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School of Planning and Architecture

Vijayawada
Presented by :
Harkirat Singh
Mohd. Shamsad
Chandragiri Venu
Deepak Das
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INTRODUCTION
Electricity is a general term encompassing a variety of phenomena
resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge.
Electricity is an extremely flexible form of energy, and has been
adapted to a huge, and growing, number of uses. The movement
of electric charge is known as an electric current, the
intensity of which is usually measured in amperes. The process by
which electric current passes through a material is termed electrical
conduction, and its nature varies with that of the charged particles
and the material through which they are travelling. The invention of a
practical incandescent light bulb in the 1870s led to lighting becoming
one of the first publicly available applications of electrical power.
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Electrical power is usually generated by electro-
mechanical generators driven by steam produced from
fossil fuel combustion, or the heat released from
nuclear reactions; or from other sources such as kinetic
energy extracted from wind or flowing water.

to meet demands on a
national scale, at all times exactly as much must be
produced as is required.
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The most probable difference between the two is an
just plays a part in the
transmission of electricity or electric current assuming
there is no loss of electricity due to resistance of the
accessory ,for example, wire , switch, plugs, etc
whereas an
, for example, fans, televisions, light
bulbs, etc.
Difference between electrical
APPLIANCE and ACCESSORY
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In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can
break an electrical circuit , interrupting the current or
diverting it from one conductor to another.
In electronics engineering, an ideal switch describes a switch that:
1. has no current limit during its ON state
2. has infinite resistance during its OFF state
3. has no voltage drop across the switch during its ON state
4. has no voltage limit during its OFF state
5. has zero rise time and fall time during state changes
Practical switches have loss and limitation. The ideal switch is often
used in circuit analysis as it greatly simplifies the system of
equations to be solved, however this can lead to a less accurate
solution.
In the simplest case, a switch has two conductive pieces, often
metal, called contacts that touch to complete (make) a circuit,
and separate to open (break) the circuit.
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Panel of push button switches Push button swtitch
Residential and commercial buildings usually have wall-mounted switches to
control use of appliances within a room.Followings are types of switches varied in their
design normally in stalled in buildings:
Push button
Push-button switch, composed of a depressed button oriented below or beside a raised
button. Pushing the raised button opens or closes the contacts while popping out the
previously depressed button so the process can be reversed. Push button switch
reproductions are available on the market today for vintage or authentic styling.
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A decorative toggle
switch
An old push button
switch
A push button switch
possessing a sober look
The traditional light-switch mechanism is a toggle mechanism that provides
"snap-action" through the use of an "overcenter" geometry. The design was
patented in 1916 by William J. Newton and Morris Goldberg. The mechanism
is safe, reliable, and durable, but produces a loud snap or click. (Many people
have at some point in their lives made an attempt to reduce this noise by
operating the handle slowly or gingerly. Of course this is to no avail, since the
very purpose of the mechanism is to ensure that the electrical portion of the
switch always operates rapidly and forcefully and noisily regardless of
how the handle is manipulated).
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A rocker switch, this design
mostly used in Australia
A simple rocker switch
An
illuminated
switch
An alternative design to the toggle switch is the rocker, commonly known
as "decorator" .
This design sits flush to the wall, and is activated by "rocking" a paddle ,
rather than pushing a short protruding handle up and down.
In the UK, Ireland, Hong Kong, Singapore and India this type is near-
universal, where the toggle design would be considered old-fashioned.
An illuminated switch in the off position
An illuminated light switch has an internal
light source (either a neon lamp or an LED)
which allows the user to locate the switch in
the dark.
The internal light source derives its power
when the switch is OFF from current passing
through the external light bulb
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Wire can be defined as a conductor (made of metal usually) with
uniform cross section.
The conductor used for wire should have following qualities;
1. Low cost
2. Easy available
3. Tensile strength should be good
4. Joining can be easily done
Vast quantities of aluminium, copper, nickel and steel are employed for
telephone and data wires and cables, and as conductors in electric
power transmission.
Materials for wiring interior electrical systems in buildings vary
depending on:
1. Intended use and amount of power demand on the circuit
2. Type of occupancy and size of the building
3. National and local regulations
4. Environment in which the wiring must operate
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The very first interior power wiring systems used
conductors that were bare or covered with cloth, which
were secured by staples to the framing of the building or
on running boards. Where conductors went through walls,
they were protected with cloth tape. Underground
conductors were insulated with wrappings of cloth tape
soaked in pitch, and laid in wooden troughs which were
then buried. Such wiring systems were unsatisfactory
because of the danger of electrocution and fire and the
high labour cost for such installations.
EARLY WIRING METHODS
Stand copper wire
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LATER
From 1880-1930s wire run through cavities between
the structural members in walls and ceilings, with
ceramic tubes forming protective channels through joists and
ceramic knobs attached to the structural members to provide
air between the wire and the lumber and to support the wires.
Metal-sheathed wires
In the United Kingdom, an early form of insulated cable,
introduced in 1896, consisted of two impregnated-paper-
insulated conductors in an overall lead sheath.
Types of wiring
Temporary wiring
C.T.S/PVC wiring
Casing capping wiring
Conduit wiring
(a)Open conduit wiring
(b)Concealed conduit wiring
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An figure
showing
parts of a
cable
A cable is two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted
or braided together to form a single assembly with their common
insulation or separate insulator.
Types of cables based on their insulator
Vulcanized insulation rubber (VIR) cable
Cab type sheathed (CTS) cable
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cable
Lead sheathed
Tropodutue cable
Flexible cable
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AC power plugs and sockets are devices for irremovably connecting
electrically operated devices to the power supply.
An electric plug connects mechanically to a matching socket. Usually plugs are movable
connectors, and sockets are fixed to equipment.
To reduce the risk of injury or death by electric shock, some plug and socket systems
incorporate a variety of safety features. Sockets can be designed to accept only
compatible plugs and reject all others.
There is however some variation, some plugs can have sockets or exposed contact
plates, while some wall sockets have pins or exposed contact plates.
The exposed contacts in the wall socket are commonly used for safety purposes such as
grounding and electrostatic energy dissipation.
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Electrical plugs and their sockets differ by country in shape, size and type of
connectors. The type used in each country is set by national standards legislation.
Each type is designated by a letter designation from a U.S. government publication,
plus a short comment in parentheses giving its country of origin and number of
contacts. Subsections then detail the subtypes of each type as used in different
parts of the world. The assigned class depends on whether or not the device is
earthed, and the degree of insulation it incorporates.
Special purpose sockets may be found in residential, industrial, commercial or
institutional buildings.
Some special-purpose systems are incompatible with general-purpose lighting and
appliances. Examples of systems using special purpose sockets include:
emergency power supply, uninterruptible power supply, for critical or life-support
equipment, isolated power for medical instruments, "balanced" or "technical"
power used in audio and video production studios, theatrical lighting outlets for
electric clothes dryers, electric ovens, and air conditioners with higher current
rating.
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TYPE A
This plug and socket, with two flat parallel non-coplanar blades and slots, is used in most
of North America and on the east coast of South America on devices not requiring a
ground connection, such as lamps and "double insulated" small appliances. NEMA 115
sockets have been prohibited in new construction in the United States and Canada since
1962, but remain in many older homes and are still sold for replacement. Type A plugs are
still very common because they are also compatible with newer type B (three-prong)
sockets.
TYPE B
The type B plug has two flat parallel blades like type A, but also adds a round or U-shaped
grounding prong (American standard NEMA 5-15/CSA 22.2, No.42).[11] It is rated for 15
amperes at 125 volts. The ground pin is longer than the live and neutral blades, so the
device is grounded before the power is connected. Both current-carrying blades on type B
plugs are narrow, since the ground pin enforces polarity. Type A plugs are also compatible
with type B sockets, in which case the socket enforces polarity by means of a wide and a
narrow slot. The 515 socket is standard in all of North America (Canada, the United
States, and Mexico). It is also used in Central America, the Caribbean, northern South
America (Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and part of Brazil), Japan, Taiwan and
Saudi Arabia.
Type A Type B
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TYPE C
This two-prong plug is popularly known as the Europlug as clear from its name,it is used
in the European countries. The plug is ungrounded and has two round 4 mm (0.157 in)
pins, which
usually converge slightly towards their free ends.
This plug is intended for use with devices that require 2.5 amperes or less.
TYPE D
India and Pakistan have standardised on a plug which was originally defined in British
standard BS 546. It has three large
round pins in a triangular pattern. The BS 546 standard is also used in parts of the Middle
East (Kuwait, Qatar) and parts
of Asia and South East Asia that were electrified by the British.
Type c Type d
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Distribution board
A distribution board (or panel board) is
a component of an electricity
supply system which divides
an electrical power feed into
subsidiary circuits, while
providing a protective fuse or circuit
breaker for each circuit, in a common
enclosure. Normally, a main switch, and
in recent boards, one or more Residual-
current devices (RCD) or Residual
Current Breakers with Overcurrent
protection (RCBO), will also be
incorporated.
A fairly standard American circuit breaker
panel manufactured by General Electric and
using interchangeable circuit breakers
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An electrical junction box is a container for electrical
connections, usually intended to conceal them from sight and
deter tampering. A small metal or plastic junction box may form
part of an electrical conduit wiring system in a building, or may be
buried in the plaster of a wall, concealed behind an access panel or
cast into concrete with only the lid showing. It sometimes includes
terminals for joining wires. A similar container used for joining
wires to electrical switches or sockets is called a patters.
Junction box
An junction box
Electrical junction box in the
process of installation. Electrica
conduits and cables meet inside the
box.
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Fuse
In electronics and electrical engineering a fuse (is a type of sacrificial
overcurrent protection device. Its essential component is a metal
wire or strip that melts when too much current flows, which
interrupts the circuit in which it is connected. Short circuit, overload
or device failure is often the reason for excessive current.
A fuse interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further damage
by overheating or fire is prevented. Wiring regulations often define a
maximum fuse current rating for particular circuits. Overcurrent
protection devices are essential in electrical systems to limit threats
to human life and property damage. Fuses are selected to allow
passage of normal current and of excessive current only for short
periods.
rewirable fuse holders
(30 A and 15 A)
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