Kremers and Urdang’s History of Pharmacy Glenn Sonnedecker AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF THE History OF PHARMACYCopyright 1976, Glenn Sonnedecker (by transfer) Copyright 1976, J.B. Lippincott Company Copyright 1963. J.B, Lippincott Company Copyright 1940, 1981, 3. B.Lippiacou Company Reprint paperback edition, 1986 (with permission), by the American Institute ofthe History of Pharmacy ‘This book is fully protected by copyright, and with the exception of brief excerpts for review, n0 part ‘of it may be reproduced in any form, by peint, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without ‘writen permission of the publisher. ISBN 0931292.17-4 Printed inthe United States of America Front Cover: Fifieenth-century French manuscript of Bartholomaeus Anglicus, “De proprietibus rerum.” (Original in Biblioth@que nationale, Paris, MS218. fol. 111) Back Cover: Photograph courtesy of Kremers Urban, Division of Schwarz Pharma, Inc.Contents Part One Pharmacy’s Early Antecedents Babylonia-Assyria. Egypt. Four Roman Medical Authors ... 2. The Arabs and the European Middle Ages... ‘The Arabs Transit Ways of Knowledge. Medieval European Pharmacy. Universities Em The Birth of European Professional Pharmacy Part Two The Rise of Professional Pharmacy in Representative Countries of Europe 3. Changing Medicaments and the Modern Pharmacist I f the “R 29 Paracelsus and Chemical Drugs. Iatrochemistry Affects Pharmacy . Drugs from the New World . A Century of Speculative Theories.. i 45 Homeopathy as an Example of Medical Sectarianism 47 Background to Modern Pharmacy 48 Interactions with Pharmacy ... xixii Contents 4. The Development in Italy... Organization into Guilds . Early Large-Scale Manufacturing .. Status in Society ... From Guild to Government Rule Development of Education ... Development of a Literature 5. The Development in France. Organization into Guilds .. Pharmacists and Spicers. From “Apothicaire” to “Pharmacien” . Pharmacists and Physicians. Organization of French Pharmacy Since 1777 Development of the Pharmacist’s Establishment Large-Scale Manufacturing Development of Education Development of a Literature BR aasI3asgq sg RSSBSlK ls ' Hospital and itary Pharmacy... 6. The Development in Germany The Beginnings. Systems of Pharmacy Ownership .... Monopoly; Prices; “~Drogerien” Development of Education Supervision of Pharmacy. Social Standing. ERsisaa & 18 | Organizations... 7. The Development in Britain The Peculiar British Situation . Pharmaceutical Beginnings The Apothecaries—Their Society an: Chemists-and-Druggists and Their Pharmaceutical Society - Other Organizations... Inspection and Regulation Social Standing... Pharmaceutical Education. Development of a Literature Ties Between Dispensing and Production Concluding Remarks . SREEESREs & ¥Contents — xiii 8. Some International Trends Trends of International Commerce. (istics tlateat Sil a cecereerereenprrereen neces NO International Professional Trends .. Part Three Pharmacy in the United States Section One The Period of Unorganized Development 9. The North American Colonies... The Spread of European Civilization. Colonization of North America .. Drugs in the New World. Eighteenth Century Pharmacy. Colonial Legislation Related to Pharmacy . ‘Attempted Separation of Pharmacy from Medicine . 10. The Revolutionary War... Military Pharmacy in the Revolution. The American Medical Military Establishment Apothecary-General Andrew Craigie .. Military Drug Supplies .. ‘The Responsibilities of the Apothecaries Importance of the Revolution for Pharmacy . 11. Young Republic and Pioneer Expansion. Indigenous Materia Medica ‘The “Thomsonians” and the “Eclectics’ Homeopathy Individual Liberty vs. Professional Responsi Beginnings of American Professional Pharmacy. Westward Movement of the Frontier... Section Two The Period of Organized Development 12. The Growth of Associations. Local Organizations. State Organizations National Organizations.xiv 13. The Rise of Legislative Standards. Local Laws. State Pharmacy Laws. Food and Drug Law ... Control of Addictive Drugs Conclusion. 14. The Development of Education .. DRE reece eaenn mene arpa ncameeer enemas State Universities... Consolidation of the School System. Preliminary Education ... Internship Curriculum Home-Study and Short-Course: Substitute or Supplement? Associations of Schools. The American Foundation for Pharmaceutical Education Pharmaceutical Surveys... 15. The Establishment of a Literature... Books Imported from Europe .......... Attempts to Establish an American Pharmacopeia . The Massachusetts Precursor .. Hospital Formularies .. The U.S. Pharmacopeia. Revising the Pharmacopei: ‘The National Formulary Dispensatories.... Homeopathic Pharmacopeia ... The Pharmaceutical Recipe Book New and Nonofficial Drugs ‘Textand Reference Books. Journals of Associations 16. Economic and Structural Development... The Community Pharmacy .. Institutional Pharmacy... Wholesale Establishments Manufacturing PharmacyContents xv Part Four Discoveries and Other Contributions to Society by Pharmacists 17. The American Pharmacist in Public Service The Pharmacist in Civic Life.. The Pharmacist in Public Servi The Pharmacist in the Armed Forces. Pharmacists in the Public Health Service Individual Pharmacists in Governmental Service | Pharmaceutical Emergency Service ... 18. Contributions by Pharmacists to Science and Industry . General Chemistry . Plant Chemistry........ Physiologic Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Industry. Miscellaneous. Conclusion. Appendices Appendix 1 Representative Drugs of the American Indians 379 Appendix 2 Founding of State Pharmaceutical Associations, U.S.A. . Appendix 3 Passage of State and Territory Pharmacy Laws, U.S.A...... Appendix 4 Schools of Pharmacy in the United States . Appendix 5 Pharmacy’s History—A Growing Awareness - 387 Appendix 6 Pharmaceutical Literature . . . Some Bibliographic Historical Notes ... 418 Appendix 7 Glossary. Notes and References Index. 557PART ONE Pharmacy’s Early Antecedents1 Ancient Prelude Wherever civilization arises we find “phar- macy,” because it fulfills one of man’s basic needs. This effort to grasp from nature what- ever might shield us from affliction became old as a service before it was new as a “pro- fession.” Its origins have disappeared into the veiled millennia—perhaps as much as a million years—that hide the origin of man himself. Various opinions about pharmacy’s origin continue to be put forward, because specula- tion is tempered only by logic and analogy when there is not much real evidence. More is known about prehistoric man’s diseases, for many traces of damage to his body were recorded indelibly in bones that awaited the archaeologist’s shovel. But the earliest ran- dom and desperate efforts to use natural re- sources as “drugs” to fend off such damage left scarcely an enduring trace. For prehistoric man, we suppose that therapy would not be first of all drug therapy. Disease came upon him with such mysterious ways and frightening forces that, as an imaginative and rational being, he must have concluded that “supernatural” countermeasures were called for—measures that for him were a part of the ordinary natural world. The “magic” thus invoked ul- timately was reinforced by a custom of using plants and other objects in ways that brought their friendly spirits to bear on the evil pow- ers manifested by disease. Even if only a blind empiric groping over many tens of thousands of years should be postulated, it would be understandable that by the time of the earliest written records, about four thousand years ago, the accumulated materia medica had come to include quite a number of substances that we call pharmacologically active, as well as substances having only the higher spirit-powers (which we call inert). This trend of speculation about the origin of pharmaceutical endeavor seems reasonable in the light of the pharmaco-magic beliefs of millions of our contemporaries Clearly, magic and empiricism each played an important role in finding and employing remedies. Yet, it can be said that “neither empiricism nor magic stands at the begin- ning of the internal employment of remedies by men but the animal function, the in- stinct.”* Instinct was affirmed or denied by an increasingly selfconscious empiricism. This empiricism became the foundation of medical and pharmaceutical “science” as ob- servations were systematized and constantly purified by inductive and deductive reason- ing. In the whole field of medicine so much remained beyond ordinary observation, ex- planation or control that for thousands of years magical-religious practices tended to pervade medical practices. Only in our own millennium have they been placed gradually in a separate category. This is not the place to argue whether the great civilizations of the ancient Far East or of the Middle East were the earliest and the most original, pharmaceutically speaking. The linguistic problems of comparative study