Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 1
State derived quantities and their respective units and symbols: velocity (m s-1), acceleration (m s-2), work (J), force (N), pressure (Pa), energy (J), power (W) and frequency (Hz). State and convert units with common SI prefixes.
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Derived quantity is defined as a quantity which can be expressed in term of base quantity. Table 1.2 shows some examples of derived quantity. Derived quantity
Velocity Volume Acceleration Density Momentum Force Work
Symbol
v V a
Formulae
s/t lwt v/t m/V mv ma Fs F/A 1/T W/t
Unit
m s-1 m3 m s-2 kg m-3 kg m s-1 kg m s-2 @ N kg m2 s-2 @ J N m-2 @ Pa s-1 @ Hz kg m2 s-3 @ Js-1 @W
4
p F W P f P
l m t T/ I N
m kg s K A mol
3
Table 1.2
PHYSICS
1.1.1 Unit Prefixes
CHAPTER 1
It is used for presenting larger and smaller values. Table 1.3 shows all the unit prefixes. Prefix tera giga mega kilo deci centi milli micro Table 1.3 nano pico Multiple 1012 109 Symbol T G M k d c m n p
PHYSICS
Example 1.1 :
CHAPTER 1
Solve the following problems of unit conversion. a. 15 mm2 = ? m2 b. 65 km h1 = ? m s1 c. 450 g cm3 = ? kg m3 Solution : a. 15 mm2 = ? m2
(1 mm)2 = (103 m )2
1 mm 2 = 10 6 m 2
b. 65 km h-1 = ? m s-1 1st method :
65 103 m 65 km h 1 = 1h 3 65 10 m 65 km h 1 = 3600 s 65 km h 1 = 18 m s 1
PHYSICS
2nd method :
CHAPTER 1
65 km 65 km h 1 = 1h 65 km 1000 m 1 h 65 km h 1 = 1 h 1 km 3600 s
65 km h 1 = 18 m s 1
PHYSICS
Follow Up Exercise
CHAPTER 1
1. A hall bulletin board has an area of 250 cm2. What is this area in square meters ( m2 ) ? 2. The density of metal mercury is 13.6 g/cm3. What is this density as expressed in kg/m3
3.
3
450 g cm
450 g cm
10 3 kg 1 cm 3 450 g = 3 3 2 3 1 g 1 cm m 10
A sheet of paper has length 27.95 cm, width 8.5 cm and thickness of 0.10 mm. What is the volume of a sheet of paper in m3 ? Convert the following into its SI unit: (a) 80 km h1 = ? m s1 (b) 450 g cm3 = ? kg m3 (c) 15 dm3 = ? m3 (d) 450 K = ? C
8
= 4.5 10 kg m
4.
c) d) e) f)
Illustrate unit vectors ( i , j , k) in cartesian coordinate. State the physical meaning of dot (scalar) product State the physical meaning of cross ( vector) product:
A B = A (B cos ) = B ( A cos
A B = A (B sin
)=
(A
sin
)
9 10
PHYSICS
1.2.1 Vectors
Vector A
CHAPTER 1
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Two vectors equal if both magnitude and direction are the same. (shown in figure 1.1)
Q
Figure 1.1
Table 1.4 shows written form (notation) of vectors. displacement velocity acceleration
P=Q
s
s
Table 1.4
v v
v (bold)
a a
a (bold)
kA
A
s (bold)
v =v
a =a
11
A
if k = +ve, the vector is in the same direction as vector A. if k = -ve, the vector is in the opposite direction of vector 12 A.
PHYSICS
1.2.2 Direction of Vectors
CHAPTER 1
Can be represented by using: a) Direction of compass, i.e east, west, north, south, north-east, north-west, south-east and south-west b) Angle with a reference line e.g. A boy throws a stone at a velocity of 20 m s-1, 50 above horizontal.
PHYSICS
c) Cartesian coordinates 2-Dimension (2-D)
CHAPTER 1
s = ( x, y ) = (1 m, 5 m) y/m
5
v
50
x/m
13
14
PHYSICS
3-Dimension (3-D)
CHAPTER 1
s = ( x , y , z ) = ( 4, 3, 2) m
PHYSICS
Unit vectors
CHAPTER 1
s = 4 i +3j + 2k y/m
3
i , j & k is used to represent unit vectors pointing in the positive x, y & z directions.
s
2 0
x/m
| = | |i j | = |k | = 1
z/m
15
16
PHYSICS
d) Polar coordinates
CHAPTER 1
F = 30 N,150
F
PHYSICS
1.2.3 Addition of Vectors
CHAPTER 1
There are two methods involved in addition of vectors graphically i.e. Parallelogram Triangle For example : A + B
)
150
A
e) Denotes with + or signs. signs
+
Parallelogram Triangle
+
O
B A
A+ B
O
A+ B
B
17
18
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
If there are more than 2 vectors therefore Use vector polygon and associative rule.P E.g. +Q+
Triangle of vectors method: a) Use a suitable scale to draw vector A. b) From the head of vector A draw a line to represent the vector B. c) Complete the triangle. Draw a line from the tail of vector A to the head of vector B to represent the vector A + B.
A+ B = B + A
A
Commutative Rule
(P + Q ) + R
P
B
B+ A
O
(P + Q )
Q
19
(P + Q ) + R = P + (Q + R )
Associative Rule
20
PHYSICS
Distributive Rule : a. b.
CHAPTER 1
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
A + B = A + B
A + B = 2 A + 2 B
( + )A = A + A
For example : Proof of case a: let
=2
A+ B = 2 A+ B
A+ B
B
O
) (
)
2A
2 A+ B
)
21
2 A + B = 2 A + 2B
22
PHYSICS
Proof of case b: let
CHAPTER 1
= 2 and = 1
PHYSICS
For example :
CHAPTER 1
CD
D
( + )A = (2 + 1)A = 3 A
A
3A
CD=C+ D
Parallelogram
( )
D
Triangle
A + A = 2 A + 1 A
2A
+
3A
C
O
C CD
CD
(2 + 1)A = 2 A + 1A
23 24
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
PHYSICS
1.2.5 Resolving a Vector
1st method :
CHAPTER 1
2nd method :
Vectors subtraction can be used to determine the velocity of one object relative to another object i.e. to determine the relative velocity. to determine the change in velocity of a moving object.
Exercise 1 :
1. Vector A has a magnitude of 8.00 units and 45 above the positive x axis. Vector B also has a magnitude of 8.00 units and is directed along the negative x axis. Using graphical methods and suitable scale to determine a) A + B b) A B c) A + 2 B (Hint : use 1 cm = 2.00 units) d)
Ry
0
Ry
Rx
0
R
Rx
2A B
PHYSICS
The magnitude of vector
CHAPTER 1
R:
PHYSICS
Example 1.2 :
CHAPTER 1
R or R =
Direction of vector
(R x )
+ Ry
( )
A car moves at a velocity of 50 m s-1 in a direction north 30 east. Calculate the component of the velocity a) due north. b) due east. Solution :
R:
a)
v N = v sin 60 v N = 50 sin 60
v N = 43.3 m s 1
or
v N = v cos 30 v N = 50 cos 30
tan =
Ry Rx
or
Ry = tan R x
vN
W
30
v
E
60
vE
S
27
b) v E
= v cos 60 v E = 50 cos 60
vE = 25 m s 1
or
v E = v sin 30 v E = 50 sin 30
+ Ry R = Rx i j
28
PHYSICS
Example 1.3 :
CHAPTER 1
F
150
PHYSICS
Example 1.4 : y
CHAPTER 1
S A particle S experienced a force of 100 N as shown in figure above. Determine the x-component and the y-component of the force. Solution : Vector x-component y-component y
F1 (10 N)
30o O 30o
F
30
Fy
150 S
F2 (30 N)
F3 (40 N)
The figure above shows three forces F1, F2 and F3 acted on a particle O. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on particle O.
30
Fx
or
PHYSICS
Solution :
CHAPTER 1
y
PHYSICS
Solution : Vector x-component
CHAPTER 1
y-component
F2 y
F2
30o
F1
x
F3 x
F2 x
F1 F2
F1x = 0 N
60o O
F1 y = F1 F1 y = 10 N F2 y = 30 sin 60 F2 y = 26 N F3 y = 40 sin 30 F3 y = 20 N
30o
F3
Fr =
Fr
F3 y
= F1 + F 2 + F 3
+
F3
Vector sum
F = F
Fy
31
= 0 + ( 15) + ( 34.6 )
= 49.6 N
F F
= 10 + 26 + ( 20.0 )
= 16 N
F x = F1 x + F 2 x + F 3 x F y = F1 y + F 2 y + F 3 y
32
PHYSICS
2
CHAPTER 1
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Fr =
Fr =
( F ) + ( F )
x y
( 49.6)2 + (16)2
y
Fr
18
Fr = 52.1 N
and
= tan
F F
F F
O
162
x
x
16 = tan = 18 49.6
1
x-axis OR 18 above negative xx-axis. Its direction is 162 from positive x33
A 12.0 m s -1
ANS. : 11.1 m 77.6; U think; 28.5 m s-1, 202; 28.5 m s-1, 22.2
s-1,
37.0
0
Figure 1.2
x
34
PHYSICS
Exercise 2 :
3. Vector
CHAPTER 1
A points in the negative x direction. Vector B points at an angle of 30 above the positive x axis. Vector C has a magnitude of 15 m and points in a direction 40 below the positive x axis. Given that A + B + C = 0 , determine the magnitudes of A and B .
PHYSICS
1.2.6 Unit Vectors
notations
CHAPTER 1
, c , b a
of vector A.
(Walker,pg.78,no. 65)
= a
y
Q 24 m s
A A
=1
)
50
P 35 m s 2
] = 1 [a
Unit vector for 3 dimension axes :
R 10 m s 2
=1 = i j =k
36
PHYSICS
y
CHAPTER 1
PHYSICS
E.g. :
CHAPTER 1
m +3 s = 4i j + 2k
s=
j k
z
Vector can be written in term of unit vectors as :
= 5.39 m
s
2k
z/m 0
+ ry r = rx i j + rz k
Magnitude of vector,
4i
x/m
r=
38
PHYSICS
Example 1.5 :
Two vectors are given as:
CHAPTER 1
m 2 a= i j + 6k m 3 b = 4i j+k
PHYSICS
b)
CHAPTER 1
( (
(b a ) = b (b a ) = b
x
a x = 4 1 = 3i
j a y = 3 ( 2 ) =
Calculate a) the vector a + b and its magnitude, b) the vector b a and its magnitude, c) the vector 2a + b and its magnitude. Solution : a) a + b = a + b = 1 + 4 = 5i
(b a )
= bz a z = 1 6 = 5k m b a = 3i j 5k
z
The magnitude, c)
ba=
= 5.92 m
( ) (a + b ) = a
x
j + b y = 2 3 = 5
(2a + b ) (2a + b )
= 2a x + bx = 2(1) + 4 = 6i
j = 2a y + b y = 2( 2 ) + ( 3) = 7
(a + b )
= a z + bz = 6 + 1 = 7k m 5 a + b = 5i j + 7k
z
(2a + b )
= 9.95 m
39
The magnitude, a + b
(5)2 + ( 5)2 + (7 )2
The magnitude, 2a + b
(6)2 + ( 7 )2 + (13)2
= 15.9 m
40
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
A B = A(B cos )
A
Figure 1.4a
B A = B( A cos )
where : angle between two vectors The scalar product is a scalar quantity.
The angle ranges from 0 to 180 . When 0 < < 90 scalar product is positive
A
B cos
Figure 1.4b
A
Figure 1.4c
Figure 1.4c shows the projection of vector A onto the direction of vector B . A B = B component of A parallel to B 41
A cos B
A B = B A
42
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Example of scalar product is work done by a constant force where the expression is given by
PHYSICS
following problems. a) A = i j+k Solution : a) A B =
CHAPTER 1
between vectors
j k
z
i j = (1)(1)cos 90 o = 0
2 B = 4i j 3k
B =2 j + 3k
3 A = 4i j+k
A B = 4 + 2 3 A B = 3
The magnitude of the vectors: A = The angle ,
k =1 i = i j j=k
B=
3
= 29
= (1)(1)cos 90 o = 0 jk = (1)(1)cos 90 o = 0 k i
= i k =0 i j= jk
43
44
PHYSICS
Example 1.7 : y
C (1 m )
25 0
CHAPTER 1
PHYSICS
+ Cy C = C xi j
CHAPTER 1
19 x
+ 1sin 25 = 1cos 25 i j
+ 0.42 C = 0.91i j m
and
D(2 m )
) (
)
Figure 1.5 Referring to the vectors in Figure 1.5, a) determine the scalar product between them. b) express the resultant vector of C and D in unit vector. Solution : a) The angle between vectors C and D is
+ 2 sin 19 D = 2 cos19 i j
0.65 D = 1.89i j m
) (
Hence
0.23 = 0.98i j m
45
46
PHYSICS
Vector (cross) product Consider two vectors :
CHAPTER 1
+ y A = xi j + zk + q B = pi j + rk
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
For example: How to use right hand rule : Point the 4 fingers to the direction of the 1st vector. Swept the 4 fingers from the 1st vector towards the 2nd vector. The thumb shows the direction of the vector product.
A B = C
and its magnitude is given by
A B = C
A B = C = A B sin = AB sin
B B A
A B B A
but
: angle between two vectors The angle ranges from 0 to 180 so the vector product always
where positive value. Vector product is a vector quantity. The direction of vector C is determined by
B A = C
A B = B A
)
48
Direction of the vector product (C ) always perpendicular to the plane containing the vectors A and B.
PHYSICS
y
CHAPTER 1
The vector product of the unit vectors are shown below :
PHYSICS
b)
CHAPTER 1
i 2 +0 A B = 3i jk j 5k k i + ( 2)(0) A B = ( 3)(1)i j j + ( 1)( 5)k
)(
j k
z x
=k i j = j i = k jk j =i
i = = i k k j
A B = 3 + 0 + 5 A B = 2
c) The magnitude of vectors,
i = i 2 sin 0 o = 0 i
j j = j 2 sin 0 o = 0 k = k 2 sin 0 o = 0 k
A=
k =0 i i = j j=k
B=
Example of vector product is a magnetic force on the straight conductor carrying current places in magnetic field where the expression is given by
F = I l B F = IlB sin
49
PHYSICS
Exercise 3 : +5 1. If vector a = 3i j a) a b , ; 26; 46 ANS. : 2k
CHAPTER 1
and vector b) a b ,
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
+4 b = 2i j , determine c) a + b b .
THE END
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 2 : Kinematics of Linear Motion
; b = i and c = 2i +3 4 +2 a = 3i j 2k j + 2k j+k
Calculate a) a b c , b) a ANS. : 21; 9; 5i 11 j 9k
(b + c )
, c)
a b +c
and vector +2 3. If vector P = 3i jk determine a) the direction of P Q b) the angle between P and Q . ANS. : U think, 92.8
, +4 Q = 2i j + 3k
51
52