You are on page 1of 9

SENTENCE ANALYSIS

THE NOUN
Common Countable in the singular proper uncountable in the plural

Ex. boy's - it is a common countable noun in the singular modified by the possessive

THE ADJECTIVE
In the positive degree In the comparative degree In the superlative degree

THE VERB
Finite Non-finite Non-finite forms: infinitives, gerunds and participles Finite forms differentiate: ! the category of tense "past, present, future, future # in # the $ast! %! the category of aspect "continuous, non-continuous! &! the category of voice "active, passive! '! the category of perfect, non-perfect! (! the category of mood. )he Infinitive have * forms. +erund and participles # ' forms.

THE PRONOUN
1. Personal in the nominative case "I, you, he, she, it, ,e, they! in the ob-ective case "me, you, him, her, it, us, them! In the con-oint form "./012./324425 6/782! "my, her, his, our, their, your! In the absolute form "mine, yours, hers, his, ours!

2. Possessive
3.

Demonstrative - this, that, these, those - personal - somebody, some..., any, every..., either, each, all 5. Negative - no, no..., neither 6. Interrogative - who, whom, what, who 7. Relative - who, whom, whose, which 8. Reciprocal each other, one another 9. Reflexive - myself, herself
4. Indefinite

The Nu e!"#
Cardinal "one, t,o! 9rdinal "first, second!

The C$%&u%'()$% The P"!()'#e The P!e*$+)()$% The A!()'#e The I%(e!&e'()$%

Se%(e%'e A%"#,+)+-.

Se%(e%'e
:imple Compound Composite Complex

Se%(e%'e
Extended ;nextended

Se%(e%'e
<efinite-personal Indefinite-personal Impersonal

Se%(e%'e
9ne-member ),o-member

Se%(e%'e
<eclarative Interrogative Imperative Exclamatory

&

Se%(e%'e "%"#,+)+. C$ *#e/ +e%(e%'e )he main clause :ubordinate clause :ubordinate clause % :ubordinate clause&

Su0$!1)%"()$%
:yntactical "Con-unctions, con-unctive ,ords! =syntactical

Con-unctive adverbs >elative pronouns "?here, ,hy, some,here! Con-unctions have no independent syntactic function in the sentence. E.2.: He said that he would come. "= con-unction! The building that is being built well will be a hotel. "= con-unctive ,ord!

Su0$!1)%"()$%
$arallel Eomogenous Fain clause : :% :& Eeterogeneous Fain Clause : :% :& Consecutive "@/.1AB/32CA1D4/A! Fain clause :ub. Clause :ub. Clause % :ub. Clause & P"!"##e# h$ $2e%$u+ "%1 he(e!$2e%e$u+ +u0$!1)%"()$% Fain clause : : :% :& :& :' E/. She said, she would come if she had spare the time. 3")% '#"u+e :%

'

T,*e+ $4 Su0$!1)%"(e C#"u+e

Su0&e'( '#"u+e+
E/. What is done cannot be undone.

P!e1)'"()5e '#"u+e
E/. His proposal was that we should oin the e!cursion.

O0&e'( '#"u+e+
E/. He "nows what should be done

A((!)0u()5e '#"u+e+
E/. He is a person, who always ready to help.

A15e!0)"# '#"u+e
a! 9f timeG b! 9f placeG c! 9f manner "/H72I2 BAJ.C3K5!G d! 9f causeG S" *#e+ $4 A%"#,+)+ #. $uring %be last year & had become absolutely interested in her private life. )he sub-ect is L&'. It is expressed by a personal pronoun in the nominative case. )he predicate is Lhad become uninterested'. ItMs a compound nominal predicate in ,hich the linN-verb is expressed by the LbecomeO in the $ast )ense, =ctive Poice, and Indicative Food, $erfect. ($uring the last year' is an adverbial modifier of tense. )he noun expresses it. (HerO is a possessive pronoun in the con-oined form. ()rivateO is an ad-ective. e! 9f conditionG f! 9f concessionG g! 9f purposeG h! 9f comparison

Se )%"!6 The Se%(e%'e Che'7 ,$u! 7%$8#e12e . Comment on the terms: simple :, composite :, compound :, complex :, subordination, coordination, syntactical connection, asyntactical connection, general negation, secondary negation, parallel subordination, consecutive subordination, homogeneous Q heterogeneous subordination. %. +ive the definition of the :. &. :peaN on the classification of the :. '. :peaN on the % main types of the connection (. :peaN on the types of subordinate clauses Rhe e )he rheme names the ne, information or ,hatMs said about the theme. )he rheme is the communicative center of the sentence. E/. The student is reading a boo". Eere the theme is expressed by a sub-ect-group and the rheme is a predicate group. Rut very often they do not coincide. )he same sentence may reflect different -udgments or may have different =P:. E/. * student is reading a boo". Eere the starting information is the fact that somebody is reading a booN, then the rheme is S a studentS. In oral speech the rheme is identified by the logical stress ,e can maNe rhematic any member of the sentence. )he =<P of the :entence may also be called contextual. In ,ritten speech the context may help us to identify the rheme. E/. +ary has planted the flowers. & hope mother has already planted the flowers. & am sure +ary has already planted the flowers.

3e 0e!+ $4 (he +e%(e%'e

The +u0&e'(
:ometimes the sub-ect is expressed by any infinitive a gerund or their construction then it is placed position of the sub-ect is filled in by the anticipatory it. E/. To spea" good ,nglish is not very difficult. :imple Perbal )he $redicative Compound Nominal

Ve!0"#
=ny verbal predicate denotes a Tuality or state. :imple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb or by an analytical form, or by a set expression. Ex. :he tooN care of her younger sister. Compound verbal predicative consists of t,o parts: semi-auxiliary and the notional part. <epending on the character of the semi-auxiliary pat ,e differentiate. a! The '$ *$u%1 5e!0"# $1"# *!e1)'"(e. )he semi-auxiliary part may be expressed by a modal verb or an element of modal semantics "to be going, ,ould liNe ,ould rather canMt help U gerund canMt help but U infinitive! E/.: We can't go there. & can't help laughing. b! A '$ *$u%1 5e!0"# *!e1)'"(e. )he semi-auxiliary part may be expressed by aspective semantic or by the verb S,ouldS, Sused toS "expressing a repeated action in the past!. E/.6 He began to read a boo". They stopped tal"ing. He would come to see us every Sunday. The ship went floating. He came running into the room, %come, go - have lost their le!ical meaning-. c! A '$ *$u%1 %$ )%"# *!e1)'"(e. )he nominal part is expressed by any infinitive or by a gerund. It consists of the linN-verb and a predicative. )he linN verbs: to be, to gro,, to turn, to looN, to become, to get. )he predication maybe expressed by any part of speech, but the finite form of the verb. A '$ *$u%1 %$ )%"# $1"# *!e1)'"(e "the linN-verb is modified by a modal element!. E/.6 The leaves turned yellow. The leaves may turn yellow soon. b! C$ *$u%1 %$ )%"# "+*e'()5e *!e1)'"(e "the linN- verb is modified by an element of aspective semantics!. E/.6 The leaves began to turn yellow. c! Compound nominal modal aspective predicate "the linN-verb is modified by both modal and aspective elements!. E/.6 The leaves may begin to turn yellow. a!

<irect )he 9b-ect Indirect


E/.6 & can give you apiece of advice. They are waiting for him "a prepositional ob-ect!.

The A((!)0u(e
9f time 9f place 9f manner 9f attending 9f circumstances 9f purpose 9f result 9f degree "rather! 9f cause 9f measure $arenthesis "33/B4WA .1/32!: )o tell the truth = numeral is a Tuintile "@/X2I2CA1D X/1KYA.C32!

)he adverbial modifier

Se )%"!
Complex :entence, ,hich has t,o or more subordinate clauses, discriminates % basic types of subordination arrangement: parallel and consecutive "@/.1AB/32CA1D4WJ!. In the case of parallel subordination clauses immediately refer to one and the same principal clause. $arallel subordination may be both homogeneous and heterogeneous. Ry heterogeneous parallel subordination clauses mostly refer to different elements in the principal clause and perform different functions. E/. The two friends who had fought in the same platoon met by chance at the war veterans meeting which too" place yesterday. Consecutive subordination presents a hierarchy of clausal levels. In this hierarchy one subordinate clause is subordinated to another. E/.6 He as"ed me if & thought it possible that & made a mista"e when & went up to ,dgecombe.

A'(u"# D)5)+)$% $4 (he Se%(e%'e


=longside of the grammatical "s4ntactic! division of the sentence into parts naming the basic elements "i.e. the :ub-ect, the $redicate, the 9b-ect, the =ttribute, the =dverbial Fodifier! there exists the so-called =ctual <ivision of the :entence. It has been recently put for,ard in theoretical linguistics. )he purpose of the =<: is to reveal the significance of the sentence parts from the point of vie, of their actual informative role in an utterance. In other ,ords, the =<: characteriZes the parts of the sentence from the point of vie, the semantic contribution they maNe to the total information conveyed by the sentence. )he =<: exposes its informative perspective. )he main components of the =<: are: the theme and the rheme. )he theme expresses the starting point of communication, i.e. it denotes an ob-ect about ,hich smth is reported. )he rheme expresses the central informative part of the communication, i.e. the communication center of the sentence. )he theme may or may not coincide ,ith the sub-ect-group of the sentence. )he rheme may or may not coincide ,ith the predicate group of the sentence. E/.6 They bicycled together last summer. The elm trees were ust beginning to turn green. )he follo,ing sentences in ,hich the correlation bet,een the nominative and =<: is reverse. E/.6 $own the fro.en river came a sledge drawn by dogs. There was a par"ing area in the middle of the big s/uare. )he =<: is fully expressed only in a concrete context of speech. )hat ,hy it is sometimes referred to as the contextual division of the :. Ex.: $riffield accompanied +rs. Traffold to the [

door. )aNen in isolation, presents an example of the so-called direct =<:: its sub-ect coincides ,ith the theme, and its predicate - ,ith the rheme. If put into a certain context the sentence may change its direct =<: into the inverted one: the sub-ect expresses the rheme, and the predicate - the theme: E/.6 &s it true that 0asper 0ibbons accompanied her to the door1 - 2othing of the "ind3 $riffield accompanied +rs. Traffold to the door, not 0ibbons. )he identification of the rheme is the main problem since any utterance is produced for the saNe of conveying to the listener the meaningful content expressed by the rheme. )he formal means of expressing the distinction bet,een the theme and the rheme are represented by the follo,ing structural elements of language: "a! :pecial ,ord order "inversion! E/.6 4n the right was a small public par" with a fountain. "b! :pecial intonation contours "rhematic accent!. E/.6 0o in. &'ll tell Ted, you are here. "c! Constructions ,ith introducers E/.6 &t was 5osinney, who first noticed her. There was no real misunderstanding between ,ric and Haviland. "d! :yntactic patterns of contrastive complexes E/.6 )roviding information, not thin"ing is what computers are capable of. "e! Constructions ,ith articles and other determiners Ex.\The boy too" us to the physics classroom. vs * boy too" us to the physics classroom] \This map will do. vs *ny map will do]. "f! Constructions ,ith intensifying particles, ,hen the context may help us to identify the rheme. E/.6 +arry has planted the flowers. & hope +other has already planted the flowers. & am sure +ary has already planted the flowers. ^anguage is a mean of expressing thoughts. >eflecting a situation of reality in a sentence the speaNer modifies it by his thinNing. )he =<: is rather important ,hen ,e translate from English. )he matter is that in >ussian sentences in ,ritten speech the rheme is usually placed at the end of the sentence. Rut in English ,e canMt follo, it because ,e have a strict ,ord order. E/.6 &t is they who are good students. The vase was bro"en. * vase was bro"en. 4nly the plate was bro"en. =<: as a mean of logical stress: E/.6 4nly & spo"en to 6ohn during the lunch-hour yesterday. ,ven +ary could manage to do it. =s a means of expressing thoughts sentences actualiZe -udgments about situations reality. )he -udgment as a category of logic also has its o,n structure. It includes % components: the sub-ect and the predicate of the -udgment. )he sub-ect of the -udgment is the sub-ect matter or theme of the thought. )he sub-ect-predicate structure of the -udgment is reflected in the =<P.

You might also like