CONCLUSION

We enable to know how to measured the horizontal and vertical angles of theodolite and gain knowledge of how to handle the equipments during the field work .Theodolite must be centered on the point using plumbob. We know how to adjusted the reading system of the theodolite angle at the right plane. Centering and leveling the instrument was to ensured the horizontal angle that was measured. We also know what types of theodolite classified that is Vernier theodolite, Optic theodolite, Electronics theodolite . We also know now about that a modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes-horizontal axis and vertical axis .

DISSCUSSION
After completing this topic our group know how to appreciate the need for surveying in civil engineering, and in broad term, the element of surveying. Maintenance of compass device from damages was done. Observation of forward and back bearing was done. Theodolite outwork using the centering and traversing method, and know how to measuring the horizontal and vertical angles. we can know what the used of theodolite like used for prolongation of survey lines , finding differences in elevations and setting out the engineering works requiring higher the precision ranging the highway and railways curve. A modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes-horizontal axis and vertical axis.

PROBLEM AND SOLVING METHOD

The errors may be classified as Instrumental errors Personal errors Errors due to natural causes

INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS They are those which rise due to the faulty adjustments of the instruments. They may be due to the following reasons: The needle not being perfectly straight. Pivot being bent Sluggish needle Blunt pivot point Improper balancing weight Plane of sight not being vertical Line of sight not passing through the center of graduated ring

PERSONAL ERRORS They may be due to the following reasons: Inaccurate leveling of the compass box. Inaccurate centering. Inaccurate bisection of signals. Carelessness in reading and recording.

ERRORS DUE TO NATURAL CAUSES They may be due to following reasons: Variation in declination Local attraction due to proximity of local attraction forces. Magnetic changes in the atmosphere due to clouds and storms. Irregular variations due to magnetic storms etc.

OBJECTIVES
1. Gives the basis principles of traversing and experiences of the field works procedure, so that students are able to establish the control points by surveying approach with minimize errors and practicable .

2. To develop skill in using Total Station thus could be explored more function than assist on .

PRACTICAL PURPOSE
Traverses are used to find accurate positions of a small number of marked stations. From these stations, less precise measurements can be made to features to be located without accumulating accidental errors. Thus, traverses usually serve as control surveys. When drawing construction plans, the stations can be used as beginning points from which to lay out work. When new construction of any kind is to be made, a system of traverse stations in the area must be established and surveyed. Traverse surveys are made for many purposes to include: To determine the positions of exiting boundary markers. To establish the positions of boundary lines. To determine the area encompassed within a boundary. To determine the positions of arbitrary points from which data may be obtained for preparing various types of maps (i.e., establish control for map making). To establish ground control for photographic mapping. To establish control for gathering data regarding earthwork quantities in railroad highway, utility, and other construction work. To establish control for locating railroads, highways, and other construction work.