I/ Gii thiu an ton v dng c th nghim:

-ng ong: 10ml, 50ml, 100ml, 250ml, 500ml, 1lt.

-Bnh nh mc: 50ml, 100ml, 250ml, 500ml, 1lt.
-Cc ong: 100ml, 250ml, 500ml, 1lt.
-Buret: 10ml, 25ml, 50ml.
-Pipet: 5ml, 10ml, 25ml.
-ng nghim.
-Bnh cu 1 c, 2 c, 3 c.
-ng sinh hn: Sinh hn thng, sinh hn bong bng, sinh hn xon.
-Bnh tam gic: 50ml, 100ml, 250ml, 500ml, 1lt.
-Bnh ht m.
II/ Xc nh mi trng ca dung dch bng cht ch th mu:
1. Mc ch: Xc nh mi trng dung dch bng cht ch th mu.
2. Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: dd HCl 0.1N, dd NaOH 0.1N, nc ct, mtyl da cam, qu tm, phenolftalein.
-Dng c: ng nghim, pipet 5ml.
3. Tin hnh:
Ly vo 3 ng nghim mi ng 1ml dung dch sau;
- ng 1: Dung dch HCl 0.1N
- ng 2: Dung dch NaOH 0.1N
- ng 3: Nc ct
Nh vo mi ng 2 git dung dch mtyl da cam. Ghi mu metyl da cam ca cc dung dch trong 3
ng nghim.
Cng tin hnh tng t nh trn v ln lt vi qu tm v phenolftalein.
4. Quan st, gii thch:
*Hin tng:
Mu cht ch th
Mi trng
Axit
Trung tnh
Baz
Mtyl da cam
da cam
Vng da cam
Vng da cam
Qu tm
Hng
Khng i mu
Xanh
Phenolftalein
Khng mu
Khng mu
Hng m
*Gii thch:
-Mtyl da cam:
+Trong mi trng axit, mtyl da cam to dd mu da cam. Trong mi trng trung tnh v baz,
mtyl da cam to dd mu vng.
+Mtyl da cam c cng thc: (CH3)2NC6H4N=NC6H4SO3Na
+Trong mi trng kim v trung tnh, mtyl da cam c mu vng l mu ca anion:
(CH3)2NC6H4N=NC6H4SO3H3C axit, anion ny kt hp vi proton (H +) chuyn thnh cation
+Trong mi trng
N 3H mu . N N
SO3
(CH3)2N+C6H4N=NC6H4SO
H3 C
H3C

H
N

SO3H

SO3Na

H3C

Phn ng:
H3C
H3C

Mu vng da cam

H3C

SO3H

NH

H3C

HCl

hay

NaOH

H3C

H
N

SO3H mu

H3C

-Qu tm:
+Trong mi trng baz, giy qu tm ha xanh. Trong mi trng axit, giy qu tm ha hoc
hng.
+Qu tm l giy c tm etanol hoc nc vi cht mu tch t r cy a y Roccella v
Dendrographa (t 10 n 15 cht bao gm : Erythrolein, Azolitmin, Spaniolitmin, Leucoorcein v
Leucazolitmin ), c mu gc ban u l mu tm nn c gi l giy qu tm.
+Qu tm i mu ty thuc vo pH ca dung dch. Khi qu tm s tc dng vi H + hay OH- to
thnh cation hay anion. Cation s to mu cn anion s cho mu xanh.
+C ch i mu:

H+

OH

Mu

Mu tm

Mu xanh

-Phenolftalein:
+Trong mi trng axit v trung tnh, phenolftalein khng i mu. Trong mi trng baz,
phenolftalein chuyn sang mu hay hng.
+Phenolftalein c cng thc l C20H14O4. Trong mi trng kim, phenolftalein thy phn to ra
axit (I) ng thi do s ion ha v s tch nc to ra anion (II) c in tch m c cu to quinoit
nn dung dch c (hng). Khi b axit ha th qu trnh ny ngc li.

HO

OH

+ H2O

C
O

HO

OH

+ 2OH-

2 OH

OH

C
COO

+ 2H+

- H2O

I. Khng mu

II. Mu thm
O

+ OH+ H+

OH
COO

III. Khng mu
III/ Nhn bit cc dung dch bng ch th:
1/ Nhn bit bng thuc th quy nh:
1/ Mc ch: Nhn bit cc dung dch mt nhn bng phenolftalein.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: Na2SO4, H2SO4, MgCl2, BaCl2, NaOH, phenolftalein.
-Dng c: ng nghim, kp g.
3/Tin hnh, hin tng, gii thch:
-Trch 5 mu th, nh ln lt phenolftalein vo 5 mu th. Quan st thy ch c mu th s 5, dd
chuyn sang mau hng. Vy dd s 5 l NaOH. Do ch c NaOH la baz nn khi cho phenolftalein
vo, dd chuyn sang mu hng m.
-Trch 4 mu th cn li, nh ln lt NaOH ( nhn bit c) vo. Quan st thy ch c mu th
2 c kt ta trng. Vy dung dch s 2 l MgCl2.
2NaOH + MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl
-Trch 3 mu th cn li, cho ln lt kt ta Mg(OH)2 vo. Quan st thy ch c mu th 4 lm kt
ta tan. Vy dung dch s 4 l H2SO4.
Mg(OH)2 + H2SO4 MgSO4 + 2H2O
-Trch 2 mu th cn li, cho ln lt H2SO4 vo. Quan st thy mu th 1 c kt ta trng. Vy
mu th 1 l BaCl2.
H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl
-Mu th s 3 cn li l Na2SO4.
2/ Nhn bit bng thuc th t chn:
1/ Mc tiu: Nhn bit cc dung dch mt nhn bng thuc th t chn.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
Ha cht: HCl, NaOH, Na2SO4, NaCl, NaNO3, phenolftalein, AgNO3, BaCl2.
Dng c: ng nghim, kp g.
3/ Tin hnh, hin tng, gii thch:
-Trch 5 mu th ri cho tc dng ln lt vi phenolftalein. Quan st thy ch c mu th s 9
chuyn sang mu hng m. Vy mu th s 9 l NaOH. Do ch c NaOH la baz nn khi cho
phenolftalein vo, dd chuyn sang mu hng m.
-Trch 4 mu th cn li, cho ln lt vo dd mu hng ca NaOH v phenolftalein ( lm trc
). Quan st thy ch c mu th s 6 lm dd mt mu. Vy mu th s 6 l HCl.
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
HCl tc dng vi NaOH to ra mi trng trung tnh lm dung dch mt mu dn. V trong mi
trng trung tnh, phenolftalein khng i mu.
3

-Trch 3 mu th cn li cho tc dng ln lt vi BaCl 2. Quan st thy ch c mu th 10 to kt

ta trng. Vy mu th 10 l Na2SO4.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
-Trch 2 mu th cn li cho tc dng vi AgNO 3. Quan st thy mu th 7 c kt ta vng. Vy
mu th 7 l NaCl.
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
-Mu th s 8 cn li l NaNO3.
IV/ Chun axit-baz:
1/ Phng php chun :
Pha dung dch chun H2C2O4 0.1N.
Pha dung dch NaOH 0.1N.
Cn chnh xc 1g NaOH, ha tan trong cc 100ml vi 60ml nc.
Sau khi ha tan ton b dung dch vo trong bnh nh mc 250ml ri thm nc cho n vch,
lc u, m lp ra.
a/ Chun xc nh nng dung dch NaOH:
1/ Mc ch: Xc nh nng dung dch NaOH.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: NaOH, H2C2O4, phenolftalein, nc ct.
-Dng c: buret, pipet,bnh tam gic.
3/ Tin hnh:
-Ra sch pipet bng nc ct, sau trng li bng dung dich chun H2C2O4. Ht chnh xc 10ml
dung dch H2C2O4 cho vo bnh tam gic 250ml c trng sch bng nc ct vo dung dch
H2C2O4.
-Thm vo 23 git phenolftalein (PP).
-Cho NaOH trong bnh ra cc 100ml.
-Ra sch buret bng nc ct, sau trng li bng dung dch NaOH nh chun. Rt dung dch
NaOH vo buret, chnh mc dung dch trong buret v 0 vo pha di khng con bt kh. Ta m
kha cho buret nh t t tng git NaOH cn xc nh vo bnh tam gic v lc u n khi xut
hin mu hng nht th kha buret li.
-Kt thc qu trnh chun .
-Ghi s ml dung dch NaOH tiu tn. Lp li th nghim 3 ln ri ly kt qu trung bnh.
-Tnh nng ca dung dch NaOH theo cng thc sau:
NNaOH = 2 x (NH2C2O4 x VH2C2O4)/ VNaOH
Lp li th nghim 3 ln ri ly kt qu trung bnh.
4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
Ln
1
2
3

NH2C2O4
0.1N
0.1N
0.1N

VH2C2O4
10ml
10ml
10ml

NNaOH =

VNaOH
11.5ml
11ml
11.3ml

0.174 + 0.182 + 0.177

= 0.178N
3

NNaOH
0.174N
0.182N
0.177N

Gii thch:
2NaOH + H2C2O4 Na2C2O4 + 2H2O
2
1
Ban u khi cho NaOH vo, lng axit d nn phenolftalein khng i mu. Khi NaOH d th dung
dch xut hin mu hng.
b/ Chun xc nh nng dung dch HCl:
1/ Mc ch: Xc nh nng dung dch HCl.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
4

-Ha cht: NaOH, HCl, phenolftalein, nc ct,

-Dng c: buret, pipet, bnh tam gic.
3/ Tin hnh:
-Rt dung dch NaOH vo buret, chnh mc dung dch trong buret v 0 v pha di khng cn bt
kh.
-Ra sch pipet bng nc ct, sau trng li bng dung dch chun HCl. Ht chnh xc 10ml
dung dch HCl cho vo bnh tam gic 250ml c trng bng nc ct v dung dch HCl.
-Thm vo 23 git phenolftalein (PP). Ta m kha cho buret nh t t tng git NaOH cn xc
nh vo bnh tam gic v lc u n khi xut hin mu hng nht th kha buret li, kt thc qu
trnh chun .
-Ghi s ml dung dch NaOH tiu tn. Lp li th nghim 3 ln ri ly kt qu trung bnh. Tnh nng
ca dung dch HCl:
NHCl = (NNaOH x VNaOH)/ VHCl
4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
Ln
1
2
3
VNaOH
13.6ml
13.5ml
13.6ml
VNaOH =

13.6 +13.5 +13.6

= 13.6 ml
3

NHCl =

13.6 * 0.187
=0.242N
10

Gii thch:
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
1
1
Do NaOH tc dng vi HCl to ra mui v nc (l 2 cht c mi trng trung tnh) nn khi phn
ng xy ra hon ton th lm phenolftalein mt mu. Ban u dung dch vn cn mu hng l do
NaOH d nn phenolftalein chuyn sang hng.
c/ Chun xc nh nng KMnO4 bng dung dch chun H2C2O4:
1/ Mc ch: Xc nh nng dung dch KMnO4.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: KMnO4, H2C2O4, H2SO4, nc ct.
-Dng c: buret, pipet, bnh tam gic, bp in, nhit k.
3/ Tin hnh:
-Ra sch buret bng nc ct, sau trng li bng dung dch KMnO 4 nh chun. Rt dung dch
KMnO4 vo buret, chnh mc dung dch trong buret v 0 v pha di khng cn bt kh.
-Ra sch pipet bng nc ct, sau trng li bng dung dch chun H 2C2O4 0.1N. Ht chnh xc
10ml dung dch H2C2O4 cho vo bnh tam gic 250ml c trng bng nc ct v dung dch
H2C2O4.
-Thm vo 5ml dung dch H2SO4 20%, un nng dung dch n 6070oC.
-Ta m kha cho buret nh t t tng git KMnO 4 cn xc nh vo bnh tam gic v lc u n
khi xut hin mu tm hng nht th kha buret li, kt thc qu trnh chun .
-Ghi s ml dung dch KMnO 4 tiu tn. Lp li th nghim 3 ln ri ly kt qu trung bnh. Tnh
nng ca dung dch KMnO4.
NKMnO4=
4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
Ln
1
VKMnO4
17.6 ml
VKMnO4 =

2
(NH2C2O4 x VH2C2O4)/ VKMnO4
5

2
17.5ml

17.6 +17.5 +17.4

= 17.5ml
3

3
17.4ml

NKMnO4 =

2
0.1 * 10
x
= 0.0229N
5
17.5

Gii thch:
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4+ 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O
2
5
Khi nh t t KMnO4 th KMnO4 b tnh kh ca H2C2O4 lm cho mt mu. Khi KMnO4 d th
dung dch c mu tm.
V/ Cn bng ha hc:
1/ Kho st nh hng ca cc yu t n cn bng ha hc:
a/ nh hng ca nng :
1/ Mc ch: Kho st nh hng ca nng n cn bng ha hc.
2/ Ha cht, dung c:
-Ha cht: FeCl3, NH4SCN, NH4Cl, nc ct.
-Dng c: cc thy tinh, ng nghim, a thy tinh.
3/ Tin hnh:
Ly 10ml nc ct vo mt cc thy tinh c th tch 100ml, thm vo 1 git dung dch FeCl 3 v
1 git dung dch NH4SCN bo ha, khuy u, phn ng xy ra:
FeCl3 + NHSCN <=> Fe(SCN)3 + 3NH4Cl
Sau chia u ra 4 ng nghim, nh s th t 1, 2, 3, 4.
-ng 1: Gi nguyn lm mu so snh.
-ng 2: Thm 23 git dung dch FeCl3 bo ha, lc u.
-ng 3: Thm 23 git dung dch NH4SCN bo ha, lc du.
-ng 4: Thm 1 t tinh th NH4Cl, lc cho tan.
So snh mu ca cc dung dch trong cc ng nghim 2, 3, 4 vi ng 1.
4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
ng 1 c mu mu.
ng 2 c mu nu en m. V khi cho thm FeCl 3 vo s lm cho nng FeCl3 trong dung dch
tng. Cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu lm gim nng FeCl 3. Cn bng chuyn dch theo
chiu thun to ra nhiu Fe(SCN)3. iu ny lm cho dung dch c mu nu en.
ng 3 c mu nu. V khi cho thm NH4SCN vo s lm cho nng NH4SCN trong dung dch
tng. Cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu lm gim nng NH 4SCN. Cn bng chuyn dch theo
chiu thun to ra nhiu Fe(SCN)3. iu ny lm cho dung dch c mu nu.
ng 4 c mu cam nht. V khi cho thm tinh th NH 4Cl vo s lm cho nng ca NH4Cl trong
dung dch tng. Cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu lm gim nng NH 4Cl. Cn bng chuyn
dch theo chiu nghch lm gim nng Fe(SCN)3. iu ny lm cho dung dch c mu nht hn.
b/ S chuyn dch cn bng ion:
1/ Mc ch: Kho st s chuyn dch cn bng ion.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: CH3COOH 1N, mtyl da cam, NaCH3COO.
-Dng c: ng nghim, pipet.
3/ Tin hnh:
Ly vo ng nghim 2ml dung dch CH3COOH 1N. Thm 3 git mtyl da cam. Quan st mu ca
dung dch.
Chia dung dch lm 2 phn bng nhau vo 2 ng nghim:
-ng 1: Lm chun d so snh mu.
-ng 2: Cho thm 1 t tinh th NaCH3COO, lc cho tan.
So snh mu ca ng 1 v 2. Vit phng trnh in ly ca CH3COOH v NaCH3COO trong nc.
gii thch nguyn nhn ca s i mu.
4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
ng 2 c mu cam nht hn ng 1.
Phng trnh in ly:
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ (1)
6

NaCH3COO Na+ + CH3COO- (2)

Gii thch: Khi cho thm 1 t tinh th NaCH 3COO vo th NaCH3COO s in ly lm cho nng
ca CH3COO- tng. Xt phng trnh in ly (1), nng CH 3COO- tng s lm cho cn bng
chuyn dch theo chiu lm gim nng CH 3COO- . Cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch lm
gim nng H+ . iu ny lm cho pH ca dung dch tng lm cho mu ca mtyl da cam nht
dn. (Na+ l ion trung tnh nn s khng tc dng vi ion OH- ca nc to ra H+ )
VI/ Tc phn ng ha hc:
1/ Kho st nh hng ca cc yu t n tc ca phn ng ha hc:
a/ nh hng ca nng :
1/ Mc ch: Kho st nh hng ca nng n tc phn ng.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: Na2S2O3 0.2M, H2SO4 0.2M, nc ct.
-Dng c: pipet, ng nghim, ng h bm giy.
3/ Tin hnh:
-Dng pipet ht chnh xc 3ml dung dch Na2S2O3 0.2M cho vo ng nghim sch v kh, dng 1
pipet khc ly chnh xc 3ml dung dch H2SO4 0.2M vo 1 ng nghim sch v kh khc.
-Rt nhanh dung dch H2SO4 vo dung dch Na2S2O3. Dng ng h bm giy xc nh khong thi
gian t t lc rt hai dung dch vo vi nhau n khi dung dch trong ng nghim bt u xut hin
kt ta mu c sa.
-Tin hnh cc th nghim tng t vi dung dch Na 2S2O3 c nng nh i 2, 3, 4, 6 ln. Cc
dung dch Na2S2O3 trong cc th nghim ny c chun b bng cch dung nc ct pha long
dung dch Na2S2O3 0.2M.
4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
STT
ng nghim 1
ng
Nng
Nng
t (s)
1
Na2S2O3
H2SO4 khi
V= ----VNa2S2O3
VH2O (ml) nghim 2
VH2SO4
khi trn
trn ln
t
0.2M
0.2M (ml)
ln (M)
(M)
(ml)
1
3
0
3
0.1
0.1
13.41
0.07457
2
1.5
1.5
3
0.05
0.1
28.03
0.03568
3
1
2
3
1/30
0.1
40.38
0.0248
4
0.75
2.25
3
0.025
0.1
54
0.0185
5
0.5
2.5
3
1/60
0.1
85.78
0.0117
-Gii thch:
Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + S + SO2
Khi nng dung dch cng ln th mt phn t cng dy c. Cc phn t c kh nng va chm
vi nhau ln hn. M kh nng va chm cng ln th tc phn ng cng nhanh.
b/ nh hng ca nhit :
Bi ny khng thc hnh do b mt in.
c/ nh hng ca cht xc tc:
1/ Mc ch: Kho st nh hng ca nhit ti tc phn ng.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: H2C2O4 0.1N, H2SO4 long 20%, KMnO4 0.01M, MnSO4 long.
-Dng c: ng nghim, ng h bm giy.
3/ Tin hnh:
-Ly vo 2 ng nghim sch v kh, mi ng 2ml dung dch H 2C2O4 0.1N pha trong axit H2SO4
long 20%.
-Thm vo ng nghim th nht 3 git dung dch MnSO4 long, thm vo ng nghim th hai 3 giot
nc ct.
-Sau thm vo mi ng 3 git dung dch KMnO4 0.01M lc u.
-Dng ng h bm giy xc nh khong thi gian t (s) t lc thm dung dch KMnO 4 n khi
mt mu, trong sut.
7

-So snh khong thi gian phn ng ca hai ng nghim v c kt lun v tc dng ca MnSO 4 i
vi tc phn ng gia KMnO4 v H2C2O4 trong mi trng axit.
4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
ng 1
7.94s
ng 2
29.57s
-Phng trnh:
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O + K2SO4
MnSO4 trong mi trng axit lm tc phn ng gia KMnO4 v H2C2O4 tng.
-Gii thch:
Phn ng trn xy ra chm l do:
+C s thay i cu trc gia cht phn ng v sn phm: MnO4- Mn2+.
+Sn phm l kh CO2.
+ Cht phn ng cng du: MnO4- v C2O42- .
Khi cho MnSO4, c phn ng sau:
MnO4- + 4Mn2+ +8H+ 5Mn3+ + 4H2O
Ion Mn3+ c tnh oxi ha mnh v tri du vi ion C2O42- nn phn ng gia hai ion ny nhanh hn.
Hai ion ban u cng du nn nng lng hot ha ln, phn ng xy ra chm. Tin hnh phn ng
trung gian c mc nng lng hot ha thp hn so vi mc nng lng ban u. Do phn ng
xy ra nhanh hn.
VII/ Tnh cht cc cht:
1/ Tnh cht chung ca cc cht:
a/ Kim loi tc dng vi nc:
1/ Mc ch: Kho st iu kin kim loi tc dng vi nc.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: H2O, Na, Cu, Zn.
-Dng c: ng nghim.
3/ Tin hnh:
-Cho vo 3 ng nghim mi ng 1ml H2O. Thm vo ng th nht 1 mnh Na, ng th 2 mt mnh
Cu, ng th 3 mt ht Zn.
-Quan st hin tng xy ra trong ng nghim.
4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
-Hin tng:
+ng 1: phn ng xy ra mnh lit, c la, c kh thot ra, s ngoi ng thy nng.
Na + H2O NaOH + H2
+ng 2 v 3 khng c hin tng g.
-iu kin:
+Cc kim loi nhm IA (kim loi kim) v 1 s kim loi nhm IIA (tr Be, Mg) u c kh nng
tc dng vi nc iu kin thng to ra baz v gii phng kh H2.
+Nhng kim loi c tnh kh km hn: Fe, Zn, tc dng c vi hi nc nhit cao to
oxit v kh H2.
+Nhng kim loi c tnh kh yu: Ag, Cu, khng tc dng c vi nc.
b/ Kim loi tc dng vi axit khng oxi ha:
1/ Mc ch: Kho st iu kin kim loi tc dng vi axit khng oxi ha.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: HCl 2N, Zn, Cu, Pb.
-Dng c: ng nghim.
3/ Tin hnh:
-Cho vo 3 ng nghim mi ng 1ml HCl 2N. Thm vo ng th nht mt ht Zn, ng th 2 mt
mnh Cu, ng th ba mt ht Pb.
-un nng mt t v yn quan st.
4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
8

-Hin tng:
+ng 1: c kh thot ra, dung dch trong sut.
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
+ng 2 v 3: khng c hin tng g.
-iu kin: Ch c cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy hot ng ha hc mi tc dng c vi
tc dng c vi axit khng oxy ha to ra mui v gii phng kh H2.
c/ Kim loi tc dng vi dung dch kim:
1/ Mc ch: Kho st iu kin kim loi tc dng vi dung dch kim.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: NaOH 2N, Al, Pb.
-Dng c: ng nghim.
3/ Tin hnh:
-Cho vo 2 ng nghim mi ng 1ml NaOH 2N. Thm vo ng th nht mt mnh Al, ng th 2
mt mnh Pb.
4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
-Hin tng:
+ng 1: si bt kh.
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2
+ng 2: khng c hin tng g.
-iu kin: Nhng kim loi m hyroxit ca chng lng tnh th tc dng c vi kim to ra
mui v kh H2.
d/ So snh mnh yu ca dung dch hydroxit:
1/ Mc ch: So snh mnh yu ca hydroxit.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: Na3PO4, Na2SO4.
-Dng c: ng nghim.
3/ Tin hnh:
-Cho vo 2 ng nghim, ng th nht vi git dung dch Na 3PO4 bo ha, ng th 2 vi git dung
dch Na2SO4 bo ha.
-Dng phenolftalein th mi trng ca dung dch.
4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
-Hin tng:
+ng 1: dung dch chuyn sang mu hng.
+ng 2: khng c hin tng g.
-Phng trnh in li:
Na3PO4 3Na+ + PO43Na2SO4 2Na+ + SO42-Gii thch: Do Na+ v SO42- l cc ion trung tnh nn khng tc dng vi nc. Cn PO 43- l ion
yu nn tc dng c vi nc to ra OH-:
PO43- + H2O HPO42- + OHlm cho mi trng c tnh baz lm phenolftalein i sang mu hng.
-So snh: T th nghim trn c th suy ra axit H2SO4 mnh hn axit H3PO4.
e/ Tnh cht cc hydroxit lng tnh:
1/ Mc ch: Kho st tnh cht ca cc hydroxit lng tnh.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: dung dch mui Cu2+ v Zn2+, NaOH 0.1N, HCl 2N, NaOH 4N.
-Dng c: ng nghim.
3/ Tin hnh:
-Cho vo 2 ng nghim mi ng 1ml dung dch mui Cu 2+ v Zn2+. Nh t t tng git NaOH 0.1N
iu ch Cu(OH)2 v Zn(OH)2 ghi mu cc kt qu.
-Ly kt ta Cu(OH)2 va thu c cho vo 2 ng nghim:
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+ng 1: cho tng git dung dch HCl 2N.

+ ng 2: Thm tng git dung dch NaOH 4N.
-Lm li th nghim vi kt ta Zn(OH)2.
4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
-Hin tng:
Cht
Cu(OH)2
Zn(OH)2
Mu
Xanh
Trng
+Cu(OH)2 :
ng 1: kt ta tan, dung dch mu xanh.
Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl CuCl2 + 2H2O
Cu(OH)2 + 2H+ + 2Cl- Cu2+ + 2Cl- + 2H2O
Cu(OH)2 + 2H+ Cu2+ + 2H2O
ng 2: khng c hin tng g.
+Zn(OH)2:
ng 1: kt ta tan.
Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl ZnCl2 + 2H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2H+ + 2Cl- Zn2+ + 2Cl- + 2H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2H+ Zn2+ + 2H2O
ng 2: kt ta tan.
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2Na+ + 2OH- 2Na+ + ZnO22+ + 2H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2OH- ZnO22+ + 2H2O
-Kt lun: Cu(OH)2 l 1 hydroxit baz. Zn(OH)2 l 1 hydroxit lng tnh.
g/ Tnh oxy ha v tnh kh ca H2O2:
1/ Mc ch: Kho st tnh kh v tnh oxy ha ca H2O2.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: H2O2, KI 0.1N, H2SO4, KMnO4.
-Dng c: ng nghim.
3/ Tin hnh:
/ Cho vo ng nghim 1ml dung dch KI 0.1N v H2SO4 long. Nh vi git H2O2.
/ Cho vo ng nghim 1ml dung dch KMnO4 long, thm vi git H2SO4 long. Cho 1ml dung
dch H2O2 vo ng nghim. a m than hng vo ming ng nghim.
4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
/ Dung dch c mu cnh gin.
2KI + H2SO4 + H2O2 K2SO4 + I2 +2H2O
H2O2 c tnh oxi ha mnh nn oxi ha KI to thnh I2 lm dung dch c mu cnh gin.
/ Khi cho m than hng vo ming ng nghim th m than bng sng.
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5O2
H2O2 c tnh kh nn kh KMnO4 to ra O2 lm cho m than hng bng sng.
+Kt lun: H2O2 va c tnh oxi ha va c tnh kh.
h/ Tnh cht ca H2SO4 long v H2SO4 c:
1/ Mc ch: Kho st tnh cht ca H2SO4 c v H2SO4 long.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: H2SO4 long, H2SO4 c, Cu.
-Dng c: ng nghm.
3/ Tin hnh:
Ly hai ng nghim:
- ng 1: ly 1ml H2SO4 long.
- ng 2: ly 1ml H2SO4 c.
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Cho vo mi ng 1 mnh Cu, un nng nh.

4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
-Hin tng, gii thch:
+ng 1: khng c hin tng g.
+ng 2: Cu tan dn, c kh mi hc thot ra.
Cu + 2H2SO4() CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
Do H2SO4 c c tnh oxi ha mnh nn oxi ha Cu v gii phng kh SO2.
-Kt lun: H2SO4 c c tnh oxi ha mnh.
i/ Tnh kh ca NH3:
1/ Mc ch: Kho st tnh kh ca NH3.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: KMnO4, NH3.
-Dng c: ng nghim, n cn.
3/ Tin hnh:
Cho vo ng nghim 3 git KMnO4 0.1N v 4 git NH3 25%. un nng nh ng nghim.
4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
Dung dch c mu nu en.
8KMnO4 + 3NH3 3KNO3 + 8MnO2 +5 KOH + 2 H2O
Do NH3 kh KMnO4 to thnh MnO2 c mu en.
k/ iu ch N2:
1/ Mc ch: iu ch N2.
2/ Ha cht, dng c:
-Ha cht: NaNO2, NH4Cl.
-Dng c: ng nghim, n cn.
3/ Tin hnh:
Cho vo ng nghim 0.5g NaNO2 v 1ml dung dch NH4Cl bo ha, un nh ng nghim. Th kh
thot ra bng tn m .
4/ Hin tng, gii thch:
Khi cho tn m vo ng nghim th tn m tt.
NaNO2 + NH4Cl NaCl + N2 + 2H2O
N2 khng duy tr s chy nn lm tn m tt.

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