The Impact Of Climate Change On Rainfall

A Special Reference To Indian Agriculture

INTRODUCTON
Climate is usually defined as the average weather, or more rigorously, as the statistical description of the weather in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over periods of several decades. These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind, but in a wider sense the climate is the description of the state of the climate system.

Components of climate system are: (a) The atmosphere, (b) The oceans, (c) The terrestrial and marine biospheres, (d) The cryosphere (sea ice, seasonal snow cover, mountain glaciers and continental scale ice sheets), and (e) The land surface.

INTRODUCTION (cont..)
These components interact with each other, and through this collective interaction, determine the Earths surface climate. These interactions occur through flows of energy in various forms, through exchanges of water, through flows of various other radiatively important trace gases, including CO2 (carbon dioxide) and CH4 (methane), and through the cycling of nutrients. The climate system is powered by the input of solar energy, which is balanced by the emission of infrared (heat) energy back to space. Solar energy is the ultimate driving force for the motion of the atmosphere and ocean, the fluxes of heat and water, and of biological activity.

Components of the climate system influence global and regional climate in a number of distinct ways:

By influencing the composition of the Earths atmosphere, thereby modulating the absorption and transmission of solar energy and the emission of infrared energy back to space.

Through alterations in surface properties and in the amount and nature of cloud cover, which have both regional and global effects on climate, and
By redistributing heat horizontally and vertically from one region to another through atmospheric motions and ocean currents.

Figure represents a schematic picture of the climate system.

Research Methodology
Research problem:
As we know that water is very essential for the sheer existence of humans or for the existence of any living organism. Most of the human requirements are met through the rainwater. Thus, a good monsoon is vital for all living world. However, in the recent years we have faced the grave threat of depletion of many water sources (rivers, lakes, ponds). Along with this there is there is sudden increase in rainfall in certain parts of the globe all this is the result of the change in the pattern of the climate of earth. There have been drastic changes in the climate that has led to significant change in the weather patterns and rainfall which are having adverse effects on the living world. This phenomenon of changing climate and rainfall is a grave problem before us and endangering our present and future.

Objectives of Study:
To study the linkage between climate change and level of rainfall. To assess the factors causing climate change. To study the issues related to changing rainfall pattern.

Scope of the Study :

The scope of the study is mainly to understand the impact of climate change on rainfall.

The scope of the study is restricted only in India.

Hypothesis Formulation:
H0 There is no linkage between agricultural productivity and level of rainfall. H1 There is linkage between agricultural productivity and level of rainfall.

H0 There is No relationship between farmers awareness about irregular rainfall & their ability to handle drought situations better. H1- There is Relationship between farmers awareness about irregular rainfall & their ability to handle drought situations better.

Analysis Of Data
CHI-SQUARE
H0 There is no linkage between agricultural productivity and level of rainfall.
H1 There is linkage between agricultural productivity and level of rainfall.

Interpretation: We conclude that there is no relationship between agricultural productivity and level of rainfall.

 H0 There is No relationship between farmers awareness about irregular rainfall & their ability to handle drought situations better. H1- There is Relationship between farmers awareness about irregular rainfall & their ability to handle drought situations better.

Interpretation: We conclude that there is a relationship between between farmers awareness about irregular rainfall & their ability to handle drought situations better.

Graph Interpretation
Question 1: How regular are the rains according to you ?
INTERPRETATION 32% of people think the rains are regular 62% of people think the rains are irregular 06% of people cannot determine wether rains are regular or irregular.

Question 2:How important are rains according to you?

INTERPRETATION 60% of people think rains are very important. 40% of people think rains are important. 0% of people think rains are not important

Question 3:Which sector of the economy require the most rainfall?

INTERPRETATION
90% of people think rains are necessary for agricultural economy 08% of people think rains are necessary for construction companies 02% of people think rains are necessary for business related companies .

Question 4:Do you think agricultural productivity in india is completely related to the level of rainfall ?
INTERPRETATION
46% of people think agricultural productivity in india is completely related to the level of rainfall. 42% of people think agricultural productivity in india is not related to the level of rainfall. 12% of people cannot determine agricultural productivity in india is completely related to the level of rainfall or not.

Question 5: Do you think agricultural raining in arid regions & drought in wet areas are a bother of concern for India?
INTERPRETATION
56 % of people you think agricultural raining in arid regions & drought in wet areas are a bother of concern for India 38% of people think agricultural raining in arid regions & drought in wet areas are not a bother of concern for India 6% of people cannot determine agricultural raining in arid regions & drought in wet areas are a bother of concern for India or not.

Question 6:How detrimental are irregular rains for agricultural productivity?

INTERPRETATION
58% of people think irregular rains are quite a lot detrimental for agricultural productivity. 38% of people think irregular rains are a lot detrimental for agricultural productivity. 04% of people think irregular rains are not at all detrimental for agricultural productivity.

Question 7:How is governments response towards irregular rainfall & implementation of canalization of irrigation system ?
INTERPRETATION
38% of people think governments response towards irregular rainfall & implementation of canalization of irrigation system is pretty much. 50% of people think governments response towards irregular rainfall & implementation of canalization of irrigation system is much. 12% of people think governments response towards irregular rainfall & implementation of canalization of irrigation system is not as much.

Question 8: Is there any protection policy for farmers by the government to protect them against unseasonal rains?
INTERPRETATION
62% of people think there is a protection policy for farmers by the government to protect them against unseasonal rains 22% of people think there is a protection policy for farmers by the government to protect them against unseasonal rains 16% of people think there is a protection policy for farmers by the government to protect them against unseasonal rains

Question 9:Should farmers be made aware about the global phenomena of climate change by awareness drive ?
INTERPRETATION
92% of people think farmers should be made aware about the global phenomena of climate change by awareness drive. 08% of people cannot say wether farmers be made aware about the global phenomena of climate change by awareness drive or not.

Question 10: How will farmers be able to adopt to these changes ?

INTERPRETATION
04% of people think farmers be able to adopt to these changes very well. 76% of people think farmers be able to adopt to these changes well. 20% of people think farmers will not be able to adopt to these changes

Conclusion
The impacts should vary among regions, but they can not yet be predicted accurately, especially for small-scale areas. However, it is expected that, The more the greenhouse gases are emitted, the higher the tendency for the earth to warm, The greater and faster the warming, the more the adverse effects will dominate, And the higher the possibility, although probably remote, of large-scale and possibly irreversible impacts.

Therefore, although an acceptable level for greenhouse gases has not yet been determined, reducing emissions should reduce the risk of adverse effects. Many options for emission reductions are available; their costs need to be balanced with the risks left for future generations.

Recommendation
Overcoming Natural Factors :
Proper steps should be taken to overcome various problems of agriculture resulting from natural factors. All these steps include extensive flood control measures, creation of adequate irrigation facilities etc. Application of Modern Techniques : Indian farmers should apply modern techniques of cultivation by utilizing modern implements, using HYV seeds, using scientific crop rotation & careful crop planning. Agricultural research should be carefully intensified & its results should be made available to the Indian farmers.

 Human Development :
For the improvement of agricultural productivity in India, the quality of farmers should be improved & they should be imparted with adequate general & technical education.

Economic Measures :
Economic measures should be adopted in order to make the Indian agriculture more remunerative. Proper steps must be undertaken for the improvement of farm organization & land management. Besides, steps must be taken for the establishment of different types of agrobased industries in rural areas

Bibliography
http://moef.nic.in/cc/adaptation/coastal.ht http://www.basicproject.net/data/final/Paper09India%20Vulnerability%20to%20drought%20%20cyclones%20and% 2 0floods%85.pdf http://unstats.un.org/unsd/climate_change/docs/papers/CCPaper_Philippines_session3.pdf http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/what%20we%20do/global%20climate%20change%20and%2 0e nergy/tackling%20climate%20change/intl_strategy/dev_countries/india/india-climate-2climate.pdf http://sipa.columbia.edu/academics/degree_programs/phd/profiles/documents/FishmanResear ch Papers.pdf http://business.rediff.com/column/2010/apr/06/guest-impact-of-climate-change-on-indianagriculture.htm http://moef.nic.in/downloads/others/Impact%20of%20CC_K%20Krishna%20Kumar.pdf http://www.ias.ac.in/jess/jun2011/359.pdf

 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2008/09/mil080904-irin04.htm http://www.mailarchive.com/jharkhand@googlegroups.com/msg00065.html http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jharkhand-declareddroughthit/497085/ http://samachaar.in/Uttar_Pradesh/20_Uttar_Pradesh_districts_decl ared_drought-hit_88045/ http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/26-bihar-districtsdeclared-drought-hit-lead_100230110.html http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/another-climate-changeevent/article4834485.ece http://www.asianscientist.com/in-the-lab/monsoon-india-variableclimate-change-2013/

THANK YOU!