You are on page 1of 10

Chapter #28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Progressives grew out of the Populist (or Peoples) Part and sought to correct in!ustices. ". Progressives and #muc$ra$er% writers attac$ed cit corruption& corporate greed& poor living and wor$ing conditions& alcohol& and womens right to vote. 'ach of these ills saw laws and(or )mendments passed to attempt to better the condition. *. Tedd Roosevelt made a name for himself as a #trust+buster%. That is& he bro$e up a few high+profile companies that he said were monopolies (or trusts). Busting trusts and thus creating competition was to benefit the average person. ,. -e also obtained huge tracts of land& usuall out .est& for par$s and conservation. /. Roosevelt pic$ed Taft to follow him& but Taft began to stra from Roosevelts wa s and the two split. Chapter# 28: 0dentifications 1acob Riis ) reported for the 2ew 3or$ 4un& shoc$ed middle+class )mericans in 1567 with -ow the 8ther -alf 9ives. -is account was a damning indictment of the dirt& disease& vice& and miser of the rat+gnawed human roo$eries $nown as 2ew 3or$ slum. The boo$ deepl influenced a future 2ew 3or$ :it police commissioner& Theodore Roosevelt.
0da Tarbell

4teffens was followed in the same maga;ine b 0da <. Tarbell& a pioneering !ournalist who published a devastating but factual e=pose of the 4tandard 8il :ompan .
Robert <. 9a>ollete The governor of the state .isconsin& was an undersi;ed b overbearing crusader who emerged as the most militant of the progressive Republican leaders. )fter a desperate fight with entrenched monopol & he reached the governor?s chair in 1671. Routing the lumber and railroad @interests&@ he wrested considerable control from the croo$ed corporations and returned it to the people. -e also perfected a scheme for regulating public utilities& while laboring in close association with e=pert on the facult of the state universit at <adison.

:harles 'vans -ughes The able and audacious reformist Republican governor of 2ew 3or$& had earlier gained national fame as an investigator of malpractices b gas and insurance companies and b the coal trust.

Apton 4inclair .rote the boo$ The Jungle 0nitiative

8ne of the first ob!ectives of progressives was to regain the power that had slipped from the hands of the people into those of the @interests.@ These ardent reformers pushed for direct primar elections so as to undercut power+hungr part bosses. The favored the @initiative@ so that voters could directl propose legislation themselves& thus b passing the boss+bought state legislatures.

Referendum Progressives also agitated for the @referendum.@ This devise would place laws on the ballot for final approval b the people& especiall laws that had been railroaded through a compliant legislature b free+spending agents of big business. Recall The @recall@ would enable the voters to remove faithless elected officials& particularl those who had been bribed b bosses or lobb ists. <uc$ra$ers 'nterprising editors financed e=tensive research and encouraged pugnacious writing b their bright oung reporters& whom President Roosevelt branded as @muc$ra$ers@ in 167B.

'l$ins )ct This curb was aimed primaril at the rebate evil. -eav fines could not be imposed both on the railroads that gave rebates and on the shippers that accepted them. -epburn )ct >ree passes& with their hint of briber & were severel restricted. 2orthern 4ecurities :ase The railwa promoters appealed to the 4upreme :ourt& which in 167, upheld Roosevelt?s antitrust suit and ordered the 2orthern 4ecurities :ompan to be dissolved. The northern 4ecurities decision !olted .all 4treet and angered big business but greatl enhanced Roosevelt?s reputation as a trust smasher.

<eat 0nspection )ct Cecreed that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be sub!ect to federal inspection form corral to can. Pure >ood and Crug )ct Cesigned to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of food and pharmaceuticals. 2ewlands )ct .ashington was authori;ed to collect mone from the sale of public lands in the sun+ba$ed western states and then use these funds for the development of irrigation pro!ectsD settlers repaid the cost of reclamation form their now+productive soil& and the mone was put into a revolving fund to finance more such enterprisesD lead to widespread dam construction Collar diplomac The use of )merican investments to boos )merican political interests abroad. Pa ne+)ldrich )ct ) moderatel reductive bill to reduce tariffs& however senators had tac$ed on hundreds of upward tariff revisionsD Taft signed it& outraging the progressive wing of his Republican Part . Ballinger+Pinchot )ffair This basicall started a conflict between Taft and Roosevelt. Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions Progressive Roots EnowF Progressives& 9aisse;+faire& -enr Cemarest 9lo d& 1acob Riis& Theodore Creiser& 1ane )ddams& 9illian .eld 1. .hat were the goals of the ProgressivesG 0mproving )merica?s s stem. Ra$ing <uc$ with the <uc$ra$ers EnowF McClure's& 9incoln 4teffens& 0da <. Tarbell& Thomas .. 9awson& Cavid H. Phillips& Ra 4tannard Ba$er& 1ohn 4pargo ". .hat issues were addressed b the ma!or muc$ra$ersG

0n 167" a brilliant 2ew 3or$ reporter& 9incoln 4teffens& launched a series of articles in McClure's titled @The 4ame of the :ities.@ -e fearlessl unmas$ed the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government. 4teffens was followed in the same maga;ine b 0da <. Tarbell& a pioneering !ournalist who published a devastating but factual e=pose of the 4tandard 8il :ompan . Cavid H. Phillips shoc$ed an alread startled nation b his series in Cosmopolitan titled @the Treason of the 4enate@. -e boldl charged that sevent + five of the ninet senators did not represent the people at all but the railroads and trusts. The sorr sub!ugation of )merica?s 6 million blac$s+1(* was illiterate+ was spotlighted in Ra 4tannard Ba$er?s Following the Color Line. The abuses of child labor were brought luridl to light b 1ohn 4pargo?s The Bitter Cry of the Children.

Political Progressivism EnowF Cirect Primar 'lections& 0nitiative& Referendum& Recall& )ustralian Ballot& <illionaires? :lub& 4eventeenth )mendment& 4uffragists *. Cefine each of the ma!or political reforms that progressives desired. The progressives simultaneousl sought two goalsF to use state poewr to curb the trusts and to stem the socialist threat b generall improving the common person?s conditions of life and labor. Progressivism in the :ities and 4tates EnowF Robert <. 9a >ollette& The .isconsin 0dea& -iram .. 1ohnson& :harles 'vans -ughes ,. .hat changes did progressives ma$e at the cit and state levelG 0t made a cit level change when Robert <. 9a >ollette became a governor. :alifornia made giant bootstrides under the stoc$ -iram .. 1ohnson. 'lected Republican governor in 1617& this d namic prosecutor of grafters helped brea$ the dominant grip of the 4outhern Pacific Railroad on :alifornia politics and then& li$e 9a >ollette& set up a political machine of his own. Progressive .omen EnowF Triangle 4hirtwaist :ompan & Muller v. Oregon Lochner v. !ew "or#& .oman?s :hristian Temperance Anion& >rances '. .illard& @.et@ and @Cr @ /. -ow successful were Progressives in combating social illsG The were ver successful. TR?s 4Iuare Ceal for 9abor

EnowF 4Iuare Ceal& Cepartment of :ommerce and 9abor B. .hat were the three :?s of the 4Iuare CealG Theodore Roosevelt demanded a @4Iuare Ceal@ for capital& labor& and the public at large. Broadl spea$ing& the president?s program embraced three :?sF control of the corporations& consumer protection& and conservation of natural resources. TR :orrals the :orporations EnowF 'l$ins )ct& -epburn )ct& Trustbusting& 2orthern 4ecurities :ompan J. )ssess the following statement& @Tedd Roosevelt?s reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved.@ -e onl busted trusts when the were& in his definition& bad. -e $ept the good trusts but held them on restraints. :aring for the :onsumer EnowF The Jungle& <eat 0nspection )ct 5. .hat was the effect of Apton 4inclair?s boo$& The JungleG 0t was meant to focus on the wor$ers but it instead disgusted people with the unsanitar food products. 'arth :ontrol EnowF >orest Reserve )ct& Hifford Pinchot& 2ewlands )ct& :onservation& :all of the .ild& Bo 4couts& 4ierra :lub 6. .hat factors led )mericans to ta$e an active interest in conservationG >ar+visioned leaders saw that such a sIuandering of the nation?s birthright would have to be halted& or )merican would sin$ from resource richness to despoiled dearth. The @Roosevelt Panic@ of 167J 17. .hat were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 167JG The )ldrich+Kreeland )ct which paved the wa for the >ederal Reserve )ct The Rough Rider Thunders 8ut EnowF .illiam -oward Taft& 'ugene K. Cebs 11. .hat was the legac of Tedd Roosevelt?s presidenc G .illiam -oward Taft TaftF ) Round Peg in a 4Iuare -ole 1". @.illiam -oward Taft was less suited for the presidenc than he appeared to be.@ '=plain -e adopted an attitude of passivit toward :ongress. -e was a poor !udge of public opinion& and his candor made him a chronic victim of @foot+in+mouth@ disease. The Collar Hoes )broad as a Ciplomat EnowF Collar Ciplomac 1*. .hat was dollar diplomac and how was it practicedG The use of )merican investments to boos )merican political interests abroad. To get presence in other countries such as :hina.

Taft the Trustbuster EnowF Rule of Reason 1,. .ho deserves the nic$name @Trustbuster&@ Roosevelt or TaftG Taft. Taft destro ed 67 Trusts in 1 term whereas Roosevelt destro ed ,, in " terms Taft 4plits the Republican Part EnowF Pa ne+)ldrich Tariff& Richard Ballinger& Hifford Pinchot& 1oe :annon 1/. .h did the Progressive wing of the Republican Part turn against TaftG -e passed a reductive bill and then put salt on the wound b sa ing @best bill that the Republican part ever passed.@ The Taft+Roosevelt Rupture 1B. -ow did the Republican Part split at the part ?s 161" conventionG Through Roosevelt?s 2ew 2ationalism speech. This formerl split the Republican part into ". Chapter #29: .ilsonian Progressivism )broad Big Picture Themes 1. .ilson won the presidenc mainl because Tedd Roosevelt ran as a third+part candidate and split the Republican vote with Taft. ". .ilson was an idealist and progressive who sought to clean up problems. -e attac$ed the tariff as too high& ban$s as corrupt b the rich& and trusts as mil$ing the people. *. .ilson hated war and wanted )merican foreign polic to be fair and !ust to all. :onditions in 9atin )merica& however& forced this peaceful president to ta$e militar action. 2otabl & he ordered the A4 )rm to chase Pancho Killa in <e=ico. ,. 0n 'urope& war had begun. 0n the )tlantic ocean& Herman subs began to sin$ sin$s carr ing )mericans& notabl the 9usitania. .ilson tried to $eep )merica out of the war& and did& for the time being. Chapter #29: 0dentifications Eugene Debs 4ocialist that ran for presidenc in the election of 161" Pancho Killa Provo$ed war with .ilson b charging into :olumbia& 2ew <e=ico. 1ohn 1. Pershing )merican )dmiral that charged into <e=ico.

:entral Powers Herman and )ustria+-ungar & and later Tur$e and Bulgaria )llies >rance& Britain& and Russia& and later 1apan and 0tal . 9usitania British ship that was destro ed b Herman 4ub 4usse= Pledge The Anited 4tates would have to persuade the )llies to modif what Berlin regarded as their illegal bloc$ade. >ederal Reserve )ct The new >ederal Reserve Board& appointed b the president& oversaw a nationwide s stem of twelve regional reserve districts& each with its own central ban$. Huaranteed a substantial measure of public control. 2ew 2ationalism Roosevelt?s progressive political polic that favored heav government intervention in order to ensure social !ustice. 2ew >reedom the Cemocrats gave .ilson a strong progressive platform to run onD dubbed the @2ew >reedom@ program& it included calls for stronger antitrust legislation& ban$ing reform& and tariff reductions. Anderwood Tariff Provided for a substantial reduction of rates.
>ederal Trade :ommission

.ilson pushed toward the third remaining part+the trusts. 2ine months and thousands of words later& :ongress responded with the >ederal Trade :ommission )ct of 161,. The new law empowered a presidentiall appointed commission to turn a searchlight on industries engaged in interstate commerce& such as the meatpac$ers. The commissioners were e=pected to crush monopol at the source b rooting out unfair trade

practices& including unlawful competition& false advertising& mislabeling& adulteration& and briber .

:la ton )ntitrust )ct 9engthened the shopworn 4herman )ct?s list of business practices that were deemed ob!ectionable& including price discrimination and interloc$ing directorates. Chapter #29 0dentifications The @Bull <oose@ :ampaign of 161" EnowF Bull <oose& 2ew 2ationalism& 2ew >reedom 1. '=plain the difference between Roosevelt?s form of progressivism and .ilson?s. Roosevelt favored consolidation of trusts and labor unions& paralleled b the growth of powerful regulator agencies in .ashington. Roosevelt also campaigned for woman suffrage and a broad program of social welfare& including minimum+wage laws and @socialistic@ social insurance. .ilson& on the other hand& favored small enterprise& entrepreneurship& and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopoli;ed mar$ets. The $e note of .ilson?s campaign was not regulation but fragmentation of the big industrial combines& chiefl b means of vigorous enforcement of the antitrust laws. .oodrow .ilsonF ) <inorit President ". @The L161"M election results are fascinating.@ '=plain. .ilson? with onl ,1N of the popular vote& was clearl a minorit president& though his part won a ma!orit in :ongress. Taft and Roosevelt together polled over 1."/ million more votes than the Cemocrats. Progressivism rather than .ilson was the runawa winner. )lthough the Cemocratic total obviousl included man conservatives in the solid 4outh& the combined progressive vote for .ilson and Roosevelt e=ceeded the tall of the more conservative Taft. To the progressive tall must be added some support for the 4ocialist candidate& persistent 'ugene K. Cebs& who rolled up 677&BJ" votes& ore more than twice as man as he had netted four ears earlier. .ilsonF The 0dealist in Politics *. -ow did .ilson?s personalit and past affect the wa he conducted himself as presidentG -e s mpathi;ed with the :onfederac ?s braver and courage. -e shared 1efferson?s faith in the masses. -e was a son of a Presb terian minister so he would preach his inspirational political sermons. .ilson Tac$les the Tariff EnowF Anderwood Tariff ,. .hat were the three parts of the @triple wall of privilegeG@ Tariff& ban$s& and trusts.

.ilson Battles the Ban$ers EnowF The >ederal Reserve )ct /. -ow was the >ederal Reserve 4 stem different than the ban$ing s stem that e=isted in the A.4. in 161*G The new >ederal Reserve Board& appointed b the president& oversaw a nationwide s stem of twelve regional reserve districts& each with its own central ban$. Huaranteed a substantial measure of public control. The President Tames the Trusts EnowF >ederal Trade :ommission )ct& :la ton )nti+Trust )ct B. -ow did .ilson curb the trustsG Through the >ederal Trade :ommission )ct of 161,& he appointed a commission to crush monopol b rooting out unfair practices& including unlawful competition& false advertising& mislabeling& adulteration& and briber . .ilsonian Progressivism at -igh Tide EnowF The >ederal >arm 9oan )ct& .arehouse )ct& 9a >ollette 4eamen?s )ct& .or$ingmen?s :ompensation )ct& )damson )ct& 9ouis C. Brandeis J. Cescribe some of the positive and negative outcomes of .ilsons progressive legislation and actions. The positive outcome was that it significantl helped the wor$ing class but in return he received harsh glares from the business people. 2ew Cirections in >oreign Polic EnowF -aiti 5. :ontrast .ilson?s ideas of foreign polic with those of Roosevelt and Taft. .ilson wanted to $eep investors out of :hina and 9atin )merica. -e granted Philippines the boon of territorial status and promised independence. 1apan settlers were being harassed b :alifornia& in which .ilson responded b sending .illiam 1ennings Br an to defuse the conflict. -e also sent marines to protect )merican lives and propert during the conflict in -aiti. <oralistic Ciplomac in <e=ico EnowF Kictoriano -uerta& Kenustiano :arran;a& >rancisco (@Pancho@) Killa& )B: Powers& 1ohn 1. (@Blac$ 1ac$@) Pershing 6. .h did <e=ico give such trouble to the .ilson administrationG <e=ico had been sorel e=ploited b foreign investors in oil& railroads& and mines. Thunder )cross the 4ea EnowF :entral Powers& )llied Powers 17. .hat caused 'urope to plunge into ..0 in 161,G 4erb patriot $illed the heir to the throne of )ustra+-ungar in 4ara!evo. )n outraged Kienna government& bac$ed b Herman & forthwith presented a stern ultimatum to neighboring 4erbia. Comino 'ffect.

) Precarious 2eutralit EnowF Eaiser .ilhelm 00 11. .hat caused an officiall neutral )merica to turn against the :entral PowersG .hen Herman continuousl $illed )mericans with its submarines. 9usitania& )rabic& and 4usse=. )merica 'arns Blood <one EnowF 4ubmarine& 9usitania& )rabic& 4usse= 1". -ow did Herman ?s use of submarines lead to tense relations with the A.4.G .hen Herman continuousl $illed )mericans with its submarines. 9usitania& )rabic& and 4usse=. .ilson .ins Reelection in 161B EnowF :harles 'vans -ughes& @-e Eept As 8ut of .ar@ 1*. .hat were the $e s to .ilson?s electoral victor in 161BG The rest of the countr turned the tide. <idwesterners and .esterners& attracted b .ilson?s progressive reforms and antiwar policies& floc$ed to the polls for the president. Kar ing KiewpointsF .ho .ere the ProgressivesG EnowF Richard -ofstadter& 2ew 9eft -istorians 1,. .hich answer to the Iuestion above seems correct to ouG .h G People who did not want to endorse in the industrial bosses of )merica.

You might also like