GEOLOGY REGIONAL

OF BANGKA AND BILLITON ISLAND

he Lingga Archipelago (Singkep, Lingga, and surrounding islands, with a total area of 2,188 sq km) belongs to the great in!"elt# his belt e$tends from the western part of the %ala& peninsula (with the %ain 'ange) (ia the Lingga Archipelago with Singkep, to "angka dan "illiton# hese islands belong to a mountain range which had largerl& been besele(eled and which was partl& abraded# )t has been dissected into a great number of islands owing to a rise of the sea in late quaternar& time# he& represent a drowned topograph&#

Singkep, bangka, and "illiton are surrounded b& an aureole of submerged ri(er (alle&s, containing allu(ial tin!ores# "angka and "illiton are the most important tin producing islands# "angka has an area of 11,*+, sq km, being the 1-th island in si.e of the whole )ndian Archipelago# he %aras %ts in /orth bangka attain a height of 0-2 m abo(e seale(el and the 1ading %ts in the southern part of the island are 02+ m high# "illiton measures +,2-2 sq km and the two summits in its centre ( ad3em Laki and ad3em "ini) both attain an altitude of 21, m#

he granites of "angka and "illiton belong to the 3urrasic intrusions of the mala&an tin! belt# he e$posed batholits are probabl& eminencies of an e$tensi(e granitic bod& underl&ing the whole area# According to 4ester(eld the tin!granites are proph&ric biotite grantes with phenocr&sts of orthoclase of 2!0 cm length (up to 8 cm), microcline, perthite, acid, plagioclase, biotite, quart.# 5ircone, apatite, titanite, flourite, black turmaline and probabl& also cassiterite are locall& primar& constituents of these tin granites# Locall& also amphibole is present# According to the quantitati(e spectrograpical determinations b& 6an ongeren (1-8*) relati(e accumulations of 7,La,8e, and /d are present#

A basic border facies is formed b& amphibole 9 quart.diorites# he pneumatol&tic! h&drothermal .one o(erl&ing the .one of granitic and composition (in casu the granitic basement with its batholithic protuberances) has a thickness of 1,2 !2,2 km in "angka and of ,,2 9 1,2 km in "illiton#

he emplacement of these tin!granites ma& ha(e occured b& means of grani.ation# A t&pical agmatite granite (ariet& from and3ong "inga (/4!"illiton) has been describe b& the author (1-+, c)# his granites contains numerous angular inclusions of dark rock with sugar& te$ture# hese inclusions ha(e a composition of kersantite, spessartite, malchite, microdiorite, minette and the like (with (ar&ing content of biotite, diopsidic augite, amphibole, plagioclase, some $enomorphic orthoclase, little or no quart.: accessor& titanite, ilmenite, apatite)# he granite itself has a granos&netic composition (biotite, diopsidic augite, amphibole, microperthitic orthoclase, albiteoligoclase and some qurt.)#

he second largest tin!island, "illiton, has an analogous geological structure as "angka# he oldest formation consists of a series of pelitic and psammitic sediments# he diabases of 8ape Siantu can be compared with the doleritic dikes and sills of 1en3abung in "angka# A hori.on of radiolarian cherts e$tends parallel to the ;lappa kampit (ein, being comparable with the radiolarian bearing siliceous shales of "angka#

According to 'ogge(een (1-*2), the strike of sediments in the klappa kampit mine is / 82 ! 122< = with a dip of 02< ! -,<# he main (ein in primar& tin!ore is intercalted conformabl& in the sediment series# )t is cut b& two or three s&stems of faults, the most important of which strikes / 02< =# A fault with a / 1*,< = direction runs along the north foot of the ;lappa ;ampit >ill#

he faults show hori.ontal striations: the& are t&pical trans(erse faults, causing crustal stretching in the direction of the general strike of the sediments# he isoclinal folding of the sediment series in a /!S direstion was accompanied b& a sideward slipping and stretching b& trans(erse faults# After this folding and faulting, the intrusion of the granites and the minerali.ation of this area took place#

n the >olocene, after a long period of denudation and peneplanation, during which secondari tin!ores were formed, the relati(e rise of the seale(el caused the transgression of the sea o(er grearter part of the Sunda land# Also the tin!bearing (alle& deposits partl& submerged: these sea!tin deposits are mined b& means of large sea!going dredges around bangka and "illiton#

A mollusc!bearing la&er in the &oung allu(ial coastal strip of %anggar (the species of which were determined br ;# %artin) has beesn considered as an aargument for a subrecent lowering of the sea!le(el# his la&er was also e$posed b& allu(ial (land) mining (e#g# in "angkuwang SS4 of %anggar): it appears that it has also anland a position at o(er or e(en below sele(el# )ts land!inward e$tension is onl& due to coastal accretion, and it does not indicate a relati(e subrecent lowering of the seale(el#

FIGURE 1 ? @eological Sketch %ap of "angka and "iliton

FIGURE 2 ? Sketch %ap of he =ast )ndies