Giaotrinhcongnghe

PHAN 1 HE THONG CONG NGHE DAU KH PHAN 2 GIAN O PHA VA TNH CHAT VAT LY PHAN 3 LU GI HYDROCACBON LONG PHAN
4 LNG NC TRONG KH HYDROCACBON PHAN 5 GAS HYDRATE PHAN 6 DEHYDRATE-CHONG HYDRATE HOA PHAN 7 IEU KHIEN CONG NGHE VA THIET B IEU KHIEN PHAN 8 VAN AN TOAN PHAN 9 O LU LNG PHAN 10 LU LNG VA NG ONG PHAN 11 NG ONG, MAT BCH, AU NOI PHAN 12 BNH TACH DAU KH. PHAN 13 LAM KHO KH BANG GLYCOL PHAN 14 LAM KHO KH BANG CHAT HAP PHU PHAN 16 MAY BM PHAN 17 MAY NEN KH PHAN 18 TURBINE KH PHAN 19 EXPANDER PHAN 20 HE THONG LAM LANH
MUC LUC
Prepared by Ha quoc Viet pro Eng gas comp platform
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Mo hnh tong quat he thong cong nghe khai thac, thu gom, s ly kh . Phan ln cac he thong s ly dau kh eu co cac thanh phan chung nh hnh 1.1. Chung c cau tao t cac module co chc nang va nhiem vu khac nhau.
PHAN 1 HE THONG CONG NGHE DAU KH
Module va: Bao gom va san pham va cac gieng khai thac. Module tach dau kh: - Dong san pham t va i len bao gom ca chat long, kh, nc, cac hat ran do o phai co cac bnh tach e tach rieng dau kh nc goi la bnh tach cap 1. - Cac cap bnh tach tiep theo co nhiem vu on nh thanh phan dau tho nham at yeu tang tr hay van chuyen. Module s ly nc thai: Bao gom cac thiet b s ly phan nc khai thac cung san pham dau kh t va va c tach qua cac bnh tach qua trnh nay nhan thu hoi hydrocacbons, loai bo cac tap chat ran, hay cac chat ran hoa tan nh CaCO3, NaCl. Nham muc ch at yeu cau ve chat lng thai ra moi trng hoac tai s dung. Module s ly kh va van chuyen kh: (gian nen kh trung tam) Xem hnh 1.2 Nhiem vu chnh nham loai tr cac tap chat (nc, tap chat ran, cac chat oc hai H2S, CO2, N2, O2...) trc khi a en module che bien kh. e loai nc ngi ta co the dung cac bien phap nh: hap thu thng dung glycol, chat hap phu nh silica gen, alumina hay molecular sieve (zeolite), ngng tu nhiet o thap, Module che bien kh: (nha may Dinh Co)
Hnh 1.1: He thong thu gom, x ly dau kh
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Xem hnh 1.2 Nhien vu cua phan nay bao gom tach hon hp kh t nhien thanh cac thanh phan rieng biet (thong thng la cac kh hoa long) nh Ethane (C2), Propane (C3) , Butane (C4), natural gasoline (C5+)
Hnh 1.2: He thong thu gom, x ly, che bien dau kh
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THONG SO VAT LY CUA N CHAT Cac thong so vat ly cua mot n chat la hoan toan xac nh theo cac bang sau:
PHAN 2 GIAN O PHA VA TNH CHAT VAT LY
Hnh 2.1 Bang thong so vat ly
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Hnh 2.2 : Bang thong so vat ly
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Hnh 2.3: Bang thong so vat ly
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GIAN O PHA CUA N CHAT oi vi chat rieng biet bao gi cung ton tai iem ti han (C: critical point) tai o tng ng ta co ap suat ti han Pc va nhiet o ti han Tc
Hnh 2.4: Gian o pha cua n chat C2H6 Khi nhiet o va ap suat cao hn nhiet o iem ti han khi ay n chat trong vung dense phase o la vung trang thai mot pha, vat chat trong vung nay co cac tnh chat vat ly (the tch rieng, khoi lng rieng, entanphy, o nht ) la trung gian gia chat kh va long. Nh vay trong vung nay ta khong the thay oi cac thong so cong nghe e a chat o ve trang thai hai pha c, ieu o co ngha la qua trnh hoa long mot phan hay toan bo kh mot cau t bang phng phap nen ch thc hien c khi ha nhiet o kh o xuong di nhiet o ti han Khi i t a xuong b (ang nhiet, giam ap) n chat chuyen t long sang kh, khi i t e qua d (ang ap, giam nhiet ) th n chat chuyen pha t kh sang long. GIAN O PHA CUA HON HP KH NHIEU CAU T
Hnh 2.5: Gian o pha cua hon hp kh.
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Trong hon hp hay dung dch kh nhieu cau t , vung ti han thng la mot khoang rong cac thong so va phu thuoc vao thanh phan kh. Xet trang thai he nhieu cau t trong gian o P,T hnh 2.5, hnh 2.6: Ta thay co cac lu y: iem ti han C , tai o hai pha tr thanh mot pha iem B (cricondenbar) iem tng ng vi ap suat ln nhat ma o hon hp co the trang thai hai pha iem T (cricondenthermal) iem tng ng vi nhiet o ln nhat ma tai o hon hp co the ton tai trang thai hai pha. Nhng gia tr cc ai cua ap suat va nhiet o ma tai o hon hp nhieu cau t co the ton tai trang thai hai pha c goi la nhiet o va ap suat ngng tu ti han cua hon hp.
Hnh 2.6: V tr vai thong so tren gian o pha V tr tng ho cua cac iem C, B, T tren gian o P,T phu thuoc vao thanh phan cua hon hp Tren gian o P,T phan ng ben trai cho ti C la ng iem soi (bubble) con phan ng ben phai la ng iem sng (dewpoint ) Trong cac qua trnh thuan th khi nen len, hoac khi giam nhiet o th chat long ngng tu tang len Con ngc lai khi nen len hay khi giam nhiet ma lng chat long ngng tu giam i th o la qua trnh (ngng tu , bay hi) ngc. Trong cong nghe kh ngi ta hay dung may nen e nen kh tang ap, expander e giam ap, van giam ap, trao oi nhiet e tang giam nhiet, quat giam nhietKhi at ieu kien thch hp mot cau t nao o cua kh bat au ngng tu tat nhien kh co nhiet o ngng tu cao nhat se ngng tu trc tuy nhien ta chu y cac cau t kh co tnh chat hoa tan c trong hydrocacbon long nh vay chac chan mac du mot vai cau t cha u ieu kien hoa long th chung a hoa tan mot phan sang the long. Mc o ngng tu cac H-C se tang khi ap suat tang nhiet o khong oi, hoac khi giam nhiet o ap suat khong oi. Tuy nhien qua trnh ngng tu cua hai trng hp tren se say ra khac nhau, khi tang ap th cac cau t nhe b hoa tan vao pha long cang nhieu len ieu nay khong tot, khi tang ap hay giam nhiet th cac cau t nang chuyen sang pha long nhanh hn. Cong thc qui oi nhiet o: ToC = ToK-273,15 ToR = 1,8 ToK ToF = ToR 459,67 ToC = 5/9(ToF - 32 )
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NHIET O TI HAN Tc, AP SUAT TI HAN Pc: oi vi n chat Tc, Pc la cac thong so a biet qua hnh 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 oi vi hon hp sau khi phan tch thanh phan hon hp ngi ta tnh Tc, Pc nh sau: Tc=Tci x yi ; Pc=Pci x yi yi: la phan mole cua cau t trong hon hp.
V du: Tnh toan cac thong so nhiet o ti han Tc, ap suat ti han Pc, khoi lng phan t MW, he so khong ong bo (acentric) W theo cong thc cho hon hp nh sau: MW=Mwi x yi Tc=Tci x yi
C1 C2 C3 iC4 nC4 iC5 nC5 nC6 nC7 nC8 nC9 nC10 CO2 H2S N2 H2O Total Tci(k) Pci(kpa ) 190.56 4599 305.41 4800 369.77 4240 407.82 3640 425.1 3784 460.35 3381 469.65 3365 506.4 3030 539.2 2740 568.4 2490 594.7 2280 617.7 2100 304.11 7374 373.37 8963 126 3399 647 22118 yi 0.7 0.1 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.015 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.005 0.003 0.002 1 MW i 16.043 30.07 44.097 58.123 58.123 72.15 72.15 86.117 100.204 114.132 128.258 142.258 44.01 34.082 28.0134 18 Mw i*yi Pci*yi Tci*yi 11.2301 3219.3 133.392 3.007 480 30.541 2.20485 212 18.4885 1.74369 109.2 12.2346 1.16246 75.68 8.502 1.08225 50.715 6.90525 1.08225 50.475 7.04475 0.86117 30.3 5.064 1.00204 27.4 5.392 1.14132 24.9 5.684 1.28258 22.8 5.947 1.42258 21 6.177 0.4401 73.74 3.0411 0.17041 44.815 1.86685 0.08404 10.197 0.378 0.036 44.236 1.294 27.9528 4496.758 251.9521 Mw Pc(kpa ) Tc(k) wi 0.0104 0.0979 0.1522 0.1852 0.1995 0.228 0.2514 0.2994 0.3494 0.3977 0.4445 0.4898 0.2667 0.0948 0.0372 0.3443 yi*w i 0.00728 0.00979 0.00761 0.005556 0.00399 0.00342 0.003771 0.002994 0.003494 0.003977 0.004445 0.004898 0.002667 0.000474 0.0001116 0.0006886 0.0651662 W
W=Wi x yi Pc=Pci x yi CAN BANG PHA LONG KH CUA HE HYDROCACBON ai lng ac trng cho s phan bo cac cau t gia cac pha trong ieu kien can bang c goi la hang so can bang pha. No c xac nh bang phng trnh: Ki=yi/xi yi la phan mol cua cau t trong pha hi, xi la phan mol cua cau t trong pha long Ki phu thuoc vao ap suat , nhiet o, va ap suat hoi tu (ap suat ma o cac hang so can bang cua tat ca moi thanh phan eu bang 1) cua he. Ap suat hoi tu c xac nh theo thanh phan cua pha long can bang (ma thanh phan pha long nay cung la an so) do o thng th ta chon mot ap suat hoi tu cho he long sau o tra cac Ki, tnh toan ra thanh phan long kh, sau o t thanh phan long can bang ta lai tnh ra ap suat hoi tu neu ap suat hoi tu chon va tnh toan giong nhau th o la ket qua ung. Trong thc te trong cac he dau kh co ap suat di 50 bar th cac hang so can bang Ki khong phu thuoc ap suat hoi tu khi o qua trnh tnh toan c n gian hoa i rat nhieu. e tnh ap suat hoi tu theo cac bc nh sau : Chuyen pha long can bang thanh he bac hai gia trong o cau t th nhat la cau t nhe, co lng khong t hn 0,1%mole, cau t th hai la gom cac cau t con lai. Tnh nhiet o ti han trung bnh khoi va ap suat ti han trung bnh khoi oi vi cau t gia nang theo phng trnh: Ttbk=xiMWiTci / xiMWi Ptbk=xiMWiPci / xiMWi
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Sau o anh dau tren hnh 2.7 v tr cau t gia nang co tung o va hoanh o la Ptbk, Ttbk , bang con ng noi suy gia cac ng cong ti han bac 2 co tren o th chung ta ve ng cong ti han cau t nhe-cau t gia nang. T ng cong ve c va ap suat ban au cua he iem giong t nhiet o qua ng cong chnh la ap suat hoi tu.
Hnh 2.7: o th kiem tra ap suat hoi tu
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Sau o so sanh ap suat hoi tu chon va tnh toan neu sai khac khoang di 12% la chap nhan c. ng dung he so can bang trong tnh toan dong kh qua bnh tach nh sau: zi la phan mol cua cau t trong dong kh vao bnh tach, yi la phan mol cua cau t trong pha hi, xi la phan mol cua cau t trong pha long F tong so moles kh vao bnh V tong so moles khi ra khoi bnh L tong so moles chat long ngng tu
Bai toan tnh thanh phan kh khi qua bnh tach kh: (solution02) Trc khi lam bai toan nay ban phai chac chan hon hp vao bnh phai la trang thai hai pha th khi o mi co phan chia long kh. Cac ieu kien di ay cho phep ban d oan trang thai dong kh vao bnh tach : Neu kizi va (zi/ki) ca hai eu ln hn 1 th dong vao bnh la 2 pha kizi nho hn 1 th dong vao la toan long , kizi = 1 dong vao la bublepoint (zi/ki) nho hn 1 th dong vao la toan kh, (zi/ki) = dong vao la dewpoint. kizi va (zi/ki) se khong ong thi nho hn 1 Cho P=4140kpa, T= -30o C ta chon L sao cho total cot G=1 va cot H=1 la he can bang, co P, T tra bang ra Ki (lu y Kco2=(Kc1*Kc2)0,5)
A C1 CO2 C2 C3 IC4 B Moles Ni 0.901 0.0106 0.0499 0.0187 0.0065 C Ki 3.7 1.23 0.41 0.082 0.034 D L moles 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 E V moles 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 F L+Vki 3.6189 1.2231 0.4277 0.1096 0.063 G xi=Ni/(L+Vki) 0.2489710 0.0086666 0.1166644 0.1706587 0.1031463 H yi=Ki*xi 0.9211926 0.0106599 0.0478324 0.0139940 0.0035070
Phng trnh can bang vat chat Fzi = Vyi + Lxi; F=V+L , Ki=yi/xi Thay vao Fzi = Vyi+Lxi , yi =Ki*xi => Fzi = Vki*xi + Lxi =xi(L+Vki) e n gian ta xet F=1 khi o xi = zi/( L+Vki) Ta chu y xi = 1 nh vay zi/( L+Vki) =1 trong phng trnh nay zi a biet, Ki tra theo P,T, ta ch can thay L (t 0 en 1) e cho zi/( L+Vki) =1 la c Dong kh vao bnh tach co the khong co ngng tu chat long khi o L = 0, V=1 khi nay bai toan la xac nh ieu kien dewpoint P,T hay dong kh ngng tu hoan toan L=1, V= 0 khi o bai toan la xac nh ieu kien bublepoint
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NC4 IC5 NC5 C6 C7 Total
0.0045 0.0017 0.0019 0.0029 0.0023 1
0.023 0.0085 0.0058 0.0014 0.0003
0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97
0.0523 0.0383 0.0357 0.0314 0.0303
0.0859637 0.0444058 0.0532745 0.0923669 0.0758821 1.0000000
0.0019772 0.0003774 0.0003090 0.0001293 0.0000212 1.0000000
Bai toan xac nh nhiet o iem sng P=5500kpa (dong kh sau khi qua bnh tach trang thai hi hoan toan V=1, L=0). Chon T= 228oK thoa man
B C D E F G H Ni Ki L moles V moles L+Vki xi=Ni/(L+Vki) yi=Ki*xi T(K) C1 0.854 2.73 0 1 2.73 0.3128205 0.8540000 228 CO2 0.051 0.866 0 1 0.866 0.0588915 0.0510000 C2 0.063 0.275 0 1 0.275 0.2290909 0.0630000 C3 0.032 0.07 0 1 0.07 0.4571429 0.0320000 Total 1 1.0579457 1.0000000 Cho P=5500kpa T= ??? ta chon L=0 v trang thai dewpoint sao cho total cot G=1va cot H =1, co P, T tra ra Ki Kco2=(Kc1*Kc2)^0,5 A
Bai toan xac nh nhiet o iem soi P=1758kpa (dong kh sau khi qua bnh tach trang thai long hoan toan V=0, L=1)
B C D E F G H Moles Ni Ki L moles V moles L+Vki xi=Ni/(L+Vki) yi=Ki*xi C2 0.0208 2.45 1 0 1 0.0208 0.0510 C3 0.9582 0.98 1 0 1 0.9582 0.9390 IC4 0.0172 0.51 1 0 1 0.0172 0.0088 NC4 0.0038 0.395 1 0 1 0.0038 0.0015 Total 1 1.0000 1.0003 Tm P=1758 kpa T= 49C ta chon L=1 v trang thai bublepoint sao cho total cot H=1va cot G=1, co P, T tra ra Ki A
Bai toan v du e kiem tra ap suat hoi tu: Cho hon hp kh qua bnh tach kh 3400kpa va 30oC hay tnh thanh phan kh long ra khoi bnh tach:
C1 C2 C3 nC4 nC5 Total Moles Ni or zi 0.8745 0.0586 0.0372 0.0212 0.0085 1 Tci(k) Pci(kpa) 190.56 4599 305.41 4880 369.77 4240 425.1 3784 469.65 3365 Ki L moles V moles L+Vki xi=Ni/(L+Vki) 3.45 0.05328 0.94672 3.319464 0.2634462 0.46 0.05328 0.94672 0.488771 0.1198925 0.113 0.05328 0.94672 0.160259 0.2321235 0.034 0.05328 0.94672 0.085469 0.2480442 0.0095 0.05328 0.94672 0.062274 0.1364936 1.0000000 xi 0.263 0.119 0.232 0.25 0.136 1 MWi Mwi*xi xi*MWi*Pci 0 17175.984 43377.33696 54984.358 33018.726 148556.405 yi=Ki*xi 0.9088893 0.0551505 0.0262300 0.0084335 0.0012967 1.0000000
xi*MWi*Tci 0 1092.857765 3782.933464 6177.021825 4608.39366 15661.20671
C1 C2 C3 nC4 nC5 Total
0 0 30.07 3.57833 44.097 10.2305 58.123 14.53075 72.15 9.8124 38.1520
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Cho P=3400kpa T= -30C ta chon L sao cho total cot G=1 va cot H =1 la he can bang, co P, T tra Ki vi ap suat hoi tu 1500psi.
Solution 47 , Solution 48 Kiem tra ap suat hoi tu: Ttbk=xiMWiTci / xiMWI = 15661/38,15 = 410oK = 137oC Ptbk=xiMWiPci / xiMWI = 148556/38,15 = 3893 = 564psi Da vao hnh 2.7 ta nh v iem co Ttbk = 137oC , Ptbk= 564psi , ve ng cong i qua iem nh v va iem cau t nhe metan, t nhiet o lam viec 30oC giong len ng cong a ve, giong tiep sang truc ap suat c 1500 psi, do o ket qua tnh toan qua bnh tach tren la chnh xac.
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Hnh 2.8 : o th tra he so can bang cua CO2 ap suat hoi tu 1500psi
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Hnh 2.9: o th tra he so can bang cua H2S ap suat hoi tu 1500psi
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Hnh 2.10: o th tra he so can bang K cua N2 ap suat hoi tu 1500psi
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Hnh 2.12: o th tra he so can bang K cua CH4 ap suat hoi tu 1500psi
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Hnh 2.11: o th tra he so can bang K cua C2H6 ap suat hoi tu 1500psi
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Hnh 2.14: o th tra he so can bang K cua iC4H10 ap suat hoi tu 1500psi
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Hnh 2.15: o th tra he so can bang K cua nC4H10 ap suat hoi tu 1500psi
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Hnh 2.17: o th tra he so can bang K cua nC6H14 va cua nC7H16 ap suat hoi tu 1500psi
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Hnh 2.18: o th tra he so can bang K cua nC8H18 va cua nC9H20 ap suat hoi tu 1500psi
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Hnh 2.19 : o th tra he so can bang K cua C10H22 ap suat hoi tu 1500psi
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PHNG TRNH TRANG THAI CUA KH HYDROCACBON Phng trnh c ban PV=ZnRT P: ap suat hon hp kh (kpa) V: the tch hon hp kh (m3) Z: he so nen n: so moles hon hp kh R: hang so kh = 8,3145 T: nhiet o hon hp kh (oK)
CHNG TRNH TNH HE SO NEN Z: THEO VAN DER WAALS Z^3-(1+B)Z^2+AZ-AB=0 A=a*P/(R^2T^2) B=bP/R/T a=27R^2Tc^2/64/Pc b=RTc/8/Pc CHU Y Z CH UNG KHI F(Z)=0 CHNG TRNH TNH HE SO NEN Z: THEO PENG ROBINSON Z^3-(1-B)Z^2+(A-2B-3B^2)Z-(AB-B^2-B^3)=0 A=a*P/(R^2T^2) B=bP/R/T a=0,45724R^2Tc^2/Pc* ^0,5=1+m(1-Tr^0,5) b=0,0778RTc/Pc m=0,37464+1,54226W-0,26992W^2 Tr=T/Tc CHU Y Z CH UNG KHI F(Z)=0 CHNG TRNH TNH HE SO NEN Z: THEO REDLICH -KWONG Z^3-Z^2+(A-B-B^2)Z-AB=0 A=a*P/(R^2T^2.5) B=bP/R/T a=0,42747R^2Tc^2,5/Pc b=0,0867RTc/Pc CHU Y Z CH UNG KHI F(Z)=0 CHNG TRNH TNH HE SO NEN Z: THEO REDLICH KWONG BARXUK Z^3-Z^2-(m^2+m-d*m)Z-dm^2=0 b=bi*yi m=Pb/R/T d=di*yi bi=0,0867RTc/Pc di=Ai+Bi(Tc/T-1)+Ci(Tc/T-1)^2 CHU Y Z CH UNG KHI F(Z)=0
Cac he so lay nh sau:

C1 C2 C3 IC4 NC4 IC5 NC5 NC6 NC7 NC8 NC9 nC10 CO2 H2S Total Tci Pci(kpa 190,56 4599 305,41 4880 369,77 4240 407,82 3640 425,1 3784 460,35 3381 469,65 3365 506,4 3030 539,2 2740 568,4 2490 594,7 2280 617,7 2100 304,11 7374 373,37 8963 Ai 4,934 4,934 4,934 4,934 4,934 4,934 4,934 4,934 4,934 4,934 4,934 4,934 3,5 4,26 Bi 8 8,3 8,82 9,3 9,35 9,4 9,5 10 10,5 11 11,2 11,6 6,8 6,5 Ci 1,5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Cong thc SOAVE-REDLICH-KWONG-Z F(Z)=Z^3-Z^2+(A-B-B^2)Z-AB=0 a=(1/Pc)*0,42747(R^2*Tc^2){[1+(0,48+1,574W-0,176W^2)(1-T/Tc)^0,5)]}^2 b=0,0864RTc/Pc A=aP/(R^2T^2) B=bP/R/T e tnh toan nhanh chong he so nen cua kh hydrocacbon ngi ta con dung cach tra o th hnh 2.20 thong qua cac thong so ap suat, nhiet o qui oi : Pr=P/Pc ; Tr = T/Tc
Hnh 2.20: o th tra he so nen Z cua kh t nhien
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V du : Tnh z cho hon hp kh sau 13,94Mpa, 3310K ( Tci(k) Pci(kpa) Yi MWi C1 190.6 4599 0.8414 16.043 C2 305.4 4880 0.0059 30.070 C3 369.8 4240 0.0008 44.097 iC4 407.8 3640 0.0003 58.123 nC4 425.1 3784 0.0002 58.123 0.003 44.010 CO2 304.1 7374 0.1438 34.082 H2S 373.4 8963 126 3399 0.0046 28.013 N2 1 Total Pr/ = 13,94/5,23 = 2,67 Tr/ = 331/218 = 1,52 Tra o th 2.20 ta c z = 0,8
solution 7 Mwi*yi 13.4986 0.17741 0.03528 0.01744 0.01162 0.13203 4.90099 0.12886 18.9022
). Pci*yi 3869.599 28.32 3.392 1.092 0.7568 22.122 1288.879 15.6354 5229.796
Tci*yi 160.3372 1.801919 0.295816 0.122346 0.08502 0.91233 53.69061 0.5796 217.8248
KHOI LNG RIENG, THE TCH RIENG KH HYDROCACBON T phng trnh PV=ZnRT Xet n kmoles kh co the tch V se nang nMW kg Khoi lng rieng (kg/m3) = nMW/V do o = P*MW/(ZRT) The tch rieng v(m3/kg) = 1/ = (ZRT)/ (P*MW) Lu y V(m3) la the tch mole P,T khac vi the tch rieng v(m3/kg) KHOI LNG RIENG HE HYDROCACBON LONG Trong thc te tnh toan khoi lng rieng cua he hydrocacbon long ta dung cong thc Kreg t15 = 1030MW/(44,29+MW) t15 khoi lng rieng cua chat long t=15 o C t = t15(1 - (t-15)) tra nh sau t15/1000 0,69-0,6999 0,00091 0,7-0,7099 0,000897 0,71-0,7199 0,000884 0,72-0,7299 0,00087 Solution 60 V du: Tnh khoi lng rieng cua hon hp long C2 80%, C3 20% 10 o C ,10000kpa
yi C2 C3 Total MWi Mwi*yi Mw 32.8754 @15 C 438.81924
o
@T C kg/m3 440.7719832
TC 10
0.8 30.07 24.056 0.2 44.097 8.8194 1 32.8754
Mot phng phap khac cua Hankinson-Brobst-Thomson (COSTALD) 2 = 1(C2/C1) 2 la khoi lng rieng cua hydrocacbon long trang thai 2 1 la khoi lng rieng cua hydrocacbon long trang thai 1 C2 la he so khoi lng rieng cua hydrocacbon long trang thai 2 tra o th 2.21 C1 la he so khoi lng rieng cua hydrocacbon long trang thai 1 tra o th 2.21
Solution 59 Khoi lng rieng cua dau tho oi khi con bieu dien dang oAPI
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Giai bai tren:

C2 C3 Total Tci(k) Pci(kpa) Yi 305.41 4880 0.8 369.77 4240 0.2 1
API = 145,5/ -131,5 = 145,5/( oAPI +131,5)

Mwi Mwi*yi Pci*yi 30.07 24.056 3840 44.097 8.8194 848 32.8754 4688 Tci*yi vi(m3/kmol)std vi*yi 244.328 0.084051 0.0672408 73.954 0.086925 0.017385 318.282 0.0846258
Cot vi(m3/kmole) chnh la the tch cua 1 kmole cua cau t ieu kien chuan tra bang 2.3 mix = MW/vmix = 32,8754/0,0846258 = 388,48kg/m3 xet hon hp trang thai 1 co T=15oC va hon hp trang thai long (saturation) TR = (15+273)/318.282 = 0,90486, PR saturation Tra o th 2.21 ta co C1 = 0,715 xet hon hp trang thai 2 co T=10oC, TR = (10+273)/318.282 = 0,884, PR = 10000/4688 = 2,133 Tra o th 2.21 ta co C2 = 0,79 2 = 1(C2/C1) = 388,48(0,79/0,715) = 430kg/m3
Hnh 2.21: o th tra he so C
page 29
Hnh 2.22: o th hieu chnh theo ap suat cho khoi lng rieng cua hydrocacbon long chu nen Khi biet khoi lng rieng KC ta co the tnh khoi lng rieng cua chat long trang thai bao hoa (nhiet o T) bang cac cong thc cua CAVETT nh sau:
L,60 (lb/ft3) khoi lng rieng chat long 60oF T nhiet o cua he (R) Tc nhiet o ti han (R) O NHT CUA HON HP KH m = [ i yi (MWi)0.5 ]/ [ yi (MWi)0.5 ] m o nht cua hon hp kh i o nht cua tng thanh phan yi phan moles thanh phan i MWi khoi lng phan t thanh phan i
page 30
Hnh 2.23:o th tra o nht cua gas ap suat STD theo MW va nhiet o co hieu chnh theo thanh phan sau o can phai hieu chnh theo ap suat thc te. Trong tnh toan khi co MWi hay i ta tra ra i sau o tnh ra m = 1 la o nht cua hon hp kh ieu kien chuan , sau o tnh PR , TR , tra o th ta co /1 t o tnh ra P,T. Hoac n gian hn la tnh MW cua hon hp roi tra ra m = 1
Hnh 2.24: o th tra /1 cho kh t nhien
page 31
V du: tnh o nht cua hon hp kh H-C co MW=22, P=6895kpa(abs), T=40oC, Tc =226,9oK, Pc=4885kpa(abs) Giai: MW=22 tra o th 2.23 ta co 1 = 0,0105mPa.s PR = 6895/4885=1.411 va TR = (40+273)/226,9=1.38 tra o th 2.24 ra /1 = 1,21 Do o o nht hon hp kh P=6895kpa(abs), T=40oC la = 1 * 1,21 =0,0105*1,21=0,0127mPa.s Neu hon hp kh co nhieu thanh phan khong phai goc hydrocacbon th ta phai hieu chnh nh sau:
Neu Tr>1,5 th Neu Tr <=1,5 th Sau o tnh ra 1 = A V du:

yi CH4 N2 CO2 0.8 0.15 0.05 1 T(K)= Pcm= = MWi 16.04 28.01 44.01 MW 283 P(kpa)= 6200 0.0439 A = A = 1.15 nen 0.01112 mPa.s viscosity at 101,325kpa and T= viscosity at 101,325kpa and T= 1.15 *A 283 283 Zcm*R*Tcm/Vcm= 4427.063 21,74(Tcm^(1/6)/MW^0,5/Pcm^2/3)= 1.517 A = A = 1.4 /A = = 0.000489 0.000492 0.0112 mPa.s yi*MWi 12.8344 4.20195 2.2005 19.23685 Pci 4599 3398 2374 yi*Pci Tci 509.7 126.21 118.7 304.11 yi*Tci vci Vci=MWi*vci yi*Vci 0.07919 0.01336 0.00471 0.09726 Vcm Zci=Pci*Vci/8.31/Tci yi*Zci 0.287320276 0.288456421 0.088425804 0.229856 0.043268 0.004421 0.277546 Zcm
3679.2 190.56
152.45 0.00617 0.09898531 18.932 0.00318 0.08908134 15.206 0.00214 186.59 Tcm 0.0941814
Tr=T/Tcm= if Tr>1,5 then if Tr<=1,5 then Pr=P/Pcm= tra o th 2.24 ta co
Solution 18
page 32
O NHT HYDROCACBON LONG m = [ i xi]1/3 m o nht cua hon hp long centipoice (cp) i o nht cua tng thanh phan i tra o th hnh 2.26: xi phan moles thanh phan i
Hnh 2.25: o th tra o nht cua gas theo ap suat va nhiet o
page 33
Hnh 2.26: o th tra o nht cau t hydrocacbon long tuy theo nhiet o oi vi dau tho o nht tnh nh sau: log = -0,035(oAPI) o nht (cp) lay tuy nhiet o nh sau o C 38 2,05 54 1,83 71 1,55 88 1,3 104 1,08
(oAPI) =141,5/ - 131,5
Tnh o nht cua hon hp dau tho khi biet nhiet o soi trung bnh Tb va t trong : he so Watson Kw = [(Tb 1,8)1/3]/ Tb = Tbi*xi Tbi tra bang t trong STD
page 34
V du: Hon hp dau tho co Tb (nhiet o soi trung bnh) la 163oC va = 0,7688 hay tnh o nht cua hon hp dau tho ay 40oC va 100oC Giai:
Muon biet chnh xac ngi ta tnh toan qua cac th nghiem trong phong th nghiem. NHIET O SOI, NHIET O TI HAN, AP SUAT TI HAN TNH THEO n trong CnH2n+2 Mot cach tng oi ta co the tnh cac thong so tren qua cong thc giai tch sau ay:
Ts(K)= (193.3-0.05*n)*(n-1)^0.91-121*n+232.7 Tc(K)= 391.7*(n-1)/(2.645+(n-1)^0.785)+190.7 Pc(kpa)= 49510/(7.977+n^1.2)
o nht cua hon hp dau tho ay 40oC la 0,909 cs va 100oC la 0,513cs
Chu y Ts(K) tnh theo cong thc tren co ap suat la KC (101,325kpa) Ket qua tnh toan:
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 CnH2n+2 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 Ts(K) 111.7 183.9 232.6376 273.4623 309.3233 341.5722 370.9862 398.0693 423.1742 446.5614 468.4308 488.9407 508.2191 526.3721 543.4884 Tc(K) 190.7 298.1623 370.046 425.0701 469.7857 507.4833 540.0801 568.7978 594.4654 617.6718 638.8504 658.33 676.3653 693.1583 708.8712 Pc(kpa) 5515.206 4818.774 4226.497 3735.185 3328.258 2989.226 2704.369 2462.849 2256.238 2077.988 1922.992 1787.234 1667.531 1561.334 1466.59
page 35
oi vi hon hp kh hydrocacbon th Pc = yiPci ; Tc = yiTci Chnh xac hn cac thong so nay co trong bang tra
Hnh : Gian o pha cua kh hon hp Nhn tren gian o pha khi hon hp ang trong trang thai long, ta tang nhiet o cho en iem 1 ng vi nhiet o Ts(P) th bat au co hi hnh thanh ta goi nhiet o nay la nhiet o soi bao hoa ng vi ap suat P, iem nay co trang thai la long soi, neu tiep tuc tang nhiet o th lng hi tang dan khi en iem 2 th toan bo hon hp long hoa hi hoan toan o la iem hi bao hoa kho, cac trang thai trung gian trong iem 1 va 2 la trang thai trung gian co trang thai hi bao hoa am Neu goi Ml la khoi lng long trong hon hp th ng phan tram long tnh nh sau x=Ml/Mmix Khi i t trai sang phai gian o pha ng phan tram long giam dan t 100% en 0%(toan hi) Hieu chnh Tc, Pc cho kh khi co mat ang ke H2S, CO2 Chnh xac hn khi co mat H2S, CO2 ( sour gas) th cac ap suat va nhiet o ti han phai c hieu chnh nh sau: Tc = Tc - T % H2S va CO2 tra ra o th ra Pc = (Pc*Tc)/(Tc+B(1-B)) B la phan mole cua H2S A la phan mole cua H2S cong phan mole cua CO2 Co the tnh nh sau = 66,667(A0,9 A1,6) + 8,333(B0,5 B4) (oK)
page 36
Hnh 2.27: o th tra

AP SUAT HI BAO HOA ai lng nay phu thuoc vao nhiet o tnh toan theo phng trnh Antoine nh sau:
trong o: P: ap suat hi bao hoa cua hon hp long (psia) nhiet o T (R) Tc nhiet o ti han (R) Tb nhiet o soi trung bnh (R) Hoac tra o th hnh 2.28 hay 2.29 cho cau t nguyen chat ta se co.
page 37
Hnh 2.28: o th tra ap suat hi bao hoa cua kh hydrocacbon nhiet o thap
page 38
Khi biet so lieu ve chnh xac cua Ts, Pc, Tc co the xac nh Phbh theo cac cong thc sau: Ln(Phbqd) ={-0,015+1,397(Tr-)2+5,813(Tr-)4}(1-1/Tr) ; (Pbh or Pvp) Phbqd = Pbh/Pc = -0,1018+0,3806 - 0,028612 = Tsr*lg(0,96784Pc)/(1-Tsr)
Hnh 2.29: o th tra ap suat hi bao hoa cua kh hydrocacbon nhiet o cao
page 39
Tsr = Ts/Tc V du : tnh Pbh cua cac cau t T=50oC

Ts(K) 111.48 184.42 230.93 261.19 272.51 300.84 309.06 341.74 371.42 398.67 423.82 447.16 Tc(K) Pc(kpa) 190.55 4604 305.43 4880 369.82 4249 408.13 3648 425.16 3797 460.39 3381 469.6 3369 507.4 3012 540.2 2736 568.4 2490 594.7 2280 617.7 2100 Tsr 0.58504 0.6038 0.62444 0.63997 0.64096 0.65345 0.65813 0.67351 0.68756 0.70139 0.71266 0.72391 Beta 5.144602 5.59954 6.009085 6.306419 6.364656 6.627434 6.76356 7.147244 7.532532 7.943811 8.293207 8.673716 deva ln(Pbhqd) Pbh(kpa) 1.099017 2.607919 62477.38 1.132323 0.304213 6615.09 1.152176 -0.88969 1745.44 1.160577 -1.7368 642.37 1.16163 -2.12765 452.30 1.163968 -3.05271 159.69 1.163625 -3.34174 119.19 1.156954 -4.5311 32.44 1.141778 -5.67495 9.39 1.116205 -6.74072 2.94 1.086877 -7.7383 0.99 1.04699 -8.65027 0.37 Tr T(k) Ts(C) 1.695 323 -161.5 1.058 323 -88.58 0.873 323 -42.07 0.791 323 -11.81 0.76 323 -0.49 0.702 323 27.84 0.688 323 36.06 0.637 323 68.74 0.598 323 98.42 0.568 323 125.67 0.543 323 150.82 0.523 323 174.16
C1 C2 C3 iC4 nC4 iC5 nC5 C6 C7 nC8 nC9 nC10
Bang cach tra o th ta cung co ket qua gan tng t oi vi hon hp Pv = Pvi*xi Khi hon hp long co nhiet o soi trung bnh (Tb) xac nh th ap suat hi bao hoa co the tra theo o th 2.30 sau:
Hnh 2.30: Ap suat hi bao hoa theo nhiet o khi biet Tb HE SO KHONG ONG BO W = - log(Pvp/Pc)-1 Trong o Pvp la ap suat hi bao hoa TR = 0,7 oi vi hon hp W=yiwi V du tnh wi cua cac cau t: Bang cach tra Pvp Tr = T/Tc =0,7 sau o tnh W = - log(Pvp/Pc) 1
C1 C2 C3 Tc(K) Pc(kpa) Pvp(kpa) Tr T(k) f(Pvp)-w 190.55 4604 449.51 0.7 133 0.00 305.43 4880 389.51 0.7 214 0.00 369.82 4249 299.29 0.7 259 0.00 w 0.0104 0.0979 0.1522
page 40
iC4 nC4 iC5 nC5 C6 C7 nC8 nC9 nC10
408.13 425.16 460.39 469.6 507.4 540.2 568.4 594.7 617.7 Ts(K) 111.48 184.42 230.93
3648 3797 3381 3369 3012 2736 2490 2280 2100
238.15 239.85 200.01 188.84 151.17 122.38 99.65 81.93 67.98
0.7
286
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.1852 0.1995 0.228 0.2514 0.2994 0.3494 0.3977 0.4445 0.4898 T(k) 133 214 259 298 322 329 355 378 Ts(C) w -161.5 0.02355 -88.58 0.12579 -42.07 0.21402 0.2748 0.28634 0.33682 0.36192 0.42892 0.49112 0.6039 -0.49 27.84 36.06 68.74 98.42 150.8
0.7 298 0.7 322 0.7 329 0.7 355 0.7 378 0.7 0.7 0.7 Tsr 0.585 0.6038 0.6244 0.64 0.641 0.6534 0.6581 0.6735 0.6876 0.7014 0.7127 0.7239 398 416 432 beta 5.1446 5.59954 6.00909 6.30642 6.36466 6.62743 6.76356 7.14724 7.53253 7.94381 8.29321 8.67372
Neu tnh bang cong thc giai tch th ta co nh sau:

C1 C2 C3 iC4 nC4 iC5 nC5 C6 C7 nC8 nC9 nC10 Tc(K) Pc(kpa) 190.55 4604 305.43 4880 369.82 4249 3648 3797 3381 3369 3012 2736 2490 2280 2100 deva ln(Pbhqd) Pvp(kpa) Tr 1.09902 -2.35688 436.10 0.7 1.13232 -2.5923 365.28 0.7 1.15218 -2.79546 259.58 0.7 1.16058 1.16163 1.16397 1.16363 1.15695 1.14178 1.11621 1.08688 1.04699 -2.93544 -2.962 -3.07823 -3.13604 -3.29031 -3.43354 -3.57653 -3.69322 -3.81908 193.75 196.38 155.68 146.41 112.18 88.31 69.66 56.76 46.10 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
261.19 408.13 272.51 425.16 300.84 460.39 309.06 469.6 341.74 507.4 371.42 540.2 398.67 423.82 447.16 568.4 594.7 617.7
0.7 286 -11.81
0.7 398 0.7 416 0.7 432
125.7 0.55322 174.2 0.65856
T TRONG oi vi hon hp kh = gas/air = MW/MWair MWair = 29, KC mot mole kh co the tch 23,64m3 do o air = 29/23,64 = 1,227kg/m3 gas, air eu ieu kien chuan (STD 1 atm = 101,325kpa , 15oC) oi vi hon hp long = liquid/water water = 1000kg/m3 ngi ta co the xac nh mot cach tng oi t trong cua mot so he hydrocacbon long gom cac cau t nang C6+ theo nhiet o va ap suat thong qua tra cac o th di ay (hnh 2.31->2.36):
khi biet he so Watson
Tb = Tbi*xi Tbi tra bang sau: Tb nhiet o soi trung bnh (K) t trong STD
Kw = [(Tb 1,8)1/3]/
C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15
Tb (K) 63.9 91.9 116.7 142.2 165.8 187.2 208.3 227.2 246.4 266
page 41
C16 C17 C18 C19 C20 Ngoai ra gia tr Tb con co the c lng nh sau: Pc (kpa) = 5,53x109x(Tb)-2,31()2,32 Tc (K) = 19,1 x(Tb)0,59()0,36 Hoac theo cac cong thc cua CAVETT nh sau:
283 300 313 325 338
Tc: nhiet o ti han: (R) Pc: ap suat ti han (psia) Tb: nhiet o soi trung bnh (F) API: t trong API
page 42
Hnh 2.31: T trong he hydrocacbon long theo nhiet o va ap suat
page 43
Hnh 2.32: T trong he hydrocacbon parafin long bao hoa theo nhiet o
page 44
Hnh 2.33: T trong he hydrocacbon long theo nhiet o
page 45
Hnh 2.34: T trong he hydrocacbon long theo nhiet o
page 46
Hnh 2.35: Moi tng quan cua nhieu thong so cua chat long.
page 47
ENTHANPY Trong khi thc hien cac bai toan ve nhiet ong hoc ta thng gap bieu thc u+pv ve sau bieu thc nay co ten la entanpy h Trong nhieu trng hp lng bien oi H mang y ngha nang lng. Trong cac phng phap giai tch xac nh enthanpy ngi ta s dung phng phap da tren c s phng trnh trang thai cua Redlich-Kwong-Barxuk ap dung cho he hydrocacbo C1 en C10 co the co cha N2, CO2, H2S. enthanpy c tnh theo bieu thc H= { yiHoi +RT(Z-1) R{yi[Bi + 2Ci(Tc/T - 1)]Tc}ln(1+m/Z) }/MW (kJ/kg) Hoi = 4,187[A1T/100 + A2(T/100)2+A3(T/100)3+A4(T/100)4+ A5(T/100)5+A6(T/100)6] kJ/kmole Ngi ta cung lap san cac o th tra enthanpy cua hon hp hydrocacbon tuy thuoc vao MW, P,T hnh 2.37 en hnh 2.45
Hnh 2:36 Tng quan t trong nhiet o cua chat long.
page 48
Hnh 2.37: o th tra Enthanpy cua hydrocacbon long theo MW va T
page 49
page 50
page 51
Hnh 2.40 o th tra Enthanpy cua kh hydrocacbon theo MW va T vi P en 1000kpa
page 52
Hnh 2.41: o th tra Enthanpy cua kh hydrocacbon theo MW va T vi P=1400~2100kpa
page 53
page 54
page 55
page 56
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ENTROPY Entropy la loai thong so trang thai ma lng bien oi cua no trong mot qua trnh thuan nghch nao o co gia tr bang dS= Q/T Trong cac phng phap giai tch xac nh entropy ngi ta s dung phng phap da tren c s phng trnh trang thai cua Redlich-Kwong-Barxuk ap dung cho he hydrocacbo C1 en C10 co the co cha N2, CO2, H2S. entropy c tnh theo cac phng trnh Shh = {Sohh + Rrln(1+m/Z)+Rln[(Z-m)/P]}/MW +2.23 kJ/kg.K Sohh = yiSoi - R(yi * lnyi) r= ri = yi[4,934-Bi+Ci-Ci(Tci/T)2] Soi = 4,187[A1lnT +2A2(T-1)/100+1,5A3(T2-1)/1002+4/3*A4(T3-1)/1003+ 5/4*A5(T4-1)/1004+6/5*A6(T5-1)/1005]/100 kJ/kmole Gia tr cac tham so:
C1 C2 C3 iC4 nC4 iC5 nC5 nC6 nC7 nC8 nC9 nC10 CO2 H2S N2 A1 832.5838 834.4148 747.6758 918.6402 918.6402 1125.8500 1125.8500 1257.6060 1349.2500 1513.1110 1677.6660 1799.4750 718.3000 680.6000 A2 -33.218390 -50.739260 54.580940 109.745800 109.745800 135.701300 135.701300 183.095000 232.769000 303.029500 335.148100 399.898500 32.200000 20.000000 Bi 7.5000 8.2000 8.8200 8.8000 8.9000 9.4000 9.5000 10.0000 10.5000 11.0000 11.2000 11.6000 9.8000 8.3000 7.66 Ci 0.35 0.7 0.5 1 1 1.25 1.25 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.3 0.8 0.3 A6 0.0000000 -0.0039638 -0.0047700 -0.0060000 -0.0060000 -0.0070000 -0.0070000 -0.0086000 -0.0093900 -0.0111000 -0.0122000 -0.0125000 0.0000000 0.0000000
C1 C2 C3 iC4 nC4 iC5 nC5 nC6 nC7 nC8 nC9 nC10 CO2 H2S
A3 A4 A5 8.34748 0.000000 0.0000000 42.38703 -4.475561 0.2133584 43.12740 -5.077400 0.2514270 49.68894 -6.266520 0.3147684 49.68894 -6.266520 0.3147684 59.75617 -7.185797 0.3649476 59.75617 -7.185797 0.3649476 69.43283 -8.740665 0.4452560 73.62374 -9.448433 0.4839200 76.88945 -9.400066 0.4392000 92.05947 -12.074470 0.6240000 95.56796 -12.646240 0.6490000 0.00000 0.000000 0.0000000 0.00000 0.000000 0.0000000
NHIET DUNG RIENG Nhiet dung rieng cua mot chat la lng nhiet can thiet e nang mot n v khoi lng tang them 1oC Nhiet dung rieng cua hon hp hydrocacbon kh c xac nh t phng trnh Cp = Copi yi +Cp
page 58
Cp nhiet dung mole cua hon hp kh hydrocacbon P,T Copi nhiet dung mole cua cau t i trang thai l tng T tm bang cach tra o th hnh 2.46 Cp ai lng hieu chnh cho ap suat P tm bang cach tra o th hnh 2.47 Kh t nhien co t trong 0,65 en 0,75 khi co P,T ta co the tra o th hnh 2.46 e co Cp oi vi hydrocacbon long ta co the tnh nhiet dung rieng theo cong thc Cp = 2,96 1,34 + T(0,0062-0,00234) (kJ/kg.oC) Hoac tra o th hnh 2.48 T la nhiet o OC
Hnh 2.46: o th nhiet dung rieng Cp cua cac kh hydrocacbon ap suat kh quyen va nhiet o T
page 59
Hnh 2.47: o th tra Cp theo nhiet o va ap suat qui oi
page 60
Hnh 2.48: Nhiet dung rieng cua cac hydrocacbon long.
Hnh 2.49: o th tra nhiet dung rieng cua kh thien nhien co t trong 0,65~0,75 V du : tnh nhiet dung rieng cua hon hp kh co = 0,7 T = 75oC, P = 3Mpa Tra o th 2.49 ta co = 0,7 T = 75oC, P = 3Mpa th Cp = 2,49 (kJ/kg.oC) Neu tnh theo cach khac Copi T=75 tm bang cach tra o th hnh 2.46 th Copi = 2,3
Tci(k) C1 C2 C3 Total Pci yi MWi Mwi*yi Pci*yi Tci*yi P 3000 T 348 Pr 0.653 Tr 1.56 Cop dtCp Cp 2.4364 190.56 4599 0.77 16.04 305.41 4880 0.14 30.07 369.77 4240 0.09 44.1 1 12.353 3541.2 146.7 4.2098 672 42.76 3.9687 381.6 33.28 20.5316 4594.8 222.8 2.3 0.13637
Solution 62 Ket qua Cp = 2,44 (kJ/kg.oC)
page 61
V du tnh Cp cua hon hp dau tho co = 0,8 T = 100oC Ap dung Cp = 2,96 1,34 + T(0,0062-0,00234) (kJ/kg.oC) ta co Cp = 2,96-1,34*0,8+100(0,0062-0,8*0,00234) = 2,32 (kJ/kg.oC) Hoac tra o th hnh 2.48 vi = 0,8 T=100oC ta tra ra Cp = 2,32 (kJ/kg.oC) NHIET TR: Nhiet tr: ay la mot gia tr e anh gia chat lng thng mai cua kh gas . Bang di ay se cho biet nhiet tr cua n chat STD
Cau t GHV STD C1 37,694 MJ/m3 C2 66.032 C3 93.972 iC4 121.426 nC4 121.779 iC 5 149.319 nC 5 149.654 C6 177.556 C7 205.431 Nhiet chay cao (GHV hay HHV) : oi vi hon hp kh paraffin hydrocacbon ta ap dung cong thc sau: GHV = GHVi*yi Co the c lng: GHV (Btu/ft3) (14,696psia, 60oF ) = 53,93 (HC mol Wt) + 148 Ch so Wobble No = GHV/()1/2 Hai hon hp hydrocacbon co cung ch so Wobble se co cung nhiet tr. Nhiet chay thap (LHV) : oi vi hon hp kh paraffin hydrocacbon ta ap dung cong thc sau: LHV = NHVi*yi LHV (Btu/ft3) (14,696psia, 60oF ) = 50,33 (HC mol Wt) + 105 Lu y: 1 Btu = 1,055056kJ, 1m3 = 35,31467 ft3 V du: tnh nhiet tr cua mot hon hp gas sau:
Yi N2 0.023 C1 0.887 C2 0.056 C3 0.021 iC4 0.003 nC4 0.006 C5+ 0.004 Total GHV 1 Solution 63 Nhiet tr MJ/m3 0 37.694 66.032 93.972 121.426 121.779 163.521 tong nhiet tr MJ/m3 0 33.434578 3.697792 1.973412 0.364278 0.730674 0.654084 40.854818
GII HAN CHAY NO CUA KH HYDROCACBON: ap suat kh quyen va nhiet o phong moi n chat H-C co gii han chay no tren va di nh sau:
Gii han di % the tch Gii han tren % the tch
page 62
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 H2S
5 2.9 2.1 1.8 1.4 1.2 4.3
15 13 9.5 8.4 8.3 7.7 45.5
oi vi hon hp kh gas e d oan gii han chay no di (LEL) ta dung cong thc sau : n1/N1 + n2/N2 + n3/N3 = 1 trong o N1, N2, N3 la gii han chay no di cua C1, C2, C3 bang tren n1, n2, n3 la % the tch ( hay phan mole) cua C1, C2, C3
V du: tnh gii han chay no di cua hon hp gas sau: % the tch C1 92 C2 5.5 C3 2.5 Giai: at Y la gii han chay no di ta co: 92Y/5 + 5,5Y/2,9 + 2,5Y/2,1 = 100% => Y = 4,63%
NHIET LNG: Tnh nhiet lng theo s thay oi entropi Entropy la loai thong so trang thai ma lng bien oi cua no trong mot qua trnh thuan nghch nao o co gia tr bang dS= Q/T oi vi 1kg moi chat cong thc viet lai nh sau ds= q/T Ta cung co quan he dS=G*ds ds lng bien oi entropy trong qua trnh thuan nghch vo cung be vi khoi lng 1kg
Hnh 2.50: Tra nhanh gii han chay no cua kh hon hp khi biet Mw
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dS lng bien oi entropy trong qua trnh thuan nghch vo cung be vi khoi lng Gkg Tnh nhiet lng theo s thay oi nhiet o Khi co s trao oi nhiet lng gia hon hp kh va moi trng nhiet o cua hon hp kh thng thay oi. Nhiet lng trao oi nay co the tnh qua cong thc Q=Ci * mi * Ti Ci la nhiet dung rieng khoi lng cua cau t i (co the la CP hay CV tuy trng hp ang ap hay ang tch) QUA TRNH TIET LU QUA VAN Tiet lu la qua trnh hon hp i qua mot tiet dien co hep ot ngot nh van, orifice,qua trnh nay nhiet lng trao oi gia hon hp va moi trng rat be, entropy se tang, khi tiet lu se xuat hien nhng dong xoay va ma sat rat manh lam giam ap suat Khi bo qua bien oi the nang va nhiet lng trao oi gia lu chat va moi trng ta co phng trnh: h1-h2 =(22 - 12)/2 la van toc dong tuy nhien thc te gia tr toc o thay oi khong nhieu cho nen h1= h2 s bien oi nhiet o va ap suat qua qua trnh tiet lu c Joule-Thomson phat hien va goi la hieu ng Joule-Thomson. Theo ong khi qua van tiet lu th ap suat phai giam con nhiet o th co the tang hay giam tuy thuoc vao nhiet o ban au cua lu chat
Hnh 2.51 : D oan sut giam nhiet o khi ap suat gas giam qua van tiet lu HON HP THEO DONG Thong thng th ap suat hon hp nho hn ap suat cua tng dong thanh phan , trong trng hp ong co cau tao ac biet th dong hon hp co ap suat ln hn ap suat cua mot so dong nhng bat buoc phai nho hn ap suat mot dong m(h+2/2) = mi(hi +i2/2) Trong thc te th co the bo qua ong nang cua dong lu chat khi o phng trnh se la
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m*h = mi(hi) QUA TRNH GIA NHIET Khi cap nhiet cho dong hon hp th entanpy tang va nhiet o tang len nhiet lng cung cap cho qua trnh gia nhiet la Q= mh , hay Q = CmT QUA MAY NEN KH, MAY BM, EXPANDER ay la mot qua trnh ang entropy s2=s1 Cong dan ong may nen la H = -W KHI QUA BNH TACH H = 0 lu y khi qua bnh tach co s phan chia kh long khi o enthanpy cua cung mot cau t trong moi pha se khac nhau khi tnh toan hi = yi*hVi + xi*hLi
V du: tnh enthanpy cua dong propan 60% hi, 40% long tai 10 bar hi = yi*hVi + xi*hLi tra o th hnh 2.52 hay 2.53 h = 0,6x900 + 0,4x550 = 760 kj/kg
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Hnh 2.52: o th tra entanpy va entropy cua Propan C3
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Hnh 2.53: o th tra entanpy va entropy cua Propan C3

AN NHIET (latent heat): An nhiet chnh la anthanpy (h) can thiet e chuyen pha t long sang hi hoan toan. Ta chu y muon hoa hi th phai cung cap nhiet, ngc lai e ngng tu ta phai lay nhiet ra. o th 2.54 sau ay se cho ta gia tr an nhiet cua hon hp chat long P = 1at:
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Hnh 2.54: o th tra nhiet an theo nhiet o soi trung bnh Cong thc e c lng an nhiet (latent heat) nh sau ( P = 1at):
T la nhiet o soi trung bnh (K) M la khoi lng phan t. hL an nhiet (kJ/kg) Tuy nhien neu ap suat cua he thong P (Mpa) khac 1at th ta phai hieu chnh nh sau: hL,P = hL 17xP
V du: Mot hon hp hydrocacbon long bao hoa co API = 50o , Mw = 120 hoa hi hoan toan P = 2 Mpa. Tnh an nhiet. Giai: t cac thong so Mw va API tra ra hL = 302 KJ/kg, Tb = 143oC = 416oK V P = 2 Mpa nen hL,P = hL 17xP = 302 17x2 = 268 kJ/kg Neu ap dung cong thc = 4,19(416/120)(8,75+4,57log 416) = 301 kJ/kg V du: Tnh nhiet lng can thiet e hoa hi Propan long bao hoa P= 1Mpa. Giai: tra o th 2.53 hL = 764 428 = 336 kJ/kg.
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Lu tr dau mo Thiet b lu tr: thung cha, tau cha Ap suat lu tr: xem hnh 3.1
PHAN 3 LU GI HYDROCACBON LONG
ap suat lam viec cua thiet b cha: ap suat lam viec cua thiet b cha phai am bao sao cho s hoa hi cua san pham long la giam thieu co li cho kinh te va moi trng ap suat lam viec phu thuoc vao ap suat hi cua san pham, nhiet o bien ong tren be mat long kh va iem at cua ven ra moi trng. Phng trnh nh sau:
Hnh 3.1: Bang tra ap suat ton tr mot vai san pham dau kh
la ap suat tang tr yeu cau: (kpa abs) Bmax la ap suat hi cua chat long (TVR) tai nhiet o ln nhat tren be mat (kpa abs) Bmin la ap suat hi cua chat long (TVR) tai nhiet o be nhat tren be mat (kpa abs) la ap suat tuyet oi trong thiet b cha trang thai m vent (kpa abs) Tmax la nhiet o trung bnh ln nhat oC Tmin la nhiet o trung bnh be nhat oC Pa la ap suat kh quyen (kpa abs) phng trnh tren ap dung khi Bmin < khi o khong kh se xam nhap thiet b cha qua ng vent. Khi Bmin (khong kh khong xam nhap c) th ta dung cong thc = Bmax - Pa e tien trong viec xac nh ap suat lam viec cua thiet b cha san pham dau mo ngi ta xay dng san mot so o th nh hnh 3.2 sau:
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Hnh 3.2 : TVP theo nhiet o cua mot LPG va gasolines Qua o th ta de dang xac nh ap suat hi thc TVP cua mot so san pham tieu bieu nh LPGs, gasolines tai nhng nhiet o thay oi. Qua o th ta cung c lng c ap suat lam viec can thiet e duy tr chat long can ton tr dang long khi nhiet o thay oi. Hay ta cung co the chuyen oi gia ap suat RVP va TVP TVP: la ap suat trong thung cha kn tai mot nhiet o va o pha kh va long can bang. RVP: la ap suat hi c xac nh bi phng phap ASTM D323 37,8oC
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V du: xac nh TVP cua hon hp gasoline co RVP = 83kpa, xac nh ap suat thiet ke cua thung cha khi nhiet o ln nhat la 49oC t truc hoanh 38oC dong thang cho en khi cham ng cua gasoline RVP=83kpa th ta dong sang truc tung tung o co TVP= 91 kpa(abs). T nhiet o ln nhat 49oC tren truc hoanh ta dong thang cho en khi cham ng cua gasoline RVP=83kpa th ta dong sang truc tung tung o co TVP= 125 kpa(abs) do o thung cha phai c thiet ke e ap suat van hanh 125kpa(abs) hay 25kpa(ga) tr len vi gia tr thap nhat la 1,1 TVP(ga) nh vay trong trng hp nay ap suat thiet ke cho thung cha vao khoang 28kpa(ga) hay 128 kpa(abs) lu y tai 37,8oC th:
Hnh 3.3 : o th chuyen oi RVP vi TVP cua dau tho theo nhiet o
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Ton that trong thiet b cha dau do hoa hi nh hnh anh sau:
Ton that trong thiet b cha dau tho do hoa hi co the tch co nh c lng nh sau:
Viec mat mat con dien ra khi bm chat long vao thung cha mc chat long dang len se ay hi HC ra ngoai.
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Kh ong hanh va kh thien nhien khai thac t long at thng bao hoa hi nc va ham lng hi nc phu thuoc vao ap suat, nhiet o va thanh phan hon hp kh. Moi mot trang thai cua he se tng ng vi ham lng hi nc cc ai co the co nhat nh. Ham lng am tng ng vi hi nc bao hoa toi a c goi la can bang. Ngi ta phan chia o am cua kh thanh o am tng oi va tuyet oi - o am tuyet oi (g/m3, kg/ trieu m3): la khoi lng hi nc thc te co trong mot n v the tch kh hoac n v khoi lng moi ieu kien ap suat, nhiet o. n v la g/m3 hoac g/kg kh o am bao hoa (g/m3, kg/ trieu m3) : la lng hi nc toi a co the ton tai trong mot the tch kh tai moi ieu kien cua he. o am tng oi (RH) (%) : la ty le gia khoi lng hi nc thc te va lng hi nc toi a (bao hoa). Co ngha la ty le gia o am tuyet oi tren tren o am bao hoa, n v la % hay phan n v. Nhiet o iem sng (oC) : la nhiet o tai ap suat cho trc ma tai o hi nc bat au ngng tu. e thuan tien trong viec xac nh nhanh lng hi nc trong hon hp kh, thong thng ngi ta s dung cac o th lng hi nc bao hoa phu thuoc vao ap suat, nhiet o oi vi kh thien nhien co ham lng H2S, CO2 nho va t trong la 0,6. Khi t trong cua kh ln hn 0,6 hay khi co cac muoi trong nc th ham lng am tra t o th nay can phai nhan tng ng vi he so Cg hoac Cs. Khi t trong kh va ham lng muoi tang th lng hi nc trong kh se giam (trong ieu kien giong nhau). Khi hon hp kh co mat H2S, CO2 ham lng ang ke th ham lng am thc te se cao hn, khi co mat N2 th ham lng am thc te lai giam.
PHAN 4 LNG NC TRONG KH HYDROCACBON
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Hnh 4.1 o th lng hi nc bao hoa trong hon hp gas
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Trong he thong cong nghe neu co hien tng ngng tu nc t do do lng hi nc vt qua lng hi nc bao hoa th co the say ra hien tng hydrat tao ra cac tinh the ran giong nh ice de ong cuc gay tac thiet b, hay di chuyen vi van toc cc ln pha huy thiet b, ngoai ra nc t do co the ket hp vi H2S, CO2 tao ra cac axit an mon thiet b. W = yWhc + yH2SWH2S + yCO2WCO2 Trong o Whc la lng hi nc tnh c do tra bang y phan mol cua cac hydrocacbon WH2S lng hi nc gia tang do H2S tra o th hnh 4.2 yH2S phan mol cua H2S WCO2 lng hi nc gia tang do CO2 tra o th hnh 4.3 yCO2 phan mol cua CO2 oi khi ngi ta con qui oi %CO2 sang H2S theo cong thc %H2S (qui oi) = %H2S + 0,75*%CO2 sau o dung o th hnh 4.4 tra ra he so nhan lng hi am r khi o W = rWhc V du: c lng hi nc bao hoa cua kh hydrocacbon co = 0,6 co cha 5% H2S va 20% CO2 tai 60oC va 10000kpa
Khi hon hp kh co mat H2S, CO2 th ham lng am bao hoa tnh nh sau:
Giai: W = yWhc + yH2SWH2S + yCO2WCO2 Trong o Whc la lng hi nc tnh c do tra bang la 2050kg/106 std m3 y phan mol cua cac hydrocacbon = 0,75 WH2S lng hi nc gia tang do H2S tra o th hnh 4.2 la 3300kg/106 std m3 yH2S phan mol cua H2S = 0,05 WCO2 lng hi nc gia tang do CO2 tra o th hnh 4.3 la 2800kg/106 std m3 yCO2 phan mol cua CO2 = 0,2 W = 0,75x2050 + 0,2x2800 + 0,05x3300 = 2260 kg/106 std m3
Phng phap dung qui oi %CO2 sang H2S theo cong thc
%H2S(qui oi) = %H2S + 0,75*%CO2 = 5+0,75x20= 20% sau o dung o th hnh 4.4 tra ra he so nhan lng hi am r = 1,1 khi o W = rWhc = 1,1x2050 = 2255kg/106 std m3
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Hnh 4.2 o th tra lng nc do co mat H2S
Hnh 4.3 o th tra lng nc do co mat CO2
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Hnh 4.4 o th tra he so nhan r
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Khai niem va ieu kien tao gas hydrate Hydrate nhng tap hp chat co the ton tai ben vng di dang tinh the, chung la mot dang dung dch ran, trong o cac phan t nc dung moi nh cac lien ket hydro tao thanh khung hydrate, trong cac khoang cua khung nay cac phan t co kha nang tao hydrate nh metan, etan, propane, isobutan, nit, H2S, CO2, se chiem cho. Cac hydrocacbon co phan t ln hn se khong co kha nang tao hydrate. Gas hydrate co cac ac tnh (bieu hien) ben ngoai giong nh nc a, do o co the lam tac ngen ng ong va cac thiet b. ieu kien thanh tao hydrate ch khi hoi u cac sau: Co nc t do, va co s tiep xuc gia kh va nc. ieu kien nhiet o nho hn nhiet o tao hydrate. Co thanh phan nh metan, etan, propane, isobutan, nit, H2S, CO2. Co s thay oi ap suat nh qua van giam ap. Co moi trng va u thi gian. Xac nh ieu kien ap suat nhiet o tao hydrate Phng phap o th: ay la phng phap thng dung e c oan s bo ban au. neu biet c ty trong kh cua hon hp kh ta co the xac nh c ieu kien P, T tao hydtare.
PHAN 5 GAS HYDRATE
Hnh 5.1 o th tra nhanh ieu kien tao hydrate cua kh hydrocacbon theo ap suat va nhiet o Phng phap hang so can bang: do Katz phat trien, phng phap nay s dung cho ieu kien ap suat t 0 70 bar. Ngi ta thiet lap he so can bang kh ran Kv-s cho cac n chat co the tao hydrate (C1-C4, N2, CO2, H2S), Kv-s phu thuoc vao ap suat va nhiet o xac nh bang tra o th tat ca cac cau t khong hnh thanh hydrate co Kv-s= tai ieu kien P, T bat au tao hydrate : (yi/Kv-s) = 1 yi :thanh phan mole cua cau t i
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Hnh 5.2 : o th tra hang so can bang kh ran cua Methane
Hnh 5.3: o th tra hang so can bang kh ran cua Ethane
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Hnh 5.4 o th tra hang so can bang kh ran cua Propane
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Hnh 5.5 : o th tra hang so can bang kh ran cua i-Butane
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Hnh 5.6 : o th tra hang so can bang kh - ran cua n-Butane va CO2
Hnh 5.7 : o th tra hang so can bang kh ran cua H2S Phng phap Trekell-Campbell Phng phap nay d oan cho ieu kien thanh tao hydrate ap suat cao t 7000kpa en 41400 kpa, phng phap nay cung tra o th ng vi moi ap suat th moi cau t co kha nang tao hydrate vi mot phan T khac nhau. Rieng oi vi C5+ th yC5+ = 100*yC5+/(1- yC1 - yC5+)
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Hnh 5.8 : o th d oan nhiet o tao hydrate 6,9 MPa
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Hnh 5.14 : o th d oan nhiet o tao hydrate cua thanh phan C5+ 6,9MPa
Hnh 5.15 : o th d oan nhiet o tao hydrate cua thanh phan C5+ 13,8->41,4 Mpa
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Khi kh hydrocacbon gian n ngi ta cung xay dng cac o th d oan ieu kien hnh thanh hydrate nh sau:
Hnh 5.16: D oan ieu kien hnh thanh hydrate cho kh gian n co = 0,6
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Hnh 5.19: D oan ieu kien hnh thanh hydrate cho kh gian n co = 0,9 V du: mot hon hp kh gas = 0,7 ap suat ban au 10000kpa (abs) qua JT van gian n con 3400 kpa (abs) hoi nhiet o kh trc khi qua van toi thieu la bao nhieu e khong xay ra hydrate. Giai: Tra o th hnh 5.17 tren ( = 0,7) ta d oan nhiet o can toi thieu la 44oC
Sau khi ap dung cac phng phap d oan ieu kien thanh tao hydrate ta co the ve c ng cong hydrate FGH phan ben trai cua ng cong la phan co the hnh thanh hydrate. Do o khong nen van hanh che o cong nghe vung nay ma khong co cac bien phap s ly chong hydrate.
Hnh 5.20 : ng ac tnh tao hydrate cua kh gas
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Nham ngan nga s hnh thanh cac hydrate tot nhat la phai lam kho kh that tot trc khi qua cac thiet b cong nghe, tuy nhien ieu nay kho thc hien c. Mot phng phap khac la a vao dong kh cac chat c che nh methanol, glycole chu ong ha nhiet o tao hydrate. Khi s dung cac chat c che ngi ta lap cac au phun vao dong kh. Methanol co ap suat hi bao hoa cao, do vay rat kho tach no ra khoi dong kh, viec tai sinh no rat kho khan nen s tieu hao chat nay la kha ln, methanol chu yeu dung trong cac ong van chuyen nham pha v cac hydrate tao thanh, ngoai ra no con dung trong cong nghe phan ly nhiet o thap e ngan nga s tao thanh hydrate trong khi lam lanh kh nham tach cac hydrocacbon nang, va hi nc. Glycol co ap suat hi bao hoa rat thap nen kha nang thu hoi la rat cao bang phng phap co ac dung dch cha glycol
Chong tao hydrate bang cac chat c che
PHAN 6 DEHYDRATE-CHONG HYDRATE HOA
1. Tnh mW (kg) : khoi lng nc t do trong he thong WH2O tai PSAT, TSAT = A WH2O tai PCOLT, TCOLT = B mW = F(A-B) 2. Tnh d : nhiet o can ha d = HFT - TCOLT HFT nhiet o tao hydrate tai PCOLT 3. Tnh nong o chat c che ngi ta a xay dng cong thc thc nghiem sau: XR = d.Mw/(Ki + d.Mw) (100) Cong thc nay ch tot khi XR < 26% XR (%): % khoi lng chat c che trong hon hp nc. Mw : Khoi lng phan t chat c che. d (oC) : Nhiet o can ha (Xac nh bang nhiet o tao hydrate HFT - nhiet o thap nhat trong he thong TCOLT) Ki : He so, Ki = 1297 Khi XR > 25% ta ap dung cong thc d=-72ln(xH2O) xH2O la phan mol cua nc trong hon hp nc methanol sau o qui oi ra XR qua o th 6.1: 4. Tnh khoi lng chat c che c xac nh theo cong thc sau: mI = mWXR/(XL-XR) mI (kg): khoi lng chat c che can phai bm. mW (kg): khoi lng nc t do trong he thong. XR (%): % khoi lng chat c che trong hon hp nc XL (%) : % khoi lng nguyen chat cua chat c che 5. Phan Methanol boc hi b mat theo pha kh va long c xac nh theo mat trong pha long HCLIQ = 0,4kgMeOH/m3 chat long mat trong pha kh HCVAP = C*F*XR C tra hnh 6.2 6. mI_TOTAL =( mI WATER + mI HC LIQUID + mI VAPOR) SF
Phng phap tnh toan chat c che metanol
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SF he so an toan 1,1 en 1,2 Thong so c ban cua mot so chat c che thong dung: Methanol Khoi lng phan t, Mw Ty trong kg/m3 32 800 EG Ethylene glycol 62 1110 DEG Diethylene glycol 106 1120
V du: Hon hp kh t nhien lu lng 3.5x106 std m3/ngay, ra khoi may nen P=8000kpa, T= 40 oC, sau o c giam ap va lam lanh tai P=6500kpa, T= 5oC e tach hydrocarbon long c 60m3/106 std m3. Tnh lng Methanol nong o XL =100% can thiet e tranh tao hydrate tai P=40bar, T= 5oC Giai: 3. Tnh mW (kg) : khoi lng nc t do trong he thong WH2O tai P= 8000kpa, T = 40oC = 1000kg/106 std m3 WH2O tai PCOLT = 6500kpa, TCOLT = 5oC mW = F(A-B) = 3,5x(1000 160) = 2940kg H2O/d 4. Tnh d d = HFT - TCOLT = 17-5=12 HFT nhiet o tao hydrate = 17oC 3. Tnh nong o chat c che ngi ta a xay dng cong thc thc nghiem sau: XR = d.Mw/(Ki + d.Mw) (100) = 12x32x100/(1297+12x32) = 23% 4. Tnh khoi lng chat c che c xac nh theo cong thc sau: mI = mWXR/(XL-XR) = 2940x23/(100-23)=880kg/d 5. Phan Methanol boc hi b mat theo pha kh va long c xac nh theo: mat trong pha long HCLIQ = 0,4x60x3,5=80kg/d mat trong pha kh HCVAP = C*F*XR = 17x3,5x23 = 1370 kg/d C = 17 tra hnh 6.2 6.mI_TOTAL =( mI WATER + mI HC LIQUID + mI VAPOR) SF =(880+1370+80)1,1 = 2563kg/d
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Hnh 6.1 o th qui oi phan mole cua nc ra phan tram khoi lng methanol trong dung dch
Hnh 6.2 o th tra he so C
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PHAN 7 IEU KHIEN CONG NGHE VA THIET B IEU KHIEN

CAC CHE O IEU KHIEN VA LAM THE NAO E IEU KHIEN ON NH Qua trnh lam viec tren gian nen kh trung tam co qua trnh lam viec cua cac phan t va cac thiet b ieu khien khong can s tham gia trc tiep cua con ngi o la qua trnh ieu khien t ong. Moi phan t ieu khien nhan mot tn hieu vao t mot so bo phan cua he thong ieu khien, va tao nen mot tn hieu ra a vao phan t khac. Cac tn hieu co the la: dong ien, ien ap, ap suat, nhiet o, lu lng, van toc, gia toc, v trqu ao cua tn hieu co the la song ien, ong dan, lien ket c.
He thong h va he thong kn: He thong h la he thong khong so sanh ket qua thc te vi tr so mong muon (setpoint) sau tac ong ieu khien. He thong kn la he thong tao nen mot tac ong o lng gia tn hieu vao (gia tr can setpoint) va tn hieu ra (gia tr thc). Sai lech gia hai tn hieu nay c dung lam tn hieu vao cua c cau ieu khien.
Hnh: he thong ieu khien kn Mach phan hoi bat au t tn hieu ra Y c o (cam bien) bi thiet b o lng (Pressure, level, temperature, flow transmitter ,detector , qua c cau chuyen oi (cung chnh la bo phan cua thiet b o lng) e bien thanh tn hieu c chuyen oi Y t le vi Y. tn hieu Y c so sanh vi tn hieu vao tao nen sai lech (error) = X-Y = gia tr can gia tr thc c tnh toan qua c cau so sanh (la c cau cua bo ieu khien). Thiet b ieu khien bien oi thanh tn hieu tac ong u nh c cau ieu khien. Tn hieu tac ong la tn hieu vao cua he thong c ieu khien. No se tac ong vao c cau tac ong, c cau tac ong thng co hai phan la bo chuyen oi (converter) va phan t ieu khien (van, quat, bm) lam thay oi qua trnh la mot oi tng ieu khien, nham triet tieu sai lech a hnh thanh. C cau ieu khien thc hien cac che o ieu khien nh sau: che o ieu khien ty le (P), che o tch phan (I), che o ao ham (D). Che o P co the s dung rieng biet, hoac ket hp vi mot hoac hai che o khac. Che o I co the dung rieng re nhng thc te t dung. Che o D khong the dung rieng re. Cac to hp hay dung la PI, PD, PID.
Tuyen tnh va phi tuyen
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Khi phan tch va thiet ke hau het cac he thong ieu khien c coi la cac phan t tuyen tnh, tc la phan t ieu khien cho tn hieu rat le thuan vi tn hieu vao. Tuy nhien co nhieu dang phi tuyen khac nhau xuat hien trong cac phan t ieu khien nh : tre, khoang chet, bao hoa ma ac tnh cua no c the hien qua hnh:
Hnh: moi quan he gia tn hieu vao/ra (I/O) cua phan t ieu khien - a: tuyen tnh: la moi quan he gia tn hieu vao/ra (I/O) cua phan t ieu khien hoan toan la mot ng thang - b: phi tuyen : co the thay the gan ung bang mot ng thang, ng nay at v tr sai so be nhat. - c: Dai chet la mot day cac gia tr ma o tn hieu vao X khong lam thay oi tn hieu ra - d: Tre la tnh phi tuyen dan en gia tr tn hieu ra Y khong trung nhau khi tn hieu vao tang hay giam. - e: Tre va chet the hien sai lech ln nhat cua tn hieu ra gii han tren va di - f: Bao hoa la gii han cua mot day cac gia tr tn hieu ra Y. Mot phan t thc at en gii han bao hoa khi tn hieu vao thay oi tn hieu ra khong thay oi. Giam chan va on nh o khuyech ai cua bo phan ieu khien xac nh mot ac tnh quan trong cua he thong ieu khien la dang giam chan. ac tnh nay c he thong the hien ra nh la mot ap ng di tac ong cua ben ngoai. ap ng cua he thong ieu khien the hien theo nam dang nh sau
page 97
Hnh: cac dang ap ng

Khi o khuyech ai tang ap ng cua he thong thay oi theo cac dang nh sau: a: qua giam chan, b: giam chan ti han, c: giam chan tat dan, d: ap ng bien o khong oi, e: ap ng bien o tang dan Ba loai au ac trng cho he thong on nh, hai loai sau ac trng cho trang thai khong on nh. K thuat on nh c dung e lam tang o giam chan trong he thong, va do o cho phep at c o khuyech ai cao. Y tng chung la tm mot tn hieu chong lai s thay oi ai lng c ieu khien. Tn hieu o la toc o thay oi ai lng c ieu khien. Nh ta biet ao ham cua mot bien la toc o thay oi cua bien o va tn hieu lam on nh nay c coi nh ao ham cua ai lng c ieu khien. o giam chan tang neu ao ham cua ai lng c ieu khien c tr ra khoi tn hieu sai lech trc khi vao c cau ieu khien. Mot tn hieu lam on nh khac la ao ham cua tn hieu sai lech, neu ai lng ieu chnh la mot hang, tn hieu nay bang gia tr am cua ao ham ai lng c ieu khien. Giam chan tang neu ao ham o sai lech c cong vi tn hieu sai lech trc khi vao c cau ieu khien. Muc tieu cua he thong ieu khien:
Hnh : ap ng tai bac thang
page 98
Lam giam toi a gia tr cua tn hieu sai lech, mot so he thong sai lech co the giam en 0, trong khi cac he thong khac oi hoi sai lech d d e bu cho s thay oi cua phu tai. Trong ca hai trng hp he thong ieu khien can a tr so sai lech ve gia tr on nh, tr so khong thay oi. Muc tieu th hai la giam en mc toi thieu thi gian on nh to Muc tieu th ba la giam en mc toi thieu sai lech d d sau khi at c trang thai on nh
anh gia he thong ieu khien : Cho thay oi phu tai theo ham bac thang sau o quan sat o th neu bien o cua mot nh dng bang bien o cua nh dng trc no khi o dao ong la tat dan hoi tu tot:
Hnh: Suy giam bien o khi co tai bac thang

Cac v du ieu khien tren gian nen kh trung tam: he thong ieu khien mc bnh:
page 99
he thong ieu khien ap suat
he thong ieu khien lu lng:
page 100
he thong ieu khien nhiet o
Che o ieu khien t le P: Che o ieu khien t le tao nen tn hieu ra bo ieu khien t le vi tn hieu sai lech . Chung co moi quan he tuyen tnh co nh gia ai lng c ieu khien va v tr cua oi tng ieu khien. u = P + uo qua cong thc tren trong he thong ieu khien mc cac bnh tach neu tang o khuyech ai P th ch can mot sai lech be hn cua cung u e van m 100%, noi cach khac o khuyech ai ln oi hoi o sai lech nho e at c v tr cua van can thiet cho viec can bang qua trnh tuy nhien viec tang o khuyech ai nay cung dan en xu hng tang dao ong cua ai lng c ieu khien cho nen can chon phng an dung hoa. Che o nay c dung cho nhng qua trnh co dung lng nho va thay oi phu tai nhanh P can chon u ln e tranh dao ong. Che o ieu khien tch phan I u = Iot dt + uo che o ieu khien tch phan lam thay oi tn hieu ra u t le vi tch phan cua tn hieu sai lech. Che o nay tao nen mot tac ong ieu khien lam tang lien tuc tac ong ieu chnh theo thi gian. Neu o sai lech nho che o tang I co tac dung hieu chnh cham, neu o sai lech ln che o I tang tac dung hieu chnh nhanh hn. I la toc o tch phan (1/s) ac tnh I/O nh sau:
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che o I hau nh luon dung vi P Che o ieu khien ao ham D D la hang so thi gian ao ham
hnh : ac tnh I/O cua che o I

u = D(d/dt)
Hnh : ap ng bc va o doc cua che o D l tng Che o ieu khien ao ham cho tn hieu ra u t le vi van toc thay oi cua chnh la d/dt che o D ngan chan mot sai lech ln bang cach tao nen mot tac ong hieu chnh e chan lai s phat trien cua no. Che o D ch tac ong vao tn hieu ra cua bo ieu khien khi tn hieu sai lech thay oi (tn hieu ra khong phu thuoc vao gia tr cua o sai lech). V the che o D khong s dung rieng biet ma ket hp vi che o khac. ap ng bc va o doc cua che o ao ham l tng c minh hoa hnh bat c thi iem nao, tn hieu ra cua bo ieu khien D luon t le vi o doc, hoac toc o thay oi cua o sai lech . ap ng bc ch ra nguyen nhan lam cho che o D khong dung rieng trong thc te v moi v tr thay oi bc tn hieu ra u co o doc vo cc Che o ieu khien PI u = P + PIot dt + uo
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Hnh: ac tnh I/O cua che o PI Che o PI la to hp cua che o P va I . ay khi thay oi tn hieu vao th ban au bo PI lam viec nh khau t le tc la tn hieu ra u t le vi sai lech , sau o che o I tao ra s thay oi bo xung tn hieu ra tc la lam cho no t le vi tch phan cua tn hieu sai lech. Toc o tch phan I la so ao cua thi gian can thiet e che o I thch ng lai s thay oi cua tn hieu ra do che o P a en. Che o I co xu hng lam tang dao ong cua ai lng c ieu khien. o khuyech ai P can phai giam khi ket hp che o I. ieu nay lam giam kha nang cua bo ieu khien e ap ng s thay oi nhanh cua phu tai. Neu qua trnh co thi gian tre ln tn hieu sai lech khong ap ng kp thi sai lech hien co trong qua trnh, s tre nay se dan en qua hieu chnh, che o I tiep tuc lam thay oi tn hieu ra cua bo ieu khien sau khi o sai lech a giam en 0. Che o PI thng dung qua trnh co thay oi phu tai ln khi mot mnh che o P khong co kha nang giam dao ong va che o I tao nen tac ong hieu chnh e triet tieu dao ong. Che o ieu khien PD u = P + PD(d/dt) - D(du/dt) + uo he so gii han cua ao ham Che o ket hp nay cho phep giam xu hng dao ong va cho phep tang o khuyech ai t le. che o PD, khau P tao nen s thay oi cua tn hieu ra t le vi tn hieu sai lech, khau D tao nen s thay oi bo sung cua tn hieu ra t le vi van toc thay oi cua tn hieu sai lech ngan chan trc gia tr mi cua tn hieu sai lech va thay oi tn hieu ra mot cach tng ng. Tac ong ngan nga trc lam cho khau D rat hu dung trong ieu khien qua trnh co phu tai thay oi ot ngot Che o ieu khien PID u = P + PIot dt + PD(d/dt) + uo Khau I dung e triet tieu sai lech t le khi thay oi phu tai. Khau D giam dao ong va tac ong ngan chan s thay oi tn hieu sai lech. V the PID c dung qua trnh co tai trong thay oi ot ngot, mc o thay oi ln . Cac bo PID thc te co chen he so gii han ao ham vao khau PD nen u se la u = P + PIot dt + PD(d/dt) - D(du/dt) + uo
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VAN Hai loai van thong dung la van trt va van xoay Van trt tieu bieu la van cau (globe valve), van xoay tieu bieu la van bm, van bi
Hnh 7.1 Van ieu khien Tuy thuoc yeu cau cong nghe ma ngi ta dung van co au xa (plug) khac nhau, cho biet moi loai au xa co kha nang cho moi chat i qua tuy hanh trnh tng oi cua van hnh 7.2; hnh 7.3
Hnh 7.2: Cac loai au xa cua van
page 104
Chon van co kch c ung la rat quan trong, neu van qua nho no co the khong ap ng c yeu cau cho dong lu chat i qua, neu qua ln se lang ph va lam viec khong on nh. Moi van ieu khien eu co mot he so Cv khac nhau phu thuoc vao kch c va loai van ieu khien. e chon c ung van phai biet ieu kien dong chay thc te va phng phap tnh toan Cv yeu cau. Cac cong thc e tnh kch thc van c chuan hoa bi ISA c s dung kha rong rai oi vi chat long dong ban ti han ( khi P < Ps *FL2) dong the tch
Kch c van :
Hnh 7.3 : o m va lu lng cua van-ng ac tnh van
dong khoi lng:
oi vi chat long dong ti han ( khi P >= Ps *FL2)

dong the tch
dong khoi lng
page 105
oi vi chat kh dong ban ti han ( khi P < P1 /2*FL2)

dong the tch:
dong khoi lng:
oi vi chat kh dong ti han ( khi P >= P1 /2*FL2)

dong the tch:
dong khoi lng:
Chu y: khi van kieu xoay c lap at gia hai au giam th ta phai dung CvRFp thay v CvR(trong bang )
TNH CV KHI CO HIEU CHNH V O NHT VA SO REYNOLE Khi chat long co o nht cao tren 40cSt hay trong ieu kien lu lng thap th ta phai hieu chnh Cv nh sau:
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khi Cv <= 0,1 ta phai hieu chnh, cung nen hieu chnh khi lu lng kh mc trung bnh
Sau o chon CVR t nhat bang 2 lan Cv turbulent sau o thay vao cong thc e tnh toan FR va FR (khi tnh ra CVcorected neu cha at th tang tiep CVR len (chon van ln hn) cho en khi tnh ra CVcorected be hn 80% CVR la at yeu cau khong nen be hn 5% CVR). Tnh FR nh sau: oi vi dong on nh (CVR>0,5):
oi vi dong on nh (CVR =<0,5):
oi vi dong chuyen tiep (vi moi CVR ):
FR se lay bang gia tr nho cua FR va FR n lay nh sau: oi vi dong be CVR <= 0,5 th n bang: lu y min n = 2 trong cong thc tnh FR tren khong dung khi so Reynolds Rev <10 so Reynolds Rev tnh nh sau:
o nht ong hoc (centistokes) neu o nht la centipoise th = /Gf oi vi kh gas th ieu kien kh quyen mot so he so hieu chnh khac xac nh nh sau:
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Tom lai: khi ban tnh ra Cv, neu vt qua 80% CvR (gia tr nay trong ho s van khi no m 100%) th ta nen chon loai van co kch c ln hn, ta cung khong nen chon van co Cv be hn 5% CvR van lap gia hai au giam th CVR = CVR Fp
v du: chon van ieu khien cho hon hp dau tho C co cac tham so nh sau:
Giai:
gia s chon van cau 1 co CVR = 28 ( t nhat bang 2 lan CVturbulent ) co FL = 0,9, Fd = 0,46
V du: Hay chon van cho ng hoi chnh tren gian nen kh trung tam (PCV6901) khi lu lng kh la 40000 scmh ap suat trc van la 10000kpa, sau van la 5000kpa, nhiet o dong kh 40oC Giai: P1 = 10000kpa = 1450psi P2 = 50000kpa = 725 psi P = P1 - P2 = 725psi T = 104oF= 564oR Q = 40000 scmh = 1412586 scfh G t trong kh 0,75 Ta co FL2 ~ 0,98*0,98 = 0,96 Cho nen P> FL2 P1/2 chat kh dong ti han ( khi P >= P1 /2*FL2) dong the tch:
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thay so CV = 1412586 (0,75x564)0,5/(834x0,9x1450)= 26,7 Xem bang tai lieu do hang san xuat van cung cap ben di: Nen chon van 3 class 900 co CvR = 34,4 , FL = 0,98 van m khoang 80% (co the chon van 4) CV thc te = 1412586 (0,75x564)0,5/(834x0,98x1450) = 24,5 CV thc te / CvR = 71% chap nhan c.
Bang tra Cv cho van kieu HPT hang fisher cung cap
CAC CONG THC KHAC Kch thc van dung cho chat long: Moi loai van dung cho chat long eu co he so van Cv do nha che tao cung cap he so nay tuy thuoc v tr m cua van (% open), he so nay co lien quan en lu lng qua moi lien he: Cv = (q/0,0865)(/P)0,5 q lu lng (m3/h) P chenh ap qua van (kpa) t trong chat long ieu kien nhiet o dong chay = L(T)/ H2O = 1000
V du : hay chon van e ieu khien cho bnh cha condensate lu lng trung bnh q=100m3/h, chenh ap khoang 690kpa, = 0,78 Giai: Cv = (q/0,0865)(/P)0,5
page 109
= (100/0,0865)(0,78/690)0,5 = 38,8 Nha san xuat cung cap ho s van

Body size 3 4 Travel 1 1 10% 4,5 8,26 20% 5,78 13,5 30% 9,96 19,9 40% 17,7 30,9 50% 26,5 44,1 Cv @ % open 60% 36,6 72,5 70% 52,7 113 80% 71,7 152 90% 91,5 182 100% 107 203
Kch thc van dung cho chat kh: oi vi chat kh th ta dung thuat ng Cg va C1 thay cho Cv, he so nay co lien quan en lu lng qua moi lien he: m = 0,0475Cg (1P1)0,5 sin[(3471/C1) (P/P1)]Deg m lu lng khoi lng (kg/h) P chenh ap qua van (kpa) 1 t trong chat long ieu kien vao van C1 (he so hoi phuc ap suat) = 25 oi vi van bm = 28 oi vi van bi = 33->35 oi vi van cau Trong cong thc tren sin[(3471/C1) (P/P1)]Deg phan anh dong qua van la ti han khi [(3471/C1) (P/P1)]Deg 90okhi o ta lay [(3471/C1) (P/P1)]Deg = 90oe tnh toan e chon c chnh xac kch c van ta con phai kiem tra xem cac tieu chuan ve tieng on va tieu chuan chong xam thc van.
Neu chon van 3 th van m khoang 62%, trong khi chon van 4 th o m khoang 46%
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PHAN 8
Van an toan dang khong can bang ay la dang van an toan co cau tao n gian nhat, thng c s dung khi xa kh va he thong khong co ap suat hoac ra moi trng. V khong co c cau can bang nen s hoat ong cua van b anh hng rat ln cua ap suat he thong xa (ap suat ngc). Khi ap suat he thong xa (ap suat ngc) ln hn 10% ap suat at van an toan, van dang khong can bang khong c s dung. Van an toan dang can bang S khac biet gia van can bang va khong can bang la cho van dang can bang c thiet ke them mot pitong hoac mot ong sinphong at pha tren a lam kn nham loai tr s tac ong cua ap suat ngc len a lam kn.
Co ba dang pho bien sau:
VAN AN TOAN
Hnh 8.1 Van an toan dang khong can bang
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Hnh 8.2 : Van an toan dang can bang Van an toan dang ieu khien pilot Hai dang van can bang va khong can bang trnh bay tren eu dung lc lo xo tac ong trc tiep len a lam kn, khi ap lc t di thang c lc lo xo th van se m. oi vi van co ap suat ln va lu lng ln oi hoi lo xo phai co kch c ln tng ng, do o se tang ang ke kch c cua van an toan. iem u viet cua van an toan dang ieu khien pilot la dung mot van an toan nho-pilot e ieu khien van chnh, do o khong can dung lo xo tac ong trc tiep len a lam kn. Ap suat nguon se tac ong ong thi len be mat tren va be mat doi cua a lam kn (pitong), do tiet dien tiep xuc cua mat tren ln hn mat di nen khi lam viec bnh thng a lam kn se b tac ong ong chat. Khi ap suat tang vt qua ap suat at cua van an toan nho ieu khien (dang lo xo), phan ap suat pha tren a lam kn se b xa i, ap suat pha di se ay a m. Van an toan dang ieu khien pilot b han che s dung trong cac trng hp khi moi chat co nhieu tap chat ban co the gay tac cac ong dan ieu khien.
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Hnh 8.3 : Van an toan dang ieu khien pilot Xac nh lu lng van an toan phuc vu cho kh hydrocacbon: w = (B)CKoAP1[Mw/(ZT)]0,5 w: lu lng khoi lng qua van kg/h -5 B he so = 7,6x10 C: he so phu thuoc vao t so nhiet dung rieng k= Cp/Cv Ko: hieu suat xa ap van do nha che tao van cung cap A: tiet dien ca xa cua van mm2 P1 : ap suat trc van kpa(a) Mw: khoi lng phan t cua kh Z : he so nen tai ieu kien lam viec o T : nhiet o trc van K Ap suat P1 se lay bang ap suat at cong vi lng vt ap cho phep (trong trng hp thong thng la 10% ap suat lam viec cho phep). Do o thong thng P = 1.1 Pset. Tiet dien co ch cua van xac nh t ch cai ky hieu qui c tren van sau o tra bang sau: orifice Tiet dien mm2 D 71 E 126,5 F 198,1 G 324,6 H 506,5 J 830,3 K 1186
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V du: tren van ky hieu 3 J 4 co ngha mat bch au vao 3, mat bch au ra 4, tiet dien co ch cua van A= 830,30 mm2. He so C xac nh nh sau:
k 1 1,1 1,16 1,2 1,25 1,3 1,35 1,4 C 315 327 333 337 342 347 351 356
V du : xac nh lu lng qua van an toan co cac thong so sau: Kch c: 2 H 3. Ap suat at Pset = 2700 kpa. Vt ap cho phep 10%. T = 40 oC, Mw = 22, Z = 0,92 Giai: w = (B)CKoAP1[Mw/(ZT)]0,5 A = 506.5 mm2. P = 1.1 x 2700 = 2970 kpa = Mw/Mwair = 22/29 = 0,76 k = 1,3 0,31(-0,55) = 1,3 0,31(0,76-0,55) = 1,2 C = 337 Ko = 0,97 w =7,6 x 10-5 337x0.97x506,5x2970x (22/(0.92x313))0,5 w = 10392 kg/h
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o lu lng bang orifice .
PHAN 9 O LU LNG
ay la phng phap o lu lng kh hay dung nhat hien nay Orifice at vuong goc vi hng dong chay cac thiet b o kem theo : o ap suat trc orifice, o chenh ap trc va sau, o nhiet o
sau khi co cac thong tin t cac thiet b o ta co cong thc tnh toan nh sau:
Hnh 9.1 Cau tao orifice
Q m3/h Lu lng tnh ieu kien chuan hw mm H2O Chenh ap qua orifice Pf kpa(abs) Ap suat trc orifice Fb He so orifice
Fpb Ftf
Fpv Fg
He so ap suat ieu kien chuan, Fpb = 101.325/Pb = 1 He so hieu chnh nhiet o so vi nhiet o ieu kien chuan, Ftf = (288/(273 + TfoC))0.5 He so phu thuoc vao he so nen Z Fpv = (1/Z)0.5 He so phu thuoc vao ty trong
Tra bang 3-16, phu thuoc vao kch c orifice va ng knh ong thong so nay e tra ra ng knh orifice Ap suat ieu kien chuan Pb=101.325 kpa Nhiet o k chuan = 15oC. Tf = nhiet o dong kh
: ty trong tng oi cua kh 15oC
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Fr Y Ftb Fa
Tmeas T so gia ng knh trong cua ong va ng knh orifice tot nhat vao khoang: Pipe taps Flange taps 0,2->0,67 0,15->0,7
Fg = (1/)0.5 He so phu thuoc vao he so Reynold (che o dong chay) = 1+ b/(hwPf)0,5 He so gian n cua ong va orifice phu thuoc vao ap suat Y 1 He so nhiet o ieu kien chuan, Ftb = 1 oi vi nhiet o chuan bang 15oC He so gian n nhiet cua orifice =1 khi Tf<120oF.
b tra bang
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Hnh 9.2 : Bo o lu lng qua tam lo

o lu lng kieu turbine co ng dung rong rai, ngoai tr cho chat long co o nht cao, khi lam viec turbine se quay ma toc o quay phu thuoc vao lu lng va tnh chat cua moi chat qua no Xac nh c toc o cua turbine la se xac nh c lu lng. Do o thiet b o lu lng bang turbine la thiet b o toc o quay cua turbine. Moi vong quay se tng ng vi mot lu lng the tch, c xac nh bang he so turbine .
o lu lng kieu turbine
Hnh 9.3 : Bo o lu lng kieu turbine
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Hnh 9.4 : Bang tra he so Fb
page 118
Hnh 9.5 : Bang tra he so Fb
page 119
Hnh 9.6 : Bang tra he so b
page 120
Hnh 9.7: Bang tra he so b
page 121
LU LNG VA NG ONG
1. Che o dong chay cac toc o thap, cac phan t cua moi chat chuyen ong theo dong chay tng oi on nh va thang hang. Toc o cua dong chay at cc ai tam ng ong va gan nh bang 0 tai thanh ong. Che o dong chay nay c goi la dong chay tang Neu tang toc o dong chay ti mot mc o nao o, cac phan t trong dong chay bat au chuyen ong hon loan (khong con thang hang so vi phng dong chay). Che o dong chay nay c goi la dong chay roi. e xac nh che o dong chay, Reynold a a ra mot he so khong n v - he so Reynold Re Re = dv/ = 4q/(d) = 4m/(d) d (m): ng knh trong cua ong. v (m/s) :van toc dong chay. (kg/m3): ty trong moi chat tai ieu kien dong chay. (kg/(m.s): o nht moi chat. (1cp=0,001kg/m.s) m (kg/s) : lu lng khoi lng q(m3/s) : lu lng the tch S (m2) : thiet dien trong cua ong gc he so chuyen oi khoi lng/lc = 1(kg.m/N.s2) g: gia toc trong trng = 9,81m/s2 P (Pa) : ap suat f: o nham X (m) : hieu o cao (h2-h1) Neu Re< 2000 : che o dong chay tang on nh, f=16/Re. Re> 4000 :che o dong chay roi, f=0,042Re0,194 (dung cho ong ln d>20cm, 8in) . Re> 4000 :che o dong chay roi, f=0,042Re0,172 (dung cho ong nho d<=20cm, 8in) . 4000 > Re > 2000 : Che o chuyen tiep, co the la on nh hoac roi. Ton hao ap lc oi dong chay chat long Ton hao ap lc cua dong chay c chia thanh 3 thanh phan sau: Ton hao ap lc do ma sat Pf. Ton hao ap lc do thay oi the nang PX. PX (X)g/gc Ton hao ap lc do thay oi ong nang Pv. Pv (V2)/(2g) P = Pf + PX + Pv Trong he thong ng ong ong nhat, s thay oi toc o dong chay gan nh bang 0. Do o phan ton hao do ong nang Pv ~ 0. Thc te trong tnh toan ton hao ap lc, phan nay thng khong ang ke va c bo qua. Ton hao do thay oi the nang chnh la cot ap thuy tnh do thay oi o cao. Phan nay c xac nh de dang, ty le vi thay oi o cao va ty trong. PX = (X)(g/gc). Phan ton hao ap lc do ma sat Pf la phan quan trong nhat. Phng trnh tong quat e xac nh ton hao ap lc do ma sat co dang nh sau: Pf = -2f..L.v2./(gcd) L (m): chieu dai ong Tom lai sau khi bo qua phan ton hao ap lc do thay oi ong nang ta co tong ton hao ap lc c rut gon nh sau:
PHAN 10
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P=(P2-P1) = Pf + Px = -2f..L.v2./(gcd)-(X)(g/gc). d = 1,265q0,4.{f.L/(Pf.gc)}0,2 neu cha biet f ta nen dung cong thc sau: cho ong nho: d = 0,647.q0,397.0.172.0.036.{L/(Pf .gc)}0,207 cho ong ln: d = 0,647.q0,376.0.168.0.041.{L/(Pf .gc)}0,208
v du: Tnh toan ng knh cho ong dan dau 0,0416m3/s, =0.79, ton hao ap toan tuyen la 500kpa, L=20km, o nht 10cp, dung ong ln. Giai: d = 0,647.q0,376.0.168.0.041.{L/(Pf .gc)}0,208 thay so: d = 0,647.(0,0416)0,376.(790) 0.168.(10x0,001) 0.041.{20000/(500000x1)}0,208 = 0,255m
Tnh lu lng van chuyen: cho ong nho: q = [3,127d2,64/(0.453.0.094)][(Pf .gc)/L}0,547 cho ong ln: q = [3,18d2,661/(0.446.0.107)][(Pf .gc)/L}0,554 Tnh ton hao ap suat: cho ong nho: Pf/L = q1,828.0.828.0.172/(8,038.gc. d4.828) cho ong ln: Pf/L = q1,806.0.806.0.194/(8,081.gc. d4.806)
v du: Tnh toan ton hao ap suat tuyen ong, ng knh trong d=0,254m, lu lng dan dau 0,0416m3/s, =0.79, L=20km, o nht 10cp, dung ong ln. Giai: cho ong ln: Pf = L. q1,806.0.806.0.194/(8,081.gc. d4.806) = 20000x0,04161,806.7900.806.(10x0,001) 0.194/(8,081x1. 0,2544.806) = 510000Pa
Ton hao ap lc oi dong chay chat kh C s tnh toan cung tng t nh oi vi chat long, nhng phc tap hn do kh la chat chu nen, cac tnh chat (ty trong, o nht, o nen) thay oi theo ap suat va nhiet o. Ton hao ap lc cung giong nh oi vi chat long tuy nhien: Ton hao do thay oi ong nang khong ang ke c bo qua. Ton hao do thay oi the nang kh co ty trong rat nhe do o phan nay co the bo qua. P1 (kpa): ap suat iem au P2 (kpa): ap suat iem cuoi Psc (kpa): ap suat ieu kien chuan
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Pm: (kpa) ap suat trung bnh T1 (oK): nhiet o iem au T2 (oK): nhiet o iem cuoi Tm (oK): nhiet o trung bnh Tg (oK): nhiet o moi trng quanh ong Tsc (oK): nhiet o ieu kien chuan qsc (m3/d): lu lng ieu kien chuan : ty trong tng oi cua kh f : he so ma sat. L (m): chieu dai ong d (m): ng knh trong cua ong Zm: he so nen trung bnh tai ieu kien dong chay. K: he so E: he so hieu qua ng ong, E= 0.88 - 0.95 Re: so Reynols Pm = Pavg =2/3[(P1 + P2) - P1 P2/( P1 +P2)] Tm = Tavg = [(T1 - T2)/ln{(T1 -Tg)/( T2 -Tg)]} + Tg
Zm = Zavg e n gian trong viec tnh toan thc te ngi ta a thanh lap cac cong thc xac nh kha nang van chuyen cua ng ong nh sau:
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V du: ng ong kh ve b t gian nen kh trung tam co cac thong so nh sau, hay tnh kha nang van chuyen cua ng ong.
P1(kpa) 12500 P2(kpa) 6000 d (m) 0.38 rel den 0.78 L (m) 110000 T1(K) 318 T2 (K) 303 T round 298 T mean 308.82 P mean 9630.63 Z mean 0.528521 E 0.9 qsc (m3/d) 8889068.6
cong thc Panhandle B Lu y : tren ng ong co cac thiet b nh valve , co, cut, au noi tai ay ton hao ap lc do ma sat se ln hn do thay oi hng dong chay va thiet dien thu nho, thng c goi la ton hao cuc bo. Thong thng ngi ta se qui oi cac thiet b tren thanh cac oan ong tng ng sau o cong vao o dai thc te thanh o dai tng ng e tnh toan.
Bang sau hng dan qui oi cac thiet b ng ong thanh cac oan ong co ton hao tng ng.
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Hnh 10.1: Ton hao ap lc qui oi cua van, au noi. V du: tnh toan chieu dai qui oi oan ong sau e tnh ton hao ap lc:
Giai: T hnh 10.1 10 ball valve Le = 1,8 m
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10 90o S.R. el Le = 8,2m 10 tee Le = 18m chieu dai qui oi la L = 5 + 1,8 + 15 + 8,2 + 2 + 18 +10 = 60m e tnh kha nang van chuyen cua cac he thong ong mac song song hay noi tiep ta theo cong thc qui oi chieu dai va ng knh ong nh sau: Hai ong loai ln A va B mac song song se tng ng vi ong E theo phng trnh nh sau: De2.661/Le0.554 = DA2.661/LA0.554 + DB2.661/LB0.554 Hai ong loai nho A va B mac song song se tng ng vi ong E theo phng trnh nh sau: De2.641/Le0.547 = DA2.641/LA0.547 + DB2.641/LB0.547 V du: hai ong 10 va 12 mac song song 6km neu dung ong 14 th chieu dai tng ng la bao nhieu: Giai: De2.661/Le0.554 = DA2.661/LA0.554 + DB2.661/LB0.554 142.661/Le0.554 = 102.661/60.554 + 122.661/60.554 ta c Le = 5,3 km Ong nho B se tng ng ong A theo phng trnh: DA = DB(LA/LB)0,207 hoac LA = LB(DA/DB)4,828 Ong ln B se tng ng ong A theo phng trnh: DA = DB(LA/LB)0,208 hoac LA = LB(DA/DB)4,806 V du: ong B co D=200mm dai 2000m tng ng ong A co D=100mm theo chieu dai nh sau: LA = LB(DA/DB)4,828 LA = 2000(100/200)4,828 = 70,4m
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PHAN 11 NG ONG, MAT BCH, AU NOI
Hnh 11.1 : Mat bch va cac thong so Nominal size: la kch thc danh ngha cua mat bch. Pressure rating: la cap chu ap lc thng co cac cap nh sau: class 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, 2500. Material designation: vat lieu che tao mat bch v du A105, A 105 M-96, A 181, A182, A182 M 96, A350
Hnh : Kha nang chu ap suat cua vat lieu suy giam theo nhiet o
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KHA NANG CHU AP SUAT THEO NHIET O CUA MAT BCH PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RATINGS FOR STEEL PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS CLASS 150 300 400 600 900 1500 Hydrostatic test pressure psig 450 1125 1500 2225 3350 5575 temperature F max allowable non shock pressure psig 100 285 740 990 1480 2220 3705 200 260 675 900 1350 2025 3375 300 230 655 875 1315 1970 3280 400 200 635 845 1270 1900 3170 500 170 600 800 1200 1795 2995 600 140 550 730 1095 1640 2735 650 125 535 715 1075 1610 2685 700 110 535 710 1065 1600 2665 750 95 505 670 1010 1510 2520 800 80 410 550 825 1235 2060 850 65 270 355 535 805 1340 900 50 170 230 345 515 860 950 35 105 140 205 310 515 1000 20 50 70 105 155 260
2500 9275 6170 5625 5470 5280 4990 4560 4475 4440 4200 3430 2230 1430 860 430
Cong thc tnh ap suat th thuy lc ng ong P = 2St/D D = ng knh cua ong inchs P= ap suat lam viec psi S1= ng suat doc truc psi = PD/4t S1= ng suat chu vi psi = PD/2t t= o day cua ong inchs S c lay bang % cua cng o chu uon toi thieu (min yield strength)
grade
A&B X42 en
Size
percent of specified min yield strength 60% 23/8in(60,3mm) va ln hn

59/16in(141,3mm) va nho hn 65/8in (168,3mm) va 85/8in (219,1mm) 103/4in (273mm) va 185/8in (457mm) bao gom 60% 75% 85%
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X80**
20in (508mm) va ln hn
90%
grade A B
min tension strength Mpa 330 415
min yield stength Mpa 205 240
AP SUAT LAM VIEC LN NHAT CHO PHEP CUA ONG P: ap suat lam viec ln nhat cho phep (Psig) = 2SEt/(D+1.2t) S:=15000 psig ng suat cua hau het vat lieu ong thong thng nhiet o -20 to 650 o F E = 1 hieu suat lien ket cho ong uc khong han D= ng knh trong cua ong khong han t:= o day ong thap nhat, inches (0,875 times the nominal thichness)
O DAY TOI THIEU (min) CUA ONG t: o day toi thieu cua ong (in): t=PR/(SE-0.6P) P: ap suat ong (psig) S=15000 ng suat cho hau het cac loai ong co nhiet < 650 o F E hieu suat noi cua ong uc lien R ban knh trong cua ong BANG TRA ORING KIEU R KHI BIET MAT BCH VA CLASS NPS 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 3 1/2 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16
CLASS
150
R15 R17 R19 R22 R25 R29 R33 R36 R40 R43 R48 R52 R56 R59 R64
300 R11 R13 R16 R18 R20 R23 R26 R31 R34 R37 R41 R45 R49 R53 R57 R61 R65
900
R31 R37 R41 R45 R49 R53 R57 R62 R66
1500 R12 R14 R16 R18 R20 R24 R27 R35

R39 R44 R46 R50 R54 R58 R63 R67
2500 R13 R16 R18 R21 R23 R26 R28 R32

R38 R42 R47 R51 R55 R60
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18 R68 R69 R69 R69 R70 R71 20 R72 R73 R73 R73 R74 R75 24 R76 R77 R77 R77 R78 R79 Chu y : ch so Rxx a c in tren than Oring, do o khi co class va NPS cua mat bch ta de dang chon ra ung loai Oring theo Rxx. (Phai chac chan bch dung oring loai R)
Hnh 11.2 : Mat cat cua cac loai Oring kieu BX, RX, R
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Hnh 11.3 : Ong va cac thong so ghi tren than
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Hnh 11.4 : au noi
Hnh 11.5: Mat Bch
Hnh 11.6: gaskets amiang (flat gaskets) va spiral wound Cung nh Oring th tren spiral wound co in class va NPS do o khi biet mat bch vi class va NPS th chon spiral wound co cung class va NPS la c.
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Hnh 11.7: Mot so hnh anh ve van
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Hnh 11.8 : Thiet b o mc chat long
Hnh 11.9: Tong hp
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BANG TRA CAC THONG SO ONG CONG NGHE: (v du minh hoa)
KHA NANG CHU AP SUAT CUA VAN THEO CAP O VA VAT LIEU NH SAU:
Hnh: Bang tra cac thong so cua ong
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THIET B PHAN LY KH LONG: Cac thiet b tach kh va dau la mot bo phan cua thiet b khai thac tren be mat c dung e tach cac san pham khai thac t cac gieng dau va kh thanh chat long va kh rieng biet. Cac thiet b nay c lap at tren san khai thac, ng ong phan phoi hay cac bon cha tao thanh mot bo phan hoan chnh cua he thong khai thac CAC DANG BNH TACH: Theo hnh dang cac bnh tach thng co cac hnh dang sau: Bnh tach ng, bnh tach ngang, bnh tach hnh cau. Theo so pha th co bnh tach hai pha, bnh tach ba pha. e chon c ung loai bnh tach phai da vao cac ng dung k thuat cung nh cac ch tieu kinh te, u, nhc iem cua tng loai
BNH TACH DAU KH.
PHAN 12
Hnh 12.1: Bnh tach ngang va ng
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Hnh 12.2 : Man chan sng

CAU TAO BNH TACH Tam chan loi vao e oi hng dong giup tach chat long theo nguyen tac va ap, trong lc. Man sng chan loi kh ra giup lien ket cac giot chat long nho b cuon theo dong kh thanh giot ln hn roi ri xuong ni cha chat long. Thiet b o mc chat long e giam sat khi van hanh. Van an toan nham bao ve bnh tach khoi ap suat cao vt qua ap suat cho phep. Cac thiet b t ong khac. Cac bnh tach thng bao gom 4 khu vc Khu vc 1: phan tach kh chu yeu , ni xay ra qua trnh tach chu yeu phan chat long t do trong dong hon hp long kh. Phan 2: phan lang chat long. Phan 3: phan cha chat long. Phan 4: Phan bay cac giot chat long lien ket chung lai va ri xuong. BNH TACH NG: San pham vao bnh tach phai qua bo phan dan hng gay ra viec tach s bo bi ba tac ong ong thi: trong lc, ly tam, va cham. Kh c tach bay len pha tren, trong khi chat long ri xuong ni cha, cac giot long nho c thu hoi nh man chan sng u iem: bnh tach ng co the ieu khien lng tng oi ln chat long ma khong b cuon theo dong kh, no ieu khien mc tot hn. Thng dung cho nhng gieng co t le kh dau t thap en trung bnh. Bnh tach ng cung co the kiem soat cat, hat ran, khuynh hng chat long bay hi tr lai c giam thieu v dien tch mat cat ngang be, ay cung la mot u iem v no chiem khong gian ngang be phu hp gian khai thac chat hep. Nhc iem: chi ph che tao, van chuyen en ni lap at cao. Khi hai bnh tach co cung cong suat th bnh tach ng thng co kch thc ln hn bnh tach ngang. BNH TACH NGANG Loai nay co the dang ong n hay ong kep. Trong bnh tach ong n san pham qua loi vao en tam chan tai ay cung dien ra qua trnh tach s bo, chat long ri xuong ni cha, ni kh ra cung co man chan sng. Trong bnh tach ong kep, ong tren hoat ong nh bnh tach trong khi ong di co chc nang ton tr chat long. Kh di chuyen ong tren vi van toc cao hn u iem: bnh tach loai nay co the tach ba pha kh-dau-nc bnh tach ngang co dien tch tiep xuc dau kh ln , cho phep kh thoat nhanh hn, v the no co the x ly the tch kh nhieu , tnh kinh te va hieu suat cao, chi ph che tao re, chi ph van chuyen thap hn so vi bnh tach ng. Chung cung thuan li hn cho viec lap at va bao hanh. Bnh tach ngang han che dong roi va tao bot. Vi cung mot cong suat cho trc bnh tach ngang nho hn va re hn bnh tach ng. Bnh tach ngang thng dung cho nhng gieng co t le khdau (GOR) cao. Nhc iem: viec ieu khien mc la mot van e kho trong bnh tach ngang, khong gian giao ong mc b gii han. Viec lam sach gap kho khan va v the khong tien cho nhng gieng nhieu cat. Bnh tach ngang chiem khong gian ln tuy nhien co the giam thieu bang xep chong cac bnh tach. BNH TACH CAU
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Bnh tach cau c che tao e toi u cong dung cua nhng thiet b tach kh-long hien co. Mot thiet b hng dong theo tiep tuyen vi vo bnh, chat long tach ra do b giam van toc ot ngot trong bnh, ni kh ra cung co man chan sng. u iem: bnh tach kieu nay chi ph khong cao, re hn so vi dang ng hay ngang. Loai hnh cau can oi, nho , gon, thch hp cho nhng gieng co GOR trung bnh. NGUYEN LY TACH Co nhieu ky thuat khac nhau ng dung vao viec x ly tach dau-kh nhng co the xep vao hai loai: tach c hoc va tach hoa pham da tren nguyen tac can bang nhiet ong kh long. Bnh tach c hoc theo ba c che: tach nh trong lc, tach nh ly tam, tach nh va ap.
Hnh 12.3: Bnh tach cau tao va lam viec THIET KE CHON LA BNH TACH Xac nh o day thanh bnh: Cong thc c ban e xac nh o day bnh tach (ASME ) oi vi phan than hnh tru: t= PDI/(2SE-1,2P) +C
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THIET KE KCH THC BNH TACH THEO NGUYEN LY TRONG LC Cong thc xac nh kch c bnh tach nguyen ly trong lc da tren toc o cho phep cua dong kh e s cuon cac giot long theo pha kh khong xay ra: v = Ks((l - g)/ g)0.5 l khoi lng rieng pha long ieu kien bnh tach lam viec kg/m3 g khoi lng rieng pha kh ieu kien bnh tach lam viec kg/m3 v van toc cho phep cua dong kh m/s Ks he so bnh tach m/s he so nay phu thuoc vao kch c giot long co the tach, kieu bnh tach, thiet b ben trong bnh he so Ks co the lay theo bang sau: Dang bnh tach Gia tr Ks Ks thng dung Dang bnh tach ng 0.055 0.107 Dang bnh tach ngang 0.122 0.152 ng knh bnh tach c xac nh nh sau: v = qa/A = 4qa/(d2Fg) do o d = (4qa/(vFg))0.5 Qa Lu lng thc te tai ieu kien lam viec m3/s A Tiet dien mat cat bnh m2 D ng knh trong bnh m Fg Ty le gia phan khoang khong cho dong kh va ng knh bnh. Bnh tach ng Fg = 1.
t= PDo/(2SE+0,8P) +C oi vi phan than hnh cau: t= PR/(2SE-0,2P) +C t: o day thanh bnh (mm) P ap suat thiet ke (Mpa) thng th ap suat thiet ke P =1,1 ap suat ln nhat khi van hanh, trong khi ap suat ln nhat khi van hanh = 1,1 ap suat van hanh bnh thng DI ng knh trong thanh bnh (mm) Do ng knh ngoai thanh bnh (mm) E he so ghep noi S (Mpa) ng suat cho phep ln nhat = 1/3,5 Ts (Ts cng o chu lc cua vat lieu) thong thng neu dung thep cacbon (A-515, Gr 70) Ts = 483Mpa do o S = 138Mpa C o an mon cho phep (mm) He so ghep noi E Han giap moi hai mat E Kiem tra khuyet tat toan bo 1 Kiem tra khuyet tat la chon 0.85 Khong kiem tra khuyet tat 0.7
Bang tra Fg:
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h/d 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 Lu y :
Fg 1 0,981 0,948 0,906 0,858 0,804
h/d 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5 0,55
Fg 0,748 0,688 0,626 0,564 0,5 0,436
khi thiet ke nen lay qa = qa Edf m: lu lng khoi lng (kg/h) g khoi lng rieng kh (kg/m3) qs lu lng the tch kh STD std m3/d Ps ap suat std (kpa) P ap suat lam viec (kpa) T nhiet o lam viec (K) Ts nhiet o tieu chuan (K) Z he so nen @ P,T Edf he so thiet ke 1,1 ~1,2
qa = m/(3600g) qa = (qs/86400)(Ps/P)(T/Ts)z
Cong thc xac nh kha nang cua bnh tach nh sau: qs = 67842(Ks)(Fg)(P/Ps)(Ts/T)(1/z) ((l - g)/ g)0.5
V du: tnh toan kch c cho bnh tach ng trung gian 1-V-252 tren gian nen kh trung tam. Lu lng qs = 1,7x106 std m3/d. l = 620kg/m3, g=38kg/m3 , = 0,76, MW = 22 ( solution 42 ) Giai: Lu y: lu lng the tch 106 scmd khi chuyen qua lu lng khoi lng m (kg/h) = 51060 gas = 1762 MWgas M = 51060x1,7x0,76 = 65969 kg/h Lay Edf he so thiet ke = 1,1 qa = Edf m/(3600g) = 1,1x65969/(3600x38) = 0,53m3/s v = Ks((l - g)/ g)0.5 = 0,07((620-38)/38)0,5 = 0,274 m/s d = (4qa/(vFg))0.5 = [4x0,53/(3,14x0,274x1)]0,5 = 1,57 m
LU LNG CHAT LONG Lu lng chat long cua mot bnh tach phu thuoc vao phan the tch co ch cho chat long va thi gian ma chat long lu lai trong bnh VL = qL(t)/1440 VL the tch chat long trong bnh (m3) qL lu lng chat long (m3/d) t thi gian chat long lu lai (minutes) oi vi bnh tach ngang th VL = (3,14d2/4) (1-Fg)L
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oi vi bnh tach ng: VL = (3,14d2/4) h thi gian lu tru lay nh sau: Dau co Di 0,85 0,85 0,93 0,93 1 phut 1 1-2 2-4
Tach dau kh nc ap cao 2~5 phut Tach dau kh nc ap thap 5~15 phut (nhiet o cang ln thi gian cang thap) Thong thng ty le L/D nam trong khoang 3~8 S O CONG NGHE VA IEU KHIEN BNH TACH:
Hnh 12.4: S o cong nghe ieu khien bnh tach 3 pha
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Kh c lam kho vi muc ch tach hi nc ra khoi kh gas e tranh hien tng co nc t do xuat hien trong he thong (nc la nguon goc cua hien tng hydrates va an mon) va tao ra cho kh co nhiet o iem sng theo nc thap hn so vi nhiet o cc tieu ma tai o kh c van chuyen hay che bien. Trong cong nghiep cac phng phap lam kho kh sau ay thng c s dung: hap thu bang cac chat long hut am nh diethylene glycol (DEG), triethylene glycol (TEG), monoethylene glycol (MEG), tetraethylene glycol (TREG), hap thu hi nc bang cac tac nhan say ran hoat tnh, ngng tu am do nen, hoac (va) lam lanh kh. Vi u iem cua TEG co o hut am cao, tao c iem sng cho kh sau lam kho kha cao o (-47 C) . khi tai sinh de dang thu c dung dch co nong o khoi lng cao tren 99% nen no c dung trong hau het cac he thong lam kho kh. S o cong nghe tieu bieu cho cum lam kho kh nh sau:
PHAN 13 LAM KHO KH BANG GLYCOL
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Hnh 13.1: S o cong nghe he thong lam kho kh bang glycol NONG O TOI THIEU CUA GLYCOL SACH: Nong o cua glycol sach la yeu to anh hng manh nhat en iem sng cua kh gas no cao hn ngay ca khi ban tang lu lng tuan hoan glycol. Trong thap tiep xuc (contactor) glycol sach ch tiep xuc vi kh gas tai mam tren cung con cac mam di nong o glycol a giam i do a hap thu nc do o trong thap tiep xuc iem sng thc te cua kh a lam kho se cao hn t 8 o C en 12oC so vi iem sng can bang. Thong thng lam kho kh bang glycol c thc hien en iem sng khong thap hn 25 oC en 35oC. Muon lam kho triet e th can dung dch glycol co o sach cang cao. e chon nong o yeu cau cua glycol sach e at c nhiet o iem sng yeu cau cua kh gas sau lam kho ta co o th 13.2
Hnh 13.2: o th tra nong o glycol sach yeu cau

Gia s nhiet o iem sng sau khi lam kho kh gas la 5 oC nhiet o thap tiep xuc la 46 oC e at c cac yeu nhiet o iem sng nay trong khi tra o th ta lay giam nhiet o iem sng xuong them 10 oC vay khi o nhiet o iem sng la 15 oC. Toa o cua iem sng can bang 15oC va nhiet o thap tiep xuc 46oC ri vao ng nong o glycol sach la 99.5%. ay chnh la nong o glycol sach yeu cau . ng nong o t oan ng vi nong o 98.5% ay la gii han cua nong o glycol co the tai sinh 204 oC ap suat bnh tai sinh la ap suat ieu kien tieu chuan. Khi muon at nong o glycol sau khi tai sinh ln hn th phai c tai sinh trong ieu kien ap suat chan khong (be hn 101 Kpa) hoac (va) co s tham gia cua kh stripping gas. C giam i 1 kpa trong bnh tai sinh th nong o phan tram khoi lng glycol sach tang them 0.014% Kh stripping gas nay phai la kh sach no c a vao thiet b tai sinh vi muc ch la lam giam ap suat hi nc tren be mat dung dch, thuc ay s boc hi nc ra khoi dung dch . Trong thiet b tai sinh glycol nhiet o c duy tr trong khoang 190 oC -204 oC neu 206.7 oC th TEG se b phan huy. Neu bnh tai sinh co ap suat thap 10 ->13
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kpa th di cac ieu kien ve nhiet o va ap suat nh vay ta co the thu c glycol sach co nong o khoi lng c 99.5% Nhiet o gii han tren trong thap tiep xuc c xac nh bang s tieu hao cho phep cua glycol do bay hi va trong thc te nhiet o nay vao khoang 38 oC . Con gii han di phu thuoc vao s giam kha nang hut am cua glycol gay ra bi s tang o nht cua glycol nhiet o cc tieu nay vao khoang 10 oC Trong hau het cac he thong lam kho kh bang glycol lu lng glycol tuan hoan vao khoang 15-40 lites TEG cho 1 kg H2O tach ra, ay la dai gia tr c cho la co kinh te nhat
e tnh toan lu lng glycol tuan hoan ta theo cac bc sau ay: 1. T nhiet o iem sng yeu cau cua kh gas sau khi lam kho tr tiep i khoang 10oC va nhiet o thap tiep xuc ta tra ra nong o Xgl (%) yeu cau qua o th 13.2 2. Tnh lng nc bao hoa cua kh gas khi vao thap tiep xuc W_inlet (kg/106 std m3) 3. Tnh lng nc bao hoa cua kh gas khi ra khoi thap tiep xuc W_outlet (kg/106 std m3) Bc 2 & 3 tra o th hnh 4.1 4. Tnh t so (W_inlet - W_outlet)/ W_inlet sau o co so tang ly thuyet cua contactor N tra cac o th 13.5 en 13.9 ta co lu lng tuan hoan cua TEG (m3 TEG/kg H2O) 5. Density cua TEG = 1.12kg/liter 6. e tra lu lng stripping gas ta dung o th 13.3
Hnh 13.3 : o th tra lu lng kh stripping cho still column V du bai toan: He thong lam kho kh cho dong kh 3x106 std m3 /d, =0,6, ap suat 12500kpa va 40oC, nhiet o iem sng yeu cau 5 oC contactor co so mam l thuyet N=1.5. Tnh toan nong o toi thieu cua glycol sach va lu lng tuan hoan
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e at c nhiet o iem sng can bang la -5 oC th trong tnh toan ta phai lay nhiet o iem sng tnh toan thap i them 10 oC khi o nhiet o iem sng tnh toan la -15oC. Tra o th 13.2 ng vi nhiet o iem sng -15 oC va nhiet o bnh contactor 40 oC ta tra ra nong o glycol sach yeu cau la Xgl = 99.2% Lng nc bao hoa cua kh gas khi vao contactor (12500kpa, 40 oC) tra o th 4.1 W_inlet: 700kg nc /1 trieu m3 kh gas Lng nc bao hoa cua kh gas khi ra contactor (12500kpa, -5 oC) tra o th 4.1 W_outlet: 60kg nc /1 trieu m3 kh gas (W_inlet - W_outlet)/ W_inlet = (700-60)/700) = 0,914 tra hnh 13.6 ra lu lng TEG tuan hoan la 0,031 m3TEG/kg H2O lng nc tach ra t dong kh la 3x(700-60)/24 = 80kg/h vay lng TEG sach tuan hoan la 31(liter)x80 = 2480 lit/h e tra lu lng stripping gas ta dung o th 13.3 tra c 1 std m3 stripping gas/ m3 TEG x 2,48 = 2,48 std m3/h
Tnh toan kch c contactor: Van toc cho phep cua kh gas khi qua contactor: v= Ks[(L -g)/g]0,5 Ks = 0,055m/s neu contactor dung bublecaps = 0,09->0,105 contactor dung structured packing L khoi lng rieng pha long vi he TEG-H2O th = 1120kg/m3 g khoi lng rieng pha kh ieu kien contactor kg/m3 rieng oi vi contactor dung structured packing th co the dung v= 3/(g)0,5 khi o ng knh toi thieu cua contactor la d = [4qact/(v)]0,5 d: ng knh contactor (m) qact lu lng kh thc te (m3/s) lu y: qact = m/g qact = qstd PstdTactZact/(86400PactTstd) m (kg/s) lu lng khoi lng dong kh gas qstd (std m3/d) lu lng the tch dong kh V du: TEG vao contactor e lam kho dong kh gas 1x106 std m3/d 40oC, 7000kpa, he so nen cua kh la z=0,85, Mw = 19 tnh kch c contactor dung bublecaps, structured packing Giai: g = 7000x19/(0,85x8,314x313) = 60 kg/m3 v= Ks[(L -g)/g]0,5 contactor dung bublecaps v= 0,055[(1120-60)60]0,5 = 0,23 m/s (Ks = 0,055m/s neu contactor dung bublecaps) qact = qstd PstdTactZact/(86400PactTstd) = 1000000x101x313x0.85/(86400x7000x288)=0.154m3/s d = [4qact/(v)]0,5 = [4x0,154/(0,23x3,14)]0,5 = 0,92m contactor dung structured packing (Ks = 0,09->0,105)
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v=0,095[(1120-60)60]0,5 =0,39m/s hoac v= 3/(g)0,5 = 3/600,5 = 0,39 d = [4qact/(v)]0,5 = [4x0,154/(0,39x3,14)]0,5 = 0,71m
Hnh 13.4: Structured Parking va Bubble cap
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Hnh 13.5: o th tra lu lng glycol sach (N = 1)
Hnh 13.6 : o th tra lu lng glycol sach (N = 1.5 )
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Hnh 13.8 o th tra lu lng glycol sach (N = 2.5)
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Lam kho kh bang glycol hay c che tao hydrate bang methanol thng c dung khi chuan b cho kh gas vao ng ong van chuyen i xa, con lam kho kh bang chat hap phu la mot chon la cao cap khi kh co yeu cau cao chang han nh dewpoint 50oC trc khi vao nha may NGL, LNG. Hay phai loai bo cac thanh phan khong co li nh CO2, H2S, COS e lam ngot kh gas. Hap phu la qua trnh tap trung kh gas cho tiep xuc vi cac chat co kha nang gi nc nhiet o thap sau o cac chat hap phu nay lai nha nc khi nhiet o tang cao. Cac chat hap phu thng co be mat tiep xuc rat ln t 500 en 800m2/g. Cac hat hap phu co the chia thanh cac loai sau: Boxit: la cac khoang chat thien nhien cha chu yeu la Oxyt nhom Al2O3 Alumina Oxyt nhom hoat hoa o la cac boxit a lam sach. Gel: la cac hp chat cau tao t SiO2, hay alumina gel Molecular Sieves: la cac zeolite cua potassium, sodium,calcium Charcoal: Than hoat tnh. Chon la chat hap phu: Viec chon la loai chat hap phu nao phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nh dewpoint hi am, ham lng H2S, CO2,yeu cau kinh te Theo dewpoint hi am ta co the tham khao kha nang mot vai chat hap phu pho bien nh: Chat hap phu Dewpoint at c oC Alumina -73 Silica gel -60 Molecular sieves -100 Molecular sieves con co the hap phu ca cac hon hp cha sulfua song no kha at va nang lng nhiet e giai hap cung cao.
PHAN 14 LAM KHO KH BANG CHAT HAP PHU
Bang ac tnh cua cac chat hap phu tieu bieu
He thong cong nghe tieu bieu:
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Vi he thong n gian nhat gom hai thap th mot thap hap phu nc con mot thap giai hap bang kh gas nhiet o cao, thap hap phu se lam viec cho en khi bao hao nc, thng th vao khoang 8~24 gi. He thong lam kho kh bang chat hap phu thng phai chi ph nhieu hn khi mua cung nh khi van hanh hn he thong lam kho kh bang glycol, tuy nhien no lai hu hieu hn khi oi hoi dewpoint that thap, khi s ly H2S Chat hap phu c tai sinh bang cach thoi gas (hay kh tr) vao thap giai hap vi nhiet o len en 230~320 oi vi molecule sieve, oi vi zeolite th nhiet o len en 316~370oC DIEN BIEN TRONG THAP HAP PHU:
Hnh 14.1: S o cong nghe minh hoa cho cum lam kho kh bang chat hap phu
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Hnh 14.2: cac vung trong thap hap phu Khi kh gas am i vao thap th ton tai ba vung trong cot hap phu: vung 1 la vung can bang trong vung nay chat hap phu a bao hoa nc, vung 2 (vung MTZ) la vung chuyen tiep b tren bao hoa 100% con b di la 0%, vung 3 la vung hoat tnh hoan toan khong ngam nc. Khi b di cua MTZ di chuyen en ay cua cot hap phu th qua trnh hap phu trong thap nay phai dng lai neu khong lng nc trong gas se gia tang. KHA NANG CUA CHAT HAP PHU: Kha nang hap phu nc cua chat hap phu c hieu la khoi lng nc b hap phu tren mot n v khoi lng chat hap phu. Kha nang hap phu nc tnh: la kha nang hap phu nc cua chat hap phu mi trang thai tnh ( no fluid flow) (hnh 14.3)
Hnh:14.3: o th tra kha nang hap phu nc tnh cua chat hap phu khi con mi Kha nang hap phu nc ong: la kha nang hap phu nc cua chat hap phu mi trang thai ong (fluid flow) thng lay bang khoang 50~70% (Kha nang hap phu nc tnh) Kha nang hu ch: o la kha nang cua chat hap phu thc te con lai suy giam theo thi gian so vi luc con mi (hnh 14.4 cho silica gel)
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Kha nang hu ch cua chat hap phu co the c lng nh sau: (x)(hB)= (xs)(hB)-0,45(xs)(hZ) x: Kha nang hu ch toi a cua chat hap phu (wt%) xs: Kha nang hap phu nc ong trong trang thai bao hoa (wt%) = 50~70%(Kha nang hap phu nc tnh) hZ: chieu dai MTZ hB: chieu dai cot hap phu Kha nang hu ch (x) cua mot vai chat hap phu co the lay nh sau: x (wt%) Nhom hoat tnh 5~12 Silica gel 5~8 Molecular sieve (4A) 7~14 oi vi silica gel va nhom hoat tnh th xs con phu thuoc vao nhiet o, o th 14.5. Xac nh he so nhan hieu chnh cho xs
Hnh 14.4: Kha nang hap phu hu ch sut giam theo thi gian cua Silica gel
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Hnh14.5: o th tra he so nhan hieu chnh v nhiet o cho kha nang hap phu nc ong xs cua silicagel va nhom hoat tnh oi vi molecular sieve khi nhiet o be hn 70oC th khong can phai hieu chnh xs Chieu dai MTZ : chieu dai MTZ phu thuoc thanh phan kh, van toc kh, c hat hap phu, o am kh RH, o sach cua cot hap phu. Chieu dai MTZ co the c lng nh sau: hZ= (C)0,115[qstd0,2389W0,7895RH0,5249/d0,4778][P/(Tz)]0,5506 106std m3/d qstd lu lng kh W lng nc bao hoa trong kh P,T kg RH o am tng oi cua kh % D ng knh thap hap phu m P ap suat kh kpa o T nhiet o kh K Z: he so nen kh C he so tuy tng chat : silica gel C=1; nhom hoat tnh C=0,8; molecular sieve C=0,6 THIET KE THAP HAP THU Vi he thong gian n ch gom hai thap ch nen ap dung cho lu lng kh nho di 1,5 trieu m3 kh ngay, khi lu lng kh ln th co the dung he thong 3~4 thap. Thi gian tai sinh tr va thi gian hap thu lien he nh sau: tr = ta/(n-1) vi n la so thap. Nh vay so thap n phai phu hp e u thi gian tai sinh. Neu kh bao hoa nc th mot chu k hap thu thng la 8~16 gi, neu kh a c lam kho bang glycol trc o th mot chu ky hap thu la khoang 24~30 gi Kch thc cua thap lien quan en van toc kh, sut giam ap suat cho phep Phng trnh Ergun cho ta o sut giam ap suat theo chieu dai nh sau: P/L = Bvg+Cgvg2 P/L ap suat sut giam theo chieu dai (kpa/m) [thng vao khoang 7~10 kpa/m] P khong nen vt qua 70kpa. o nht kh (cp) (m/s) vg van toc kh be mat (kg/m3) g khoi lng rieng kh B va C tuy theo hnh dang kch c hat hap thu nh sau
vg = A/g0,5 vg c lng nh sau A = 67 (hat cau 1/8) A = 48 (hat cau 1/16) ng knh thap: d= (4qa//vg)0,5 qa lu lng thc te ap suat va nhiet o lam viec (m3/minus) qa = (qs/1440)(Ps/P)(T/Ts)z (m3/minus) khi ng knh thap a co th chieu cao cot hap thu tnh nh sau: hB = 400mw/(xBd2) (m) hB chieu cao cot hap thu
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mw khoi lng nc b hap thu trong mot chu k (kg) x kha nang hap phu hu ch (%) B khoi lng rieng cua chat hap phu (kg/m3) d ng knh thap (m) Chieu cao cua thap hap phu se gom chieu cao cot hap phu cong vi chieu day cac thanh phan on nh va khoang khong can thiet (chieu cao them vao khoang 1~1,5m) xem hnh 14.6
Tot nhat t so hB/d khoang 2,5~6 V du: Tnh toan s bo cho he thong lam kho kh bang molecular sieve c hat 1/8 biet lu lng kh qs= 1x106 std m3/d, T=30oC, P= 6000kpa, z=0.86, =0.65, =0.014cp, W=720kg/106 std m3, gia s dung hai thap song song va 12 gi cho chu ky hap phu.
Hnh 14.6: Cau tao cua mot thap hap phu
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Giai: g = P.Mw/(zRT) = 6000x0,65x28,97/(0,86x8,314x303) = 52,1 kg/m3 A = 67 (hat cau 1/8) vg = A/g0,5 = 67/(52,1)0,5 = 9,3 m/min qa = (qs/1440)(Ps/P)(T/Ts)z (m3/minus) = (1000000/1440)(101,3/6000)(303/288)0,86 = 10,6 m3/min ng knh thap: d= (4qa//vg)0,5 = (4x10,6/3,14/9,3)0,5 = 1,2 m Lng nc b hap phu trong mot chu ky la: mw = (1x106 std m3/day)(12h/24h)(720kg/106std m3) = 360 kg H2O/chu ky chieu cao cot hap thu tnh nh sau: gia s x=10% hB = 400mw/(xBd2) = 400x360/(3,14x10x705x1,2x1,2) = 4,5 m t so hB/d = 4,5/1,2 = 3,8 OK! Kiem tra o sut giam ap suat theo chieu dai nh sau: P/L = Bvg+Cgvg2 = (4,16)(0.014)(9,3)+(0,00135)(52,1)(9,3)2 = 6,6 kpa / m OK! [thng vao khoang 7~10 kpa/m] P = 6,6x4,5 = 30 kpa khong nen vt qua 70kpa. OK! Chieu dai MTZ co the c lng nh sau: hZ= (C)0,115[qstd0,2389W0,7895RH0,5249/d0,4778][P/(Tz)]0,5506 =0,6x0,115[10,23897200,78951000,5249/1,20,4778][6000/(303x0,86)]0,5506 = 970 mm gia s Kha nang hap phu nc ong xs khoang 63% cua(Kha nang hap phu nc tnh) Kha nang hap phu nc tnh tra o th = 22 % do o xs = 0,63x22 = 14% Thay vao (x)=[ (xs)(hB)-0,45(xs)(hZ)]/ hB = [14x4,5-0,45x14x0,97]/4,5 = 12,6 wt% tng ng x gia s 10 wt% vay kch thc thap at yeu cau lam viec.
Hnh14.7: S o cong nghe minh hoa cho cum lam kho kh bang chat hap phu
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NGUYEN LY VA PHAN LOAI BM: Nguyen ly the tch: Nguyen ly nay la tao ra mot the tch thay oi t nho en ln va ngc lai. Khi the tch bm t bang khong tang dan en gia tr ln nhat o la qua trnh nap lu chat. Khi the tch giam dan ve gia tr khong la qua trnh nen ay lu chat. C mot chu ky hut ay bm van chuyen c mot the tch lu chat co nh. Trong qua trnh bm lam viec s thay oi trang thai cua lu the luon tuan theo cong thc sau: PV = const va PVk = const. P la ap suat lu chat, V la the tch, k = 1,4 he so. Cac loai bm ap dung nguyen ly nay la: bm piston, bm banh rang, bm truc vt, Nguyen ly ly tam:
MAY BM
PHAN 16
Hnh 14.1: Mat cat bm ly tam nhieu tang canh Nguyen ly canh nang: Nguyen ly nay dung trong thiet ke canh may bay Dong chat long chuyen ong en canh va bao trum len canh, canh c at ngieng goc so vi dong chat long nen pha tren lng canh tao nen cac xoay lu the chnh v vay ma dong lu the a tac ong len canh mot lc nang R
Loai bm tieu bieu: bm canh nang (hay bm hng truc) Nguyen ly phun tia:
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Nguyen ly nay da tren nguyen tac bao toan nang lng cua dong lu the ngha la khi van toc tang len th ap suat giam i hoac ngc lai, nh vay tai cho dong chay cua lu the co van toc ln ot ngot th ap suat se giam ta tao ra khong gian co ong thong vi ni can hut chat long th chat long ay se b hut theo dong lu the v tai cho cuc bo nay ap suat thap. CAC THONG SO CHNH CUA BM: Cot ap H (head):
Moi lien he gia o chenh ap suat P qua bm vi cot ap H xac nh nh sau: P = A. .H H = chieu cao cot ap thuy tnh, m; P = P2 - P1 lng ap gia tang qua bm kpa A he so = 9.81 = khoi lng rieng chat long ieu kien au ra Kg/m3 Cong suat yeu cau cua bm: Power (kW) = A.(q)(P2- P1)/E A hang so he n v: = 1 E: hieu suat cua bm phu thuoc loai bm q: lu lng the tch qua bm m3/s Cot ap hut chong xam thc NPSH: NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) tam goi la cot ap hut au vao la mot trong cac thong so quan trong trong lap at va van hanh bm. Neu cot ap hut au vao bm nho so vi yeu cau th khi bm lam viec hay say ra hien tng xam thc bm. Xam thc la s pha huy lien tuc cua lu chat oi vi be mat vat lieu bm, o la do cot ap hut au vao hu ch NPSHA nho lam ap suat au vao bm giam xuong bang ap suat bay hi tng ng vi nhiet o hien tai cua chat long. S bay hi manh liet cua chat long tao ra khoi lng bot rat ln lien tuc tach ra khoi be mat vat lieu tiep xuc vi dong chay ong thi cac hat chat long khong ngng lao vao e the cho cac bot kh tach ra nen va ap thuy lc rat ln lam ro va pha huy kim loai. e tranh ri vao vung hai pha va tach kh, ngi ta phai tao cho chat long mot lng ap suat bo sung bu cho s ton hao tren bang cach tao cot ap thuy tnh Hs gia bon cha va ni at bm nh hnh di
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NPSHA ( NPSH hu ch) se c tnh toan cu the nh sau: NPSHA = A(Ps - Pv - Pf)/ + Hs Hm - Hac Yeu cau : NPSHA> NPSHR T cac thong so ac tnh cua bm ta se biet c o cao chong xam thc NPSHR (NPSH yeu cau : nha san xuat cung cap theo o th ac tnh khi bm lam viec), o cao cot ap thuy tnh Hs thc te phai ln gia tr tren.
Hnh 14.2: v du ng ac tnh lam viec cua bm ly tam ieu khien lu lng may bm ly tam. Thay oi ap suat bang cach ieu khien cai at ap suat au ra lam van ieu khien co o ong m van ap ng nh hnh sau:
Thay oi toc o vong quay:
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ieu khien lu lng bm piston Tuan hoan: hoi lu lng. Thay oi toc o vong quay truc. Thay oi quang chay cua piston.
Tuan hoan: trong mot so trng hp khi cong suat cua may bm ln hn so vi yeu cau ta phai hoi mot phan chat long t au ra bm tr lai au vao bm e co lu lng au ra theo yeu cau cong nghe.
Hnh 14.3 : Bm nhieu tang canh nam ngang hay thang ng
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S O CONG NGHE IEU KHIEN BM:
Hnh 14.4 : Bm mot tang canh
Hnh 14.5 S o cong nghe ieu khien bm
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PHAN 17 MAY NEN KH 1.GII THIEU:

Thng phai dung cac may nen kh nham gia tang ap suat e van chuyen kh theo he thong ong van chuyen. Mot ng dung na cua may nen kh la lam giam the tch kh giup thuan li cho viec van chuyen kh bang tau hay ton tr , may nen kh co the tao ap suat rat cao e bm lng kh tr lai va e duy tr ap suat va. Hai loai may nen kh thng dung trong cong nghiep kh la may nen ly tam va may nen piston, ngoai ra mot loai ac biet khac hay dung la thiet b hoa kh Ejector. MAY NEN KIEU PISTON Loai nay gom co piston di ong trong xilanh, chung co hai kieu: kieu hanh trnh n va hanh trnh kep. Ngoai piston va xilanh con co cac van xa, van hut, van hut se m khi ap suat trong xilanh giam xuong thap hn ap suat kh dan vao, van xa se m khi ap suat trong xilanh bang hay cao hn ap suat xa. MAY NEN KH LY TAM Kieu may nen ly tam gom cac bo canh tron, bo canh nay co chong chong kieu toa tia kep gia hai tam chan. Cac chong chong nay quay se tac ong vao kh lam tang ap suat kh nen. Loai may nen nay cho dong lien tuc, ap suat xa t giai oan n la 100psig, lu lng dong cao en 100000sfm Loai nay thch hp vi qui trnh nen nhieu giai oan. EJECTOR Ejector gom co mot voi phun kh hay hi ong lc. Voi phun nay phun tia van toc cao qua buong hut vao bo khuyech tan co dang ong ventuari:
Hnh 17.1 : Ejecter

Kh nen c a vao nh mot voi phun khac trong buong hut. Hai dong t hai voi phun tao ra mot hon hp co van toc cao, co ap suat cua kh ong lc. Bo khuyech tan (diffuser) ong vai tro nen thong qua viec bien oi van toc hon hp thanh ap suat, lam cho van toc giam va ap suat tang doc theo chieu dai ejector. Nhiet o thay oi giong nh ap suat thay oi
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CHON LA MAY NEN Co nhieu thong so can c xem xet khi chon la may nen tuy thuoc muc ch s dung. He thong nen kh nhieu giai oan co the dung nhieu may nen kieu khac nhau cho tng giai oan. Phan nay se tm hieu cac ieu lu y khi chon may nen kh o la:
Tnh chat kh Tnh chat kh chang han nh la t so nhiet dung rieng, tnh nen hay lng nc co trong kh khong anh hng en viec chon may nen kh, tuy nhien kh co t trong thap thch hp vi may nen kieu li tam va co the can phai nen nhieu giai oan. Trong khi o khoi lng phan t, t trong hay mat o kh khong anh hng en loai may nen kieu piston. Lu lng dong kh: oi vi dong kh lu lng cao may nen li tam co the c dung cho cac giai oan nen au va may nen piston cho cac giai oan nen sau cho ap suat cao hn. oi vi dong kh co lu lng tng oi thap, may nen piston co the dung trong moi giai oan nen. Khi dong kh co lu lng thay oi, may nen kh piston co the khong b giam hieu suat trong khi may nen li tam khong lam viec hieu qua di 50 en 90% cong suat toi a. T so nen va ap suat van hanh Dung may nen ly tam co ap suat nen va phai va t so nen thap, khi t so nen cao hn va ap suat cao hn nen dung may nen kh piston. S thay oi ap suat hut va ap suat xa la rat quan trong. oi vi loai may nen piston neu ap suat kh hut vao thap trong khi ap suat xa duy tr khong oi, cong suat toan bo cung b giam i, s chenh ap cua toan bo cac giai oan tr giai oan cuoi cung b thap i, s chenh ap va gia tang nhiet o giai oan cuoi cung lai tang len. Neu ap suat hut gia tang phan hut giai oan mot, lu lng toan bo he thong gia tang trong khi s chenh ap va nhiet o gia tang trong giai oan cuoi lai giam i. Trong may nen ly tam ap suat hut tang th ap suat xa cung tang, neu ap suat hut giam th loai may nen nay khong nen en ap suat xa c. Nhiet o van hanh May nen ly tam nen kem hieu qua nhiet o cao hay thap so vi may nen piston. Loai may nen piston co gii han nhiet o nh nht, tuy nhien nhiet o xa phai gii han nhiet o thch hp e tranh cracking dau nhn. Khong loai may nao khac phuc c van e nay do o can lam lanh trung gian gia cac giai oan nen. Thiet b dan ong may nen Nguon nang lng e chay thiet b dan ong may nen cung co tac ong en viec chon loai may nen. Thong thng bo phan dan ong c chon da vao nguon nang lng co san, neu nang lng la ien th co the chay mot ien e dan ong may nen piston, con neu la kh th chay tuabin kh e dan ong may nen ly tam. o rung be mat san Cac may nen ly tam can dien tch mat san t hn va co o rung tng oi thap. Cac may nen kh piston thng sinh ra cac lc khong can bang lam rung san, thiet b Cac chi ph
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Chi ph ban au cho may nen ly tam thng thap hn may nen kh piston, nhng hieu suat cua no thap nen cac chi ph s dung co the cao hn. CAU TAO VA LAM VIEC CUA MAY NEN KH LY TAM:
Ghi chu: tien
Hnh 17.2: Cau tao va lam viec cua may nen ly tam 1. Loi vao cua kh thap ap 2. ng dan va canh dan giup phan phoi gas eu khap trc khi vao tang canh au
3. Tang canh au tien gan vi truc nen c quay vi van toc cao se lam tang van toc gas lam gia tang ong nang, tang ap suat cho gas. 4. Sau o gas i vao bo khuyech tan (diffuser) van toc se giam va ap suat se tang 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Loi ra cua kh gas co ap suat cao.
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CAU TAO VA LAM VIEC CUA MAY NEN KH PISTON:
Hnh 17.3 Cau tao may nen piston
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Hnh 17.4: Van hut may nen kh piston
Hnh 17.5: Mot so hnh anh ve may nen kh ly tam
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TNH TOAN MOT SO THONG SO TRONG VIEC CHON MAY NEN Cong suat may nen kh:
S dung moi tng quan ang entropy (tra o th hay tnh toan h) e tnh cong suat yeu cau:
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Wtheor = m(h2isen h1) m: lu lng gas qua may nen (kg/s) h2isen enthanpy au ra may nen kJ/kg (nam tren ng ang entropy s2 = s1) h1 enthanpy au vao may nen kJ/kg Wact = Wtheor/E E la hieu suat may nen Ngi ta co the giai bai toan nay qua o th lap san enthanpy va entropy hnh 17.6:
Hnh 17.6 : o th tra h va s theo P va T cua kh t nhien V du: mot may nen nen 1x106 std m3/d, = 0,7, Z = 0,98 t P1=1Mpa, T1 = 300C len P2= 3Mpa. Tnh cong suat va nhiet o au ra, cho E(isentropic)=78% , E (total)= 75%
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Giai: T hnh 17.6 tai P1=1Mpa, T1 = 300C th h1 = 1000kJ/kmol s1=s2 = -18,8kj/(kmol. K) Theo ng s2 va P2= 3Mpa th h2isen = 3800 kj/kmol, T2isen = 1000C m= 1000000/23,64/24 = 1762 kmol/h Wact = Wtheor/E = Wtheor = m(h2isen h1)/E = 1762(3800-1000)/3600/0,75= 1800kW h2act = h1 + (h2isen h1)/E = 1000 + (3800-1000)/0,78= 4600kj/kmol Tai h2act = 4600 va P2 = 3Mpa T2isen = 1140C Giai theo cac cong thc giai tch nh sau: hisen = T1zaR[(P2/P1)(k-1)/k - 1]k/(k-1)/Mw hisen bien thien entanpy (kj/kg) T1 nhiet o au hut (oK) za he so nen trung bnh = (z1+z2)/2 co the dung hnh 17.7
k so mu oan nhiet (so mu ang entropy) = Cp/Cv tnh nh sau: k = (yiCpi)/[(yiCpi)-R] Cpi nhiet dung mol (hnh 2.46, 2.47) hoac tra t bang sau:
Hnh 17.7: o th tra he so nen z theo P va T cua kh t nhien co khoang 0,65~0,75
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Ngoai ra kh thien nhien ta c lng k = 1,3 0,31(-0,55) Hoac khi biet Mw (lbm/lb-mole) va cP (BTU/lb-oF) ta tnh k = (Mw*cP)/( Mw*cP 1,986) Hoac tra o th hnh 17.8 sau:
k ta tra nhiet o T la gia tr trung bnh au vao va au ra cua may nen kh. Nhiet o au ra may nen c lng nh sau : Td = T1{1+[(P2/P1)(k-1)/ k-1]/Eisen} Solution 61 Eisen la hieu suat ang entropy oi vi may nen kh ly tam vao khoang 0,65~0,8 oi vi may nen kh piston toc o cao vao khoang 0,7~0,75, vi may nen kh piston toc o thap vao khoang 0,83~0,9. tuy nhien nha cung cap hay s dung hieu suat a hng (polytropic effeciency) hn la Eisen la hieu suat ang entropy do o khi can chuyen oi th dung o th hnh 17.10 sau ay:
Hnh 17.8: o th tra k theo Mw va T cho kh hon hp hydrocacbon
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Hnh 17.10 : Moi quan he gia Eisen va Epoly V du: theo v du tren: k = 1,3 0,31(-0,55) = 1,3 0,31(0,7-0,55) = 1,25 hisen = T1zaR[(P2/P1)(k-1)/k - 1]k/(k-1)/Mw = 303x0,98x8,314[(3/1)0,2-1]x1,25/0,25/(0,7x28,97) = 150 kj/kg m = (1000000/23,64)(0,7x28,97)/86400 = 9,93 kg/s W = 9,93x150/0,75 = 1986kW Td = T1{1+[(P2/P1)(k-1)/k-1]/Eisen} = 303[1+(30,2-1)/0,78] = 3980K = 1250C Theo cong thc giai tch trc tiep sau: Power/Stage (kW) = (A/E) [k/(k-1)]qstd{Ps/Ts}T1za[(P2/P1)(k-1)/k - 1] A = 11,57 he so chuyen oi E: hieu suat tong the he thong Qstd lu lng 106 std m3/d za = (z1+z2)/2 v du : cung bai toan tren Power/stage (kW) = (A/E) [k/(k-1)]qstd{Ps/Ts}T1za[(P2/P1)(k-1)/k - 1] =(11,57/0,75)(1.25/0.25)(1)(101.3/288)(303)[(3/1)0,2- 1](0,98) = 1980 kW So tang canh va toc o: Nang lng gia tang qua moi tang canh la : h = u2/(2A) h (kj/kg) he so nang lng 0,8~1,1 u toc o nh canh (m/s); umax vao khoang 250~300m/s A hang so 1000 J/kg
MOT SO THONG SO KHAC CHO MAY NEN LY TAM
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ap suat xa 4500kpa, nhiet o kh vao 350C , Zavg = 0,95, hieu suat Eisen = 0,75, hay tnh: Cot ap , cong suat, nhiet o au ra, so banh cong tac, ng knh banh cong tac, toc o truc quay. Giai: k = 1,3 0,31(-0,55) = 1,3 0,31(0,65-0,55) = 1,27 (k-1)/k=0,2126 Cot ap hisen = T1zaR[(P2/P1)(k-1)/k - 1]k/(k-1)/Mw= 308x0,95x8,314x[(4500/1500)0,2126 1}x1,27/0,27/0,65/29 = 160kJ/kg Power/Stage (kW) = (A/E) [k/(k-1)]qstd{Ps/Ts}T1za[(P2/P1)(k-1)/k - 1] = (11,57/0,75)(1,27/0,27)2,5(101,3/288)308x0,95[(4500/1500)0,27/1,27-1] = 4912kW nhiet o au ra: Td = T1{1+[(P2/P1)(k-1)k-1]/Eisen} =308[1+(30,27/1,27 1)/0,75]= 416oK = 143oC so banh cong tac la 160/38 ~ 5 lu lng: q = (2,5x106/86400)(101/1500)(308/288) = 1,98 m3/s d = (q/0,05/u)0,5 = (1,98/0,05/275)0,5 = 0,38 m N = 60u/d/ = 60x275/0,38/3,14 = 13785rpm IEU KHIEN LU LNG CHO MAY NEN KH LY TAM ieu hien nhien la neu ap suat hut, ap suat xa cung nh lu lng kh en may nen khong thay oi th khong can ieu khien lu lng may nen. Nhng thc te luon co s thay oi cac thong so nen can phai ieu khien lu lng. Cac thong so thay oi o la: ieu kien hut: nhiet o, ap suat, lu lng. ieu kien xa: nhiet o, ap suat, lu lng. T so nen: ap suat xa tuyet oi / ap suat hut tuyet oi. Khoi lng rieng kh: oi vi may nen kh ly tam ap suat tang len khi kh co khoi lng rieng tang len, ieu nay lai khong anh hng g vi may nen piston. IEU KHIEN LU LNG CHO MAY NEN N (khong thay oi toc o phan dan ong) Trong trng hp nay lu lng co the c ieu chnh nh thay oi t so nen, hay tuan hoan mot phan kh au ra may nen ngc tr ve au vao may nen. Co hai cach pho bien e thay oi t so nen: -ieu chnh kh xa ra -ieu chnh kh hut vao
oi vi may nen kh ly tam nhieu giai oan nen kh t nhien ~ 1, dung u = 275m/s th lng h gia tang qua moi tang canh la khoang 38 kJ/kg e c lng ng knh banh cong tac nh sau: d = (q/0,05/u)0,5 d: ng knh banh cong tac (m) q: lu lng kh au vao (m3/s) Toc o quay may nen co the tnh nh sau: N = 60u/d/ N : rpm V du: Can mot may nen kh e nen 2,5x106scmd, kh t nhien co = 0,65, ap suat hut 1500kpa,
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Ca hai phng phap nay c ieu khien bi thiet b ieu khien noi vi ng ong hut, thiet b nay luon nhan biet ap suat hut. Khi co s giam lu lng kh vao may nen ap suat hut giam, thiet b ieu khien biet c o sut giam ap suat lien gi tn hieu en van ieu chnh lu lng ng xa lam no ong bt lai tam thi, ieu nay lam ap suat xa tang len cung la tang t so nen len va lam giam lu lng may nen phu hp vi trang thai lam viec mi. Ngc lai khi ap suat au hut tang tng ng lu lng vao may tang len, thiet b ieu khien lenh m them van ieu chnh lu lng au ra lam tang them lu lng, giam ap suat hut, giam t so nen. S o ieu khien nh sau:
Thiet b ieu khien ap suat hut cung con c dung e ieu chnh van ieu khien lu lng at tren ng ong hut (au vao may nen kh) nh s o cong nghe sau:
Hoat ong cua thiet b ieu khien van nh sau: khi lu lng kh tang, ap suat hut tang, thiet b ieu khien lap tc ra lenh cho van tiet lu ong bt lai. khi lu lng kh giam, ap suat hut giam, thiet b ieu khien lap tc ra lenh cho van tiet lu m ln hn.
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Thiet b ieu khien ap suat hut cung con c dung e ieu khien van lap tren ng vong nh s o
Khi lu lng kh giam, ap suat hut giam, thiet b ieu khien lap tc ra lenh cho van tiet lu m ln hn e gia tang lu lng kh bang cach a mot phan lu lng au ra tr lai au vao may nen. IEU KHIEN LU LNG NH THAY OI TOC O PHAN DAN ONG Toc o phan dan ong thng c ieu chnh e gi cho ap suat hut khong thay oi nh s o sau:
Neu lu lng en may gia tang, ap suat hut tang, thiet b ieu khien ap suat hut truyen tn hieu lam tang toc o phan dan ong, hay ngc lai thiet b ieu khien toc o se quyet nh giam toc o. Toc o thay oi phai phu hp vi gii han toc o cua may nen. Khi phan dan ong la Turbine kh th toc o dan ong tang hay giam tuy theo lng gas nhien lieu cung cap vao.
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Hnh 17.11: May nen ly tam co phan dan ong la turbine kh
OI VI MAY NEN PISTON Phng phap hoi lu lng : ap suat au vao c duy tr bang viec hoi lai mot phan kh au ra ve lai au vao cach nay kha n gian song khong kinh te va lam nhiet o kh vao may nen tang cao. Phng phap dung van tai : la c cau kiem soat s ong m cua cac van hut trong cac xilanh. Khi lu lng (ap suat) t i th mot hay nhieu van hut se b lam kenh (luon m) ieu nay khien cho
Hnh 17.12: ng ac tnh lam viec cua may nen kh ly tam.
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kh vao xilanh bao nhieu lai b ay ra ve khoang hut bay nhieu. Cac van tai thng c ieu khien t ong phu thuoc vao ap suat hoac lu lng. Qua trnh thay oi tai may nen dien ra theo tng bac (0%, 50%, 75%, 100%) tng ng vi (0%, 50%, 75%, 100%) so van tai lam viec. Phng phap ieu chnh so vong quay cua truc may (oi vi phan dan ong la ong c ot trong hay turbine kh th de ieu chnh toc o hn la ong c ien) CHU TRNH LAM VIEC CUA MAY NEN KH PISTON:
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PHAN 18 TURBINE KH
TURBINE KH
Nguyen ly hoat ong turbin kh Turbine kh la mot loai ong c nhiet, bien nhiet nang thanh c nang. Theo ng dung cua chu trnh nhiet ong (Brayton). Ve cau truc: he thong turbine kh gom ba bo phan chnh sau ay: May nen khong kh dung e nen dong khong kh len ap suat cao cung cap Oxy cho qua trnh ot chay nhien lieu trong buong ot. Buong ot la ni ot chay nhien lieu tao nen san pham chay co ap suat va nhiet o rat cao. Turbine kh: ay la ni ma san pham chay t buong ot vao ong tang toc cua turbine (canh tnh gan tren than turbine), qua ong tang toc nhiet o va ap suat dong kh giam xuong, toc o va ong nang dong kh tang len, sau o dong kh c thoi vao he thong canh gan tren a quay cua turbine (canh ong) ay ong nang cua dong kh bien oi thanh c nang va lam quay truc turbine.
Cac qua trnh nhiet ong cua ong c turbine:
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Qua trnh nen: Khong kh c may nen cua turbine hut va nen len ap suat co the ti 30 bar (tuy loai) e phuc vu cho viec ot chay hi nhien lieu, lam mat, ieu khien va lam kn. Tren o th hnh 18.2, qua trnh nay c bieu dien bang ng 1-2. Qua trnh ot: Kh nhien lieu c hoa tron eu bi lng khong kh nap c tnh toan theo che o hoat ong cua ong c vi lng nhien lieu c phun vao theo ty le nhat nh roi ot chay trong buong ot cua turbine. ay la qua trnh chay ang ap. Tren o th hnh 18.2, qua trnh nay c bieu dien bang ng 2-3. Qua trnh gian n: Hon hp kh chay gian n qua cac canh hng dong (giong nh cac mieng phun - xem hnh 18.3) roi qua cac tang canh cua turbine lc. Trong qua trnh gian n van toc dong hon hp kh keo theo ong nang dong kh tang len. Khi tac ong len be mat cua cac canh turbine ong nang nay se chuyen hoa thanh c nang (cu the la mo men quay). Tren o th hnh 18.2, qua trnh nay tng ng vi ng 3-4. Qua trnh xa: Hon hp kh chay sau khi a gian n qua cac tang canh cua turbine theo ong xa i ra ngoai. Tng ng vi ng 4-1 tren hnh 18.2.
Hnh 18.1: Chu trnh chuyen oi nang lng cua ong c turbine
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Hnh 18.2: Chu trnh nhiet ong Brayton - Tai au vao cua may nen: khong kh co nhiet o va ap suat tng ng vi nhiet o va ap suat cua moi trng. - Nhiet o va ap suat cua khong kh tang dan (gan nh tuyen tnh) khi i qua cac tang canh cua may nen va no at gia tr cc ai tai buong nen. - Khi i vao trong buong ot, kh nen c hoa tron vi hi nhien lieu va ot chay. Tai ay nhiet o cua hon hp kh tang nhanh sau o giam dan khi gian n doc theo buong ot. Nhiet o giam nhanh hn khi hon hp kh chay gian n qua cac tang canh cua turbine. ay dien ra s chuyen hoa nang lng (t ong nang va ap suat chay cua dong kh bien thanh c nang cu the la momen quay cua roto turbine).
- Qua trnh gian n cua dong kh trong buong ot la qua trnh ang ap. Nen ap suat gan nh khong oi t khi bat au ot cho en khi bat au i vao cac canh cua turbine. Ap suat nay se giam ot ngot khi dong kh gian n qua cac tang canh cua turbine. - Nhiet o va ap suat tiep tuc giam dan khi dong kh tiep tuc gian n va i ra cum xa.
Hnh 18.3: Tac dung canh hng dong (nozzle) turbine
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Hnh 18.4: Qua trnh nhiet ong cua ong c turbine kh
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Hnh 18.5: Cau tao ong c turbine kh

CHU TRNH TURBINE KH CAP NHIET ANG AP: S o nguyen ly:
Hnh 18.6 : Chu trnh cap nhiet ang ap trong turbine kh T s o nguyen ly ta thay: may nen khong kh lam nhiem vu cung cap khong kh cho buong ot 2, nhien lieu gas c phun trc tiep vao buong ot. Qua trnh chay trong buong ot 2 la qua trnh ang ap (P = const). Lng khong kh do may nen khong kh cung cap e cap Oxy cho qua trnh chay, mot phan e lam giam nhiet o cua san pham chay trc khi vao turbine con khoang 600~800oC. San pham t buong ot c gian n oan nhiet qua ong tang toc (tang canh tnh) dong kh sau khi qua ong tang toc co toc o cao c thoi vao tang canh ong gan lien truc, ay ong nang bien thanh c nang lam quay turbine Cac qua trnh nhiet ong cua chu trnh: (hnh 18.2) 1-2: qua trnh nen kh oan nhiet (s= const) trong may nen khong kh, T1/T2 = (P1/P2)m vi m = (k-1)/k 2-3: qua trnh cap nhiet ang ap (P = const) xay ra trong buong ot. Nhiet lng cap vao q1 = cp(T3-T2) 3-4: qua trnh gian n oan nhiet trong tuabine kh. T4/T3 = (P4/P3)m do P2 = P3, P1 = P4 nen T4/T3 = (P1/P2)m => T1/T2 = T4/T3 4-1: qua trnh thai nhiet ang ap ra moi trng xung quanh. Nhiet lng thai ra q2 = cp(T4-T1) Hieu suat nhiet ly thuyet cua chu trnh: Etheor = (q1-q2)/q1 = 1-(T1/T2) = 1- (T4/T3) =1- [1/(P2/P1)m] o T: nhiet o ( K) P: ap suat tuyet oi (kpa) Nh vay hieu suat nhiet se tang khi t so nen khong kh P2/P1 tang, hoac khi nhiet o moi trng khong kh T1 cao cung lam giam ang ke hieu suat. Hieu suat nhiet thc te cua chu trnh: Ethermal = Wact/(mfLHV) Wact la cong thc sinh ra tren truc turbine lc (kW) mf lu lng khoi lng cua kh gas nhien lieu (kg/s) LHV: nhiet chay thap (kJ/kg)
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V du: chu trnh cap nhiet ang ap ly tng cho turbine Mars 100 co cac thong so sau: khong kh vao may nen co ap suat 1 bar, t1 = 27oC, ap suat sau khi ra khoi may nen 16 bar, nhiet o cc ai buong ot Tmax = 1120oC. xac nh nhiet o va ap suat tai cac iem ac trng cua chu trnh, cong tieu hao cho may nen khong kh va hieu suat cua chu trnh: Giai:
P1 = P4 = 1 bar P2 = P3 = 16 bar T1 = 300oK T3 = 1393oK Khong kh c xem la kh ly tng loai co hai nguyen t nen k = 1,4 co CP = 1,0035kJ/kg o Cong thc tnh h = CPT k = 1,4 => m = 0,2857 Cong tieu hao cho may nen khong kh Wcomp_air = h2 h1 = cP(T2-T1) Qua trnh nen khong kh c xem la qua trnh oan nhiet ly tng s1 = s2 nen T1/T2 = (P1/P2)m = (1/16)m = 0,45288 (co the xem cong thc tnh nhiet o au ra phan may nen kh) => T2 = T1/0,45288 = 662oK
Gian o T-s
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cP = 1,0035kJ/kg o Wcomp_air = h2 h1 = cP(T2-T1) = 1,0035(662 300) = 363 kJ/kg oi vi turbine kh th Wturbine = h3 h4 = cP(T3-T4) T4/T3 = (P4/P3)m = 0,45288 = > T4 = T3x0,45288 = 631oK Wturbine = h3 h4 = cP(T3-T4) = 1,0035(1393 631) = 765kJ/kg Cong sinh ra cua chu trnh (cho turbine lc) W = Wturbine - Wcomp_air = 765 363 = 402 kJ/kg He so cong suat t dung: bwr = Wcomp_air / Wtuabine = 363/765 = 0,47 (47%) nh vay phan nhieu cong suat c dung cho may nen khong kh. Nhiet lng cap vao: q1 = cp(T3-T2) = 1,0035(1393 662) = 733 kJ/kg Nhiet lng thai ra: q2 = cp(T4-T1) = 1,0035(631 300) = 332 kJ/kg. Hieu suat nhiet ly thuyet cua chu trnh: Etheor = (q1-q2)/q1 = (733 - 332)/733 = 0,55 Hay Etheor = 1- (T1/T2) = 1- 300/662 = 0,55 Hay Etheor = W/q1 = 402 / 733 = 0,55 (hieu suat nay bao gom cong chay may nen khong kh va cong sinh ra tren truc turbine lc) LVH: 1142 Btu/scf 1BTU = 1.055056 kJ 1 scf = 0.02831685 scm 1142 Btu/scf = 1142x1,055056/ 0.02831685 = 42550 kJ/scm Power(site) mat 11% con 9935 kW (tnh toan ben di) lu lng kh nhien lieu 1,3 m3/phut Ethermal = Wact/(mfLHV) = 9935/(1,3x42550) = 0,18 (18%) (18 % nhiet lng chay e sinh cong tren truc turbine lc) Mot so loai turbine tren the gii:
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Cac yeu to anh hng en cong suat turbine: Khi noi en cong suat turbine ngi ta thng noi ti cong suat hu ch tren truc cua turbine lc, thong so cong suat ma nha che tao a ra la cong suat max ieu kien chuan ISO (international standards organization) nh sau: Nhiet o xung quanh: 15oC o cao so vi mat bien: 0 m
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Ap suat xung quanh: 101,325 kpa (abs) o am tng oi: 0 % Chat lng nhien lieu. Trong mot ieu kien thc te th cong suat hu ch thc te tren truc phai hieu chnh theo cac he so nhan nh sau: (hnh 18.7 )
Hnh 18.7: o th tra he so hieu chnh cong suat hu ch tren truc cua turbine
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V du: tnh cong suat hu ch toi a cua turbine Mars 100 ieu kien lam viec nh sau: Nhiet o xung quanh: 27oC o cao so vi mat bien: 50 m Chenh ap kh vao: 100 mm nc o am tng oi: 0% Chenh ap ong sa : 50mm nc Cong suat ISO 11185 kW Giai: Tra o th hieu chnh cho o cao 50m he so nhan la 0,99 Chenh ap ong sa : 50mm nc th he so nhan la 0,9965 Chenh ap kh vao: 100 mm nc th he so nhan la 0,984 Nhiet o xung quanh: 27oC th he so nhan la 0,915 Do o Power (site max) la 11185x0,99x0,9965x0,984x0,915 = 9935 kW (mat 11%) He thong ieu khien He thong ieu khien ien t nham t ong hoa cac hoat ong cua turbine theo yeu cau ngi s dung. No cho phep khi ong, dng may, vao tai, nha tai cho may theo che o bang tay hoac t ong t cac v tr tai cho hoac t xa. He thong ieu khien bao gom thiet b t ong, cac phan t ieu khien c lap at trong cac he thong co ca he thong ien. Cac phan t ieu khien la cac thiet b ien, c - ien t va c ien - thuy lc c ban. Cau thanh chnh cua he thong ieu khien gom: - Cam bien (sensor) cac loai nh nhiet o, ap suat, lu lng va mc cua chat long va chat kh. Cam bien v tr, toc o, o rung, nhiet o cua ket cau kim loai. Cac tn hieu vao (input) mc tng t (analog) hoac tn hieu so (digital). Tn hieu ra c chuyen oi va truyen en bo ieu khien trung tam PLC hoac thiet b ieu khien vi s ho tr cua cac bo truyen (Transmitter, Proximiter), thiet b bao ve c cau chap hanh (safety barrier) hoac cac thiet b tn hieu khac.
Hnh 18.8: S o he thong ieu khien turbine
page 193
Hnh 18.9: S o he thong ieu khien va bao ve turbine He thong ieu khien lu lng gas nhien lieu
Hnh 18.10: S o ieu khien he thong cung cap nhien lieu
page 194
Cac cam bien Ngp, Npt, T5, T1, bo so sanh CJ va Ngp setpoint cung cap tn hieu en bo ieu khien. Bo ieu khien x ly cac tn hieu va a ra lenh yeu cau bang tn hieu ien (4 - 20 mA) en c cau chap hanh (actuator). Actuator ieu khien van tiet lu cung cap gas nhien lieu phu hp cho qua trnh. Bo ieu khien nay gom cac chc nang tiep nhan tn hieu au vao, chon che o (mode) gii han ieu khien ung, xac nh mc o yeu cau, tnh toan tn hieu ra vi gia tr ung truyen en c cau chap hanh. Phan chia en au ra c cau chap hanh, mode ieu khien, lng nhien lieu yeu cau, Ngp, Npt va khoi ieu khien co hoi tiep cua T5.
Hnh 18.11: Turbine dan ong may nen kh
page 195
PHAN 19 EXPANDER
Hnh 19.1: Expander
Hnh 19.2: Banh cong tac turbine wheel
page 196
Hnh 19.3: Mat cat to hp expander-Compressor Gas i vao expander chui qua cac canh theo kieu hng truc va ri khoi expander theo kieu doc truc. Khi qua cac canh th kh sinh cong lam quay cac banh t o lam quay truc. Thng th cong sinh ra tren truc nay se dan ong may nen kh ly tam, hoac la may phat ien. Hieu suat cua expander la kha cao en 85% (Eisen) NG DUNG: Expander c dung trong cong nghe thu hoi NGL (C2+, C3+), hay giam sat dewpoint
Hnh 19.4 : Cong nghe dung expander giam sat dewpoint.
page 197
Hnh 19.5: S o cong nghe n gian dung expander trong thu hoi NGL QUI TRNH TNH TOAN EXPANDER:
D lieu a biet la thanh phan kh vao yi, T1, P1, P2 t P1, T1 tnh ra h1, s1 v la ang entropy nen s2 = s1 co s2, P2 tnh ra T2, h2 = h2isen cong sinh ra W = m(hisen)Eisen = m(h2-h1)Eisen = m(h2isen h1)Eisen Tnh lai h2act = h3 = h1+ (h2isen h1)Eisen Co P2, h3 = h2act tnh T3 = Tact
page 198
V du: Mot dong kh 1x106 std m3/d Mw = 16, qua expander P1 = 70bar, P2 = 20 bar, T1 = 10oC, Eisen = 0,82 Giai: T P1, T1 tnh h1 = 518kJ/kg va s1 = 9,08 kJ/kg.oK s2 = s1 = 9,08 kJ/kg.oK co s2, P2 tnh ra T2 = -70oC , h2 = h2isen = 380 kJ/kg m = 1x1762x16 = 7,83 kg/s cong sinh ra -W = m(hisen)Eisen = m(h2-h1)Eisen = m(h2isen h1)Eisen = 7,83 (380 518)0,82 = -890 kW cong sinh ra la 890 kW h2act = h3 = h1+ (h2isen h1)Eisen = 518 + (380 518)0,82 = 405 kJ/kg Co P2, h3 = h2act tnh T3 = Tact = -60oC
Tuy nhien kh qua expander nhiet o giam rat nhieu nen dong kh ra thng la dong hai pha viec tnh toan se tr nen rat phc tap do o ngi ta thng giai quyet tren may tnh.
page 199
He thong lanh la can thiet trong cac cong nghe dau kh di ay: - Lam lanh dong kh trong viec chiet xuat NGL - Lam lanh dong kh trong viec giam sat dewpoint - Bao quan san pham LPG - Hoa long kh LNG
-
PHAN 20 HE THONG LAM LANH
Trong cong nghe dau kh he thong lanh c s dung nhieu o la he thong co dung may nen kh nh hnh 20.1 sau:
Hnh 20.1: He thong lam lanh n gian dung may nen n Trong s o tren tac nhan lanh qua JT van gian n nhiet o giam suong yeu cau 3->6oC thap hn nhiet o can ha cua kh cong nghe. Trong thiet b trao oi nhiet (chiller) tac nhan lanh hoa hi nen chung se nhan nhiet, khi ra khoi chiller se lahi bao hoa, hi nay vao may nen c nen len thanh hi qua nhiet nen can lam mat (condenser) cho hi tr ve long bao hoa sau o cha trong bnh. Bieu dien qua trnh tren tren gian o P-H nh sau:
e lam lanh sau hn ngi ta hay dung expander nh v du sau:
page 200
e tnh toan cac qua trnh tren ta ap dung cac qui trnh, cong thc a neu t cac phan trc: Cum JT van va Chiller
Hnh 20.2 : Dung expander trong yeu cau dewpoint thap
Viet phng trnh can bang nang lng quanh he tren ta co Viet phng trnh can bang vat chat qua cac iem tren ta co m = mA = mC do o: ta cung co hA = hB (v qua van h khong oi ) May nen kh
Condenser
hoac
page 201

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PHAN 1 HE THONG CONG NGHE DAU KH PHAN 2 GIAN O PHA VA TNH CHAT VAT LY PHAN 3 LU GI HYDROCACBON LONG PHAN

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PHAN 1 HE THONG CONG NGHE DAU KH

Hnh 1.1: He thong thu gom, x ly dau kh

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Hnh 1.2: He thong thu gom, x ly, che bien dau kh

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PHAN 2 GIAN O PHA VA TNH CHAT VAT LY

Hnh 2.1 Bang thong so vat ly

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Hnh 2.2 : Bang thong so vat ly

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Hnh 2.3: Bang thong so vat ly

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Hnh 2.5: Gian o pha cua hon hp kh.

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Hnh 2.7: o th kiem tra ap suat hoi tu

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NC4 IC5 NC5 C6 C7 Total

0.0045 0.0017 0.0019 0.0029 0.0023 1

0.023 0.0085 0.0058 0.0014 0.0003

0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97

0.0523 0.0383 0.0357 0.0314 0.0303

0.0859637 0.0444058 0.0532745 0.0923669 0.0758821 1.0000000

0.0019772 0.0003774 0.0003090 0.0001293 0.0000212 1.0000000

xi*MWi*Tci 0 1092.857765 3782.933464 6177.021825 4608.39366 15661.20671

C1 C2 C3 nC4 nC5 Total

0 0 30.07 3.57833 44.097 10.2305 58.123 14.53075 72.15 9.8124 38.1520

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Prepared by Ha quoc Viet pro Eng gas comp platform

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Hnh 2.10: o th tra he so can bang K cua N2 ap suat hoi tu 1500psi

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Prepared by Ha quoc Viet pro Eng gas comp platform

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Prepared by Ha quoc Viet pro Eng gas comp platform

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Cac he so lay nh sau:

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Hnh 2.20: o th tra he so nen Z cua kh t nhien

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0.8 30.07 24.056 0.2 44.097 8.8194 1 32.8754

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Giai bai tren:

API = 145,5/ -131,5 = 145,5/( oAPI +131,5)

Hnh 2.21: o th tra he so C

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Hnh 2.24: o th tra /1 cho kh t nhien

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Neu Tr>1,5 th Neu Tr <=1,5 th Sau o tnh ra 1 = A V du:

Tr=T/Tcm= if Tr>1,5 then if Tr<=1,5 then Pr=P/Pcm= tra o th 2.24 ta co

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Hnh 2.25: o th tra o nht cua gas theo ap suat va nhiet o

xiMWiTci 0 1092.857765 3782.933464 6177.021825 4608.39366 15661.20671