
2 2744
2 2 1372
2 686
7 343
7 7 49
7 7
1
2

V
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( )3 -2

)2

56

= ( )
3
=
3
= 2= 8

) 3 = ( )
3
=
3
= 8 = 2 2 2 = 512
3

2 512
2 256
2 128
2 64
2 2 32
2 16
2 8
4
2 2
2
2
1

()2

)1 :
3
: 8
:
)2 :
8
)3 :
=
= 2 = 8 3
)4 :
8 = 2 2 2
3


/
( 4749 ) 1

()2

8 19273

()3

( 4608 ) 4

48

()5

70 66500

( 99 11880 ) 6

( 500 375000 ) 8

( 402 68340 ) 7

6554

( 220 48400 ) 9

/ :
( = 5 2395 ) 1
) 476

) 479

( = 4 5875 ) 2
) 1468 3
( = 1764 ) 3
) 42

) 474

) 1352 2

) 56

) 52

256

576

1089

) 1468

( = 9261 ) 4
) 21

) 23

) 22

4096

3375

1331

/ 256 2
/ 729 3 .

ddG dG
YHdG TG
dG GOe
YHdG TG UGN - 1
VG RGe G G T -

: YHdG TG SQ - 2
VG RGe G -

: YHdG TG - 3
VG RGe G G T -

IXG jGhdG - 4
dOG jGhdG - 5

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( )

( ) :
Triangle
*
Quadrilateral
*
Pentagon

.....

( ) Interior Angles

( 180

)2

) 2 - 3 ( 180

180 = 1 180

) 2 - 4 ( 180

360 = 2 180

) 2 - 5 ( 180

540 = 3 180

( 180

) 2 -

...

60

Polygon .
( ) side ( ) vertices

V
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( ) Exterior Angles
: 360

3 2

+ 4 + 3 + 2 + 1

360 = 5

+ = ) 1 ( ...... 180
) 2 ( ......
= ) 2 - ( 180
( 2 (1
180 = ) 2 - ( 180 +
= ) 2 - ( 180 - 180
= 360 + 180 - 180
= 360

Diagonal of a Polygon

(
2

)3

61

V
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Convex Polygon

62

Concave Polygon

: .


.

:
) 1 ( ) ( )
= 1
2

V
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) 2 ( )
=

3
4

63

) 3 .
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99

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1000 100 10

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24 = 6 4 = 6 10 0.4 = 60 0.4

) 0.4 = 100 0.004

56 = 100 0.56
940 = 100 9.4
) 1694 = 2 847 = 2 100 8.47 = 200 8.47
1040 = 100 10.4 = 100 4 2.6 = 400 2.6
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2215 = 1000 2.215

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103

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1.96980 =0.804 2.45
0.0637 = 0.07 0.91
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497.25 = 6.5 76.5 6.5 .

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80 79 .
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0.362 = 10 3.62

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0.012 = 10 0.12 = 10 3 0.36 = 30 0.36
) 2.24 = 100 224

0.063 = 100 6.3

0.882 = 100 88.2

0.4 = 3 1.2 = 3 100 120 = 300 120

)
0.0012 = 100 0.12 = 100 6 0.72 = 600 0.72
0.007 = 100 0.7 = 100 8 5.6 = 800 5.6
) 0.066 = 1000 66

0.0075 = 1000 7.5

0.0494 = 1000 49.4

) 0.006 = 2 0.012 = 2 1000 12 = 2000 12

0.0009 = 3 0.0027 = 3 1000 2.7 = 3000 2.7
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11 = 11 121 = 1.1 12.1 -
90 = 64 5760 = 6.4 576 -
620 = 1 620 = 0.01 6.2 -
15 = 5 75 = 0.05 0.75 -
3000 = 475 1425000 = 4.75 14250 )2 .
25 = 35 875 = 3.5 87.5 )3 .

)4
=
= 12.96 = 1.8 7.2 2
= 0.18 = 0.2 0.9 2
72 = 18 1296 = 0.18 12.96 .
12 = 25 300 = 2.5 30 )5 .

 ( ) 29 - 4

V
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:
: .
:

:

0.6 = 5 3

3 1
.

: 0.333 = 3 1





3 1
0.33 = 3 1 0.3

:

(
: ( ) 1 86
) .

:

.

111

V
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( ) 30 - 4

( ) 9 - 4
:
:

.
.
.

112

( )9 -4
) 1
25.4 25.44 -

4.4 4.374 -
9.3 9.25 -
12.1 12.051 -
82.9 82.90 -
45 45.0 45.031 -
8
)2 )
7

= 1.1 1.14 .

5
0.6 0.62 = 8
2
3

7.7 7.66 = 7

 ( ) 31 - 4 ( )9 -4
5
.
= 0.71 0.714
)
7
= 35
49
17
53

5
7

V
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= 0.71 0.714

113

1.32 1.320 = 1

13.29 13.285 = 7 93 ) 3
2.51 2.513 = 13 32.67
45.02 45.023 = 43 1936
4.93 4.927 = 13.7 67.5
45.71 45.714 = 7 320 ) 4 .
27.938 27.9375 = 8 223.5 ) 5 .
2 1.752 = 1000 1752 ) 6 .

( = 1000 )

 /
/ :

( 3 2 - 10 8 )2
3
21

(2 2 + 3 1 )1
7
5

(3 1 8 1 )3
2
7

( )4

1 4 6 2
7
3

8
2 1 +)2 1
(( )5
3
5
3
13 2 1
1
(5 1 ( )6

2
3
15
6

/ :
( 1.043 - 6.7 ) 2
( 1.5 + 0.32 ) 1
( 0.7 8.4 ) 4
( 1.2 0.71 ) 3
( ) 0.2 0.9 ( ) 1.8 7.2 ( )5
( ) 0.5 0.3 ( - ) 0.2 3.2 ( )6

/ :

3
(8 )1
(1 3 )2
5
( 37.814 ) 3

24

1 2
3
37.854

(>)=<
(>)=<
(>)=<

( ) 4 100 ( )
( / ) 5.08 5.67 5.71 5.90 5.8 :
( ) :
( 832.87 ) 2

( 38.35 ) 1
( 0.8976 ) 4
( 9.3861 ) 3

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dG - 1
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V
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116

( ) Ratio and Proportion

. ( )Ratio
.

3.14159000000
=

( ) Rate :

/ ( = ) =

.
Extremes of the Proportion
Means of the Proportion
: = :

* = ()cross products
: = =

+
+
=
* =

3
5

6
=
10

10 + 6 5 + 3
=
10
5
16
8
=
10
5

-
-
=
* =

4 - 14 2 - 7
14
7
=
=
:
4
2
4
2
10 = 5
4
2

2
9

= + =

+
6+2
2
6
= 27+ 9
=
9
27

V
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2 = 8
9
36

( ) Drawing scale ( ) Propotional Division
( ) Similarity .

117

V
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( ) 1 - 5

( )
:
: . . . -

118

:
56431

:

( )1 ()2
( )3
.

( ) 91


. 2 : 7
7 : 2

: ( ) 1 93
.
:
.
.

 ( ) 2 - 5

V
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( ) 1 - 5

119

: . .

( )1 -5
)1

1
75

=
2
150 : 75 - 150
2

1
4
1
1
12 : 4 - 1
12

1
= 4
1

3
12
=
1
1

325 3.25
13
=
2.25 : 3.25 - 225 = 2.25
9
)2 ) 4 3 :
= 10
3 = 30 = 3 10
30 : 4 15 : 2
) 5 1 :
= 1000
1000 : 5 200 : 1

V
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120

( ) 3 - 5 ( )1 -5

) 36 2 :
24 : 36 2 : 3
) 10 3 : 3 : 1000

= 100

)3 ) = 4 = 64
5
80
1
16 64 - 80
=
=
=
)
80
80

5
) = 4 = 64
16
1
)4 = 10

3 = 30

1
15
=
=
)
2
30
) = 225 = 15 15

= 900 = 30 30

225
1
= 4 = 900
)5 = 3 = 15
4
20

25
5
10 + 15
=
=
=
10
30
6
10 + 20
3 5
4
6

1
9
)6
=
=
3
27


1 = 9 = 9
=
2
18
9 - 27

 ( ) 4 - 5

V
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:
: .- .

1 4
8
2


:

3
5
1
=

=
5
20
25

:
6
1
=
12
2
( )
=



6
45
=
15
: 99
.
:
3
3
1
1
=

=

4
4
2
2

121

V
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( ) 5 - 5

( ) 2 - 5
:
: .

122

( )2 -5

2
=
) 1
3

120
2
=
3

2 = 120 3
360
= 180 = 2
)2

4
=

7

= 4
7
280
7 = 280 4
1120
= 160
=
7

= + = 440 = 160 + 280

 ( ) 6 - 5

V
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( )2 -5

15 ) 3 5
60
60
15
=
5
60 5 = 15
300
= 20 60
=
15

123

3600 ) 4 300
450

= 3600
300
450
450 3600 = 300

12
450 3600
= 5400 450 .
=
300
1

15000 ) 5 7 1
2

18

1
18
1
=7
2 15000
18
1
7 18 = 15000 18
2
1000
15000

18
= 2 15000 18
18 =
15
15
1
2

( : )

= 36000

6 ) 6 81

28
28
6
=
81
6 = 28 81
28 81
2268
= 378 28
=
=
6
6

V
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( ) 7 - 5

:
: . .

124

:

( )

.

:
) 1 1
(
15000000
15000000
3

=

3
1

=
15000000

= 45000000=15000000 3
100000 45000000
= 450

.

:


.


: ( )3-5 103
.

:

 ( ) 8 - 5

( ) 3 - 5

V
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:
: .
.
.

( )3 -5
) 1 5
1.6 = 160000 = 100000 1.6 ( = 100000 )

15
1
=
.
=
=
160000
32000

32000

)2 =
= 1400 = 100 14
20
1
= 20
= 1400
70
)3 =
= 500 = 100 5 = 400 = 100 4
5
= 5 = 1 500
100
4
1 400
4 = 100
=

125

V
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( ) 9 - 5

126

( )3 -5

)4 =
1000
= 4000
= 4
1

4000 40 = 100
)5

80
= 16 = 1600000
=
5

1
10
=
=
=

160000
1600000
)6 =
= 5 36000000 = 7200000
360 = 100000 36000000 ( = 100000)
1

)7 =
2

= 300000 = 100000 3
= 800000 = 100000 8
=
6
1
= 300000
50000
2

= 800000

= 6

1
= 16
50000
1

3 1
= 48 = 16 6 2 2
1

 ( ) 10 - 5

V
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:
: . - .

:

.

:
( 21 )
( )

2 : 1

( )
.

:
3
4 ()7 =4+ 3
3


7
4
7
3
( 7 )
4
( 7 ) .

:
: ( ) 4 - 5 106

( ) 15
.
2
3

:
3
4
.

127

V
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( ) 11 - 5

( ) 4 - 5
:
: . .

128

( )4 -5
25 = 75 - 100 ) 1

3
75
=
=
1
25

4 = 1 + 3
5000
= 15000 = 20000 3
41
= 1
41

5000

5000 = 20000

2
4
=
=
)2

3
6
= 5 = 3 + 2
16
2
32 = 80
5 1
16
3
48 = 80
5 1
80 = 48 + 32 :

75
3
=

100
4
25
1
=

4 100
3
20000

4
1
20000

4

= 5 = 3 + 2
16 = 5 80
32 = 2 16
48 = 3 16

 ( )4 -5

( ) 12 - 5

9 = 5 + 4 ) 3
4 5
9
9
50
4
200 = 450
=
9
1
50
5
250 = 450
=
9

V
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= 9
50 = 9 450
200 = 4 50
250= 5 50
450 = 250 + 200 :

)4
8 = 5 + 3
= ( + ) 2
+ = 1 = 80 = 160 1
2
2
10
5
50 = 80
81
3
10
30 = 80
8
1

=
2
= 50 30 = 1500

129

 /
:
( 75 : 15 ) 1 ........
( ) 2 = ........
( ) 3 ........
(5 )4
4

= 30

= ....

( ) 5 ........
( ) 6 80 3
5
= ........
= ........

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IFGdG AGLGC - 1
IFGdG SQ - 2
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IFGdG Me - 4

V
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132

Circle

( ) Circle
( ) Plane Geometry ( ) Analytic Geometry
.
: ( )

( ) ( ) center ( ) Radius
()

:
2
( - ) ( + 2 - ) = 2
( )
( ) Circle
( ) Circular Region

= 2
:
( : ) center ( )

( : ) Radius

( : ) Diameter

( : ) Chord

( : ) Arc
( ) Minor Arc
( ) Major Arc

( )

V
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( : ) Circular Sector
.

=
360

( : ) Circular Segment
.

133

- =
( : )
. Pi
.

1949 37.000
. ENIAC IBM 7090 100.000 1981
2 . NEC
17.5 34 200
. 1999 206 .

V
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( ) 1 - 6

:
: . . - .

134

:

. CD

:

CD


.
:


.
: ()1
110 .
:
.
- .

:







()


:
= 2 ( ).

.

( ) 2 - 6

V
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:
: .- .

:



.
:

. .

:
15

15 (
)

.

: ( ) 2 ( ) 1 111
.
:
.

135

V
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( ) 3 - 6

:
: . . .

136

:
- .

:




.
:


.

:




( = 3.14)
3.14
22
7
.

: ( )1 110
.
:
.

( ) 4 - 6

( ) 1 - 6

V
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137

: . . . .

( )1 -6
)1

- = 2
= 12 = 2 6
- =
= 37.68 = 3.14 12

) 2 :
. 5 . - 8 .

8
5

V
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( ) 5 - 6 ( ) 1 - 6

)3
138

- =

= 12.56 = 3.14 4
= 2
-
= 10 = 2 5
=
= 31.4 = 3.14 10
= 2
-
= 2 = 2 1
=
= 6.28 = 3.14 2
) 4
=
5
= 110 = 22 35
7
1
110 .
3 = 3
= 110 330 = 3
) 5 = 1 1 +
2
2

7
22
= 154
= 49
7
1
154
= 77
1 = = 154 1
2
2
2

( ) 6 - 6

D ( ) 5

( ) 1 - 6
4
22
= 28
7
1

= 88

88
1 = 88 1 =
2
2
2

= 44

= 77 44 + = 121
)6

=
= 2
= 42 = 2 21
6
22
= 132
= 42
7
1
750 = 132 99000

V
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139

V
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( ) 7 - 6

140

: . : = .

:
:

:

=
= 1
2

= 1
2
.
=

:

=
.
= ( ) 2

:
.

.

V
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( : )1 14
=
= 14 14 22
7
2
= 616

141

( : )2 20 .
=
= 3.14 20 20
= 3.14 400
= 125.600 2
: 1 :

= 1

= 7

= 20

: 2 20 5000
.
: ( ) 1 117 .
:
.

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( ) 8 - 6

( )2 -6
:

142

: . . . - .

( )2 -6

) 1 :
-1 = ( ) 2
= ( 28.26 = 3.14 2) 3 2
40
= 20
=
- 2 =
2
2
= ( ) 2
= ( 3.14 2) 20
= 1256 = 3.14 400 2
-3 = ( ) 2
= ( 3.14 2) 5
= 78.5 = 3.14 25 2
14
=7
-4 = =
2
2
= ( ) 2
= ( 22 2) 7
7
7
= 154 = 22 49 2
7
1

( ) 9 - 6

( )2 -6

V
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) 2 :
= ( ) 2

42
= 21
= = 2
2
= ( 22 2) 21
7
63
22 441
=
7
1
= 1386 2
198 = 7 1386 2
) 3 10 10

2
= ( ) 2
= ( 3.14 2) 10
2
= 314 = 3.14 100
314
= 157 = 2 2

10

= 5 = 2 = 2
= ( 3.14 2) 5
2
= 78.50 = 3.14 25
78.50
= 39.25 = 2 2
2
= 196.25 = 39.25 + 157
) 4
.
=
= 2025 = 45 45 2

143

V
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( ) 10 - 6 ( )2 -6
20
=
2

144

= ( ) 2
= 3.14 10 10
2
= 314 = 3.14 100
314
= 157 2
=
2
2
= 1868 = 157 - 2025

= 10

) 1 ) 5 = +
2
= = 24 = 4 6
4

( )

4 2
= ( ) 2
= 3.14 4 4
= 50.24 = 3.14 16 2
50.24
=
2
2
= 49.12 = 25.12 + 24
) 2 = 491200 = 49.12 10000 .
= 25.12

( ) .

) 6 ( = 10 = 3 + 4 + 3 )
=
2
= 60 = 6 10
1 3
4

= ( ) 2
2
= 28.26 = 3.14 3 3
= 28.26 - 60
2
= 31.74

 ( )2 -6

V
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( ) 11 - 6
) 7

.
10 4
7 4
14 = 4 + 10
= 22 142 14
71
= 22 28
2
= 616
10
4
= 3.14 10 10
= 314 = 3.14 100 2
2
= 302 = 314 - 616
= 20 = 2 10 = 2
=
= 62.8 = 3.14 20
22 4
22
= 88
= 28
= 2 14
71
7
= 25.2 = 62.8 - 88

) 8
=
2826 = 30 94.2 2
= 2826 = 23.14 2
2826 2
=900
=
3.14
= 30 = 900

145

 /
/ :
()1
()2
()3
()4

.......... .......... . ..........

= . ..............
. ..........
21 = . ..........

/ :
( ) 1 14 :
2
2
) 88
) 154
( )2 :
7
) 3.14
)
22

) 44

( ) 3 66 :
) 15
) 10.5
) 21
( ) 4 3 5 :
2
2
) 2
) 8
) 16

/ : :
14
14

HdG dG
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dG GOe
G - 1
G T- 2
G M - 3
G T M - 4
dG - 5

V
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Solids

148

2-dimensions
3-dimensions ( ) Length
( ) Width ( ) Height
( ) Volume
)
( ) (
( ) Cubic Unit
:
= 1 ( 4 + 1 + 2) 3
6

: 1
:
2

: 2
1
1
=

2
2

: 3
2

:
= 1 2 = 2 2 = 3
= 1 ( 4 + 2 + 2) 2
6
= 1 ( 6) 2
6
3
=
2

:
= 1 = 2 = 3
= 1 ( 4 + + )
6

= 1(6)
6
=

( ) Capacity
.
.
: ( ) gallon ( ) Pint 1 .
8
3
= 568
( ) Liter .

 ( ) 1 - 7

( )

V
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:
: . . - .

:

.

:





( )
.

:
6
(
) .
4
( ) (
+ ).

:


2
= 294

:

.
:
() .

149

V
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( ) 2 - 7

:
: . . . . - .

150

:

.

:

(
)


.

:



.

.
4
2 4

.
:
.
:
+ .

 ( ) 3 - 7

( ) 1 -7

V
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:
: . . .
.

( )1 -7
) 1
) = 4
=
2
= 144 =12 12
2
= 576 = 4 144
= 6
)
2
= 864 = 6 144
) 2
)
384 64 = 6 2 2
= 4
= 256 = 4 64 2
) = = 8 = 64

151

V
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152

( ) 4 - 7 ( )1 -7

)
) 3

=
= ( + ) 2
= 54 = 3 18 2
=
2
= 20 = 4 5
2
= 74 = 20 + 54
) = 222000 = 3000 74
) 4 = +
= -

=
= 64 = 8 8 2
2
= 128 = 2 64
2
= 160 = 128 - 288
) 5 = +
= -
= 98 = 200 - 298 2
= 49 = 2 98
= = 7 = 49
2

( ) 5 - 7

V
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:
:
.
. . . .
:


:


(

)


=( ) 3

:
.
: 4
3
= ( )
3
= 64 = 4 4 4
: 8 3


3
= ( )
( = 8 ) 3

= 8 3 = 2
( ) .

:
:
.

:
.
.

153

V
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( ) 6 - 7

154

: . . . .

:
.

:
:
( )



=
( ) .
=
=

. ( ) 2 131

: .

:

.
:
=
.

( ) 7 - 7

V
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( ) 2 -7

:
: . . - .

155

( )2 -7
) 1) = ( ) 729 = 3) 9 ( = 3
3
) = ( ) 91.125 = 3) 4.5 ( = 3
) =
0.4 = 4
= 1.5 4 5
3
= 30
) =
3
= 96 = 6 16
3

) 2 = = 7 = 343
) 3 =
90 120 = 81000
= 10800
= 7.5 = 10800 81000

V
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( )2 -7

( ) 8 - 7

) 4 = ( ) 216000 = 3) 60 ( = 3
=
= 190080 = 72 55 48 3
3

156

) 5 =
3
= 75600 = 60 30 42
3
= ( )
3
= 216 = 6 6 6
350 = 216 75600
) 6 = 102.4 = 3.2 4 8
3
= 0.512 = 0.8 0.8 0.8
200 = 0.512 102.4
250
3

80 = 0.8

) 7 = = 8 = 512
= 4
2
= 64 = 8 8
256 = 4 64 2
= 6
2
= 384 = 6 64
) 8 =
= 245 5
2
= 49 = 5 245
= = 7 = 49
=
2
= ( 140 = 5 ) 4 7 ( = ) 4
= +
(
2
)
= 189 = 49 + 140

( ) 9 - 7

( )2 -7

V
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) 9 = 6
= 81 = 6 486
= = 9 = 81
3
= ( ) 729 = 3) 9 ( = 3

157

)10 = +
= 2
2
= ( 484 = 2 242 = 2 )110 + 132
= -
2
= 240 = 484 - 724
2
= 120 = 2 240
=
3
11
= 1320 = 11 120
1 )11 3 6
= 1
6
3
= 0.166 1 1
6
3
= 166 = 1000 0.166

1000 = 3

V
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( ) 10 - 7

:
: . . - .

158

:

1
4
2

:


= 1000 3
1
2
.
.

: ( ) 3 - 7 138
.
:
3

( ) 11 - 7

V
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( ) 3 -7

159

: . .- .

( )3 -7
) 1
3
= 8000 = 20 20 20
8000
= 8
=
1000

= 1000

180 ) 2 = 180000 3
( )
=
300 = 180000
180000
= 600
=
300
) 3 = 1
3
3
= 48000 = 80 20 30
16000 = 48000 = 48000 1 16 = 3
3
3
16 .
)4 = 10800 = 3 3600

 /
/ :
( ) 1 125 3 :
2
2
2
) 150
) 25
) 100
( )2 864 2 :
3
3
3
) 1728
) 144
) 24
( ) 3 5
150 2 :
2
2
2
) 200
) 100
) 50
( 0.7 ) 4 :
3
3
3
) 7000
) 700
) 70

/ :
()1
()2
()3
()4

.......... .......... . ..........

. ..............
= . .......... +
. ..........

/ :
( ) 1
( ) 2
4
4

4
2

edG dG
AMG
dG GOe
QdG dG - 1
C dG dG - 2
IYH
C dG dG IAGb - 3
IYH
C H SQ - 4
IYH
H dG dG - 5
HG SdG - 6

V
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( ) Statistic

162

.
:
:
.

Data
: Surveys

: .
. .
: Samples

.
.
Sample .
Random Sample
.
:
.
)1

)2

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: :
9 7 5 4 2 1
9 9 9 2 5 8
8 8 7

163

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

:
:
)1 Bar Graph

.

V
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)2

164

)3
:
.

:
:
)1 ( )Measures of Central Tendency
Arithmatic mean median mode Geometric mean )2 ( )measures of Variability :
Range - Percentiles

( ) 1 - 8

V
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:
: . - .

:



.

:



.


.

:

: 142 - 141

.
.
:
.

165

V
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( ) 2 - 8

:
: ( ) -

166

:
.

:





.

:



.

:
143







.
:
.
:
.

 ( ) 3 - 8

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:
: . .
:
.

: ()1





.

:





.

: ( ) 2 ( ) 2
145 .
:
.

167

V
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( ) 4 - 8

:
:-

168

:
.

:




( )
.

: ( ) 1
146

50 40 30 20 10
50
( ) 30
.

:
.
:
.

 ( ) 5 - 8

V
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:
: . . . . :
.

:
: 147



.

200
()200


:
.


: ( ) 1 148
.
.

:
.

169

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( ) 6 - 8

( ) 1 -8
:
: . . . .

170

( )1 -8

) 1 )
)
)
)
)
)

= 5
= 17
10 = 15 - 25
13 = 17 - 30

92 = 30 + 17 + 25 + 5 + 15

) 2

20
15
10
5

 ( ) 7 - 8

V
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( ) 1 -8

)3

6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000

:
) .
) 1500 = 2000 - 3500 .
) 1500 = 4500 - 6000 .
) 19000 = 4500 + 6000 + 3500 + 2000 + 3000

171

V
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( ) 8 - 8

( )
:
: ().
( ) .
- ( ) .

172

:
( ) 4


.

:
:
.
:
16 = 3 + 2 + 5 + 6

4 = 4 16

:
( )

.
:

V
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14 = 9 + 5
7 = 2 14
7 ( )
: : ( ) 5000 ()6000
( ) 7000 ( ) 3000

:
20000 = 4 5000
16000 = 3000 + 7000 + 6000
4000 = 16000 - 20000

:
:
: 1

( ) 83 ( ) 77
( ) 90

: 2
()60

( )80


.

: ( )2 - 8 155
.
:
.

173

V
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( ) 9 - 8

( ) 2 -8
:
: . .

174

( )2 -8
) 1 ) =
= 135 = 65 + 46 + 24
= 45 = 3 135
) = ( 37.5 = 2 75 = 2 ) 45 + 30
) = ( 4 ) 8.4 + 6.6 + 105.0 + 82.0
= 50.5 = 4 202
) = ( 7 ) 35 + 43 + 70 + 65 + 28 + 37 + 23
= 43 = 7 301
) 2 = ( 5 ) 3 + 7 + 5 + 3 + 12
= 6 = 5 30
) 3 243 = 81 3
172 = 80 + 92
71 = 172 - 243

 ( ) 10 - 8

( )2 -8

320 = 4 80 ) 4 .

250 = 100 + 90 + 60 .

80 = 250 - 320
) 5 5
11.250 = 2.250 5 5
16875 = 11.250 1500 .

V
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175

 /
/
:
( ) 1
. ..........
( ) 2
. ..........
( ) 3

( ) 4
. ..........
( ) 5 . ..........

/ :
( ) 1 . .......... .......... ..........
( ) 2 = . ..............
( 7 ) 3 ( ) 9
. ..........
( ) 4 9.5 3.3 2.8 : . ..........

10
8
6

4
2

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)1

) 435 = 4.35
) 0.6 = 600
) 2.450 = 2450
3
) 0.5 = 500
3
- 8
5

) 2 )

= 100
= 1000
= 1000
3
= 1000

5 4 = 3 5 - 8 9 = 3 1
15
3
15
15

1
6.9 = 9.41 - 15.50 = 9.41 - 15
2

) 3
-

5
1

5
12
5

12

1
3

1
5

5
15

3
15

12 25
60 60
-

1 7
58
40
8
7

40
40

( ) 60
( ) 5 = 25 ( 12
12
60
60

) 1
5

( ) 15
( ) 1 = 5 ( ) 1 = 3
5
3
15
15
( ) 40
7
40

1
8
=

5
40

) 4 =
= ( 3 ) 2.4 + 10 + 3.5
= 5.3 = 3 15.9

177

V
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178

) 5 2
3
4
5
6

8=24
15 = 3 5
24 = 4 6
35 = 5 7
48 = 6 8

) 6 = -
= ( ) 2
=( 22 2)14
7
28
22
2
= 616
= 71 196
22 2
=( 7 ) 7

7
= 154 = 22 49
7
1
2
= 462 = 154 - 616
2

) 7 6
) 8 ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) .
.
0.75 = 4.5 - 12 ) 9
0.75 = 10 7.5
0.75 = 75
) 10
1.45 = 1450
790 = 660 - 1450 .

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) 11
= ( + ) 2
+ = 82 = 2 164
= - 82 = 45 - 82
= 37
=
2
= 1665 = 37 45
) 12
4
4
3.8 = 3 + 0.8 = 3 +
=3 5
5
.

179

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40 - 23

YG

hG dG

58 - 41

OGYG Y dG

dG dG

78 - 59

YHdG TG

ddG dG

114 - 79

jdG QdG

HGdG dG

130 - 115

SdGh dG

eG dG

146 - 131

IFGdG

SOdG dG

160 - 147

HdG dG

176 - 161

AMG

edG dG

179 - 177

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