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nnu1
PIPING
STRESS CALCULATIONS
SIMPLIFIED
by S. W. Spielvogel
BYRNE ASSOCIATES, INC.
NEW YORK, N. Y.
11
1
FIFTH EDITION
i
i
COPYRIGHT 1955
S.
w.
Reissued in 1961
SPIELVOGEL.
LAKE SUCCESS,
N. Y.
11
11~................................................................................................................................................
===============================================
PREFACE
of pipe stress under changing temperature conditions has heretoore
been confined to engineers having an extensive background and working knowledge of calculus. In this brief presentation exact solutions have been worked out in
arithmetical orm so that the practica! pipe designercan refer to typical problems
or both form and method of computation.
Methods for calculating expansion stresses in high-temperature power piping
have been worked out in a number of ways by severa! investigators. Engineers
engaged in this field have adopted one or another of these procedures, depending on
personal preference or extent of theoretical background. Material in this text,
applying to one such method, has been discussed in suffi.cient detall so that the
mathematical theory can be traced from principie to actual calculation of typical
problems.
The relatively simple concepts are familiar to most men who have already been
required to design piping. Others can acquire a working understanding of the methods
presented in a short period of study. Once the basic methods are understood, the
engineer can follow through the mathematical procedures at will. Fortunately, it is
possible to strip these formulas toa point where the practica1 designer can recognize
the results without need for following the detalled derivations.
"This book is arranged in such a manner that one familiar with pipe calculations
can refer quickly to formulas or computations involved in any specific case without
reviewing the theoretical background. Specific instructions not only facilitate computation but also reduce the probability of error through omission of sorne detall.
Computation forms are arranged to permit sharing of labor on three-dimensional
piping systems by allocating parts of the work to severa! persons. The method is exact
within slide-rule accuracy.
Thorough understanding of the complex problems of elasticity, moments and
forces, codified values, and varied methods of calculation can properly be restricted
to the very few that have specialized in the field. This book brings the ordinary
layout problem well within the grasp of many who wish practica! answers to im.mediate
piping layouts.
ALCULATION
S.
LAKE SuccEss, N. Y.,
w.
SPIELVOGEL.
into account the now mandatory requirement of appl:ying stress intensification factors found to exist in components otber than plain
straight pipe.
Piping systems vithin the scope o! thia vork are atructures designed to absorb expansiona by the inherent flexibility of the
layout.
The requirementa !or ixpansion and llexibility# are regulated in
Section 6, Chapter J of the "Coda for Preasure Piping published by the
American Society of Mechanic&l ingineera.
The intention of theae regul&tions ia to provide adequate saiety vith
economical use of materi&la vhile alloving maximum latitude in procedure
or method o! matheaatical analyais.
The Code recognizea the fact that streases in piping systems are not
necesaarily o coastant intensity, that expansion stressea at elevated
temperaturas may not be sustained becauae of relaxation or creep and conaequently vill drop to the stress level vhich the material can ustain.
This phenomenon o! yielding in the elastie range or flov in the plastic
stage presenta a problem different from that encountered in the analysia
of structures or machinery vhich operate at relatively lov temperaturas
and therefore are in a state of steady stress.
without 111 effect, changing from one shape to another without returning exactly to previous configurations.
cold as well as in tbe hot condition, that is whenever the contraction or expansion stresses are of sufficient intensity to cause yielding.
In-
itial cold springing therefore loses its significance because the stresses
calculated on the basis of predeterminad short-cutting of the pipe and
springing it into position will be alterad by subsequent self springing of
the systam. This fact is recognized by the Coda by omission of the credit
allowance for cold springing as far as stresses are concerned.
Reactions,
however, are credited for the effect of cold springing as will be shown
separately.
The phenomenon of self springing is demonstrated by the following example:
Let it be assumed that the 90 turn shown below is to absorb 6" of expansion between anchors and that the calculated maximum stress is 24,000 psi
3
SYSTEM RELAXEO
TO SUSTAINING LEVEL
6" FREE
EXPANSION
On
cooling to room
through the remaining 1.5" will result in a stress of 6,000 psi oppos:i te in sign to that caused by an expansion of 1.5".
at
t~c
From the
fo~egoing
c~Jculation
be judged reliably.
r~]ated
to eyclic
~hich
is considered
SA
Se
Sh
= stress ranga reduction factor for cyclic condition, from the fol-
lowing tabla:
Total number of
full temperature
cycles over ex:pected l:U'e.
7,000 and less
14,000
22,000
45,000
100,000
11
"
l. O
0.9
o.s
o.?
o.6
0.5
The starting poi.nt for the application of the stress range reduction
factor has been selected at 7,000 cycles which is approximatel1 equal to
one cycle per day' over a period of 20 years. By expected llfe is meant
the total number of years during which the system i~ expected to be in
active operation.
The allowable S-values given in the Code are the lesser of the following stresses:
a~
s0
S0 :0.625
1.6Sc)
~,
Item 5 above.
There!ore
(S 0 + 5t1)
6
The range established by the Code is
which includes all stresses that is expansion, pressure and weight stresses.
The range !or expansion stresses only is
SA
= 1.25
S0
+ 0.25
!oll~
section.
sion stress
sole~
The stresses due to internal pressure and weight o! the pipi.ng are pe:rmanently sustained.
ation and are excluded !rom the canparison o! .5_g with SA. as the latter has
been adjusted to allow !or them with the !ollowing provision:
The sum o! the longitudinal stresses due to pressure,
veight and other sustained extemal loading s hall
not exceed Sh.
less than
and this
su.
To explain the !oregoing quotation rau the Code or Pressure Piping re!erence is made to the method of calculating the pipe wall thickness an:i to
the general analysis o! cylindrical vessela subjected to pressure. Accordingly, the maximum stress due to internal pressure is tensile transversa~
to the pipe axis. This stress is limi ted by the Code to the S-value S}l at
7
operating temperature. Pressure also causes a longitudinal stress which
equals one-half the transverse stress and which is additive to the bending stress caused b,y expansion. In reducing the stress range by Sh, onehalf of this amount is assigned to stress due to pressure leavi.ng t he
other hal.f available for stress due to weight.
The expansion stresses shall be combined in accordance with the following fonrru.l.a.:
Where
51)
st =
i.~:Z
Mt,:2Z
=
=
Mt
Z
which in,.
this case sif;nifies either the stress in the cold condi tion f or a system
which is cold sprung lO~ or the stress in the cold condition for a systen
which, operating in the creep range, has relaxed completely and becomes
stressless at operating temperature.
8
In reference to the stress intensification factor the Code permits sim-
It is permissible for
REACTIONS
In contrast to the procedure for determining the stresses the method for
recording the magni tude of the reactions is based on the initial. condi tion
with no consideration for subsequent relaxation but with specific credits
or the efect o cold springing.
Thus the manufacturar o equipment is protected against excessive actions
during the initial stages o operation and the user is granted. adequate benefit or cold springing the system.
For this purpose the degree o cold springing is expressed b.1 the cold
spring factor
( if
ing temperatura multiply' result by E0 :Eb) then the initial reaction in the
hot condition is calculated from
Rb
(1 - 2/3 C) R ~
Ec
This formula credits the system with two-thirds o the designed cold spring.
9
The reaction in the cold condition is obtained from
Re
= CR
~ or
= (1 _ Sh
(
S.s
Ere)
Eh)
Ec
SE ~
41
The
foll~iing
conditio~
that
....u
<l
11.1
a:
....
o
:S:
2
....
u
.-R: R
e
<l
11.1
a:
o
..1
o
u
Initial reactions in the hot condition are shown above the horizontal
base line with credit allowance and correction for the modulus of elasticity at operating temperature.
C = 1 . ~=R.
= CR.
10
Hmrever, in a yielding system Re can be more than CR beca use of self-
sprineine.
d~pends
whi~h
stress S"!;'
..., p::-oduced by the expo.nsion.
11
They are:
elasticity in the cold condition and for the total expansion range from
the maximum to the minimum operating temperature (for hot lines this rnay
be taken as the erection temperature).
For three dimensional systems the combined expansion stress is obtained from the formula on Page
7.
The longitudinal pressure stress plus the stress due to weight must
not exceed the allowable stress
5n
is less than sh the difference may be added to the term 0.25 sh in the
formula for SA (see Page 6).
The longitudinal pressure stress equals internal pressure times inside area of pipe divided by the pipe metal area or
where
p
d
D
=
=
12
Code for
Pressure Piping and the A.S.Ao standard 8)6.10--1950 the form.er in respect
to strength, the latter in respect to dimensions.
The appropriate material specification depends on the service pressure.
It is obtained byreference to the specific requirements of the Codeo
When the
~terial
tmn
p
where
tm.in
=
=
=
p
D
S
e ..
(
PD
)
( 2S + 2yP )
+e
2S(tmn -e)
D-2y ( tmin -e)
Fe~
~\..~1~
4-y4 ~"'~ .. ~.
1 American Standards Association
l:.~C
~"1"i:'E:I...
cQ.,
wR..cv<ii."\\
\R..o.-..1
lJ
900
and
below
Ferritic
steels
Austenitie
steels
1150
950
1000
1050
1100
and
above
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.7
It is customary to order pipe b.1 its nominal wall thickness adding theJ
manufacturer's tolerance.
~Y"" ~'~'o;.~ ~;!
= t,un
o.875
10~0
12~5
X 0.)
[ 2 xQ-3100 + 2
(Pa.ge 106)
o.;
Y =
-::;~~<:
o. 0 0 0
1000)
+ 0.065 -
o '4i
0;535"
/
..JO
tnom-
0.612
p D
Use Schedule 80 t
'L(? +V y)
0.687"
-t C.A.
t. ...... '...,
<5J5
t.~""" :;:.
t.
M~
-sA .... w
'0 \
?\.A,'
14
SINGLE-PLANE PIPING
If a pipeline, owing to the character of its supports or end conditions, is prevented
from free expansion, then it is compelled to assume a distorted shape. The new
configuration attained will be that which requires the least effort. Actual shape
depends on the resistance to distortion offered
y
by individual sections of pipe or fittings.
r_E:_~a_n~e_:'~~a:e
J~lfc
The pipe line (Fig. 1) is fixed at its t\YO
1
-x
e~
1 b
ends and subjected to thermal expansion.
1
1
Each end will react \\ith a force and a
1
1
moment. For convenience the force is rep- X - - resented by its t>vo rectilinear components X
a
Ma"--._ y
and Y. The relationship bet,Yeen expansion
and reactions may be Yi::malized if one of the
FIG. l.
supports is removed to permitan unrestricted expansion of the pipe. If, for example,
the support at e is removed, the expanded shape \Vill be as in Fig. 2.
Let the expansion of leg be be designated by .6-x and that of ab by C:.y. Then, in
order to restore the conditions of Fig. 1', it is necessary to apply suitable forces X
and Y opposite to the expansions and a moment 1~1 c. These three actions combined
\Vill move e' back to e and rotate the pipe to obtain a horizontal tangent at e, as shown
in Fig. l. The determination of the unknowns X, Y, and .v[c is considerably simplified
\1
b'
r-------------
e'
6!-'x~~~
lx x
e
y
a
FIG. Z.
FrG. 3.
if the ende is temporarily connected with the centroid C by means of a rigid bracket
and the actions necessary to bring e' back toe are applied at C. During this operation
the bracket is assumed to be absolutely stiff, i.e., it transfers all actions "ithout
bending, contracting, or elongating. It can be proYed by theory that, to restore the
original conditions of Fig. 1 with actions at th.e centroid, only the forces X and Y
are required; in other words, the two forces X and Y acting at the centroid accomplish
the same as X, Y, and Jtfc acting at point c.
Once the centroid forces X and Y are found, the moment at e is obtained by
multiplying these forces by their respecti>e offsets from c. Assigning a plus sign
to clocbvise moments, we obtain from Fig. 3
Jfc
Xy - Y.t
The unknowns in the problem are thus reduced from three to two, namely, X and Y.
PIPING STRESS
CALCULATIO~S
SI~1PLIFIED
DETERMINING X AND Y
Remove one of the two supports, connect that end temporarily with the centroid
by means of a rigid bracket, and permit the line to expand freely. Xext apply unit
forces (1 lb) in directions opposite to the two component expansions Ax and Jly.
These directions shall be the positive x- and the positive y-a.xes of a coordinate
system (Fig. 4).
The unit force acting in the x-direction "'ill move the centroid in the x-direction
as well as in the y-direction. These tiYO movements shall be designated by ou and
b'
e'
o" 1" the first subscript indicating the direction of
b-------~
the force, the second the direction of the move.x-- - lb.
ment.
1
e
lb.
Similarly, the unit force acting in the y:
direction
'"ill produce deflections o1111 and o11,..
a'
1
If the actual reactions X and Y are applied
+y
the total movements will be, respectively, X and
Fxa. 4.
Y times larger than the movements produced by
the unit forces. Thus the total movement in the x-direction is X o,.:z: + Y o11:z:, and the
total movement in the y-direction is X ox 11 + Y olfll.
The reactions X and Y must have such intensities as to make the sum of all
movements in the x-direction equal to the expansion ~x, and the sum of all movements
in the y-direction equal to the expansion ~y. Expressing this fact in form of equations
we obtain
cr;:-'
1
1
1
?%
(1)
These two equations contain only t1vo unkno1vns, because the expansions Jlx
and ~y are known, and the coefficients o_.x, o""' etc., are deflections produced by unit
Ioads acting at the free end of a cantilevt>r and are calculable.
Thus the problem involves, first, calculating the coefficients and, then, solving
the equations for X and Y.
Note that Oyz = ox 11 because of Maxwell's law of reciprocity of deflections, which,
applied to this problem, may be stated as follows:
The dejlection in the x-direction pToduced by a foTce acting in the y-direction equals
the dejlection in the y-direction due to the same force but applied 1.'n the x-direct1.'on.
DETERMINING THE COEFFICIENTS
r.
= EJ
and
16
SINGLE-PLANE PIPING
where r. is the moment of inertia of the line about the x-axis, 111 the moment of inertia
of the line about the y-axis and lx 11 the product of inertia of the line, \\'i.th respect to
the coorclinate axes.
The moment of inertia of a line is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying
the length of each line element by the square of its distance from the reference axis.
The product of inertia of a line is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying
the length of each element by its coordinates. (A line element is an infinitesimal
part of the totallength.)
Introducing the line inertia in equations (1), 1\i.th signs as explained below, we
obtain
r.!l_
~x
+ y~
El
~Y
x b..
El
-X lx
El
}y
El
(2)
Explanation of signs:
A force acting in the positive x-direction will move the free end in the same
direction. This deflection is associated ''i.th the moment of inertia, which always is a
positive value. The same force will also move the free end normal to its line of action,
and the intensity of this movement depends on the product of inertia of the line, which
may have either sign.
'\Vith the assumption of positive axes opposite to the anticipated expansions,
a positive X-force causes one movement in the positive x-direction, and another in
the negative y-direction. Similarly a positive Y-force causes one movement in the
positive y-direction and another in the negative x-direction.
With negative signs in equations (2), products of inertia are introduced algebraically with the result that the end reactions X and Y will be obtained with plus
signs indicating that their assumed directions are correct.
Equations (2) are used in two distinct forms.
1. Lines with Constant Cross Section and Same Modulus E. Since the product
El in equations (2) is always the same for this case, it is convenient to transfer it to
the right side.
XT.- Ylxy = ~x El}
(3)
-Xlx, + Yl" = t:.y El
The solution of these equations is
X = l,;C~x El) + L~(.~y El)
lxly y = fx(tly El) + L~(~x El)
lxly- J;'l
r.y
~ ote
(4)
17
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED
sectional area.
becomes
Thus only E can be brought to the right side, and the general equation
(5)
-XI~ 11
1
J., ' ['rv = T'
fry t
w here 1., =
e c.
1
The solution of these equations is
V
I~(D.x E)
I~(D.y
Al -
I:y(D.y E)
11
E) + I: 11 (tlx E)
I'z l'11 - J'2z
(6)
Summary of procedure:
l. Calculate the expansions D.x and D.y.
2. Calculate the products D.x El and D.y El.
3. Determine the centroid of the line.
4. Make centroid the origin of a system of coordinates with positive direGtions
opposite to the anticipated expansions.
5. Calculate the line inertias 1., 11 , 1.,, 111
6. Insert in equations (3), and solve for X and 1" [equations (4)].
Moment of Inertia of Straiht Lines
x---
8
-~:::
~
----x
--
~&-e
\:)')
....~:
:
'
x-------~----x
1-"
-
J.:! +/a 2
12
ctx1s
tY
1
--a
-----1
1 lyla 1
1
y
Lme pCiralle! to ax1s
Product of inertia
<une part1llel to cm t1xis>
Fm. 5.
18
SI::-iGLE-PLA_:-E PIPING
Moment of Inertia of an Inclined Branch
+y
+y'
f.--m--
lb
1
'
L----.1...---+x
Fw. 6.
1~
]' =
u
p sin~ 8
12
2
l3 cos 8
12
l., = 1:
I 11 = ]'11
8
(
o
15"
30"
45"
60"
75"
90"
105
120"
135
150"
165"
180"
+ ln
+ lm
2
2
sin 1 8
cos1 8
12
12
o
0.00558
0.02083
0.04167
0.06250
0.07775
0.08333
0.07775
0.06250
0.04167
0.02083
0.00558
0.08333
0.07775
0.06250
0.04167
0.02083
0.00558
0.00558
0.02083
0.04167
0.06250
0.07775
0.08333
19
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED
Product of I.nertia of a.n I.ncli.necl Bra.nch
+y
t1---m--
,tJ
..)1'---,~--+x'
L----.L---+x
Fla. 7.
I'
za sin 28 -
""
24
= [~ 11
+ lmn
sin 2S
24
o
+0.02083
+0.03608
~.04167
+0.03608
+0.02083
-0.02083
-0.03608
-0.04167
-0.03608
-o.<r.nJ3
Z.ab
12
20
rY
+y'
+X'
R/
1
1
1
1
~-
+x_.L ____
m-.l
1
1
e\
+y'
mn}K
Examples:
--l
Ixy=fo01J7R 3 +
qTx'
W'J1J
+.x'
+X'
+y'
+y'
+O.IJ7R 3
-OIJ7JP
+Y'
-0137R 3
Tv obtain tbe sign of the term 0.13 R'. pass throu~h the rentroid of the 90 bend two axes +x' and
The sig:n i~ then dctermincd from the position of +x'
c;nd +y' relative to tbe are. The coordinates m and n are introduced algebraically.
-<-y' parallel to the positive gra,ity axes of tbe entire line.
..
...
ac
+Y
ci
CENTR 010
OF ARC
SEE
PAGE
184
+X
Ixv
R1f"
XI.I5XMXN
;;c------------T---;;c :x---7----------;;
1
1
1
1
m
1
1
1
,/
~-r1/
1/
I:;c=(0.1481JRJ+Rfm2JK
Oue~rtu
I:;c=(Q/488RJ+Rfm 1) lb.
Quarler bend in reduced length
2l
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED
The Produet of Inertia of a Circular Are
General Formal&
--- ..............
'ez,,
'
'
'
k
~------J-----------------~%
:r
8m
I.- I'/1- mz
Vz(82-8tJ
1
~
i1
22
PROBLEM 1
90 Bend, Both Ends Fixed
23
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED
PROBLEM 1
90 Bend, Both Ends Fixed
tmin
*tmin
+ 0.125tnom
O. 518 in.
== lnom, i.uom =
o~87r:r =
0.595 in.
t = 0.687 in.
1 - 475 in.'
S = 74.5 in. 3
Expa.nsion = 5.75 in. per 100ft.
E = 25 X 10 8 psi
Az =
5 75 .
.
m. X 80ft = 4.6 m.
100
lly =
~~ in.
Az El =
lly El
X 50 ft = 2.88 in.
~: in. ~
= 2i~S in.
25 X 10 6 X 12 2 X
~;~
X 25 X 10 6 X 12 2 X
Manufacturing tolerance.
Fto. 8.
== 31,600,000 lb
ft. 3
;~~ = 19,800,000 lb ft 3
24
PRO B LE :\1 1
entrot
.:v
_.!.c.!:_1x'.
ft~;~ _ly_'_l.:.i;~~~~~
1
1
80 40 3.200:
O . O
801-15.4 -9.51 -t-11.820
80
25 l~. 50 1 2!.6[ 15.41 4-18,990
130
1.200
1.no :
+30,810
i - 7,200 - 55 ~ ft . - 1.250
'
130
.
1~
130
.
- 9.6 ft'
ab
be
1~1
i..:!:QQQ.!
r -
80 X 9.6'
~~' + 50
7,370
X 15.4' - 22,230
r. -
Ll, - [~
X: =- 91.740 X 31,600,000
+ 30,810 X 19,800,000
20,600 X 91,740 - 30,810 2
= 1,990 lb
y ,. 29,600 X 19,800,000 + 30.810 X 31,600,000
29,600 X 91,740 - 30,810 2
890 lb
Rea.cting moment ata:
+1,990 lb X 9.6 ft- 890 lb X 55.4 ft
= -30,200 ft lb
Bending moment a.t b:
+1,990 lb X 9.6 ft + 890 lh X 24.6 ft
,.. +41,000 ft lb
Bending moment a.t e:
-1,990 lb X 40.4 ft + 890 lh ;< 2Ui ft
"' -58,500 ft lb
KoTE: The moment at the point that has been con
nected with the centroid is the reacting moment at the
support. :\.11 other moments are hending moments,
i.e., the algehraic sum of the moments produced by the
forces and the moment at the right of a cross section .
'
'
....
'Pomts of mflecflon are af
pomrs of zero moment
"'\ e sa,soo
"'uo'J-. a9o lb.
FtG. 9.
25
SIMPLIFIED TABUlATION
The computation of the line inertias can be convenientl7 contracted
into a single table. The procedure whieh is demonstrated below has
the added advantage of being partl7 self-checking.
First enter in table the effective lengths and the coordinates of
the branches about the gravity axes. Then ealeulate the terma 1x2,
1,-2 and 1xy and check these values as follows:
The product of the first two divided by the third should
equal the third. A check in thb manner confirms the correctness of a11 three.
For example refer to branch ab (18,940 x 7 ,370) +11,820
= 11,820
The mODlent of inertia of a branch which is paralle1 to an axis consista of one term only, namel7 1x2 or ly2 depending on the axis
about which ealculation i.s made. Branches which are at right angle
to an axis have the additional term 13/12 wbich is placed i.lmlediately
below the first term.. For values of 13 112 refer to Page 182 a.nd
Page 18J.
26
SIMPUFIED TABULA.TION
FOR
PP.OBIEM 1
Branch
Lene:th 1
ab
80
be
50
r-
)('
lx2+ Io
ly2+ Io
-15.4
-9.6
18,940
42,600
7,)70
.....
11,920
24.6
+1.5.4
30,200
11,B14
10,416
1~.990
- +
30,810
.....
\ __
ly =
91,740
Ix =
\
__
1xy
29,600
, ..
Ixy
\_
10
.....,
27
Stress Calculatin !or Problem 1
The stress Talues !or ASTM Al06 Grade A aaterial in tho co1d aad
hot condition are
S0
12 1 000 psi -
Sh
11.460
psi~
17,865 psi
u.d
69,900 ftlbs.
41,000 x 1.195
49,000 ft1bs.
SJ
2.42
19,100 psi
SJ
1.85
1.85
49,000
12 : 74.5
14,60Q pli
28
APPLICATION OF THE RUlES
FOR
RECORDING REACTIONS
The f1exibility ca1cu1ation for Prob1em 1 has been based on the modulus of e1asticity in the hot condition
Eh
25,000,000 psi
The reactions therefore represent initia1 intensities in the fully expanded state if the system is installed without co1d-springing;
spring factor
the cold-
e = o.
No co1d-springing
R0
e o
e R o
However, should
S"' --E;-E ))
( ---ti-.
SE
{ l
Where R denotes the reactions based on the modulus Ee in the co1d condition.
In this prob1em the ratio
Ee:Eh
= 1.195
29
Ca1cu1ation based on Eh
Ca1cu1ation based on Ec
1990#
1ol9.5
1990
890#
890
=
=
30,200 ft1bs
"
30,200
.58,.500 ft1bs
"
.58,,500
2,378#
1,063#
=
=
36,090 ft1bs
69,900 ft1bs
The a11owab1e S-va1ues in the co1d and hot condition and the ca1cu1ated expansion stress are
Se
12,000 psi
11,460 psi
SE
14,600 psi
The term (
( 1 -
o.o6
The reactions in the co1d condition therefore may 1n time change fran
zero to
11
1,063
=
=
11
36,090
2,165 ft1bs
"
69,900
4,194 ftlbs
o.o6 x
lO~
2,378
1421
64+
co1d-epringing.
= l.
The reactions in the cold condition are the calculated va1ues multip1ied
b,y the modulus ratio.
JO
In the hot condition the reactions theoretical1y are zero.
The eode,
J)
Hot eondition.:
6631
297#
)0,200
=
=
10,066 ftlbs
58,500
19,500 ftlbs
2,3781
1/J
1,990
1,063#
890
)6,090 ftlbs
11
69,900 ftlbs
"
5\Yf, co1d-springing.
If the s,ystem is co1d-sprung
R0
Rh
=e R
= (1 -
5o%
2,378
1,1891
"
1,063
532#
ll
11
69,900
The term
Hot eondition:
0.5
R is based on Ec
2/J e) R R is based on
eo1d eondition:
= o.s
)4,950 ftlbs
2/J
1,990
"
890
lt
)0,200
"
58,500
=
=
=
=
1,327#
593#
20,133 ft1bs
39,000 ft1bs
;;
cor~ition
itse1f if the expansion stress exceeds the sutaining 1evel at the particular operating temperatura.
pansion stress
31
be the yielding or relaxation in the hot condition and the censequent reaction in the co1d condition.
The fo1lowing example wi11 demonstrate a case of acute selfspringing.
Material - ASTM A335
Grade P21
Temperature ; 1000 F
S0
15,000 psi
sh
29,900,000 psi
Eh
= ?,ooo
psi
= 23,000,000
= 20,550
psi
psi
~stem
e = o.
The reaction in the cold condition then is the greater of the follow-
ing two:
Re=
CR=O
OR
R
( 1 ..
...1llO.a. ...2.2.a.2. ))
18000
23
0.495 R
:32
THRUST LINE
:'
If the resultant reaction force is transposed to the centroid, it will pass through
all points of zero bending moment. In this position the force is known as the thrust
line and as such offers a convenient accessory for visualizing the effect of the expansion
on every point of the pipeline.
For example, the reacting force located at the thrust line and multiplied by its
normal distance from a point gives the bending moment at that point. Consequently, the greater the distance, the greater the bending stress. Thus points of
high and low stress can be seen at a glance, and joints, welded or flanged, can be
readily located away from points of high stress.
The thrust line shows where improvements are most effective. For instance,
if it is desirable to use elements of greater flexibility, such as corrugated pipe, they will
be most beneficia! at the greatest distance from the thrust line.
The distance of the thrust line from the support can also be calculated by dividing the reaction moment by the reaction force, and, since the thrust line must pass
through the centroid, a check on the position of the latter is obtained.
:3:3
P I P I ::\ G S T RE S S
e AL e C LA TI O N" S S I :\I P L I F I E D
PROBLEM 2
90 Bend, One End Hinged
This problem shows the procedure for determining the end reactions when
one of the two ends is held so as to permit rotation but stop translatory motions.
This end then acts as if it were hinged and therefore offers no resistance to
moments. Let end a be the hinged end; then Ala = O.
In this case the origin of the coordinate system is placed at a, and the axes
are assumed in directions opposite to the anticipated expansions. The moment:;;
and products of inertia of the line about these axes when divided by El represent,
respectively, the deflections produced by a unit force in its own direction and
normal to its own direction.
The calculation follO\vs the pattern of problem 1 except that the axes are
laid through the hinged end. The dimensions and the temperature change
are the same as in problem l.
J4
PROBLE~l
2
y
80'
l----4()' ---t'""'
1
1
1
+y
l?esfrained
FIG. 10.
1
rflbs.
Ma.
J8Jfb.,80ft-f680b.,SOfl=-S.J,J60
!f,_!fLJII-~@~ Me
Mb ~.llJJ lb. x80ff
= +J0.640
1680/b.
+$3,360\
-5.].360
J8Jib.
FIG. 11.
35
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED
PROBLEM 3
90 Bend, One End Hinged
36
PROBLEM 3
tY
1
1
b
80'
.;..;;...---f.~ a
;;;.;!- - - . , . .
-----40' ..
;----------+X
y
FIG.
12.
r.ll
l,
x, y,
ft ft ft
l,
lv
lxy
3
ab 80 40 50 160,000
be 50
o 25
80 X 50 2
= 200,000 ~
+ 80 X 40 2 = 170,660
O~~ +50 X 25 2
fe = 160,000
= 41,650
= 241,650
/,
241,650X- 160,000Y = 31,600,000
-160,000X + 170,660Y = 19,800,000
X = 551 lb
Y = 634 lb
/Jetfdr., """"""'*'"'
11-1/N.
,.., achns '",;M
(11"tJJ C/"0$11 M/ICI1n
e tf1nt1
Fto. 13.
o
l.,= 170,660
37
PI PI N G STRESS
e AL e U LA TI O N S
SI ~I P L I F I E D
PROBLEM 4
90 Bend, Both Ends Hinged
Figure 14 shows the solution when both ends are held in such a manner
as to permit rotation but stop expansion. In this case the terminals act as if
they were hinged, and, in order to satisfy the laws of equilibrium, the reacting
forces must be situated in a common line of action.
The process of solution is as follows: Make one end free and place it on
rollers that permit expansion along line ab only. A unit force applied in the
opposite direction will cs.c.se a deflection o, = 1,/EI. The unknown reaction
X causes X times as much deflection. If the expansion of length L is AL, then
Xo, =AL
l ______________________________
1
)8
PROBLEM 4
8a 144
2
-----,,
1-
~~~~~~~~~
FtG. 14.
za sin2 8 + l 2
12
n
Iz of ab:
lz of be:
80 3
IT sin 2 58 + 50 X 21.2 2
Expansion
= 25 X 10 6 psi
Mb
fz =
77,850
x =
'1;
= 478 lb X 42.4 ft
i~~ = 82,500,000 lb ft 2
29,950
X 94.3 ft
I = 475 in. 4
El = 25 X 10 6 X 12 2 X
Xl>,.
i~~ ~
47,900
oz =
= 0.452
i1
~ ~~goo,ooo
= 20,200 ft lb
= 478 lb
J9
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED
PROBLEM 5
Pipe Line with Varying Cross Section
This problem shows the procedure for determining the end reactions of a
pipe line with branches of different size. The 90 connection with square corner
is used to demonstrate the technique.
For the steam conditions and the dimensiona of problem 1, and the branches
of 12 and 10 in., the pipe schedule numbers are
For ab, 12-in. pipe; Schedule 80:
For be, 10-in. pipe, Schedule 60:
lu = 475 in.f
/o = 212 in.f
The expansiona are as in problem l.
~
= 4.6 in.
The routine is the same as that laid down in the computation of problem 1
except for the following mod.i.fication: In determining the position of the centroid
the length of each branch is divided by the moment of inertia of its own crosssectional area. Thus a mod.i.fied length l' is obtained and used throughout the
rest of the calculation, each pipe size having its own length modification factor
which, expressed in feet, equals
124
and
l' =
lr
124
475- 43.7
124
98
212 -
40
PROBLEM 5
l
FIG.
15.
l' _ l ft X 12"
x', ft
I in. 4
40
43.7 X 80 = 3,496
80
98 X 50= 4,900
!l' = 8,396
- = 531,840 = 633ft
X
8,396
.
1
l'x'
i(
l
ab
be
o
139,840
25
392,000 1
<:>31,840
- = 122,500 = 146ft
y
8,396
.
xz r
+
Ior
1y+ r
1890,000
1,860,000
1365,000
745,000
o
530,000
1,020,000
,fii':.Tot
ab
80
-23.3
- 14.6
43.7
be
50
16.7
10.4
122,500
122,500
lor
l xy r
1,190,000
851,000
I y =5, 1 t 5,ooo
Io = i2
1 t ( TQII
98
l'y'
y', ft
1
IX : 2,295,000
Ix y :2 041000
2,295,000X - 2,041,000Y = ~E = 1,380,000,000
-2,041,000X + 5,115,000Y = Ay E = 864,000,000
X= 1,170lb
Y= 625lb
Fia. 16.
= 1,328 lb
41
P I P I X G ST R ESS
e AL e l. L A T I O ::-.; S
S I ~I P L I F I E D
PROBLEM 6
Offset U Bend with Tangents
525 x 6 62 .5
2 X 10,700 + 2
*tnun
+ 0.125fuom
0.4
l + 0.065
_52_5 {
0.225in.
5 = 0.257 in.
l = 28 in. 4
S = 8.65 in. 3
Expansion = 6.25 in. per 100 ft
E = 2-!.3 X 10 6 psi
tl:t =
;~:
X 60 ft =-- 3. 75 in.
1..\.j,
Manufacturing tolerance.
-----.insr:..... ...
....... n'------1
e
20'
42
PROBI.1
Abbreviated Tabulation
Branch
ab
12
-21.55
1x2 + Io
2.55
18
-15.55
- 6.45
78
5,575
144
be
~ + Io
20
- 5.55
4,355
748
667
de
JO
+ 4.45
- 0.45
4, 771
28
+18.45
+14 .55
593
1, 716
59
2,250
5.932
9,525
1,830
~=
+ 1,805
o
ef
661
486
617
-15.45
o
cd
lxy
7,,517
2J,J06
Ix =
14,271
Ix:y
::Ir
+1 O,J 18
axi.s.
4J
FtG. 18.
44
In this case the positive x-axis is opposite to that shown in Fig. 8, i.e., to the right.
2. Equipment moves opposite to the expansion.
Let point a be moved to the left an amount m. Then ~' = .:lx + m regardless
of whether m is smaller or greater than .::lx, and the positive x-axis is directed to the
left as in Fig. 8.
.
The foregoing may be. visualized by breaking the joint at the point of anchorage
and drawing the position of the pipe end in the expanded state and the position
of the equipment after it has gone through the specified movement. The direction
of the reactions is obtained by applying at the pipe end a force in the direction neces!!:l"V to close the gap.
PI PI::\" G STRESS
e AL e G LA TI O~ S
S DI P L I F I E D
PROBLEM 7
Pipe Line with Inclined Branch
Pipe: 12-in.
Schedule 160,
A.S.T.~L Specificatio~
A3J5
Grade P2
(Carbon-Moly')
t = 1.312 in.
1 = 781 in. 4
S= 122 in. 3
Temperature = 950F
Pressure = 1,200 psi
Expansion = 8.35 in. per 100ft
E = 23 7 X 10 6 psi
Inside area = 81 sq. in.
Area of metal = 47.14 sq. in.
.
8. 35 in.
f
~x = lOO X 22 t = 1 .84 m.
8 :3 .
~Y = { ~n. x 8 ft = 0.67 in.
~El=
~y
El=
S:2in.
0.67 in.
-r2-
=19,700,000lb ftl
781
...---.-: - :
'
X~~=
X23.7 X 10 6 X 12 2
1ij:S" i
X8.46~-1
~
'
FIG. 19.
Centroid
Tv-,l.r'
l. ft
x'. ft
y'' ft
01) 3o
----r5 -!50
3GO
30
be i 12
1
6
72
3.j;) ..)
25
cd 1 14. 1-! i 17
2-!0.-!
'
108
de 1
' 12- - ' 22 , __
264
H
,
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
j
1.'.331.5
68.14
576.4
1.33t
..)
576.4 = 8.-:tu
"" ft.
:r- = 68.14
. y= li8.H
= 19.54 ft
-o
l'ormuh (or
inclinc~l
branch:
+5-11.5
46
PROBI.BM 7
''
Abbreviated Tabulation
'
'
!'
Branch
ab
1
)O
- 8.46
2 + Io
1x
- 4.;4
2,147
o
be
cd
de
12
- 2.46
14.14 + 8 .54
12
+13 .54
+10.46
+ .5.46
- 5 .54
ry=
ly
+ Io
618
+ 1,152
2,2.50
7.3
303
144
1,313
1,031
422
6.59*
ll8
ll8
ll8*
2,200
368
900
144
48.5
5,713
Ix
5.2JJ
=
1xy
I 0 is the moment of inertia of the branch about its own gravity axis.
,,,
47
Resisting moment at a:
Bending
"
b:
11
"
"
X
X
X
X
19.54'
10,46 1
10,46 1
0,46 1
11,54 1
-1585f
-1585f
+1585f
+1585f
+1585f
F!G. 20.
X
X
X
X
48
Material:
S0
Ec
=
=
ASTM A335
Grade P2 (Carbon-Mol;r)
13,750 psi
10,000 psi
29,900,000 psi
2),700,000 psi
= 1.25
= 19,680
psi.
The Code for Pressure Piping regulates that the expansion stress
/
\-
SE be
2n
condi tion,
As
=29.9:2).7 =1.26.
The ma.:ximum bending moment occurs at anchor point "e" and equals
66,700 ftlbs.
8,270 psi
The greatest bending mom.ent in elbows occurs at comer "b" and equals
,54,400 ftlbs.
inJ
= 7,,500
psi
long
Reactions
(For discussion see Prob1em 1)
1)
No co1d springing
e = o
= CR
or Re
= ~1
~~~
whichever is greater.
In this case the term ~ Ee is greater than uni ty.
Sp: Eh
Re
Re
= C.R = O.
No sel!-springing is expected.
Hot condition
I
2)
),9201
1,.58.51
Moment at anchor a
= 6),200
ft1bs.
= 66,700
ftlbs.
lOO~
co1d-springing
(a)
Co1d condition
= R based on Ec
X = 1.26 X J,920f =
Y = 1.26 X 1,,58.5#
=
Re
4,940#
2,000#
50
(b)
Moment at a
1.26 x 63,200
79,600 ft1bs.
Moment at e
1.26 x 66,700
84,000 ft1bs.
Hot condition
Theoretically the reactions are zero.
{))
3,920
1,.58.5
assumed to exist in
Therefore
=
e =
.528#
Moment at a
63,200
= 21,070 ftlbs.
Moment at
66,700
22,230 ft1bs.
0o 5
Cold condition
Re = o.;
X
Y
(b)
be
= 1,307#
52% Cold-springing
(a)
Eh
= 0 .5
= 0 .5
R based on Ee
X
1.26 X 3,920
1.26 X 1,58.5
=
=
2,460#
982#
Moment at a
= 39,800
Moment at e
ft1bs.
Hot condition
~ = ~1X
y
= 2/3
= 2/3
+e~
2/3 R based on
3,920
1,)8)
= 1,055#
2,6101
Moment at a
2/3 X 63,200
42,200 ftlbs.
Moment at "e"
2/3
44,.500 ft1bs.
66,700
51
ing mornents to an oval form and consequently relieve the end reactions o!
the system.
In the course of this deforrnation the stresses recede !roa the extreme
fiber and concentrate with increased intensity between the extreme fiber
and the neutral axis.
The
wall thickness
.52
The Code for Pressure Piping regulates the use of stress intensification factors as follows:
calculations shall take into
account stress-intensification factors found to exist
in components other than
plain straight pipe. Credit
may be taken for the extra
flexibility of such components. In the absence of
more directly app1icable
data, the flexibi1ity factors and stress-intensi!ication factors shown in
Chart 1 may be used.. n
Formulas for the flexibilityfactor k and the stress intensi!ication
!actor i for various piping components are given on Chart 1 and plotted on
Chart 2.
They represent the present day know1edge derived from the theoret-
ieal and experimental works of Von Karman, Hovgaard, Beskin, Vigness and
Markl.
The factors for curved bends, originally deve1oped by Von Karman and
Hovgaard, have been verified by subsequent research for characteristics "h"
greater than
0.3 but for 1esser values of "h" both factors were found to be
considerably higher.
0.02 to h
3 for characteristics h
0.3 to h
Chart
= 1.7
= 3.5
The latter, prizarily needed for radius bends, emp1oys the original designations as follows:
h
=;l.
=1
~s
~ere
~stem
It is
joined with elbows b,y ignoring the increased !lexibility of the !ittings
but the stress intensi!ication must be taken into account.
Probl.- 1 dem-
a~
The flexibility !actor as well as the stress intensification factor there!ore are unity.
Toble of Foctors
....
~~
:e-- o...
Description
)C
..
Ql
lit.; ...
"'e o
,.,_u
-e
o
cn_ ~.~..
o
.........
,..-
.: ""e
Oescription
~ ~
;e
.!!.o
..-'""' - .e::.....
vto i
e,..u
--o 1
1.1..1.1..
cn.:~.~o.
1.65
ll
o
o'"" u
Sketch
--
S:
litU: IN G El..BO'I' ,
1.0
IIIOOCD, or
or PIPE 1!04.
liiLDIIIi'IIIX:X Fl.AIIiE
-r
!B.
,z
h2/3
t <111:01Bl.tIII:X.DCl
ltl'!'R.E
SLIP-Gil or
1.2
BEHD+
.!..X
h"'
1 ( r (l tan eX)
0.9
~~:
cot q .!J.
2 r2
...t
Rlcot a
or
S OOLE-IIELD!2)
socm
"'l.DIIKl
rwa
I!ITRE !SliD,
1.3
u
h5/6
'!r (1 t.an4X.)
0.9
h213
l~gt
q .!
r
R=i<lcot a)
lt
--r]!
1
1.6
IIIUIIIKl TU
pe!'
.sA 816.9
0.9
t;i7'l
4.4+
...._
RSI!IFORCI'J)
or
SCJIDI!Z)
2.3
PUilil
TABRlU m
m,
~i;3
(t 112n112
t312,
}f{i'rf!
pad
...Lt
,...
COIUIOOUID PD'I,
UIIIISIIIF<CID
at.raicllt. or eu,.,..,
2.5
FURIC...TID TU
or CIIIASID l!IDID
ll
h!/3
lit~
.l
r
e'Tht nu:ibilHv ractcn k &nd IU'tttl l.nt.enllf1c:tiOII racton 1 in Ull Tabll appl:o to CHt.i~ ot t.lle DOrinal wicnt. or ac:nedule ,.. t.ht pipa 111~ 111 ~.,. avat<ta, and 111all l.n no cue be t.llten laaa tb&n wlit.y,
Tbey apply over uw cttect.i'' are lanct.n (1nown b7 naavy dun-dot. linea in t.ne aketcnet) tor CQrVed IDd
ll1t.n el~. and t.o t.ne l.ntAnac:t.ion point !or t.eea.
t'TM al- ot
Ir and 1 can oe Ned direct.l1 !roe Chart. la, ant.erinc; n U: \lit cnaract.eritt.1c 11
ti"'OI tM COI"WI1&lu c1an, wnere:
eC~~~p~~tecl
+Ibera !llonC" ara at.t.aened t.O ona or bOI.l'. anda, t.ne valu.. ot Ir and 1 l.n t.he Tabla anall be correct.ed
rae ton c1-na baloe, wnicn can be rud dirac: t.ly 1'ro. Cnart. la, ent.erinc 1 t.h l.ne COIIPUt.ed 111
b7 Ule
OM anc1 n111ced:
f U.o
incltadea
saddle
11'/6
a1nd~ \re
.)oint..
CHART 1
.5.5
flexibility
fa e tor
and
Stress
lntensification
f1etor
Chut la
Graph for
Ir
and
.
1
.2
,4
Correcton
f~etor
CHART 2
TUIE TURNS,ING
97.006-54
1
1
1
K
7
V
V
/
/
/2 ?.,2 +/0
12 ~.z + 1
:\
p=}Kf-j
:\
1.8" 12?-.Z-2
0.2
7.09
2.54
1.50
1.32
0.89
o.:>
5.34
1.97
1.15
1.23
o.qz
0.4
4.10
1.56
2.00
1.18
0.938
0.5
3.25
1.30
2.25
1.45
o.qsz
0.6
2.70
1.13
2.50
1.12
o.qso
0.7
2.31
1.02
2.15
1.10
Q.q68
o-.8
2.04
3.00
1.08-
o.qu
o.q
1.84
o.q5
o.qo
3.25
1.065
o.q11
1.0
1.69
0.88
3.50
1.06
0.980
1.25
1.45
0.86
!2'}.2+/
\
\
i\
\
\/
/\
/
./
/\
' '\
/
1\
'1\
.....
-..... ~
"'
r- ......_
""""
"
fJ
1
o.s
! i
0.5
1.0
1.5
0.3
tR ::
.\ rz
i
1
2.5
1r
CHART 3
2.0
e:
3.0
3.5
57
FLEXIBILITY FACTOR
AND
STRESS INI'ENSIFICATION FACT<lt
FOR
FlexibilitT eharacteristic
Flexibility factor
r2
la25.
h
_!:R._
.58
LONG RADIUS WELD-EL.BOVS
10 11
8"
6"
Schedule
Number
1'
1'
1'
9.6.5
2.9
1.5.1
12.1
J.4D 2).7
JO
8.64
2.71
13 .5
9.7
2.9.5 19.l
40
6.6
2.27
?.?
?.J?
2.44 11.6
8.1
2.61 1.5.9
60
5.7)
2.06
9.0
.5.7
2.07 ll.J
80
4.06
1.64
4.?
4 .5J
1.76
7.1
4.7
1.8J
9.4
lOO
J.74
1 .5.5
.5.8
).8
1.60
7 .5
120
J.O
l.J4
).5
J.OO
l.J4
4.7
].2
1.40
6.2
140
2 .58
1.21
4.0
2.6
1.22
.5.1
160
2.2J
1.4
2.6
2.26
1.11
).5
2.2
1.11
4.4
20
14 11
12 11
16 11
Sch~dule
Number
20
14.J
J .. 81
JJ.6
11.8
JO
10.7
J.lJ
25.2
9.7
2.9J
1'
1'
J.J5 J2.4
1J .5
J.6 42.4
26.6
11.2
).22 3.5.2
40
8.59
2.70
20.2
8.25
2.64 22.6
8.2.5
2.64 25.9
60
6.04
2.14 14.2
5.96
2.12 16.4
6.18
2.17 19.4
80
4.85
1.8.5 11.5
4.60
l. 78
12.6
4.69
1.80 14.7
lOO
J.86
1.59
9.1
].58
1 .50
9.8
J. 7J
1.5.5 11.7
120
J.l6
1.39
7.4
).lO
l.J6
8 .5
J.08
1.)6
9.6
140
2.75
1.26
6.4
2.5.5
1.00
7.0
2 .53
1.19
7.9
160
2.28
1.11
.s.J
2.22
1.00
6.1
2.)0
l.lJ
7.2
.59
20'f
18 11
24 11
Schedule
Number
1'
1'
20
15.3
3.97
_54.0
14.1
3.76
55.2
17.0
4.28
80.0
30
10.8
J.l5
38.1
10.4
).O?
40.7
ll.l
3.21
52.0
40
8.25
2.64
29.1
8.73
2.73
)4.2
9.0?
2.80
42.7
60
6.J5
2.21
22.4
6.23
2.18
24.4
6.50
2.24
)0.6
80
4.74
1.82
16.7
4.80
1.83
18.8
4.88
1.85
23.0
lOO
3.75
1.56
13.2
].86
1.59
15.1
3.86
1.59
18.1
120
).16
1.39
11.1
).14
1.39
12.3
3.24
1.41
15.2
140
2.64
1.24
9.3
2.62
1.22
10.2
2.67
1.24
12.5
160
2.30
LlJ
8.1
2.32
l.lJ
9.1
2.33
1.13
10.9
30"
Schedule
Number
10
25.8
_5.6J
152.0
20
15.9
1... 08
93.5
JO
12.7
3.51
74.8
1'
60
SHORT
~~AD
It"S rft!LD-EI.JJO\fS
10 11
8"
6"
~chedu1e
1J .o
3.56
13.5
lh. 7
:3.87
19.2
7.7
11.0
3.20
11.5
12.1
J,h1
15.9
8.6
2.70
.o
8.6
2.72
11.3
2.15
4.8
6.8
2.:32
7.1
7.2
2/'-0
9.4
)O
40
9.88
2.97
60
80
6.11
1.
16"
1lJ."
12"
Schedule
1'
1'
!Tumber
JO
16.1
4.12
25.4
lh,O
3.75
22.0
12.9
:J.s.s
20,2
12.4
J.h5
22.7
10.J
J.lO
16.2
10,7
3.14
19.6
60
9 .o
2.81
lh.2
8.9
2.77
16.3
80
7.2
2.1~2
ll.lJ.
t 0.)75
1.()
o .5"
11
N\unber
14.5
3.85
- -
26.7
16.7
1
l~.22
1'
35.1
12.h
J.hs
26.0
61
SHORT RADIUS
18"
W:l.D-EL:BO~'iS
24"
20"
Schedule
E'umber
o.375"
JO
t
o.5"
40
18.9
/...58
16.1
1'
44.7
21.1
4.93
4.12
)B.O
1.5.7
4.Q.
14.0
3.75
JJ.O
"
12.4
).45
29.2
13.1
"
3.58
t .
)O"
Schedule
Number
t
0.375"
20
1'
32.2
6.53 126.5
23.9
5.)6
94.0
1'
5.5.4
25.5
5 .6o
41.0
18.9
4.59
.59.6
15.8
h.07
49.8
l'
"
)4.)
80.3
62
PI PI N G STRESS e:\. Le lJ L.\. TI n ::\'S S L\1 P L 1 F 1 E D
PROBLEM 8
Pipe Line with Curved Branches
The pipe Jine in Fig. 21 contains three 90 circular ares each with a radius of curvature
R = 4 ft.
The pipe size i.-; 6 in., Schedule 40.
The operating temperature is 760 F, the pre"sure 450 psi.
::r
t'"
_. .r.'S48' i-
;...:<e:
/'"' t-i
I = 28 in.<
S = 8.65 in. 3
-17452
-~ 1
~-16' --
~x = 6 ;~n.
X 39 ft = 2...1: in.
~Y = 6 ;~n.
X 7 ft = O.H in.
1 ......
1 ~
'4J;i'
*1
~,,
- f
24.3 X 10 6 psi
2
.lx El = .4 in. X 24 3 X 106 X ~
12
.
144
= 944,000
A
.,.y
El = 0.44 in.
12
2' 3
06
28
X .,., X 1 X 144
= 173,000
de
f
fu
= 0.28 in.
>.
= 0.28 X 48
3.172 2
'"
C'i:NTROID
l, Ft
x7, lt
6
14.548
16
17.452
27.5
37.548
39
!?
12
72
127.8
8. 79
18
:.!88
8. 79
153.1
15
' 412.5
8. 79
329.5
15
585
1
86.37
1.967.9
:
1,967.9
~" 8 ft
.. - 86.37 - -
--
l 34
K = 12 X 1.34 2 + 10 = 1 4
12 X 1.34 2 + 1
.
~Iodified
length of bend
=~
X 4 ft X 1.4 = 8.79 ft
FIG. 22.
v'. 1t
i
1
1
ll-
lv'
12.75
234
215.5
390
215.5
217.5
1,285.25
1,285.25
14 9 ft
1.452
13
24.548
26
24.548
14.5
86.37
--
6.)
PFOBI.EM 8
Branch
ab
12
be
cd
de
8.79
18
8.79
-16.8
- 8.2.52
- 6.8
- ).348
1.x2 + Io
-14.9
-13.448
- 1.9
+ 9.648
y2
+ Io
lxy
+ 3,004
J,J86
2,670
144
.598
1,..590
97.5
13
13
12
832
6.5
2J3
486
2.51
820
4.5J
l.)
1J
12
784
ef
fg
gh
1.5
8.79
1.5
+ 4.7
+14.848
+16.2
+11.1
+ 9.648
- 0.4
Iy
3J1
1,8.50
281
1,9J7
820
13
1J
J.93.5
281
+ 1,2.59
12
97
11,734
Ix
8,623
::
I
Samp1e ca1culation for bend "ben:
= lx2 + 0.1488 RJK = .598 + 1J
= ly-'+
n
= 1.590 + 1J
lxy + 0.137 !JI
= 97.5 + l2
+ .5. 717
64
F!G. 23.
+340ft lb
Bending mom<'nt at b:
+177lb X 14.9ft -!Ollb X 10.8ft =+!,550ft lb
Bending momcnt at e:
+177lb X 10.9ft -lOllb X G.Sft =+!,243ft lb
Bending moment at d:
-177lbX 7.lft-10llbX G.8ft=-1,944ftlb
Bending moment at e:
-177lb X 11.1 ft- lOllb X 2.8 ft =- -2,248 ft lb
Bending momcut at f:
-177lb X ll.lft + lOllb X 12.2ft-
-733ft lb
Bending moment at g:
-177lb X 7.1 ft + lOllb X 16.2 ft =
+381ft lb
Bending moment at h:
+177lb X 7.9 ft + lOllb X 16.2 ft,. +3,035 ft lb
= 12,000 psi
10,)60 psi at 760 F
Al1owab1e stress range
1.25
12.000 + 0.25
10,)60
17,590 psi
E 0 :~
Sp;").
= 29.9:
24.J
1o23
65
The greatest bending moment in the straight pipe occurs at point
h and equa1s 3,035 ft1bs.
Converted to co1d modulus M
Expansion stress
= 1.23 x 3,035 =
3,730 x 12:8.65
3,730 ft1bs.
5,170 psi
2,880 ft1bs.
characteristic
l.-
2,880 x 12:8.65
4,000 psi
The stresses in both, the straight and the curved parts, are
within the allowab1e stress range.
66
THREE-DIMENSIONAL PIPING
In a fully restrained three-dimensional pipeline the end reactions consist of three
forces acting along the axes of an assumed system of coordina tes and of three moments
acting in the planes formed by these axes.
If one end is temporarily connected with the centroid of the system by means of
an inflexible bracket (Fig. 24), then as in the case of single-plane piping the reactions
at the centroid consist of forces only and the computation is reduced to the determination of three unknowns instead of six. The reacting forces at the actual end of the
line ha ve the same intensity as the forces
obtained for the centroid, and the moment
+Z reactions equal the product of these forces
and their offsets from. the end.
The centroid acts as a hinge. If it is
released, expansion "\Yill cause identicul
y
translatory movements at the centroid and
at the end to which it is connectcd.
Fra. 24.
The directions of the coordinate axes
are assumed opposite to the anticipated expansions. The latter are designated by
Ax, Ay, and .1z. In order to move the centroid back from the expanded to the original
position, forces X, Y, and Z are applied so that their combined effort causes defiections
equal to -Ax, -Ay, and -.1z.
Each force causes three component movements, one in its o>vn direction and two
along the other two axes. These movements are proportional to the moments of
inertia or the products of inertia of the line about the axes as follows:
The movement in the x-direction produced by a unit force acting in the x-direction
is I;/ El.
The actual end reaction X applied at the free centroid will cause a movement of
X(I,;i El).
The movement in the x-direction produced by a unit force acting in the y-direction is Iz 11 / El.
The actual end reaction Y applied at the free centroid will cause a movement of
+x-(
YUzv/EI).
The movement in the x-direction produced by a unit force acting in the z-direction is I,j EJ.
The actual end reaction Z applied at the free centroid will cause a movement of
Z(I"'.I El).
The algebraic sum of the foregoing movements is the total movement in the
x-direction. Equating this sum with the expansion Ax furnishes the first of three
equations (7), the other two are obtained in similar manner and represent, respectively,
the movements in the y- and z-direction.
67
THREE-D I.:\1 E :N SI O N AL P IPIN G
(_
1-
For explanation of signs, see the article on Single-plane Piping (page 16).
Procedure:
The line is successively projected into the three planes formed by the coordinate
axes. Branches that are parallel to the plane of projection \Vill appear in true length.
Branches that are normal to the plane of projection will appear as a point and are
indicated by a heavy dot.
Forces located in the plane of projection, such as theX and Y forces in the xy-plane,
will cause torsion in all branches that are at right angles to that plane. In calculating
the position of the centroid, the length of members appearing as points is modified in
order to account for the displacement due to torsion.
While flexura! displacements depend on the modulus of elasticity, displacements
due to torsion depend on the modulus of rigidity. The follmving relation between
these two moduli permits a ready conversion of one into the equivalent of the other:
Let E = modulus of elasticity
G = modulus of rigidity
I = moment of inertia of metal area
m = 0.3 (Poisson's ratio)
M,= torque
L = length of branch
E
G = 2(1 +m)
The angular distortion i dueto a torsional moment i\!1:
.
t
1 -
1 -
f -
(7)
68
PI PI X G STRESS CA. L C U LA TI O 0." S SI :\1 P L I F I E D
are the product of thesc forces ::md their respective levers from the centroid to f.
Bending moments at any point are obtained quickly by multiplying the forces at the
centroid by their offsets from the point in question.
For example, \vith X = 1,22G lb and Y = 900 lb, the reaction moment at fin
the xy-plane is
+1,226 lb X 55.77 ft + 900 lb X 1.8 ft
+70,000 ft lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
69
PROBLEM 9
Three-dimensional Pipe Containing Straight Branches Only
= 6.25 in./100
ft
E = 25 X 10 6 psi
l..
JO'
a
FIG. 25.
Wo(.
~El
75
= 3 in. X 25 X 10 6 X 5,673
12
X
A
/j.y
6
El = 5 62
12 in.
X 25 X 10 X 0- ' 673
X
Az
1 ~ = 308,000,000 lb ft
1~ =
460,000,000 lb ft 3
1~ =
430,000,000 lb ft 3
El = 5 25 in. X 25 X 10 6 X 5,673
12
PRO)ECTION IN XY -PLANE
+.x' .. a x x
..... ' ''
......
CENTRO ID
a:
be'
cd
de
1, ft
30
:--6o-'
---r,-800
90
15
-30
-15
1,350
-3.276
- 450
109 2
30
60
:u"" 319.2
576
~ .. -319.2
ef
?,ft
576
-1.8 ft
i.ft
75
60
60
60
30
2,2505.400
6,550
1,800
1,800
f7~800
17 800
--77ft
y- ,. 319.2
- OO.
71
PROBIEM 9
x;y-plane
Branch
ab
be
1
JO
90
61.8
16.8
19.2J
4.2J
l.
cd
de
ef
109.2 -28.2
JO
60
-1J.2
1.8
4.2J
4.2J
-25.77
Iy
172 +lo
lx;r
114,500
11,1.50
+3.5. 700
2,2.50
2.5,400
1,61.5
60,750
87,000
1,95.5
.5,2.50
.540
2,2.50
19.5
J9,700
18,000
1x
+!o
+ 6,400
-1J,OJO
- 1,670
- 2,7.50
= 295,J4.5
Ix
7.5,210
I
x:r
+24,6.50
72
PRO]ECTION IN XZ-PLANE
CENTRO iD
lx'
. z', ft 1
lz'
a;-,-ag--,--6o--2.3-tO_&!_I~276
l, ft
be :
90
cd
84
de
30
ef
i8
:l ~ 321
~;~
x', tt
15
-30
-15
O
= 2.2-1 ft
1.350'
-2.520
- 430
O
+ i20
;
=-
~~~
84
-+2
i,560
3,528
O
14,364
= H.H ft
73
PROBLEM 9
xz-p1ane
Branch
ab
J9
be
l..
cd
90
84
57.76
12.76
-32.24
1x2 + Io
J9.26
J9.26
- 2.74
1z 2 + Io
130,000
60,100
14,600
138,800
60,750
87,500
6JO
49,400
8,9JO
60,000
2,250
390
156,100
lxz
88,400
45,080
7,420
1-
de
e!
JO
78
-17.24
- 2.24
-44.74
-44.74
I.z
23,100
?,800
304,420
Ix
465,030
Ixz
= 171,800
74
PRO]ECTION IN YZ-PLANE
z'~~--------------~f--~
~
~
-r--::----:-t___..L
CENTRO ID
ly
2,250
7,020
5,040
2,340
1,800
18,450
(J)i
be .
cd 1
de
ef
'Z:l - 330
1
y-
50
- 55.9 ft
15,876
1
z- ~
- 48.1 ft
75
PROBLEM 9
:rz-pla.ne
Branch
ab
be
1
30
117
Y'
19.1
359
4.1
~ + Io
3.5.9
10,944
38,700
2,2.50
1,967
150,800
1,412
3,100
49,400
6.56
90,000
4o,248
139,000
18,000
l-
cd
de
e!
84
39
60
4.1
4.1
-2.5.9
- 6.1
-48.1
-48.1
Iz
1z2 + Io
lyz
+20,570
+17,200
- 2,100
- 7,680
+74,750
7.5,477
r,.
471,000
Iy.z
+102,74o
76
Piping stress calculations involve the use of large figures. It is therefore advisable to express dimensions and pipe properties in feet. ~evertheless, the number
of significant ciphers remaining is large enough to make the solution of three simultaneous equations by method of elimination or substitution a tedious and timeconsuming task. However, the structure of the equations is of a special type. The
left side is symmetrical about the upper left to lower right diagonal, and for this
case the process of solution can be simplified. The 1L W. Kellogg Company has
developed a method that reduces the working time and practically eliminates the
possibility of errors. It is published in "Expansion Stresses and Reactions in Piping
.Systems.''
The procedure as applied to problem 9 (page 69) is as follows:
1fake a table consisting of. 4 columns and 11 rows. At the top of the columns
inscribe X, Y, Z, Constant, and in the row marked (1) place the coefficients of the
unknowns and the constant, the latter with opposite sign. ~ow read row (1) asan
equation. The unknowns X, Y, Z, instead of being placed beside the coefficients,
are placed in the heading of the table, the constant is on the left side of the equal sign,
and "equals zero" is omitted from the table.
In the same manner place the second and third equation in the rows marked (2)
and (3). Thus far 3 rows are filled, 8 rows are blank. Thereafter fill the rows in the
order indicated by the numbers at the left side of the table as follows:
Row (4) is obtained by dividing the figures in row (1) by the negative coefficient
of X, i.e., by -540,240.
Row (4) then reads
-X
= O
Row (5): Each number in row (1) is multiplied by the coefficient of Y in row (4).
For example:
540,240 X 0.0456 = 24,650
This operation, applied to two columns, is indicated by arrows.
Row (6) is the sum of the figures in rows (2) and (5). This addition makes the
coefficient of X = O and reduces the number of unknowns to two.
Row (7) is obtained by dividing the figures in row (6) by the negative coefficient
.of Y, i.e., by -765,225 resulting in
=O
Row (8): each number in row .(1) is multiplied by the coefficient of Z in row (4).
For example:
-171,800 X 0.318 = -54,600
This operation is indicated in one column by arrows.
7?
S DI P L I F I E D S O L U TI O N O F E QUA TI O N S
Row (9): Each number in row (6) is multiplied by the coefficient of Z in row (7).
For example:
-110,580 X 0.145 = -16,000
This operation is indicated in one column by arrows.
Row (10) is the sum of the figures in rows (3), (8), and (9). The coefficients for
X and Y become zero, and '\Ve obtain one equation with one unknmn1.
Row (11) is obtained by dividing the figures in row (10) by the negative coefficient
of Z resulting in
-z +
z=
1,930 - o
+1,930 lb
-Y+ 0.145
X 1,930 + 620 =O
y= +900 lb
,.
Returning to row (4) and using the known values for Y and Z
-X+ 0.0456
!, from xy-plane: 75,210
!, from xz-plane: 465,030
Total!,:
540,240
(1)
{4)
540,240---- 24,65~1
1
~ + 0.0456
(2)
(5)
- 24,650
+ 24,650
(6)
~i
(3)
(8)
(9)
1,120
1
1
+765 ,225
i
1
1
-102,740
7,840
+110.580
~1
'
1
1
1
1
1
!
1
z=
-110,580\
1
+
1
-308,000,000
570
+
0.145_:1
-102,740
7,840.
(10) 1
-171,800
+ 0.3l'e
-171.800
+171,800
(7)
[__
+766,34~/
Constant
620
+379,89:/
- 54,600
- 16,000
-430,000,000
- 98.100,000
- 68,900,000
+309,297
-597,000,000
+ 1,930 lb
y= + 900 lb
X= + ],226lb
1,930
78
+ 111;.
In order to find the point of highest stress, the moments are tabulated in planes
of projection, and, if desirable, bending-moment diagrams may be drawn for each
plane. Of the three moments obtained for each point, mark the one that causes
torsion, thus leaving the other two for vectorial addition. At the junction of t\YO
branches (for example, ata corner b formed by two branches ab and be) two torsional
moments and consequently two different sets of bending moments exist, depending
on whether b is considered as the end of branch ab or the end of branch be. A brief
inspection will show which of the two combinations will cause the greatest effect.
With S the section modulus of the cross-sectional area of the metal, the bending
stress is
llft
is
Mt S
2S ::
v~z
4St2
with the proviso that these stresses are based on the modulus o! elasticity in the cold condition.
Designers may prefer to make flexibility calculations ba~ed on the modulus o! elasticity in the hot condition in order to obtain the initial
reactions at operating temperature. In this case it is necessary to increase Sb and st by multiplying these values by the ratio Ec:Bh
79
C0::\1 BINING ::\10 :VfENTS IN THRE E-DI ::\1 ENSIO N AL PROBLE:MS
MOMENTS
Point
xy-plane
--
xz-plane
yz-plane
BM +13,600
T- +63,300
B,}f -33,500
Same as for a
+50,410
+63,300
,------------------~--------~--------~------------------
T 24,380
Same as for e
BM 115,000
T 30,570
BM 113,000
-30,570
-7,400
-51,200
Resultant bending
moments are
S maller th an a t e
[by inspectionl
--1----------~----------~----------Same as for d
-1,226 b X 4.23 ft + 900 +1,226lb X 44.74 ft - 1,930
lb X 1.8 ft
1
1
1
-3,570
lb X 2.24 ft
-51,200
+50,500
1
Same as for e
1-900 lb
1
1
1
BM +70,000
T +50,500
x 48.1 ft + t,93o lb
X 55.9 ft
B.M: +64,600
1 Resisting
1
moments
80
Stress Calculation for Problem 9
Material ASTM
A106
Grade A
= 12,000
E0
psi
29,900,000 psi
10,360 psi
Eh
25,000,000 psi
sA
17,590 psi
e",
135,600 ftlbs
30,570 x 1.2
36,684 ftlbs
So :
St
467 psi
6,450 psi
SE
= V63902
+4
4672
6,)90 pei
81
PROBLEM 10
Three-dimensional Pipe Containing Quarter
Bends
l.
12-in. pipe
t =~in.
l = 361.5 in.
S == 56.8 in. 3
Temperature '745F
.
5.88 in.
E xpans10n =
100 ft
E = 25 X 10 6 psi
.lx
=-
~Y
==
El =
~~:
X 11 ft = 0.647 in.
5 88 in.
.
100 X 21 .o ft = 1.27 m.
5
~~:
~; in.
X 9 ft == 0.53 in .
X 25 X 106
82
LOCDllon af
cerrtroid
+.X
IR
0.6 X 60
- ; ; -~ 0.8
!2X' + 10
2
12X' + 1
1
... !
l\1
' 1
1~
'
"'\::)
1\j
.....;.
(\
1
1
'
0\
..:
Id
"")
'
.x-x- ~~----
1~-G.Js:...
..J
l-
~-8'-:
-5..J.9'- __:
+.Y +Y'
CENTROID
_
abl
, t
~ RK
15.71
1.815
28.6
11.5
cd
do
t/
X , t
1
U t
1/
--8- 1 -.8--'~129
2R
..
X 1.15
ft X l. 3
J -
9.0
5. 2
1
1
r 1
~~::
1.61
rt
1i:&
19.686
10.75
1.816
O
309
123.6
1
18.3
O
677. 9
5
11 - : ; : - 12.2 ft1
PRO]ECTION IN XY-PLANE
~
O'
'
83
PROBLEM lO
~ranch
l
6
ab
be
6.39
cd
9o3
0.20.5
1.5.7
11 .5
-1.61
u2
1y2 + Io
+ Io
244
.519
18
3.56 .5
o.6
881.8
24.1
)7.2
37.2
34.3
29.8
24 .5
26.8
126 .5
7 .48.5
-1.4.5
lx)"
,1
de
9.0
-1.61
).2
-1.61
-10.38.5
-12.2
:r,.
23.4
970
2l
13.4
774
1.50o8
108
;66.4
!,:
3,3.54
~
Samp1e calcula tion f or "be" :
lxy
lxy + 0o137
R)
1.5o7
X
X
X
+700o)
Oo6 + 37o2
88lo8 + 37o2
)3 X 2 24.1 + 34.~
'
=9 X
(-1o61) (-10o38.5)
= 1.50.8
.53
lol)
= 970
+ 21
84
FtG. 32.
CmNTBOID
.tt
oll
k
..
.u
"
_!:,_lt
j;x 4 x 1.14-
9.03
u.Ut x 1.3- a. u
s..m.... lH:- !1.03
1.814
t-
O:S' i
Uft
o
o
IZ'
Ul.,
o
o
o
04.,
t
ll
ll
ll
7.184
:;r
81
1M.6
a,.ll
8
34:1,,
PRO]ECTION IN XZ-PLAlfE
8.5
PROBLEM lO
xz-plane
Branch
ab
6.0
'
0.)1.5
9.0
be
1.04
6.5
1z2 + Io
lxz
2.5)
6.,5
40.6
18
lx2 + Io
1.04
0.9
9.8
* 21.4
)).6
16.2
;.o
ed
14.9.5
de
9.0
1.04
-1 .5
-1 .5
-0.7'75
20.)
,5.4
o
et
4.0
-1 .5
Is
142.0
5o)
206.6
Ixs
lel5 0e1488
sJ
).5.7
).56.2
* 0el488
10.7
21.4
9.0
-,5.96
-2).)
lel,5 21e4
::a
66.7
86
+z'
33.
CJ:NTROID
. t
l.2..:.....!_ __
11 _ _._t_ _ _
._
~1
a x 1.3- 7.8 21..s
168
9
10.2
be '~X S X 1.15 9.03 1!1.686
117.7
9
81.2
cd
11..5 10.75
123.6
9
103.5
de
ix.sx:J1.S.7
1.815
211.9
-s
u-~~8
10.32ft
7.18&
6,1
112.s
8
373.1
-~
7.82ft
~8
PRO]ECTION IN yz-PLANE
87
PROBLEM lO
iBranch
ab
7.8
be
11.18
9.0
9.)65
lT
1.18
1.18
+ Io
1z2 + Io
975
10.9
794
12.6
cd.
'
11.5
o.4J
1.18
102.7
99.7
* 2l
'.
1
1.)-z
16
5.8
de
15.7
-8.505
-0.6J5
126
llJ4
6.5
** J7
e!
4.0
-10eJ2
-5.82
427
o
I"'
J7
lJ5.2
0.1488 RJK
1.15
240.0
53
223.5
~=
0.1488 RJ
J4.J***
J516
r.,. =
*
8.5.7
568o2
88
PROB!EM lO
(4)
3,560
1
-700
+ 0.196
(2)
(5)
-700
+700
+590
-137.2
(6)
+452.8
(1)
(7)
(3)
(8)
- 67
+ 67
(9)
(10)
-568
- 13
+581
= + 3,900
y== +21,000
X = + 5,160
67
0.0188
568
13
581
1.285
+3,873
1.2
748
+3,124
(11)
--
CoD.Btant
- 3,380,000
950
+
- 6,620,000
662,000
- 7,282,000
+
16,100
- 2,770,000
63,700
- 9,350,000
-12,183,700
3,900
89
Stress Ca1cu1ation for Prob1em 10
A computation of the bending moments in the three planes of projeetion as demonstrated in Problem 9 will show extreme condition in the
straight pipe at point "a" as follows:
a torsional moment in the yz-plane of 18.800 ftlbs.
a bending moment in the xy-plane o
149,000 !tlbs.
)1,6)0 !tlbs.
152,000 x 12:56.8
tn3
=
tn3 =
)2,100 psi
1,980 psi
=)2,400
psi
= 15,000
and Sh
=21,975
psi whieh
=1.25 Se
+ 0.2) ~
90
X 1z _ y lzv _ z 1u
1
1
1
-X ly
+ y ~v
z Ir
~y E
(8)
1
/o =
475 =
43 7
12
212 = 98
4
91
PROBLEM 11
Three-dimensional Line Containing
Corrugated Sections
r----------
----103'- . ------------
J~, Jbe
1a
4
1
12
6. 6
For ptam
pipe 7 =3423 ,17 ~ : .O
fOrcorrog
12
t'
-:
s;
:t:
x......,o!::-_,.
Y
. -~
1'~
d\---16
m.
Fw. 34.
I e = I.
- lll ben d'mg
;)
~ = \~n.
A.y
.u
= 3.7 in.
(103ft - 14ft)
in.
3.3
0.85 in.
49ft
= l. 81 in.
100
33
A.x E = in. X 29 X 10 6 X 12 2
12
= 1,142 X 106 lb/ft
~ y E = 0 8512 in. X 29 X 106 X 122
296 X 10 6 lb/ft
1
.:iz E = l.S in. X 29 X 10 6 X 12 2
12
650 X 106 lb/ft
92
PRO]ECTION IN XY-PLANE
---202.: ___ ,
~ /J.l-l
'
+x'
~4
'~
<ri
"i
--
t Cenfrotd..
7'
lf
1
1
...
::::
'
. . .;;---L-,---1
;
!OJ
_1=
:.._____
;bcd
'
~J/.Ji6.i.-1
+y +y'
FIG. 35.
CENTRO ID
12
1' l ft X
'
I in.'
:z.
lt
,
-:-'
l'L'
1'
~. ft
23.{00~~-;--~.
0.06 X 103
625/a7.5
b<:d 6.0ts X 49 X 1.3 386! - 141-5.420 23
i
d
30.3 X 164861-141-6.800 15
!
ef
6.06 X 1
42- 141- 5911 3. 5 i
fg 1
6.06 X 14 ~ - 71 ~~ O
:
1,623
9,9901
1'/
14.380
8.870
7,270
148
30.668
.
X
9.o90
"rt
1,623 6 -
!9. 30.668
- 1.623 -
18 85f
.
t
9.3
PROBI.D1 11
xy-plane
Bra.nch
10)
ab
)1.)
**6).7
bcd
-20.2
16
de
e!
-20.2
-20.2
14
fg
-1).2
J_x2r + Ior
*r
4.1.5
4.1.5
- ).8.5
-1.5.).5
-18.8.5
6.06
6.06
)O.)
10,7.50
.5.51,.500
1.57,200
6,6.50
198,000
7,170
10,3:37
17,100
10,000
17)
14,770
)0,100
1,)80
6.06
**
1.)
6).7
-32,400
)7 ,60
1),000
21,200
7.5,180
Ixy
49
81,200
1,.5.50 ,4.50
1x;y"r
610,.500
6.06
r.,.
J.?r + Ior
+120,600
PROJECTION
XZ-PLANE
z +z'
+1
=a~--~~O~J-'----~----+-~----~b--.
~
FIG. 36.
CENTI!OID
,
1
_zrt x 12
1 in.
..... ltl
:
ab l--tl-.06-X_1_0_3____
tl2-5137.
b<:
6.06 X 19
cd
30.3 X 30
del tl.Otl X 23 X 1.3
fu
6.Ctl X 14
si
l':r'
z', lt 1
l'z'
23. 400J-:;;-ll-30-.-tl00-
1151-141- 1.610,39.5
4.540
9091- !41-12. 700 15
13.600
!811-14- 2,5401 O
1
O
851- 71595 O 1
O
~.
48.740
m:
- 3 11
z- - 5.955
1.9!5
. t
j'
48.740
i- 1,915 -25.4 ft
9.5
PROBLEM 11
xz-phne
Braneh
ab
103
be
19
ed
30
de!
*29.9
14
!g
34.4
23.6
6.06
-17.1
-17.1
-17.1
-10.1
14.1
-10.4
~r + I 0 r
1z 2r + I 0 r
738,.500
348,000
.5.51,.500
33,600
22,900
3,.500
266,000
98,000
68,000
.53,000
116,800
8,620
.54,800
1,)80
6.06
30.3
6.06
-2.5.4
-2.5.4
Iz
6.06
1.3
-27,800
161,300
78,.500
21,800
712,000
lxz
23
.507,000
1,6.52,600
I:z:
lxzr
+740,800
96
PRO]ECTION IN yz.pLANE
.... z'
+Z
ahr-r-- ZJ ----1
FIG. 37.
CENTROID
,
1
_e rt x 12
I in.
-1
y -
',
ftl
811123
115 23
909!23
485115
421 3 5
111 o
2.413'
50.940
20 6 f
2,473 . t
l'a'
18.6501 49
2.645 39.5 1
20.9001 15
'
7. 2751
oo 1
1,470
30,740
4.540
13.630
50,9401
57,910
o
o
o
t - ;::;:- 23.4
ft
97
PRO BI..m-1 ll
yz-plane
Branch
ab
*1339
be
2.4
2.4
19
ed
2.4
30
2.5.6
16.1
- 8.4
J:l'r + Ial"
6.06
4,660
.532,000
662
29,700
3,.500
.5,230
64,000
68,000
1.5,26)
266,000
10,337
12,327
2) ,000
17J
47,000
60,800
6.06
)O.)
1z2r + I 0 r
''
l ..
ly'u
49,800
4,440
-18,300
r.
1
16
de
-.5.6
-2).4
)O.)
6),4oO
r -
e!
-17.1
**18.2
!g
-20.6
-2).4
-2).4
6.06
6.06
Iz
1,047,000
~
10)
**
14
X
X
1.)
1e)
1)).9
18.2
.53,700
9.5 ,6.52
Iy
16,7.50
+169,790
98
PROBLEM 11
r.-
Reactinc couplee at g
In r plane
+3.160 lb X !S.S.~ ft - 375 lb X 6.2 ft - +57,000 h lb
In xz plane
-3,160 lb X 25.4 ft + 1,750 lb X 3.1 ft - -74,700 ft lb
In~ plane
-375 lb X 23.4 ft + 1,750 lb X 20.6 ft - +27,300 ft lb
MOMENTS
Point
-b
:ty plane
xz plane
yz plane
-3,160lb X 4.15ft + 375lb +3,160 lb X 23.6 ft- 1,750lbl +375 lb X 25.6 ft- 1,750 lb
X 82.8 ft
X 85.9 ft
X 2.4 ft
+17,900
-75,400
+5,400
1
BM 77,500
T-+5.400
Same as for a
-3,160lb X 4.15ft- 375lb 1+3,160lb X 23.6ft + 1,750lb
Point of maximum
X20.2t
X17.1ft
stress for plain
-20,670
+104,500
+5,400
pipe
T 5,400
BM- 105,000
T- 20,670
1 BM 106,500
Same as for b
+3,160lb X 4.6ft + 1,750lbl +375lb X 6.6ft -1,750lb
X 17.1 ft
X 2.4 ft
-20,670
+44,420
1
-1,725
1
BM - 44,500
T .. 20,670
Same as for b
-3,160 lb X 25.4 + 1,750 lb-375 lb X 23.4. ft- 1,750 lb
X 17.1 ft
1
x 2.4 ft
Point of rnaxirnum
-20,670
1
-50,400
-12,970
stress for corru
gated p1pe
BM - 52,000
T - 20,670
1 BM 24,400
T 50,400
+3,160lb X 11.85ft- 375lbl
Same as for d
~-375 lb X 23.4 ft + 1,750 lb
X 20.2 ft
J
X 13.6 ft
-50,400
+29,830
1
+15,030
1
BM 33,200
T 50,400
Sarne as for d
l-375 lb X 23.4 ft + 1,750 lb
+3,160lb X 18.85ft- 375lbl
1
X 20.6 ft
X 20.2 ft
-50,400
+51,900
+27,300
1
1 BM,. 72,400
T 27,300
BM 58,700.
T- 50,400
Same as for f
+3,160lb X 18.85- 375lb -3,160lb X 25.4 + 1,750lb
X 6.2 ft
X 3.1 ft
Resisting moments
-74,700
+27,300
+57,000
1
T 27,300
BM 94,000
1
--
99
1-,
\
1
.....
o
o
TA/JlE X
TNEKNAL
A
IJ
MATERIAL.
CA~IJIJN
.STIII.
CAHIJON-NOL';' .37"11L
J.OW-CHitOME .37"111.S f)'Jwv.l,(CA.
INTrltMEDJATE AO"t STIELS
S CH. MO THifU
.9 Cit. MO.
~---
Aii~TJWITIC
~TAINLE-'$ .STECLS
OlEH.
2SC.Il-.tONI.
MONEL
67NJ.
-.Jocu.
6.38
0,,,
6.60 G&
6.0-1
6.19
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
/J
,__ A
A
IJ
"lf'ONZt::
L!JRA$.$
fT1
/J
A
f--8
~
m
r
MONEL
ALUMINUM
WA't:JU6HT /RON
CU.-NI.
_{~-~)__
TE/IIIPEIMTUitE
f--A
O.!#
3.341.4-6
.S.SO
0.&
7.'16
I.ZI
1.641.22
7.14
1.17
lt'AN6~
/J
.:STA'AI6HT CH,tt'0/111/LIItl -'TAINi.ES$ STEEL.S
I~CR
17CH. AND .t7CA'.
2()()
.lWTA.
ID rlllljiNjlllti.l!')}
?o
~~-~8
..
EXPA~ION
7.~ -~ 7.M
ToF. ro
700 dOO'
7.H
7.~
IJ.ZIJ
I.J.60
..1.66
J1J3
TIM,IItATIIIt~.
3oo
7.61
7.81
7.10
d./.1.
tJ./3
-s.o.s
~----
6..S ~ ~7.e
6.-1-9 7.40 8.31
8.81 8.9l. ,9.00
8.78
S./6
IZM
Z.()()
S.7S
/3
0.90
/.61-
10./.l
.f-.06
I.J!JO 1-I.UJ
IO.OJ
fj
156
l..79
A
B
A
8
A
8
~.76
7..11.
10.00 /0.23 Ja.f-7 10.6S 7032 11.16 11.40 11.63 11M IZ.~
1.76 .f..a5 .S /O 6130 8.26 318 11,35 .!J!J U.6S /6.39
7.-18 7.61 7.7.J 7.tJ8 c'J.O/ 8./J !129 8 ..39
2.06 3.01 3.99 S.OJ 6.06 7.12 d.l6 .!J..36
I.SZ
1.14-
8..S+
/ ..3.3
" 71
l.-10
11oo
~~ _(l_.J~,
~.M IO.M -11.10 ll.U 13 ..34-,
7.S7
S~.3
GU 71J5 3.30
8.90
3S1.
--~----L
---l____L
--
-------
~,,
r--
l
)
TABLE y
MODULI OF ELASTICITY ANO TORSIONAL Rl(ilDITY FOR FERROUS MATERIAL
6
"':a:a
TEMPERATURE, DE~ F
..1
MATERIAL
CAR80N STE.ELS
WITH CARBON COHTENT
O.JoJ. OR
LE~$
CARBON STitELS
70 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
27.9
27.7
21.+
t1.D
211-4
21.1
2-f.&
23 .
19-S
JS.-f
/3.0
"
/O.tJ
10.1
/O.(,
10-'f
IO.t
9.,
g,,
'9.0
1.1
5.,
5.0
Zf.S
u. o
21.3
27--4
2,.7
H-+
23-8
21-S
18-8
IS.O
/l.+
/1. t.
lo.'
10.1
lO. S
''
9.2
8.3
7.2
5.1
26.1
Z-f.S
23.0
Zo.+
li.
&.8
7.8
5.,
zz.tJ
21."1
zo.e
llfS'
18.1
7.3
'1
CA"80N-MOLY STEI!L~,
LOW
HOLY STEitLS
C"-
THIItOUC4H
"'
O.S0'1
.J/. '"
21.1
U.5
29.0
2tJ. (,
21.0
t.1. 4
<
"."
11.-f
11-2
11.0
10.1
10.'
10.2
21 ...
Z1.1
26.1J
Z6 . .f.
u. o
''
25...
2+-1
t.f.2
---------------- - - - tNTf:lltHI:OtATE
UH10LY
l,.,
1:
~TAtHLf::U
-i
):lo
.-
CD
...."'
.:S
--
IRON
CAST
NO
8."1
tJ.(,
3-~
1./J
27.0
z.o
2-f.8
ZJ.I
21, 1
,._,
IS.,
11.2
IO.tJ
10.5
10.1
'1.0
8.Z
1.2
,.o
... 7
28.2.
27.7
21.0
z,.5
''
~5-8
"'
11.5
/1.-f
/l.t
JO.,
10. t.
J.2
12
12-6
12.2
10,1
2'1. 2
U.1
21.1
27.1
"'
"
11.+
".l.
/1.0
!-
t'.S'
lS.i.
1/. tJ
13.-f
''
" 7
11.0
i.J.O
''
10.2
--
---~---~--------------~--
.,,l
11.1
~RAY
9.5
10...
STRAI<HT GHflrOHIUM
STAlNLfSS ST!!L
(12 Cflr, 17GR, 27 Cl't
IR ON
23.5
9.7
lO.,
(i
STEEL
-------
WROU~HT
..
- '---
.,
-- ------ --
/l. 2
OATA AVAILAILI
.....
,>"
c3illf
...,
o
TABLE Z
MODULI OF E'LA5TICITY ANO TORSIONAL Rl<iiDITY OF' NON- FERROUS MATERIAL
lt MODUL.US 01' EL.ASTIGITY -
!l
...
&
~
MATERIAL
MONEL
29 GU, AL
COPPER- NICKEt.
eo- 2.0,
70-Jo
70 100
ALUMINUM
200 300
z,.o
2,.0
2,.0
ZS.8
2S.t.
Z5 .f
Z+.1
2.3./
21.0
tt
'I.S
,.!i
.,.3
''
8.,
8.7
a.s
8.2
1.'1
18.'1
18.8
18.+
18.0
17.,
11.2
11..1
"2
15.3
ID, t.
ID.,
10.+
10.2
1.5
8.!i
3.1
3.'1
3.e
3.7
3.5
?1.1
,..
TE'MPERATURI!, OEt F
67NI- 30 CO
66 NI -
10
18.,
1000 110011200
"o
/"f.3
13.0
i
1
C.OPPER
99.98% GU
ID
C0t1t1ERCIAL 8RASS
66 CU, 34 ZN
LEADED
ITI
88
......
4.5 Z.N
TIN
8RONZ.f.
,,,0
15.8
15'.'
,.03
6.00
5.
1'1. o
5.21
13.0
.,0
15 . .f
15.1
1'1. 7
5.1.5
5.45
5.30
/+.2
13.1
!
1
13.'1
U.7
13.5
s.zs
5.10
...."'o
4.12
Jt.1
12.1
/l.4-
12.
4.82
4-.U
4.!U.
....... o
1/.8
-------
4.58
/1.7
1/.3
IO.'J
' - - - - - - - - - ----------
(1
NO OATA AVAILA8Lit
4-.6,
--
C'4
4.7Z 1
1
---------
--~
lOJ
Extractad !rom
104
Table 2
AS TIA
Spe ci ficacion
~latera!
Welded material:
Fumace welded
Carbon Sceel
Lap welded
Buce Welded
Aucomacically welded
ausceniti e stainle ss
sceel
Grade
A 120
A 120
8,800
6,500
8,600
6,350
8,200
6,100
7,600
5,850
75,000
15,950
15,950
14,450
13,450
60,000
10,800
15,000
10,600
15,000
10,200
15,000
9,800
15,000
650
7,600
5,700
1
1
18% chromium,
8% Ni.- Ti
18% chromium,
8% Ni.- Cb
A 312
TP321}
A 312
TP34-7
12,900
12,650
12,600
14,500
14,000
13,700
15,200
14,900
14,850
Seamless material:
Carbon steel
5% Chromium, Y,% Mo.
A
A
A
A
120
335} P5
335 \ P5b
369
FPS
A 312
A 376
A 312
A 376
9,600
1P321)
18,750
18,750
17,000
15,800
B 43
8,000
8,000
7,000
3,000
B 42
6,000
5,500
4,750
3.000
B 42
6,000
5,500
4,750
3,000
30,000
30,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
5,500
5,500
5,500
4, 750
4,750
4, 750
3,000
3,000
3,000
42,000
42,000
6,000
3,600
5,500
3,300
4, 750
2,850
3,000
1,800
6,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
4,000
6,000
4,000
6,000
4,000
6,000
4,000
6,000
4,000
75,000
TP347J
Seamless
Red brass
Copper2 in. & smaller
Copperover 2 in.
Copper cubing
Annealed
Brighc annea1ed
Copper brazed stee1
Case iron
Centtifugally
case
Metal molds
Sand-lined molds
Pie case
B 75
B 88
B 68
A 254
Class 1
OassU
FSB
Types
WW-P-421 1 & II
ASA A 21.6
ASA B 21.8
ASA A 21.2
1Pipe in accordance with API Speciflcation SL manbe used u opecifledln Par. lOS (e).
2
The severa! typea and radea o( pipe tabulated above shall not be uaed at temperaturas in exceaa of the ma>timum temperaturas !or wltich the S
valuea are indlcated. (Sea alao ~pecitlc requirementa for service condltiona contempleted.) Allowable S valuea for lntermedlate temperatureamay
be obtained by intarpolation.
1 Caat-iron
pipe shall not be uaed for lubricatlnc oil linea for machlnery (Sea Par. 155) and in any case not for oil havlnc a temperatura above
300 F.
For ateam at 250 pai (406 F) the valuea civen may be uaed.
T able 2a
Noto: lt'ho1o w-'dod conetru<:llon la uaod, oonalderatlon ahould bo Qlvon to lho poliMibJUty ol IJTaphte lonuatlon In the lollowlnll toola:
Carbon atael above 775 F; carbon-molybdetwal ateel abovo IJ75 F; chrome-motybdenum atoel (with chromlwn undor 0.60) abovo 975 F.
MateriaP
ASTM
Specification
Gcade
Id en tification
Symbol
Mnimum
Ultimare
Ten sil e
Stcength
v.
-20
to 650
-700
--"--
Welded Matecial
Fumace welded:
LG welded
arbon stee1
Wrought icon
Buu we1ded
earbon stee1
Wcougbt iron
Elecuic fusion welded:
earbon steel
750
800
850
-----
A 53
A 72
45,000
40,000
9,000
8,000
A 53
A72
45,000
40,000
6,750
6,000
e45
00
05
48,000
52,000
55,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
60,000
48,000
60,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
8,000
9,600
10,100
8,300
9,200
10,100
10,100
9,600
12,000
10,100
11,250
12,400
9,250
11,350
9,800
10,900
11,900
8,300
9,950
8,700
9,900
10,850
7,500
8,450
9,200
5,950
6,550
7,000
A 134
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A 139
245
245
245
283
283
283
283
A
A
B
e
A
B
e
D
s.
A 155 A 285 A
A 285 B
A 285 e
lO
900
950
Exceed 1
------------.-----,-------
.. --
1 1,000
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
B
KC55
Ke60
Ke65
KC70
55,000
60,000
65,000
70,000
12,400
13,500
14,600
15,750
11,900
12,900
13.950
14,950
10,850
11,650
12,450
13,250
9,200
9,700
10,250
10,800
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
A 204 A
A 204 B
A 204 e
CM65
CM70
CM75
65,000
70,000
75,000
14,600
15,750
16,850
14,600
15,750
16,850
14,600
15,750
16,850
14,100
15,200.
16,200
12.950
13,500
14,300
11,250
11,450
11,700
A
A
A
A
A
\leR
1 eR
B
Pll 1~eR
P22 2~eR
65,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
14,600
13,500
14,600
n.soo
13,500
n.soo
13/OO
n,soo
14,600
13,500
13,500
13,500
14,100
13,250
13,500
13,500
12,950
12,750
12,950
12,950
11,250
11,800
11,800
11,800
48,000
60,000
48,000
60,000
10,200
12,750
10,200
12,750
9,900
12,200
9,900
12,200
9,100
11,000
9,100
11,000
75,000
Note
6
12,550
12,500
12,350
12,150
E1ectric resistance
welded:
earbon steel
A 53
A 135
Automatically welded
stainless stee1:
18% Cr-8% Ni-Ti
18% Cr-8% Ni-eb
S..amlcss matecial
eacbon steel
A 312
201
201
212
212
301
301
335
335
A'
B'
A'
TP321l
TPH7
A 53
A 53
48,000
60,000
12,000
15,000
11,650
14,350
10,7')0
12,950
9,000
10,800
7,100
7,800
5,000
5,000
A 106
A 106
A
B
48,000
60,000
12,000
15,000
11 :liJO
11,650
14,350
10,700
12,950
zeoo
7,100
7,800
5,000 1
5,000
/6t,DO
14 1~)
9,000
10,000
11,750
11,450
10,550
9,000
"tC.l\
I"l 1\C.f\
}\ 16"
Type A
A 83
A 179 Low carb.
~
A 192
7D,000
(47,000)
--
<~?~~~)
llr
fil'l.ft
1 j
tn
Ul\fl
9,000
9,900
9,900
9,900
5,600
6.750 1 4,500
5,000
., 0/\{\
.. 111111
1 2,500
'21oo
1
7,100
!.~50
5875
1 4,250
.....
o
""
Table 2a All twoble Stresses for Pipe in Power Piping Systems (Continued)
Note: Where wolded conatructlon la uaod, conaldoratlon ahould be IIIVn lo the poaalblllty ol il<llf>hllo lonnallon In lho lollowiO/i ateela:
Carbon atool abovo 17!J F; 'caton-molybdetw.Jm aloel abovo 11!J F; ch10m.- molybdenum ataol (wllh ch10mlum under 0.60) above 91!J F.
-
.. h,cecial'
ASTl
S.e.:lfl-
IJenti- lJitimate
ficatiou Tensile
Syn.bol Stcen;th
Grade
cation
Cw:bon molybJeuu:n
Ctuom. molyuJeuum
~7. Ce-~7. Mo
1% Cd%
f,lO
1X% Cr-~17. Mo
2 Y.% Ce- 17. J\lo
Stainlcss sceel
187. Cr-87. t'li-Ti
-----
!\linirauu
PI}
A 335
A 369
FP 1
A 335
A 369
p 2
FP 2
A 335
A 369
p 12}
FP 12
A 335
A 369
P11
FJ 11
A 213
A 335
A 369
Fl'22
A 213
A 335
A 369
-20
650
to
750
800
850
900
1,000
55,000
13,750
13,750
13,750
13,450
13,150
12,500
55,000
13,750
13,750
13,750
13,450
13,150
12,500
10,000
6,250
60,000
15,000
15,000
15,000
14,750
14,200
13,100
11,000
7,500
60,000
15,000
15,000
15,000
15,000
14,400
13,100
11,000
950
c. S So
1,050
1,100
5,000
2,800
4:;00(f
4o5~
1,150
1,200
3<>oC
~-n}
60,000
15,000
15,000
15,000
15,000
14,400
13, lOO
11,000
7,800
5,800
4,200
3,000
P2l
Fl'21
T21}
60,000
15,000
14,800
14,500
13,900
13,200
12,000
9,000
7,000
5,500
4,000
2, 700
A 335
A 369
A 335
P5 ~
FP5
P5b
60,000
Note 6
13,40(1
13, lOO
12,800
12,400
11,500
10,000
7,300
5,200
3,300
2,200
1,500
60,000
Note 6
13,400
13,100
12,800
12,400
10,900
9,000
5,500
3,500
2,500
1,800
1,200
A 213}
A 312
A 376
TP32l
75,000
Note 6
14,800
14,700
14,550
14,300
14,100
13,850
13,500
13,100
10,300
7,600
5,000
A
213}
A 312
A 376
TPH7
75,000
Note 6
14,800
14,700
14,550
14,300
14,100
13,850
13,500
13, lOO
10,300
7,600
5,000
-----L--.
1
----
Pipe in accordunce with API Spec.ification 5L may be used aa epec.Uled in Par. 105(e).
The several types aod KrtHie of pipe tabulated at;ove &hall not be used at tetuperaturea in excesa of the maximum temperaturea for which the S valuee are indlcated. (See also apecific requlrementa
for aervice conditions contemplated.) Allowuble S valuea for internaediate temperaturea may be obtained by lnterpoJation_
\
3
VALOES
O
.
\
The values tabulated are {or Ctass 2 pipe_ For Clasa 1 pipe which la heat treated and radioiraphed, th~ae ~ mny be increased by the ratio of ~ divided by 0.90. ~ .:: \ \
"'It plate materia& havin~ phy::dctd propertie& other than stated in Secti"n 6 of the AST:1 SpecUication A 139 ia uaed in the manufacture of ordinary electric-fuaion-welded eteel pipe, the allowablt!'
stress shall be lt.tken as 0.20 times the tensile str-ength for tetHperatures o{ 450 F and Lelow
sFor electric-resiatance-welded pipe for appllcotiona where the temper~ture la below 650 F, and where pipe furniahed under thi a claealfication ia aubjected to aupplemental teata and;or heat
treatmenta as i:l~reed to by the supplier and the purchaaer, and whereby such supplenental tests and/or heat treatments demonatrate the atrength characteriatics of the weld to be equal to the minimum
tensite stren"th specified for the pipe the S vulues equul to the correspondin" seamJesa crades may be uaed.
see Table 2 Cor value~ hom ~20 lo 650 t.
107
AlloWGI:Ie S Valuea Psi for Pipe in Oil Pipin; Systems Within Refinery Li~~tits
Niaimu111
Seamleaa ASTN
or
Specifi Grade Note a Uhimate
Tnaile
c:atioa
Welded
Material
.,
20
200
300
400
9,~50
9,100
12,150
1-4,500
18,150
8,200
10,900
12,300
15,-400
1-4,500
111,150
8,650
11,500
13,800
17,250
7,800
10,-400
11,750
1-4,650
13. !1)0
17,250
sao
1600
650
700
Scret~Ath
100
1,2,3
1,2,3
1,2
1,2
50,000
50,000
48,000
60,000
45,000
-45,000
-48,000
60,000
-48,000
60,000
10,000
13,300
16,000
20,000
9,000
12,000
13,600
17,000
16,000
20,000
1,2,3
1,2
75,000
48,000
-48,000
75,000
75,000
25,000 23,850
9,600 9,200
12,800 12,250
21,250 20,300
25,000 23,850
2
2
48,000
60,000
6
6
6
6
6
6
.qi,OOO
52,000
55,000
45,000
'10,000
5'5,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
10,800
11,950
12,650
10,350
11,500
12,650
11,250
12,500
13,750
10,350
11,450
12,100
9,900
10,950
12,100
10,750
11,900
13,100
9,860
10,900
11,500
9,400
10,500
11,500
10,200
11,400
12,500
1,2,3
1,2,3
-48,000
60,000
48,000
60,000
13,600
17,000
12,000
15,000
13,000
16,200
11,500
14,350
BurtWeld AH
Beaaemer
1.ap-Weld A 53
(API5L) Beuemer
Seamleaa AH
Beaaemer
(API5LB)Deoaid. Be u. Seamleaa A 53
RunWeld AH
{API5LI> O.H.or E. F.
Lap-Weld AH
(API'SLI) O.H.or E.F.
AH
ERW
(API5LA)O. 1-4-or E. F.
A 53
ERW
(API'SLBlO.H.or E.F.
Seamleaa A 53
(API5LA)
Se11111leu AH
(API5L8)
(API-~L)
Deoaid.
0,11. or
O.H. or
O.H. or
O.H. or
Seamleaa
Rurr-Weld
Lap-Weld
ERI'
Seamleu
Reaa.
E.F.
F..F.
E.F.
E.F.
B
A
B
5L
5L
5L
5L
5L
Seamleaa A 106
Seamleu A 106
EFW
EFW
EFW
E Fl'
F.FI'
EFW
EFI'
FFW
EFW
A 13-4
A 13-4
AIH
A 134
A 13<4
A13-4
A 134
A 13-4
A 13-4
E.F.
E.F.
E.F.
E. F.
ERI'
ERW
EFW
EFW
A 13'5
A 13'5
A 139
A 139
o.H. or E.F.
O.H. or E.F.
O.H. or E.F.
EFI'
EFW
E Fl'
A 155
A 155
A 155
EFI'
E FVI
EFW
EFTi
A 155
A 155
A 155
A 155
Spiral W
Spira1 VI
Spiral Ti
Seamlesa
A 211
A 211
A211
A 333
A 245 A O. H.
A 245 B O.H.
A 245 e O.H.
A 283 A O. H. or E. F.
A 283 R O,H, or E.F.
A 283e&D O.H.orE.F.
A 285 A O.H. or E.F.
A 285 8 O.H.or E.F.
A 285 e 0.11. or E.F.
O.H.
O.H.
0.11.
O. H.
A201
A201
A212
A 212
API
API
API
API
API
or
or
or
or
A 0.11. or E.F.
B O.H. or E.F.
A O.H. or E.F.
8 O.H. or E.F.
A 245 A O.H.
A 245 B O.H.
A 245 e O.H.
O. H. orE. F.
S
All
he .. in.
u
11
e
e
A
B
A
R
e:
2.ooo
16,350
9,900
11,100
13,900
13,100
16,350
9,050 8,800
10,200 9,900
12,750 12,200
12,000 ll,6'j0
15,000 14.350
10
10
10
10
55,000
60,000
65,000
70,000
6
6
6
1,2,8
48,000
52,000
55,000
55,000
11,500
12,800
13,500
18,350
2.
2,
2,
2,
11,050
12,200
12,900
17,500
10,500
11,600
12,300
16,700 15,850 15,000 14.200 13, 7'50 13,250
vah... ,,. welded plplnc lnehad lhe )olnl ertlclency ohown In p 3:15 (d) , . . . . . d
The " ol non-elllcon kllled earbon o te el 11 not reeomnended above 900 1'.
1Corbon , a ond cbon-molyden\l1'11 u .. t mey be oubjeet to criiPhltlaetlon ....,.,. 900 F .
S
S
9,300
10,500
13.150
12,350
15,500
12,'150
15,300
19,100
8,600
11,500
13,000
16,200
15,300
19,100
valuel ohown In th.. cehnnn 20 to 100 " ..,.,. be .... d ror low .... t."""'rat .. P">Vided th
reque-nta et AJOO met.
1 Th .... or n ..... qvllty plt (A 215) lo not recommended ror , ..,... . . . . . . OY ... aso F.
108
Allowable
'S Values Psi far Pipe in Oi 1 Pipng Systems Within Refinery Limits (ConUn~U)
ROO
8,200
9,100 7,900
11,000 9,200
10,700 9,300
12,9'10 lO, ROO
R'O
(,, 700
1, 3~0
1, 900
R.C.~O
9~0
90fl
'1, '100
'1,'100
(,, ')00
6,'100
1,000
3,800
\,ROO
UOO
4,'100
2,1,0
2,1'10
2, '100
2,'~00
1.0~0
1, , .. o
l. 3'0
1,(.00
1JOO
1,100
1,1~0
1,200
1.2~0
1,
~00
1, 3~0
1,400
1.4~0
ASTM
l. ~00 Specificauon
A ~3
A~ 3
A"\ 3
A ~3
A' 3
A '13
A' 3
A '13
A '3
AB
R.,O
R'IO
1,000
1,000
13,300 10,700
1'1,(,~ 12.500
1!,100
9. '1~0
"\, '00
G, "\00
3,1!00
4,500
2.1~0
2, 500
1, 3'10
1,(00
1,000
APIR
API'IL
APIR
APIR
API 'IL
10,100 9,300
12.9'10 10,!100
7,900
R,MO
6, '00
(,, ,00
4,'SOO
2, ~00
2, ~00
1,600
1, MO
1,000
1,000
A 106
AJO(,
s.~~o
4.~oo
p<,n
A 134
A 134
A 134
A 134
A 134
A 134
Alli
A 13
A 134
7,900
9,200
!l, 700
' 3~0
'1, .. 00
3,1!00
..... 00
\,ROO
10,2~0
9,000
11,1'10 ?,{.()()
12,0'10 10,200
7, 7'10
R,0"\0
(,, '100
4, ')()()
(., ')00
4.~00
3~0
6,500
4, "100
,~on
4,'100
?,lOO
11.000
12. ,()()
10,200
R,
R, 3~0
R.no
R, <)<,O
?,2'10
R, 3.,0
r., 'SOO
r. 'SOO
(,, 'iOO
(,, 'SOO
t
7
4, ~00
4,'100
4, '100
1. ~(lf)
A quallly
2,1 'O
2,1"\0
1, 3~0
1, 3'SO
~'SO
R"\0
2. '\00
2. ')00
2,,00
1,(00
1,(00
1,(..00
1,000
1.0oo
1,000
2, ~00
2, "\00
2, "\00
2, 'SOO
1,(.00
1,(00
1,(.00
1,600
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
A 1"\'S
A l'S'I
A-;-;
A I"''S
1,000
A 211
A 211
... 211
A 3'\3
2. 'l!l()
r.... tor
l'or llowble
1.(.0'1
veJuea ahown ln the column -20 to 100 F may be uaed for 1ower temp.,.h prnvtdec1 the
req\W'ement a ot thl~ ap~iflcation are met.
1
S vaJu at tOSO F' .nd .bove ehouJd be uaed only when ur.,ce ta provtdd that the "teel
ha a rredominiii'IIC era in not flner than AST~, N o. 6.
0
'
S va.h.Ma aho.m are for ("'Jaaa 1 piotnc which hat treated and radJ;oc:raphed and are baaef'i
on a joint efftctency factor ot 1.00. Where th4 operaU.on .,.. not ciii'Tierl out, the S value aho"'n
ah&ll be :pultif'tlied by the oroper tnlnt effir-utncy fAC"tnr and reforerl accot'dtncly.
A 13"\
A
A !;9
A 139
n.,
A 1'\'S
A 1-...
A l'S'
109
Allowable S Volues Psi far Pipe in Oi 1Piping Svstems Within R&finery Limits (Continued)
1
Seamless ASTM
M.Lnimutu
or
Speci fi Grade Notes Ult.imate
cation
Ten si le
'elded
Strength
Material
A83
A83
A 161
A 178
A 178
A 192
A 210
A226
A334
Seamless
Seamless
ERW
Seamless
A
A
1,2
A
e
1,2,3
1,2,3
2
2
2,3
1,2,8
47,009
60,000
200
12,800
16,000
15,650
13,300
17,000
15,300
15.000
12,750
16,200
12,2~0
300
600
~00
400
6~
12,000 11,650
15,000 14,350
10,200 9,900
13,750 13,250
55,000
42,000
42,000
42,000
42,000
60,000
700
IRON PIPE
O. H. or 1Vroupr Welded ButtWeld AP15L
O.H. or Wrout;bt 1Ve1ded Lap-1Veld API'iL
ERW
O.H. or Wroustu 1Ve1ded
API~L
Seamleu API'5L
O. H.
7,800
11,300
~.7'50
IRON TUBES
O.H. !roa
O.H. !roa
Lap-1Ve1d A83
ERW
A 178
8,900
9,300
9,450
9,1!00
8,300
8,800
8,000
8,500
7,800
8,300
65,000
70,000
75,000
Seamleu AB'5
Se ara le u A 33'5
PI
Pl'.i
2
2
55,000
60,000
Seam1eu
Searn1e
Sesmlus
ER1V
ER1V
ERW
A 209
A209
A 209
A 2'50
A 250
A250
Tlb
TI
Tia
T1b
TI
Tia
2
2
2
2
2
2
B,OOO
55,000
60,000
53,000
55,000
60,000
17,500 16,850
18,350 17,6~
20,000 19,2~
14,8~0 14,300
1'5,600 1'5,000
17,000 16,350
16,2'50 15,600
16,9~0 16,300
18,4~ 17,700
13,800 13,2'50
14,400 13,8'50
15.700 15,050
15,000
1'5,600
16,900
12, 7'50
13,2'50
14.3'50
A 283
A 283
A 283
A28'5
A 28'5
A28'5
6
1,2,5
1,2, 5
1,2.5
4'5.000
50,000
55,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
13,800
15.300
16,900
1'5,000
16,6'50
18,350
13,200
14.600
16,100
14,350
15,900
17,500
12,550
14,000
15,3'50
13,650
15,200
16,700
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
'5'5,000
60,000
65,000
70,000
17,200
18,750
20,300
21.900
A 204 A O.H. or E. F.
A 204 8 O.H. or E.F.
A20.o4 e o.H. orE. F.
A l''
A 15~
A 155
EF1V
EF1V
EF1V
or E.F. Si
or E.F. Si
Ot E.F. Si
or E.F. Si
or E.F. Si
or E.F. Si
Killed
Killed
Killed
Killed
Killed
Killed
14,400
1<4,900
16, 150
12,2'50
12,650
13,7'50
14,050 13.750
1<4,'~'50 14,200
1'5,800 1'5,400
11,950 11,700
12,350 12,050
13,400 13, lOO
or E.F.
orE. F.
or F..F.
or E.F.
or E.F.
or E.F.
O. H. or F.. F.
o.~. orE. F.
O.H. or F.F.
O.H. Ot E.F.
Si
Si
Si
Si
Killed
Killed
KiUed
ICilled
A 201
A201
A 212
A 212
".......
All
Value
B
6
e &e O 6
A
}
8
11,9'50
13,300
14,600
13,000
14,4'50
15,8'50
fOl' 84J %,000 poi for metal te-atwe Mil oacee4U,. 4$0 P.
S .......
lor -lcle4 plplnc lnci\ICie 11\e )olnt .tflcleftCy eho- la Pw. 325 (d) ao revleed
Th " " of ...,,...lllcon lo.Uhd cwbon otee! lo not roco-ndttd above 900 P.
1
Cert>on ot . . l end .,......,.,moi,We,_ otael may be oultject to I"IIPhlti-tlon
1
5 ...... lnclude a )oiat efflclency of 15 ~ cent.
'S
ro~ment
1
abo 900
p,
T'Iwt "oo of " - '!'lailly piOile (A 215) la not reco.....,.nded for t-wo o 150 P.
14,0'50
1'5,3'50
16,600
17,900
13,7'50
1'5,000
16,2'50
17,500
13, 2'50
14,350
1'5, 500
16,600
llO
Allowable S Volues Psi for Pipe in Oil Piping Systems Within Refinery Limits(Continued)
Values of S-Psi for Metal Temperatures in De}lt F not to Exceed
7~0
ROO
8~0
1 900 1
1,000
4,500
4, 500
3,800
3,800
2, '100
2. ~00
2,1'50
2,1 '10
1 ,(,00
l,f.OO
1,350
9, ,00
9,200
7,800
9,200
7,900
7,R'IO
f>, 6 '10
7,3'10
6, ~00
10,700 9,300
12,9'10 10,800
9,100 7,900
12,0~ 10,200
7,900
8,650
6, 700
8,350
6,~00
10.~'10
8, 9'10
11,000
4, ~00
4, 500
3,ROO
4, '100
2,500
1,600
1,600
1,350
1,600
1,100
1.1~00
1,200
1,2'\0
1,300
1, Wl
1,400
6,500
'1, 500
'1.~00
6,'100
5,500
6,'100
2, 500
2,1'10
2, '100
1.3~0
A 1(>1
A 17R
A 17R
A
A
A
A
1,000
1,000
8~0
1,000
192
210
22(,
334
A PI-~ 1
AP1-~ l
APHI
API-~ J
9,100
A R3
A 17R
7,~0
7,7~
(>,2'50
(,, 2'10
(,, 2'10
4,000
4,000
4,000
2,400
2,400
2,400
6,2'10
4,000
4,000
2,400
2,400
6,2'50
4,000
4,000
4,000
3,400
3,400
3,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,0'10
2,0'10
2,0'50
n,l'IO
13,'100
14,400
11,200
11,500
12,2~0
9,4'10
10,2'10
11,100
10, 2'10 9,000
11,1'10 9,00
12,0'10 10,200
12,0~0
12,9~0
AST\!
1, ~00 Spe~ifi
cauon
AA~
1,000
1,000
850
8'10
7, 300
7,7'10
13.4'10
13,8'10
1'5,000
11,400
11, 7'10
12, 7"\0
1,4~0
A R~
~.~'lO
10,700
/1.0~0
9~0
10,200
10,800
13,!1'10 11,400
14, 7~ 12,000
6.2~0
6,2'10
<l,250
'1. 300
'1,300
5,300
7, 7'10
8,0'10
8,3'10
(,, '100
6, 500
6,'100
4,'100
4, 500
4, '500
2, '500
2,'100
R, 3'10
8,(.'10
8,9'10
9.2'0
(,, ~00
6, ~00
6,m
6, 500
... 500
4, '100
4,'100
4,'500
2, '100
2. ~00
2, '100
2, ~00
2, '100
1,(.00
1,600
1,600
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,600
1,600
1,600
1,600
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
A 1~~
A 1~'>
A 1'>'\
A
A
A
A
''o' alloweble
A 28~
A 21H
A 2R~
A 28'1
A 2R5
A 2R~
A 201
A 20 l
A 212
A 212
lOto 100 P
'S
vel-a at 1050 1' .,.d _ , . ohou.ld be ., . .d only .,)\en aaautanc la poovldad that tha ateal
W'h
2'10
A 2'>0
A 2~0
209
209
209
lll
Macerial
A 20-4
A 204
A 204
A
B
e
A }01
Notes
2
2
2
IAiaimum
Ultimare
Tenaile
Stri!GSth
6~.000
-20
to
200
-400
300
~o
(~
lOO
1 MO 1 700
21,6~0
23,3~
7~,000
65,000
A 301
60,000
20,000
.\ 20}
A 20}
A 203
A&: O
B&: F.
e
4
4
4
65,000
70,000
21,650 20,6'>0 19,700 IR, 7n0 17. 7~0 16,7')0 1(,,2'50 15,'500
23,3~ 22,250 21,1~0 20,150 ~9.100 18,050 17,500 16,600
2'1,000 2},fi~O 22,700 21,5'10 20,400 19,300 IR, 750 17,700
1 A 300
1,2, 3
70,000
<'er 'IMo)
O.IL or F..F. Si Kili ed
( 1 er ' Mo)
O.H. or E.F. Si JCilled
19,2~0
19,1~0
O. H. or F.. F. Si Killed
O.H. or F..F. Si Ki11ed
0.11. or E. F. Si Killed
7~.000
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
}04
316
321
347
405
410
430
IR er R Ni
IR er R Ni Mo
IR er R 1\:i T
IR er R Nieb
12 erAl
12 er
1 7 er
A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240
"
75,000
7'1,000
o
A
n
".000
60,000
ll'I,OOO
70,000
\f
T
e
'~.ooo
12,500
17,200
1~. 200
15,200
11,600
17,100
14,900
14,900
n.~o 13,400
1~.300 14,400
16,900 1 '5,650
11,200
11 .o~o
14,850
14,850
13,000
13,950
15,000
10,ROO
17,000
14,800
14,800
12,450
13,550
14,400
17,500
16.250
16,0'10
16,050
14,500
17,100
15,900
15,1100
1'I,ROO
14,100
16,700
15,'100
1'1. s~o
15,550
13.650
FFl'
E f1'
F-F-11'
E'F'I'
F.FI\'
A 1~5
A 1~5
A 15'1
A 1~'1
A 15~
('Cr Mo)
( 1 C r ''.lo)
( 1 1 , e r 1 , \lo Si)
<1 '. ( r ' 1 \lo)
( 2 Cr 1 1 Mol
12 ' er 1 Mol
Seamfess
5eamless
Seamless
Seamless
Seamless
Seamless
A 335
A 33~
A 335
AB'I
A 33~
( 3Cr 1 \lo)
("ier 1 1 ~lo)
Seamless
Seamless
Seamless
Seamless
Seamless
Seamless
A B5
AB'I
A 33~
A 33~
A 33~
A 33~
("iCr'
1 '~oSi)
Valu
AlJ
1
1
...
H~
A
H
1' 11
P22
P'la
10
10
10
10
10
P2
P12
P11
P3a
P3b
P22
P21
P~a
P~b
P"ic
pi(,
p:
(;~.000
21,6~
(.(),000
(,0,000
(,0,000
(,0,000
20,000
IR, 7~0
1!\7'10
lll, 7'\0
19.1 ~o
17, "~0
11.1 ~o
17,1 ~o
l, 200
IR,300
17,000
l(.,t;OO
16,600
~ 5,000
(,0,000
15. (,{)()
16,450
1(,,600
16,600
16.450
16,600
14, 9<JI)
15.900
16,050
16,050
14,550
1'1,(.~0
15,ROO
15,ROO
15,R~O 15,600
16,050 15,800
14,200
1"i, ~50
15. ~50
15,550
15,300
15,500
16, 7~0
16,200
16,200
16,200
16,1 ~o
16,250
16,100
15.3'\0
1'\,350
15. 350
15,300
15,450
15,450
14,500
14,500
14.500
14,450
14,600
15,1~0 14,.800
14,!00 13.6~
14,100 13,6'\0
14,100 13,6~
14,000 13, S50
14,200 13,800
r,o,ooo
60,000
60,000
(.(),000
r.o.ooo
(.(),000
(.Q ,000
(>0,1)00
60,000
60,000
IR, 750
IR,7"i0
l'l, 7')0
IR, 750
IR, 7"i0
IR, 7~0
20,ROO 19.9~0
19.2'\(1 11!, '\00
1!',250 !7,(,'10
IR, 2'11) 17,6~0
17,900 17,0'10
IR,100
17,900
17,900
17,900
17 .R~O
17,900
17,400
17,0'\0
17,050
17,0')0
17,000
17,100
1~.350
for 843 2.000 pa1 for ntJ temreratW'e not excedin.c 450 F.
valuea for welded pipnc lftCluderlt.he JOint effictency sho-.n '" ? w. 325 (d) revted
The uae of non- di con kHled carbon 1teet ta not recommendett abo ve 900 F.
C bon 1teel end carbon-molybden\.ftl ateel may be tub)ect to crephttizaton above 900 F.
.S
.. 20 to 100 F
ll2
Allowoble S Valu.a Pai for Pipe in Oil Pipine Syae.ma Within Refinery Liita(CouiaMJ)
Valuu of S-Pai fot Necal Teaperatuzea ia Dea F aot
no
ID
1.2~
EacH<I
1,300
1,3~
11,.00
,1,4~0
1.
ASTW
Speci6
950 ,1,000
1,0~
6,250
6,250
6,250
4,000
-4,000
4,000
2,400
2,400
2,400
~.2~0
4,000
2,400
A 301
7,500
5,000
2,800
A 301
4, 500
4,500
4,500
2,500
2Y>O
2, 500
800
13,850 11,400
14,7~ 12,000
1';,650 12,600
8~0
8,950
9.2~0
9,550
900
6,500
6, 500
6,500
CaGO.
A204
A 2o.4
A 2o.4
A 203
A 203
A 203
A 300
10,400
16,900
14,700
14,700
11,800
13, 100
13,800
10,000
16,750
14,550
14,550
11,000
12,750
13,150
1f., 250
1'\,150
15,300
15,300
13,250
10,000
11,000
11,000
11,000
10,000
(., 250
7, 500
7,ROO
7,800
7,300
4,000
5,ooo
5, 500
5,800
5,200
2,400
2,800
4,000
4,200
3.300
13,850
15,050
1<;,300
15,300
1'},000
15, 300
13,500
14,750
15,000
15,000
14,700
1'5,000
13.150
14,200
14,400
14,400
14.000
14,400
12,500
13,100
13,100
13,100
12,500
13,100
10,000
11,000
11,000
11,000
10,000
11,000
6,250
4,000
5,000
5,500
5, 500
4,200
5,800
2,400
2,ROO
4,000
4,000
2,7')0
4,200
14,500
13,250
13,2'>0
13,250
13,100
13,3'>0
13,900
12,800
12,800
12,800
12,'500
12,9'>0
13,200
12,400
12,400
12,400
11, ')00
12,500
12,000 9,000
11,500 10,000
10,900 9,000
11,500 10,000
9,500 7,000
12,000 10,800
7,000
7, 300
'>,'500
4,000
3,300
2,')00
2,800
2, ')00
3, 300
9, 700
16,500
14,300
14,300
10,100
12,100
12,500
7,')00
7,800
7,ROO
6,200
7,800
~.'>00
7, 300
5,000
8,')00
5,200
3, 500
4,800
uoo
5, c,oo
5, 750
fl, 500
fi,OOO
8,000
4, 500
6,ROO
5,000
5,000
U 50
uoo
3,600
3,600
2,450
4,000
2, 700
2,700
1,800
3,000
2,000
2,000
1.400
2,350
1, 550
1,550
.~
2,500
3,000
2,200
2,')00
2,500
l. 750
3,000
2, 700
2, 200
!,ROO
1,800
!,ROO
2,200
1,200
2,000
1,500
1,200
AH5
AH5
A 335
AH~
1,200
1,200
2,000
A B~
A 335
l. ')00
1,500
A335
AB5
AH5
A B5
AB5
A nc,
1,200
1,200
1,200
1, ')00
240
A 15~
A 1'\5
A 1~5
A 155
A 155
"For allowabJe
7~0
A 240
1,500 A 240
1,000 A240
1,000 A 240
A 240
A 240
1,000
1,850
1,200
1,200
'S valuea at 1050 F and abov ahoWd be uaed only when aaa\W.,C 11 provid.ct that the ateel
haa predominent 1rain aiae not flner than ASTM No. 6.
0
t 5 valuee ahown ..,.. (or Ctaae 1 pipinc which la heat treated and rediocrfiiPhd and baaed
on joint efflciency f.ctor of 1.00. Where th operatlona ar not cwried out. the S val u ahoWft
ohall be multiplled by the proper jolnl efrlclency lktor and reduc:ed eccordlncly.
ll)
Allowoble S Volues Psi for Pipe in Oi 1 Pi ping Systems Within Refinery L imits 1 Continued)
Seamless AST\f.
Spectfi Grade
or
cation
'elded
MatC'rial
Cd) Mo,
(lCrVa)
(lY.CrY:Mo)
OY.Cr '1 Mo Si)
(A200Gr3XI'~Cr Y.Mol
~LY
Tl2
Tl7
1
Tll
Seamless A 213
(A 200 Gr 4)(2 Cr Y Mol
(A 200 Gr 6X2Y. Cr 1 Mo) SC'smless A 213
(2YCr YMo)
SeamiC'ss A 200
Seam1ess A 213
\A 200Gr 5X3 Cr 1 Mo)
(A200Gr8X5Cr !/:Mo) Seamless A 213
Tl4
T22
2
T21
(A200Gr7X7Cr !/:Mol
( A200 Gr 9)(9 Cr 1 Mo)
(12Ct +Al)
02Cr)
( 16Ct)
SC'amle~s
Seam1ess
Sesmless
SeamlC'ss
SC'amless
Seamless
-r
100
10
200
400
300
~00
'
(.,00
(,\O
700
11JBING
SC'amiC'ss
SC'amless
SC'amless
SC'amless
A 213
A 213
A 200
A 213
A 213
(1
'!inirnum
Note.s l!ltimate
Ten si le
StrC'n gth
T3
T~
1~,6~
15,6~0
60,000
60,000
60,000
(,0,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
15,650
15,650
15,650
1~.5~
15,0~
15,5~
1~.~50
15, lOO
15,050
14,800
13,400
A 213
A 213
A268
A 268
A268
T9
TP 405
TP410
TP430
60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
15,650
1~.650
18,750
18,750
20,000
15,450
15,450
17,700
17,900
19,000
15,200
15,200
16,650
17,000
18,000
15,000
15,000
15,600
16,150
17,000
14,500
14,500
14,600
15,300
16,000
14,000
14,000
13,550
14,400
ERW
Seamless
ERW
Seamless
ERW
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312
TP 304
TP304
TP 309
TP 309
TP 310
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
16,000
18, 7~
16,000
18,750
16,000
14,150
16,650
16,000
18,750
16,000
12,750
15,000
14,700
17,300
15,750
11,600
13,650
14,200
16,700
(25Cr20Ni)
(25Cr20Ni}
(25Cr20Ni)
(18Cr R Ni 2!/: Mo)
(lRCr 8Ni 2YzMo)
ERW
Seamless
Seamless
ER9
Seamless
A312
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312
TP310
TP310
TP310
TP316
TP 316
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
16,000
18,750
18,750
16,000
18,750
16,000
18,750
18,750
16,000
18,750
ER9
Seamless
ERW
Seamless
ERW
Seaaaless
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312
TP 317
TP 317
TP 321
TP 321
TP 347
TP 347
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
(18Cr8Ni)
E R1'
A249
(A 271 TP 304)18Cr8 Ni) Seam1ess A 213
18Cr BNi 2Y:Mo
ER9
A 249
18Cr 8 Ni 2Yz Mo
Seamleu A 213
18 Cr 8 Ni 3\) Mo
ER-9
A249
TP 304
TP304
TPH6
TP 316
TP317
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
T7
1~.000
13,700
13,700
13,000
13,950
14,500
13, ~50
14,000
1~.500
10,600
12,500
14,100
16,600
15,050
9,850
11,600
14,050
16,500
14,600
9,500
11,200
14,000
16,450
14,400
9,200
10,800
13.950
16,400
14,100
15,750 15,500
18,~0 18,200
18,500 18,200
15,200 14,900
17,900 17,500
15,050
17,700
17,700
14,600
17,200
14,600
17,200
17,200
14,550
17 ,lOO
14,400
16,900
16,900
14,500
17,050
14,100
16,600
16,600
14,450
17,000
16,000
18,750
16,000
18,750
16,000
18,750
14,550
17,100
12,700
14,900
12,700
14,900
14,500 14,450
17,050 17,000
12,650 12,600
14,8~ 14,800
12,650 12,600
14,850 14,800
16,000
18,750
16,000
18,750
16,000
14,150
16,650
16,000
18,750
16,000
13,400
13,400
12,4~0
(18 Cr 8 Ni)
(18 Cr 8 Ni)
(25Crl2Ni)
(25 Cr12 Ni)
(25 Cr 20Ni)
~UII
9
9
NICXEL 11J.NG
Vlllua
12,750
15,000
15,200
17.900
1:5,200
11,600
13,650
14.900
17,500
14,900
10,600
12,500
14,600
17,200
1<4,600
AliS ....... for -lded plptnc Jnclude U.. joh\t efflclency ....,..,.. In p.,, 325 (cf) revlaed
haretn.
'n.o 11aa of
1
1
libo 900
F.
Cwboft ataal end cut>on-molybden..,. ataal ,_,.1M aubjee1 lo crlll)hlllaatlon llbove 900 F.
Tba uee of
n.....
fM
temp.,.al......,a o 150 F.
114
Allowable S Valuea Psi for Pipe in Oil Pi ping Systema With in Refinery li111ita ICor&~Uu.~J)
SeiUIII~
Maceri al
or
1re1d~d
18Cr8 Ni 3 1/2MD
18Cr8 Ni Ti
(A271 TP \21;
18Cr8 Ni Ti)
18Cr 8 Ni Cb
(A 271 TP '47;
18Cr8 Ni Cb)
VCr20 Ni
2'5 Cr 20 Ni
2SCr20Ni
2SCr 20 Ni
A269
A 2<49
TP317
TP 321
7'5,000
75,000
18,7~
ERW
A 213
AH9
TP 321
TPH7
75,000
75,000
s~-~~
A2B
TP347
75,000
A 249
AH9
Seamleu A213
Seamleu A2B
TP 310
TP 310
TPHO
TP 310
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
s~aca1eaa
ERW
Seaml~u
ER1V
ERW
9
9
15,500
15,500
18,200
18,200
-~00
co
JI)()
200
300
-400
1-6,000
3,350
2,900
2,400
1,800
30,000
-60,000
6, 700
8,000
6,500
8,000
5,000
8,000
2, soo
3,000
15,050
15,050
17,700
17,700
wo
14,600
1-4,600
17,200
17,200
600
17,0~
12,6~
1-4,-400
1-4,-400
16,900
16,900
6SO
17,000
12,600
1-4,100
1-4,100
16,600
16,600
700
.U.tMNVII PIPie
( 3S) Allaeal ed
s~amleaa
B 2<41
'-CA
Copper ADD~aled
Red Braaa A1111eal~
1Seamleul B <42
Seamleaa B 43
.<; Value
70,000
55,000
2,000"
r.
,All 5' v&luea for -l<ied plplnc lnclude the jolnt efflclency oho- ln Per. 325 (d) leed
henln.
1
Th uM of no,..alllcon kllled cerbon ateel la not recommended abo 900 r.
1
Carbon ..... nd carbon-molybdltnum ......... ,be aubjec:t to .,.,lllaetlon
900 r.
abo
'S
as per e-t.
100 ~ may
:co~nded
1-4,700
115
1
1
R~O
ROO
900
9~('l
1,000
1,050
1,!00
1.1 ~o
1,200
1,2~0
1,300
1.3~0
1, 400
1,450
ASTM
1, ~00 Specificacion
15,000 14,7~0
12, 9'}() 10,800
1~.050 15,000
15,050 15,000
15,050 15,000
1<4,200
8,650
1-4,-400
1-4,400
1-4,400
13,100 11,000
-4,500
6,~00
13,100 11,000
13,100 11,000
13,100 11,000
7,~00
~.ooo
1,000
7,~0
1,600
5,500
5,500
5, 500
2,800
1,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
1.~~0
2,500
7,800
7,800
2,500
2, 500
2,500
1,200
1,200
1,200
A 213
A 213
A 200
A 213
A213
15,000
15,050
15,000
1~ 500
13,100
1-4,700
15,000
1-4,700
13,900
12,800
1-4,000
1-4,-400
14,000
13,200
12,-400
12,500
13,100
12,500
12,000
11,500
10,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
10,000
6,200
7,800
6,200
7,000
7,300
4,200
5,800
-4,200
5,500
5,200
2, 750
4,200
2, 750
4,000
3,300
1, 750
3,000
1, 750
2, 700
2,200
1,200
2,000
1,200
1,500
1, 500
A 213
A 213
A200
A 213
A 213
13,100
13,100
11,800
13,100
13,500
12,500
12,800
11,000
12,750
13,100
5,000
8,500
4,000
6,400
6,500
3, 500
5,500
2,500
3,300
1,800
2,200
1,200
1,500
A 213
A 213
A268
A268
A 268
8,850
10,400
13,750
16,200
13,800
7,200
8,500
7,200
8,500
6,400
7,500
5,500
6,500
4.250
4,900
5, 750
4,250
5,000
3,050
3,800
-4,500
3,2'}()
3,800
2,100
2, 750
3,250
2,450
2,900
1,250
2,100
2,-450
1,950
2,300
650
1,5'}()
1,800
1,500
1, 750
400
1,200
1,400
1,100
1,300
300
850
1,000
750
900
200
650
750
650
750
150
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312
13,800
16,250
16,250
14,350
16,900
13.350
15,700
15,700
14,250
16, 7'}()
12,700
14,'900
14,900
1-4,000
16,500
11,700
13,800
13,800
13,600
16,000
10,600
12,500
12,500
12,800
15,100
6,150
3,600
7,250
7,200
8,500
5,100
2,500
6,000
5,800
6,800
4.050
1,450
4, 750
4,500
5,300
3,000
750
3,500
3,-400
4,000
2,000
-450
2,350
3,000
1,350
350
1,600
2,000
2,3'}()
950
250
1,100
1,550
1,850
650
200
750
1,300
1,500
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312
14,350
16,900
12,500
14,700
12,500
14,100
14,250
16, 7'}()
12,350
14,550
12,350
14,550
14,000
16,500
12,150
14,300
12,150
14,300
13,600
16,000
12,000
14,100
8,850
10,-400
10,600
12,500
10,600
12,500
7,200
8,500
6,800
8,000
6,800
8,000
5,800
6,800
4,250
5,000
-4,250
5,000
-4,500
5,300
3,0'}()
3,600
3,050
3,600
3,-400
4,000
2,300
2,700
2,300
2,700
2,550
3,000
1, 700
2, 000
1,700
2,000
2,000
2,350
1.300
1, 550
1,300
1,550
1, 550
1,850
1,000
1,200
1,000
1,200
1,300
1,500
8,850
10,-400
14,350
16,900
14,350
-4,900
5,750
7,200
8,500
7,200
3,800
4,500
5,800
6,800
5,800
2, 750
3,250
-4,500
5,300
4,500
2,100
2,450
3,-400
4,000
3, 400
1, 550
1,800
2,550
3,000
2, 550
1,200
1,400
2,ooe
2,350
2,000
850
1.000
1, 550
1,850
1, 550
6'}()
750
1,300
1,500
1,300
15,100
11,800
13,850
12,000 11,800
14,100 13,850
1-4,000
11,500
13,500
11,500
13,500
n,ooo
12,200
11,100
13,100
11,100
13,100
2,5'}0
10
S .......... eloown for CIHe 1 pipinl wtUch le hat tNeted nd rlldioll'~d .,d ba . . d
oftajolnt el0ci811Cyler:torol 1.00 . ..,.r th operellon ftOt c.nad out, '-" S val- .,.._
ahal1 be ..,..uplld vy the !Jft'P'Ir jol,. eft&clncy hoc:tor ...S r.dllced acc......SintiY.
A 312
A 312
8'}() A 312
1,000 AH2
850 A 312
1,000 A 312
A249
A 213
A249
A213
A 249
ll6
Allowable S Val u es Psi for Pipe in Oi 1Pipinq Systems Within Refinet"y Limita (Conclude)
Valurs of S-Pai for
7')0
1
l
1!()1')
')()()
fi'IO
?'10 1,000
lo4~ral T~mp~raa.u~
li.O'lO 11.100
11. ~oo
11,700
1\,800
1\,AOO
C)()()
~;c.{''!
~12, 'UU l
13, ~00
13, 1t,U
10,600 9, }')0
10,600 9,3'10
12, 'lOO 11,000
12, 'lOO 11,000
6,000
A, }00
7,100
9, 7~0
',OOO
A, '\00
1,0'10
1.100
7'\0
Eac~~d
1.2~0
1,}00
1, 3'10
1,400 11.4'10
ASTM
1, '100 Sp~ci fi
caaoo
4,000
l. ~00
3,000
1, 700
2,3'0
1, 300
1,')00
/!'lO
A 269
A 249
}.(,00 . 2, 70
2,000
l,''IO
1,200
1,000
A 213
400
2,000
4'\0
2, 3'0
300
1, 3'10
3'10
1,600
200
9'10
2'0
1,100
!'lO
1\'\0
200
A 249
AH9
A2B
A 213
1,200
13,AOO
13.800
16,2'10
16,2')0
1,1 ~o
o De F oot to
')'\0
1,000
4,2'\0
7,200
8, ~00 1 6,800
6,800 4, 2'0
~.
,00
3,0'10
8,000
'1,000
3,0'10
6,1 '\0
3,600
7,2')0
2,100
'1,100
2,'500
1\,000
1,2')0
4,0')0
4, 7'10
3,000
7')0
3. '\00
1.200
1,2'10
1,300
1,1'10
1.4~0
'O
1, 3'i0
1,1!'10
1,000
1,400
1.4~0
7~0
1,')00
R 241
A 42
Fl .ll
14,'100
B 16'1
Fl 1(, 1
8,000
A q'\laUty
',or
1
allowabl
Yahaea ahown &n the colwn.n .. lO to 100 F .. may be uaed for Jower temp.Curea provtded the
'S vah.aea al lOSO Ji and abow ahou.ld be uaed onJy when aaa..-.nce i a pi'Ovided that the ata el
haa prwdonunanl IJ'ain not f1ner than A.STW No. 64
10
5 vah,.a ano_, - lor Cl . . 1 pipl,. whlch la heac treaced end roodiopaphed and . . baeed
on a joh etflcieney rectot' of 1.00. Whete th op.ratlon not c:.-rled out. the S va!ue ahown
ohall be mi.IIUpiled by the l>f'opr jolnt elficlenc:y factor end reduced ecco.-dlnct_y.
117
Material
Seamle sa ate e 1:
Grade A
Grade B
Grade e
Grade A
Grade B
Grade A
Grade B
Grade 42X"
E lectricfuaioo-elded
a ce el:
Grade A
Grade B
Grade e
All Gradea
All Gradea
All Grades
Electricresiscaoce
welded aceel:
Grade A
Grade B
Grade e
All Grades
Lap-welded aceel:
Bunwelded aceel:
Lap-welaed -oucht i.roa
Bctwelded -oqbc i.roa
Seaa~le aa braaa pipe
Seamleaa copper pipe
Seaa~leaa copper cubi.aa
S Value
aclOOF,
Ps1
AP15L
AP15L
API5L
ASTM A 106
ASfM A 106
ASTM A 53
ASTM A 53
AP15LX
25,500
29,750
38,250
25,500
29,750
25,500
29,750
35,700
ASTM A 155
ASTM A 155
ASfM A 155
ASTM A 134
ASTM A 139
APISLX
18,350
20,650
21,200
0.68Y
0.68Y
0.85Y
AP15L
AP15L
API5L
AP15LX
AP15L
ASTM AH
AP15L
ASTM AH
AP15L
APISL
ASTN B 43
ASfM 8 42
ASTM B ~
AST1oe B 88
21,700
25,300
32,500
0.85Y
15,950
15,:)50
15,300
15,300
15,300
10,200
10,000
7,500
7,500
7,500
"CC"t-
11.1-
ebo 11.1-
9 -
HOT1t: "MI
ofS- to be ... ed In the 1'19'1 w.U thlclr.neaa P-Illea
10 npla.lned In Par. 325.
co,..._...,.. .. _,
arade may
_...._
11.1- ..,..
ll8
Grade
earbon Steel
A 120
...
E lecuic-fusionwelded steel
A 134
Material
Electric-t'esistancewelded steel
Mnimum
1
Ultimace Values ofS -Psi for Temperatures in Oeg F Not to Exceed
Ten si le
-20
Suength
~00
200
4~0
400
300
to lOO
...
9,600
10,800
10,600
10,200
9,800
45,000
50,000
55,000
60,000
8,800
9,600
10,100
11,300
9,200
10,100
10,100
8,800
9,600
10,100
8,300
9,200
10,100
10,100
8,800
9,600
10,100
8,300
9,200
10,100
10,100
8,800
9,600
10,100
8,300
9,200
10,100
10,100
11,800
9,600
10,100
8,300
9,200
10,100
10,100
A 139
A' 48,000
R' 60,000
9,600
12,000
9,600
12,000
9,600
12,000
9,600
12,000
9,600
12,000
AB
A'
48,000
60,000
10,200
12, 7'50
10,200
12, 7'50
10,200
12, 7'50
10,200
12,7'50
10,200
12,750
A 13'5
A'
48,000
60,000
10,200
12, 7'50
10,200
12, 7'50
10,200
12, 7'50
10,200
12,7'50
10,200
12,7')0
9,000
8,800
8,000
9,000
8,()00
8,000
9,000
8,200
8,000
9.000
7,800
8,000
7,600
6,7'50
6, 7')0
6,100
6,000
6,7')0
'),850
6,000
5, 700
6,000
6,750
6,3'50
6,000
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
24~
245
245
2113
283
283
283
A
R
e
A
B
e
D
B'
48,000
~2.000
5~.000
B'
Lap welded
Steel
Steel
'1' rought i ron
AB
A 120
A72
4'5,000
Rurt welded
Sceel
Steel
l'roughc. iron
A ~3
A 120
A72
45,000
Seamless
Red brau
B 43
8,000
8,000
7,000
3,000
R 42
R 42
6,000
6,000
~.')00
5, ~00
4, 7'50
4, 750
3,000
3,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
uoo
5,500
~.500
4, 7'50
4,7'}0
4, 7'50
3,000
3,000
3,000
,OOO
3,600
'),500
3,300
4, 7'50
2,8'50
3,000
1,800
6,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
eopper-2 in.
and smaller
eopper -over 2 in.
...
40,000
...
40,000
B 7'}
eopper tubing
Annealed
Bright annealed
B 88
30,000
30,000
668
A 2'>4
eaac !ron
eenuifugally cut
FSB
n-P-421
elaul
elau 11
42,000
42,000
Typea
1 and 11
6,~00
9,000
8,000
6,750
6,000
Pie case
P'or
1
jASA A21.2
al
The
typea ancl 1ad ol pipe tabu.letecl ab- ahaU . - be uaecl M t - - Ln e of the maalnn- , . _..
t..-ea f01t wtUch the S val.uea lftdlcMecl. (S aleo apec:lflc raq\llra,..nu l01t -Ice conclltlone conte-latacl.) Allowabla S
l.w lftl..,...dlat t - . , . may b<t obtal ... cl by lnt..,...latloft.
al-
1
P'or electrlc ...eatatatK.,.Iclecl pipa for appllct- ...,.,. lha t - . , . la below 650 P', ancl ...,.,. pipa f....Uahecl -...ciar
thle claaalflcatlon te aubjectoOd to -1-ma.l teeu ancl/or tw -nt . . - d to by tha
ancl !he p,.c:hae.,.,
ancl - b y euch -'-nta.l teate aftd/or hM treM-nta d._natrMe tha at""'th chactwlatlca ol the -Id to be q-J
to tha au.u ...... tnU atrencth epeclttad '"" th pipa, tlw S yaJ- ....... to tha COitt8epoftcltnc -' erad ....,. be .......
ot-
._u.,
t-
11-
<- Pw.
119
Material'
ASTM
Specificauon
E leccric-fusionw~lded 5ted
E lecuic-resistance
we lded stee 1
A 1~5
fic ..uon
Symbol
Grad~
Mnimum
Ultimar~
T~nsile
Srr~nsrh
Valu~s
600
650
8,ROO
9,600
10,100
8,300
9,200
10,100
10,100
T~mp~rrcures
E:~c~ed
700
tn
750
A
R
48,000
52,000
A
B
e
O
45,000
50,000
60,000
8,800
9,600
10,100
R,300
<>,200
10,100
10,100
A 285 A
A 2R5 B
A 285 e
45,000
50,000
55,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
8, 700
9,700
10,600
7,!100
R,800
9,600
45,000
50,000
55,000
10,100
11,2'10
12,400
12,400
9,800
10,900
11,900
11,900
12,900
13,950
14,9'10
8, 700
9,900
10,850
10,850
11,MO
12,450
13,250
A 245
A 245
A 245
A 2R3
A 2R3
A 2R3
A 283
A 134
A 139
eazbon steel
earbon steel
eazbon 5teel
Killed ciU'bon 5teel
Killed ciU'bon sceel
Killed ciU'bon sreel
Killed ciU'bon sreel
ld~qci-
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
285
285
285
201
201
212
212
A
B
e
A
B
A
R
~5.000
5~.000
e45
e 50
C')~
Ke 55
Ke6o
Ke65
Ke70
60,000
13.~00
6~.000
70,000
14,600
1'1, 7'10
10,100
11,250
12,400
12.400
13.500
14,600
1~. 7'10
~~.000
A 53
A
R
48,000
60,000
10,200
12,750
10,200
12, 7'10
9,900
12,200
9,100
11,000
A 13'1
A
B
48,000
60,000
10,200
12,750
10,200
12,7'10
9,900
12,200
9,100
11,000
l.ap welded
Sceel
"rou~thr ron
A 53
A 72
45,000
40,000
<l,OOO
8,000
<),000
8,000
Bun ~lded
Sreel
"rou~thr iron
A 53
A 72
4'1,000
40,000
6, 750
6,000
tl, 750
Seamless sced'
A
B
4!1,000
60,000
12,000
15,000
12,000
15,000
11,650
14,350
10,700
12,950
48,000
60,000
12,000
15,000
12,000
15,000
11,6'10
14,350
10,700
12,950
47,000
11,7'10
11, 7'10
11, 7'10
11,750
11,450
11,450
10, 5'10
10,550
47,000
60,000
11, 7'10
15,000
11,750
15,000
11,450
14,3'10
1,550
12,950
~3
A JO(,
A R'
A
~q
A l<l2
A 210
Type A
Low earb.
--
6,000
TM verai (ypea and erad ol ptp41 tabulated abOYe ahflll noc: be I.Aaed at: temperac,. in e of the maa.&mum
temperat:w- for ...n.!ch the S vah,. are lndtcated .. (S a&ao apeciflc requi.r,.,..,. tow 14n'Vic:e concUUona contefl'lt)l
ted.) "llowbl S valuea '"' lntmwdlt temperon,. ,.Y be obtlned by
;,..,..,,.u-.
The vluea tabulated l01t .\STW" ISS pipe l01t Claaa l pipe. For Cl . . 1 pipe, -lch la heat treated and radlocrpnd, th ........ may be lncred by the r!ltlo ot 0.95 dlvlded by 0.90.
1 The5
v&luea lor 600 F lor tul>lnc apeclllcatloM referrad lo In Tt>l Jo4A, bul not la Tabla Jo4, ahaU et>PIY
temperet .. up to 600 F.
f01t
aJI
120
AMERICAN ST ANDA RO
TABLE 1
ASA
Designation
Title
836.1
ASTM A'3
836.2
ASTM A72
836.3
ASTM Al06
836.4
ASTM Al34
836.,
ASTM Al3'
836.9
ASTM Al39
836.11
ASTM Al55
G8.7
ASTM Al20
API
5L
Line Pipe
API
5LX
836.16
ASnf Al58
Seamless
Service
AlloySteel Pipe
for HighTemperature
ASnf A206
ASTM A211
ASTM A253
ASTM A280
ASTM A312
ASTM A315
Seamless 1 Per Cmt Ouomium, 0.5 Per Cene \4olybdenum AlloySceel Pipe for Ser,;ce ac lfigh Tempera
cures
121
'
L.
, ..
1
\
L.
Nominal
Out-
Pipe
si de
Diam
Size
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
0.405
0.540
0.675
0.840
1.050
1
1 l/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
1.31'
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875
3
3 1/2
3.500
4.000
4.500
S.563
6.62S
'
Sched
Sched
Sched
Sched
Sched
Sched
Sched
Sched
Sched
10
20
30
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
.......
.....
....
.....
.. .. ...
.......
.......
.......
...........
..........
.......
.......
.... ...
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
..........
......
.....
.........
... ..
.........
......
.........
....
.......
.......
..... ........
........
.......
..........
....
.......
.......
.......
.......
....
.............
....
0.277
14
1f1
8.62S
10.750
12.750
14.000
16.000
.......
.......
0.250
18
20
24
30
18.000
20.000
24.000
30.000
8
10
12
0.250
0.250
0.250
0.250
0.312
0.312
0.307
0.330
0.375
0.375
0.2SO
0.250
0.250
0.312
0.312
0.37S
o.3n
0.500
0.438
o.soo
0.562
0.62S
0.068
0.088
0.091
0.109
0.113
0.133
0.1<60
0.14'
0.1,4
0.203
0.216
0.226
0.237
0.2,8
0.280
0.322
0.365
0.406
0.438
0.500
0.562
0.593
0.687
.........
.....
..........
...........
.... .....
.....
.......
.......
.......
.....
.........
0.0913
0.119
0.126
0.147
0.154
0.179
0.191
0.200
0.218
0.276
.... ...
.......
.......
......
........
.......
....... .......
.......
.......
.
......
... .. .. .......
....... .......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
... .. .. .......
.......
....... 1),187
.......
....... 0.218
0.250
.......
....... 0.250
.......
.......
0.281
0.343
0.37S
.......
........
......
0.300
0.318
0.337
0.3,
0.432
.......
0.438
.......
.......
.
......
.......
....... 0.5)1
..
...... 0.438
.......
0.(,2'
0.500
......
....... O.Sf12 ....... 0.718
0.406
0.,00
o. 5f12
0.593
0.656
0.750
0.812
0.968
o.soo
0.593
0.687
0.750
0.843
0;937
1.031
1.218
0.593
0.718
0.843
0.937
1.031
1.15()
1.281
1.531
0.718
0.843
1.000
1.093
1.218
0.812
1.000
1.12S
1.250
1.438
1.375
1.500
1.812
1.562
1.750
2.062
0.90h
1.12'
1.312
1.406
1.593
1.781
1.968
2.343
122
AMERICAN STANDARD
TABLE 3 NOMINAL WEIGHTS OF WELOEO ANO SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE
(Liated by Schedule Numben)
~omina!
Pipe
Size
1/8
l/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 l/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
0
8
10
12
14
1(.,
18
20
24
30
Sched Sched
10
PE
Sched
Sched
Sched
30
Sched
Sched
40
(.,()
80
100
120
140
160
PE 2
PE 2
PE 2
PE 2
PE 2
PE 2
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
.
.......
........
.
.......
........
.
.......
20
2
PE
PE
33.38
3.71
4~.68
42.0~
52.3
47.39 59.03
52.73 78.00
r13.41 94.62
98.93 157.53
43.77
54.57
r12.58
82.()()
104.13
140.80
1%.08
T&C2,3
.......
.......
.......
.......
PE
T~c2,3
0.2<4
0.42
0.57
0.85
1.13
0.2..
0.<42
0.57
0.85
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
1.68
2.27
2.72
3.65
5.79
7.58
9.11
10.79
1<4.62
18.97
1.68
2.28
2.13
3.68
5.82
7.62
9.20
10.89
14.81
19.18
2~.55
28.55
<40.<48
29.35
41.85
.......
.......
35.7~
45.4~
~3.53
....... 63.37
....... 82.77
....... 104.n
....... 122.91
....... 171.17
....... ........
1.13
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
0.31
0.5<4
0.7<4
1.09
1.<47
2.17
3.00
3.63
5.02
7.66
10.25
12.51
1<4.98
20.78
28.57
........
19.01
27.04
30.39
()0.(,3 (,7,76
89.20 104.13
12~.49 139.68
150.07 170.22
192.29 223.50
1.3 o
1.94
2.84
3.7<
4.8<
7.44
10.01
14.32
........
22.51
32.9<'
45.3 o
74.6 9
<43.39 50.87
3~.64
115.()5
54.7<4 64.33 76.93
160.27
73.10 88.51 107.20
189.12
84.91 10.13 130.73
245.11
107.50 136.46 1114.83
138.17 170.75 207.% 244.14 274.23 308.51
166.40 208.87 25.10 2%.37 341.10 379.01
238.11 2%.36 367.40 429.39 483.13 541.94
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
U)
Nominal
Out
Pipe
si de
Size
Diam
E:rtta Strong
Wall
0.119
0.126
0.147
o.~
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
0.405
0.540
0.675
0.840
1.050
0.068
0.088
0.091
0.109
0.113
1
1 1/4
1 l/2
2
2 1/2
l. 315
1.660
1.900
2.3n
2.875
0.133
0.1-40
0.1 ~"'
0.203
0.1 '"'
0.179
0.191
0.200
0.218
0.276
3
3 1/2
4
5
6
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.563
(),625
0.216
0.226
0.237
0.2,8
0.280
0.300
0.318
0.337
0.375
0.432
10
12
14
8.625
10.750
12.750
14.000
0.322
0.365
0.375
0.375
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
16
18
20
24
16.000
18.000
20.000
24.000
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.1<6~
Double Eztra
Sttl')ng Wall
.......
.......
.
0.294
0.308
0.358
0.382
0.400
0.43()
0.552
O.MO
.......
0.674
0.750
0.864
0.875
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
124
AMERICAN STANDARD
TABLE S NOMINAL WEIGHTS OF WELOEO ANO
SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE 1
(Liated u StandOtd Woll, Extra $trong Woll, ond
Doulala Extra Strong Woll)
Nominal
Pipe
Size
Standard Wall
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
'
Double Extra
Scrong Wall
PE 2
PE 2
PE 2
T&C 2
0.24
0.42
0.24
0.42
0.31
0.~7
0.8~
0.~7
0.8~
1.13
1.68
2.27
2.72
3.65
5.79
1.13
1.68
2.28
2.73
3.68
5.82
7.62
9.20
10.89
14.81
19.18
29.35
41.85
'1.15
0.7<6
1.09
1.<67
2.17
3.00
3.63
5.02
7.66
7."
9.11
10.79
14.62
18.97
28.55
40.-48
49.56
54.57
62.58
70.59
78.60
94.62
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
Enra Sttong
Wall
.......
.......
.......
..... ..
... ... .
o.~"
10.~
12.51
14.98
20.78
28.,
43.39
54.74
1"5.42
72.09
82.77
93.45
104.13
125.49
.......
.......
.......
1.71
2..44
3.66
5.21
6.41
9.03
13.70
18.58
.......
27,54
38.5'
B.l6
72.42
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
........
snu
,'
12.5
'
Nominal
Pipe
Size
Out
si de
Di a m
Standard
Wall
Extra Strong
Wall
Double Extra
Scron~ Wall
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
0.405
0.540
0.675
0.840
1.050
0.0<'9
0.090
0.093
0.111
0.115
0.099
0.122
0.129
0.151
0.157
.......
0.307
0.318
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
1.315
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875
0.136
0.143
0.148
0.20
0.183
0.195
0.204
0.223
0.282
0.369
0.393
0.411
0.447
0.567
3
3 1/2
4
5
6
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.563
1).625
0.221
0.231
0.242
0.263
0.286
0.306
0.325
0.344
0.383
0.441
0.615
8.625
10.750
12.750
14.000
0.329
0.372
0.383
0.383
0.895
16.000
18.000
20.000
24.000
0.383
0.383
0.383
0.383
0.510
0.510
0.510
0.510
0.510
0.510
0.510
0.510
''
8
lO
12
14
l~
18
20
24
0.15~
.......
.......
... ,. ...
0.690
0.768
0.884
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
126
Nominal
Pixo
Size
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
(l
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
Standard Wall
PE 2
0.2-4
0.42
0.57
0.85
1.13
1.68
2.27
2.72
3.65
5.79
7.58
9.11
10.79
14.62
18.97
28.55
40.48
49.5t.
54.57
A1.58
70.59
78.no
94.62
T&C 2
Extta Stron~
Wall
PF.2
Double Extra
Scrong Wall
PE 2
.......
.......
0.2-4
0.-42
0.57
0.85
1.13
0.31
0.54
0.74
1.09
1.47
1.68
2.28
2.73
3.68
5.82
7.62
9.20
10.89
1-4.81
19.18
2.17
3.00
3.63
5.02
7.66
3.66
5.21
n.41
9.03
13.70
10.25
12.51
14.98
20.78
28.57
.......
29.35
41.85
51.15
43.39
54.74
65.42
72.09
.......
82.77
93.45
104.13
125.49
.......
.......
.......
........
.......
l. 71
2.44
18.58
27.54
38.55
53.16
72.42
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
127
l.
d8
1'
___ _
..., lib.
lB
~
X....
/ lf'!lb
1
tllb.,
A :;:"!
y
Fto. 42.
The partial derivative of W with respect to an externa! moment gives the angular
displacement in the direction of that moment.
Thus if X is one of the forces, the displacement ~""" in its direction is
A..:.
*
=
oW
f' ..l! oM d
oX = Jo El oX 8
(1)
Figure 42 shows a cantilever structure fi.xed at A and loaded at the free end B with
a force X.
The variable bending moment due to X is
J1 = Xy
and therefore
oM
oX =Y
The fi.rst subecript for A indicates the direction of the force, the aecond the direction of the diaplaeen:umt.
128
P I P I N" G S T R E S S
e AL e U L A T I O ~ S
S I ~1 P L I F I E D
Jo
..u =
j\,f
El y ds
Let m., denote the moments produced by a unit force (1 lb) at B in the x-direction;
then m., = ly, and equation (2) may be written
,\
~rz
fc Afm., d
Jo El S
(3)
In this form the equation for the displacement permits a convenient interpretation
which may be expressed as follows:
To find the displacement ata specified point andina specified direction apply on
the unloaded cantilever and at the point in question an amciliary unit force in the
desired direction and compute the moments m for all branches of the line. Compute
the moments 1'}[ due to the external forces on the free cantilever, form the products
ilf m for identicallimits, and solve the integral of equation (3).
Displacement in Direction of Force. In the case of Fig. 42. M = Xy and
m== m., = y. Therefore
,\
~rz
f y 2 ds
= X fl
Jo
y ds _ X (
El - '"
Jo
m; ds
(4)
El
1!
il
= Xn
(5)
-m
!ol xy ds is the product of inertia r... of the line with respect to axes Xand y.
A.v = X
The term
~l is
x-direction.
ij
X ,11
Therefore
(7)
129
~'
Therefore
(7a)
~ -- Y El
r.!l
Y Ox
t.ll"'
T:em
f 1 1lfm
Jo
El ds = X
f' y ds
Jo
El
(8)
Jo y ds =
S-:e is the statical moment of the line about the x-axis. Thus the angular
displacement due to X is
T:z:m
~j
\
= X
S:e
El
r,.,. =
L' ~;
r,.,.
.1.l1
ds
f'
Jo
m= 1ft lb
ds
J.lfl
El= El
(10)
f' 1l1m"'
t.,.:e
J: y ds =
S:e
= Jo El
ds = M
f' y ds
Jo El
3.- =
~j
..
130
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED
Note the law o reciprocity between translatory and rotary displacement by comparing
equations (9) and (11). In the former S,JEI signifies the angular displacement of B
due to a unit force in the x-direction, expressed in radians, in the latter the displacement in the x-direction due to a unit moment at B expressed in feet or inches.
Although the meaning and the dimensional quality difi'er, the numerical values are
the same.
Summary:
l. The displacement in the direction of the' force is proportional to the moment o
inertia of the line about an axis along the force [equation (5)].
2. The displacement at right angles to the force is proportional to the product o
inertia about two rectilinear axes, one o which contains the force [equations (7)
and (7b)].
3. The angular displacement caused by the force is proportional to the statical
moment of the line about an axis along the force [equation (9)].
4. The angular displacement due to a moment is proportional to the length of
the line [equation (10)].
5. The translatory displacement due to a moment is proportional to the statical
moment of the line about an axis along the line of displacement [equation (11)].
The factor of proportionality is 1/El.
THEORY OF THE ELASTIC CENTER
A pipeline situated wholly in one plane with its end fully restrained and subjected
to temperature changes constitutes a statically indeterminate system with tlitree
unknown quantities at each of the two terminal points. These unknown quantities
are the horizontal and vertical components of the end reactions and two restraining
moments, one for each end. To solve this problem, there are available
l. The three fundamental equations of equilibrium, namely,
l:X = O
l: Y = O
l:M = O
2. Three more equations, which are obtained by considering the distortion in the
r-----,
system caused by the restrictions that prevent the
:
free expansion of the pipe.
1
!fr.
The pipe line shown in Fig.- 43 is subjected to
1
B
i .ay
temperature changes. If end B were made free and
1
~~ end A were securely fixed, the pipeline would beAl
J
come a cantilevel' which, when heated, would
43
Fia.
lengthen horizontally the amount ~ and vertically
the amount t.y. There would be no angular distortion at the free end, and the ultimate shape of the line would be similar to the original shape, the point B merely
being translated to B'.
H two unit forces are now applied at the free end and in directions opposite to the
expansiona~ and tJ.y, part of the translatory displacements will be restored, and the
free end will undergo a rotary motion resulting in an angular displacement. !nas-
131
\
i
much as no angular displacement exists in the original, i.e., the fully restrai'ed
system, a counteracting moment must be applied at the free end to hold the pipe
element at B in its position, which in the case of Fig. 43 is a vertical position.
If we apply at the free end forces X and Y anda moment M (Fig. 44) which have
such intensities as to move point B' back to B and restore the original position of the
tangent at B, it is evident that these forces and the moment are identical with the
actual end reactions. This statement is expressed mathematically by equation. (12)
r------
\.
1, B'
_ __
11
A~-
le
_ _ _ _ _....._
FIG. 44.
in which the sum of all horizontal movements produced by X, Y, and Mis made equal
to the expansion ~~ the sum of all vertical movements made equal to ~y, and the
sum of all rotations is made equal to zero.
The movements in the x-directions are given by equations (5), (7b), and (11).
The movements in the y-direction are obtained by changing the subscripts of the first
equation. The angular displacements are given by equations (9) and (10).
X _b_ + y f:zv
El
El
l "11 + y I"
X El
El
X
,.,_
\
= ~
El
+ ~Y.Lu El
Sv
= ~y
+ 1!l1 S.,
~j + y ~ + M i l
(12)
= O
The left side of equations (12) contains six dissimilar coefficients which express
the geometrical disposition of the members and are calculable. The expansions ~
and ~y are known.
Considerable simplification of the problem is obtained if one of the two supports,
sa.y support B, is released and temporarily
connected to a rigid bracket leading to the
center of gravity of the line in Fig. 45.
Loads upon the system or expansions
within the system would cause the centroid
y
e, if it were free, to move in the same direction and with the same magnitude as point B,
+y
if it were free to move. In order to nullify
FIG. 45.
the displacements at e due to the loading
on the free cantilever, only translatory forces are needed, as will be shown later.
They have the same intensity and direction as the reacting forces. at B. The final
result, therefore, is obtained by transferring to point B the reactions found for point e
and adding at B the moment caused by the offset of e against B.
1)2
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIOXS SL\IPLIFIED
If the clisplacements are calculated for the centroid, axes x and y in Fig. 45 are
gravity axes. For such axes the statical moments S:: and S11 are zero, and equations
(12) change to
(13)
Thus the problem is reduced to the computation of only three coefficients, namely,
1:, l:v, and !,'" Also note that moment .J.YI-now referring to the centroid-has disappeared. The forces X and Y applied to the center of gravity accomplish the same line
displacements as X, Y, and lYf, at B:
The reactions set up at each end of a fully restrained three-dimensional pipe line
consist of three component forces and three component couples (see Fig. 24). If the
elastic deformation is analyzed in a manner similar to that explained for single-plane
piping, six equations are obtained which require predetermination of 21 dissimilar
coefficients of the same nature, namely, line inertias and statical moments.
If, however, one end is made free and its reactions are transferred to the centroid
of the system by a temporary rigid bracket, the couples disapj}ear, the unknowns
are reduced to three component forces, and the number of equations is reduced to
three, namely, equations (7), page 67,
1))
DEnECTIONS
The deflection at any point is the algebraic ~ of the displace~nts caused by the actions at one side f that point.
!or exacple, to !ind the deflection at point d apply at d the
!orces and the moment which the right side (dotted portion) exerts
upon the le!t.
,.
1
1
X
i
~
1
~------~
Jig. 46
', .
fl)H
r=
_l_
El
(X Sx +
! Sy)
. . . . eq.
in x - direction l. Y'
in y - direction
..
1s
9 Pace 129
134
in x - direction X Ix
Er
)
)
)
)
in 7 - direction
eq,. 5 & 7
Page J28
l:I
Sx, s7 , Ix, Iy, and Ixy are the line conetants of the branches located between the fixed end and the point for which the deflection
is to be calculated.
Procedure:
l. Calculate rotation
times JI
(14)
~x
in x - direetion a.nd
in 7 - direeti on
A7
..O.x
:S:I
X Ix +
Y Ixy +
Lly
lli
! Iy +
X I:ey- +
:S:I yt ( 15)
3. Add t o
Sign convention:
Clock:wise o.oo.ents are positiva.
Clockwise rotation is positive.
X force toward right is positiva.
Y force upward is positive.
The axes of the coordinate system with origin at centroid are
positiva to the right and up.
The constants Ix and Iy are positiva.
The constants Ixy, Sx and
13.5
-
(.
ax JI
= X Ix
LJ.,- 11
y I,-
YI%7 +
JI Y'
. . ( 18)
XI%7
El X'
(19)
:l:r.amp1e:
\
Calculate the de!lection o point
o the .,- - axis .
d,
+'!'
___..._ ___;_____..______+
X
~--1.1:ff--y~:
=
rMitot----1
z..f5---.;
J'ig. 47
6.45 + 20
lx
12
(-2.55)
+ 18
1 a"
4355 + 1284
15.45 = + 394
a 1 to point "d 1
18 X (-15.55) ~ 20 (-5.55)
12 X (-21.55) +
5719 +
to point ud1
=-
650
- 1805
- 167+
y=
- 1?16 = - 2860
+87+
Page
.... (From
to
47.)
Jig.
1:36
~I
Z"":S:I
4,725,000
= -
Ay EI =
4.45 + 469,)73
(l'rom eq. 19)
)y
-~
= + 2.3
~e
line
+J
"...
:,...
~
1
+.A'
'
/8.~S
J1g. 48
y
+ 167#
Sx
Sy
-871
)O
0.4.5 + 28
X (
-14.5.5)
- )94
30
4.4.5 + 28
18.45
+ 6.50
Note that these values are equal and opposite to the respective
values obtained in the previaus calculation because the statical moment of the entire line about a gravity axis is zero.
Iy from
to
= .593 +
11:355
137
Ixy from
r:mt = -
)
l-
to
(+167+) <-J94)
Ay El
- 87f
l)Y' =
164,857
hpa.neion from
11948
to
+ 9248
4,725,000
+ (-87+) . (+65o)
0.0)5 ft + 0.42
(6.25 1 x JO)
lOO
= +~
Total + 2.)
r
'
(
\
'
r ,
\
\
\.
J -
~Z
1)8
The basic rules are the same as outlined for single plane systems,
narnely
the deflection at any point is the algebraic sum of
the actions at one side of that point plus the expansion from the fixed end to the point for which the
deflection is to be computed.
The equations which follow are extraeted from the General Determinant
published by the M.W. Kellogg Compan;r in "Design of Piping System:s"
but modified for the origin at the centroid which somewhat simplifies
the problem.
The eonvention on which these equations are based differs from that
used heretofore inasmueh as moments and rotations are positive when
eounter-e1ockWise,
The forees are positive in the direetions shown below.
+ z
..)----------..... +
1.39
r-
~.
z;
and
x,
and
x,
Ay
and
rz
z - axes respectively.
.6.
z'
\
x1,
y' and
RO!ATIONS
= + y.
In yz - plana:
EI
Z"x
In xz - plan e:
EI
t y =+
Z. I lx - X .l lz
In xy - plane:
EI Z:z
=+
X L ly - Y .z lx
lz - z.z l:y
(l)
... .
......
( 2)
...
(.3)
DEFLECI'IONS
( ~ x - z'.
Z: Y + Y' z:z) EI
( .A y - x'
z;
+ z' Z"x)
( ~z - y' . rx +
X1
EI
Z:y) EI
= - Y I !.yx - Z Z Izx
= - Z I Izy - X .Z Ixy
= - X I Ixz - Y.! Iyz
+ X1. Ix
. (4)
+ Y Z Iy
(5)
+ Z I Iz
( 6)
The summations in these equations extend from the fixed end to the point
for which the deflection is to be calculated. Note that equation (2) is
obtained from equation (l) and equation (.3) from equation (2) by permutation of the symbols in sequence x, y and z. Similarl.,v equation ( .5) is
obtained from equation (4) and equation (6) from equation (.5).
The deUections ~ x, ~y a.nd .6 z are due to the forces and moments acting
at the point in question. To obtain its final position add the thermal
expansion between this point and the fixed end.
140
EXAJ1PLE
12" Schedule 80
475 in.4
Material Specification:
ASTM A-315
Temperatura
24,500,000 psi
X+.,93o* /
40'
Y=-416
Z=-34+9:11
Figure a.
141
'--
4270
The statical moments and the products of inertia are also available
from the stress calculation but, for explanatory purpose wil1 be
calculated again.
Procedure
\.
Cut the s.rstem at point b, connect b with the centroid and aPply at the centroid the forces which one side axerts on the other.
The calculation will be made twice, one as a check of the other.
First Calculation
Consider the effect of branches bcd" on branch "ab".
Figure b.
Calculate rotation
z;.
142
ab
40xi.J:. 52'
y~ -0.55'
Figure c.
Ilz
52 x 8,2
I ly
52
EI
X (
= 24,500,000
Solve equation
80,815,972 .
-0 .55)
+426.4
:r
-28.6
(1)
rx . . (-416#)
7
"x
- 0,000974 radians.
ry.
Calculate rotation
Figure d.
1x
l"lz
= 40 x 10.1
40 (-10.)6)
= -414.4)
+404
)
)
143
So1ve equation (2):
80,81;;,972 .
rY = +3449f!: C-414.4)
- <-39301) 404
ry = +0.00201 radians
So1ve equation (6):
The .forces are entered in equation (6) l-lith the signs shown in
Figure b namely
X = -3930#
\-
+9.64
Y' = -0.55
.
....
. . . . Figure d
. Figure e
. . . . . Figure d
. Figure e
Ixz=
:r,.z=
Iz
= +34491r
+0.188 .ft.
16,731,350
9648.
.....
(A)
=
=
o
+2.25"
144
Second Calculation
Consiier the effect of branch "ab" on branches "bcd".
are now opposite to the directions shown in Figure b.
The forces
Y+416
----X=+.J930#
el
Z= -.3449-#
d
e
Figure e.
~.
Calculate rotation
b-1
r- 0.5"5
+Z
I
J
-;r-
Y=+41~
.l.__
z ::-3,449.#
1
1
- -e
~d
1
~4-
Figure f.
1--+Y
145
--
11z
= 30
Lly
=30
(-0.55) + 10
4.45
= +28
c:x
t7:
Calculate rotation
!.
f
Figure g.
1 lx 30
!1z
9.64 +13
9.64 414.5
ty
=+
t7
146
So1ve equation (6)
The forces are enterad in equation ( 6) with the signs shown in
Figure e namely
+3930if
+416#
-3449#
= 30 X 9.64
Iyz
Iz
(-4.9) +1J
9,64 (-19,9)
= -3910,8
The term at the 1eft side of equation (6) is the same as in the
first ca1culation, see equation (A).
[,Az +0.019711) 80,815,972
. z
-o.0074 ft.
-o.o88"
+2,343"
+2.255"
147
TABlES OF COMMON SHIJ'ES
The following tables permit determining the reaction !orces and pipe
stresses for the most frequently used common shapes.
for the Grinnell Company, Inc. of Providence, R.I. by the author who
herewith expresses his appreciation o their kind permission to reprint
these tab1es from their publication 11 Piping Design and Engineering.
It will be noted that the formulas for the unknowns are identical for
sb.apes consisting of straight branches.
t~ken
11
of the pipe
in inches.
= 47.5
L:h
in4
= l2.7.5u
= 80:.50 = 1.6
= 198.5#
! : 14.4 X 836 X 47):802 = 89.5#
Expansion stress = 71 x 836 x 12.7.5:80 = 94)0
kx =32
ky : 14.4
kb
= 71
=32
836 X 47.5:8o2
psi
This stress 1.s based on the modulus o:f elasticity in the hot corxiition.
Converting to the co1d modulus the stress is
94)0 x 1.19.5
11,290 psi
148
1990#
890{/:
~ht.qi..r\ed
from the
distance "a
from thrust line to point farthest away from it and distance "b 11 from
thrust 1ine to e1bow.
EXPANSION FACTORS
Medium
and
Temp.
'7
'"
1-
High
Carbon
steels
Carbon-Moly
Steels and
Low Cr-moly
Steels Thru
J% Cr
Intermedia te
Cr-Holy
Steels
5% to 9% Cr
Austenitie
Stainless
Steel
Straight CTomium
Stainless steel
12 Cr, -17 Cr,
27 Cr
70
lOO
40
40
36
54
3.5
1.50
108
108
96
14.5
93
200
176
176
1.5.5
233
12.5
300
)10
310
271
409
218
400
442
447
)82
.580
)68
.500
.574
.586
.504
7.54
481
600
710
729
62)
917
.586
700
827
867
740
1080
679
800
922
996
8,54
12)2
748
900
972
1107
961
1376
792
9.50
971
114.5
1013
1447
798
1000
967
1183
106)
1.51.5
796
10.50
1189
1107
1.572
778
1100
118.5
1147
1627
7.50
11.50
1101
1176
1670
70.5
1200
1002
120)
1709
6.50
Expansion factor
1728
lOO
150
HOOKED Z SHAPE
J.------'t'------1
F,____. ------------------------~---~-
l_,,h
'------'J
[p
Reacting Force
Fx = kx e L 2 lb
Reacting Force
Fy
Reacting Force
Reacting Force
l p in inches 4
SB
D .
kb e - psi
I p in inches 4
D in inches
L in feet
---
JI
k.
h
l. o
ko
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
12.0
17 2
23.0
32.0
42.0
12. o
12.5
13.4
14.4
15.4
36
-6
58
71
85
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
54.0
68.3
84.4
103
125
16.6
17.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
1
1
0.6
0.8
k.
k,
ko
1.18
2.7
1.31
2.2
5.9
9.4
3.3
4.7
6.2
7.7
9 2
13.1
17.3
22.0
26.7
31.4
4.3
7.8
ll 2
15.2
l. O
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
20.6
22.0
102
120
140
161
184
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
24 3
30.0
37.0
45.0
54.0
10.9
13.0
15. 1
17.2
1\J 3
36.4
41.5
46.6
51.7
58.0
150
175
207
237
274
23.5
25.0
26.5
28.0
29.5
2W
234
25\J
287
318
3.0
3 2
3.4
3.6
3.8
64.8
76.0
880
100 O
113.5
21.6
24.0
26.5
2\J.O
31.6
64.8
72 o
7Y.5
87 o
-.0
4.2"
4.4
4.6
4.8
315
356
406
456
510
31.5
33.0
34.6
36.2
37 8
34\J
381
41-t
450
487
4
4
4
4
4
2
4
ti
8
128.7
144
160
178
1\J8
34.5
37.4
40.4
43.4
46.4
103
112
121
130
13!)
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
570
630
700
775
855
3\:1.5
41.2
43.0
H. 7
46.2
.528
5!J
49.4
52.5
55.6
58.7
61.8
148
!57
l7
1ilj
185
!J38
1020
1110
1212
1313
48.2
49 8
51 6
53.4
.)5 o
840
8\J2
!1+-1
1426
1517
1655
1785
1917
2059
56.8
58.6
60.2
61.8
63.6
65.4
V(J7
1050
1104
115Y
121Y
1284
6.0
6 2
6.4
6.6
6.8
kv
ky e L 2 Jb
D .
k b e - ps1
L
D in inches
L in feet
sB
[p
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
1
1
1
l\.1.2
1
1
1
1
\J5.0
tilO
ti 52
5 4
5 ti
5 8
219
241
263
286
310
743
ti.O
ti )
ti.4
ti.ti
ti 8
334
360
388
416
H
65.0
68.4
71.8
75 2
78.9
1\J5
205
215
226
23ti
7.0
479
508
540
579
615
82.0
855
89.1
92.7
96.3
100.0
246
257
268
278
289
300
\J
i\JO
~
?
;)
i 2
i 4
i 6
i 8
8 o
653
151
Z SHAPE
F,
_j.Y___
__.o....____--11 ______,.._
F"'
Reacting Force
F 11
= k11 e ---;;
L lb
SB
= kb e
j._"-Fx
t-----=-------fl
Fy
I p in inches4
lE-:
1. 5
-L-
1 h '
1
k.
k.
kb
'
"
1 k.
k,
kz
o' 8
12' 8
11
1.0
' 1.2
1 .4
16 '
1.8
1
1
17.2
22 5
28 3
~35. 041
39. o '
69. o
37.9
37.8
37 7
42' 1
43.2
11 '8
'
61.9
57 8
60 '6 1
66 3 1
72.0!
35
'
15 9
21 o
27
76
\) 2 '
lO 5
34
69
69
69
71
75
1-!4
18
22
30
38
81
88
66
2'J
2Y
66
30
32
33
67
6\)
71
46
57
3.5
38
76
83
12 6
16 o
20
27
34
1
1
kv
23
22
23
24
25
26
41
36 '
37
39
52.8
63 o
76 o
89.0
102
45.7
79.3 ' 50
48 o ' 86 5 ' 60
51.0 1 93.8
71
54.5 1 101.2
83
58.21109.0
96
41
43
46
49 '
53
96
6S
40
90
102
110
79
91
43
-to
97
105
42
51
61
71
82
116
132
14\J
168
188
62.2'
66 o
70 o
74 o 1
78.0 1
116.1
124.5
133 o
1-ll o
149.0
56 1 118
59 1 126
63
134
66 : 143
70
151
104
118
133
149
165
49
51
115
121
128
135
142
92
106
121
136
151
37
39
41
82.0
86.4
90 6
94 8
99.0
157
166
174
183
192
150
!56
l8.'i
. 204
' 223
243
49
51
72
75
157
164
173
182
56
58
288
313
339
365
392
78
81
3.1
88
92
190
198
206
214
223
264
286
310
335
360
61
63
66
68
71
-!22
'15
q8
l02
105
108
232
240
248
256
265
386
-!14
-!43
472
502
76
79
81
84
ko
62
'
'
,
1
k-z
k 11
52
53
55
57
.
'
L
\ Ji
19
20
21
21
22
80
86
92
40
48
58
69
80
24
25
27
29
30
99
107
114
120
127
90
104
118
132
147
32
34
36
38
40
2.0
' 2 '2
i2 4
1
'
2 6
2:8
'3.0
3.2
' 3.4
3.6
3 8
1
1
'.
1
5.0
5.2
5.4
5 6
5 8
336
364
3!13
425
457
103
107
111
116
120
1
1 6.0 4\H
i 6.2 526
1 6 4 ' 562
1 6.6 1 5\18
11 6 8
633
1
'
124
! 129
' 133
138
142
110
124
140
168
177
8
o
197
219
,j
241
o '263
o ' 287
2 201 4
6 ' 210 o
8 219 5
2 228 o
5 i 237 5
1
73
77 '
81
85 '
88 !
'
92 i 203
314
341
370
399
430
96
100
104
108
212
221
230
239
1,
,')..!
57
60
63
5n
1)9
27
67
29
31
33
35
73
44
46
133
l-tO
147
53
50
51
52
55
58
63
68
' 1 o
1
!61
168
175
182
189
197
260
281
' 304
329
355
52
205
212
219
227
234
381
408
436
' 465
4!)5
63
65
67
69
72
54
'
'
26
2 8
93
99
3 2
105
3 4
111
46
48
50
3 6
117
3 8
124
130
137
143
150
4 o
. 4 2
i . 4
' 4 6
-t 8
156
163
!69
176
182
.) o
' 5 -t
190
196
203
210
217
6
6
6
6
6
--
.)
5 6
5 8
'
8 1 245 5 . -!61
4 1 254 5 ' -!93
8 263 5 ' 526
2 273 o 561
6 282.0 598
112 248
116
258
120
267
124
276
1?8
285
~.10
478
' 506
! 535
73
1
'
''
O
2
4
6
8
i 70' 670
1 2 . 715
1 2 '
1 4
l 6
1 8
2 2
2 4 .
74
44
56
58
61
80
87
42
163
182
201
220
239
!54
1
1
11 8
14
19
24
30
60
ko
-6-o
22155w
8 .5
20 : 56 : o' 8
34
D in inches
65!25!---n-
i 35
D .
L psi
---,---,---11-E!.
-~----r---;---
[p
L in feet
o-;-;~143.0"':83.81----s-51381--91- 73
[p
k:~:e L 2 1b
Reacting Force
152
U SHAPE
~TH
EQUAL TANGENTS
-L .....
-~
~
l.2
k.
3
k,
k.
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
12.00
14.85
18.00
21.52
25.32
18.00
20.25
22.50
24.83
27.10
12.5
15.8
19.6
23.4
27.3
3.0
3.2
3.-l
3.6
3.8
29.45
33.9
38.7
43.7
49.1
29.45
31.8
34.1
36.5
38.8
31.2
35.6
40.0
46.1
52.3
4.0
4.2.
4.4
4.6
4.8
54.9
60.8
67.3
73.9
81.0
4111
43.4
45.9
48.2
50.6
58.5
64.7
71.0
79.1
87.2
8.2
8B
D in inches
L in feet
D
L
= ko e-
8
:-
~.
kb
k.
10.9
13.6
16.3
19.0
2.52
4.65
6.79
8.93
11.08
21.8
24.9
28.0
31.1
34.2
13.24 24.8
16.6 28.5
20.4 1 32.2
24.4 1 35.9
28.9 39.7
37.4
40.6
43.8
47.0
50.2
33.6
39.0
44.5
50.3
57.0
43.7
47.6
51.6
55.6
59.8
53.6
57.0
60.4
63.8
67.3
64.0
71.1
78.9
87.0
95.8
64.0 69.1
68.2 1 78.1
72.4 87.2
76.6 96.3
80.8 105.4
k,
8.82 2.58
12.0
4.78
15.2
6.98
18.4
9.20
21.6 11.42
k.
kb
k.
kb
2.67 ~
13.9
9.29 2.64
12.8
4.841
16.3
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19.8
9.o
23.4 11.9
9.69
13.3
5.0
17.0
7.4
20.8
9.8
24.7 12.3
13.87
16.9
20.8
25.5
30.6
27.1
31.0
35.3
39.7
44.0
14.4
17.5
21.3
26.2
31.7
28.8
33.4
38.0
42.7
47.5
35.8
41.2
46.9
53.0
60.2
48.7
53.3
.58:0
62.8
67.6
37.7
43.7
49.5
57.5
65.5
52.7
58.0
63.3
68.7
74.1
k.
kb
1o:1l
k.
kb
k.
k,
17.9
22.0
26.1
2.10
5.2
7.7
10.2
12.7
14.9
18.0
22.5
27.5
33.0
30.2
34.8
40.0
45.3
50.7
15.3
18.6
23.8
29.0
34.7
31.2
36.2
4l.i
47.3
53.0
15.53
20.0
25.2
30.7
36.3
i 38.0
43.7
49.5
55.4
15.79 33.2
21.0 38.6
26.3 1 44.4
31.7 1 50.5
37.2 1 56.9
39.3
45.7
52.2
59.5
138.5
56.2
61.7
67.3
73.0
79.4
40.7
48.0
55.5
63.2
71.5
59.0
65.1
71.3
77.7
84.2
41.9
50.0
58.3
66.7.
75.2
61.5
67.8
74.2
80.7
87.3
43.0
50.8
59.2
68.0
77.1
1-1.0
18.1
22.3
26.7
2.73
5.29
7.85
10.41
12.97
10.3
l-1.4
18.6
22.9
27.4
2.75 10.4_l1:o
5.35 14.9 l 1.2
7.~~ 19.4
1.4
lO.ooj 23.9 1.6
13.15128.5 1.8
32.3
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8!
3.0.'
1
1
5.0 88.2
5.2 95.9
5.4 103.8
5.6 112.1
5.8 120.7
52.9
55.3
57.7
60.1
62.4
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
129.6
138.8
148.4
158.2
168.4
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
178.9
189.8
200.9
212.4
224.2
76.7
79.1
81.5
83.8
86.2
8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
236.2
248.7
261.5
24.6
287.9
88.6 260.7
91.0 1275.0
93.4 289.3
1
95.81 304
98.2 318
9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10.0
kb
F =k e"'
"'
L2
1p in in ches;
[p
Reacting Force
302
316
330
345
360
375
100.5
102.9
105A
107.7
110.1
112.5
196.31106.0
1209.1 109.5
221.9 1113.0
234.7 116.5
247.6 120.0
332
348
!365
381
397
H4
7i.1
3.:<.
84.9
92.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
72.5 73.6 79.7 77.5 85.8 80.9 91.0 84.2 94.-J. 86.6 99.5
i7.5 82.0 85.2 87 .o 92.2 90.4 97.3 95.0 102.0 97.0 107.0
82 ..) 91.0 11 90.8 1 96.5 98.6 1100.5 104.7 106.2 109.6 108.0 11-U
87.5 101.7 96.3 ,106.5 105.0 112.0 111.7 117.8 117.2 120.0 122.8
92.5 112.4 101.9 118.0 111.4 124.2 118.7 129.8 125.0 133.3 131.0
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
114.7
125.0
136.3
1147.6
159.0
97.8
103.0
108.3
113.5
118.8
122.5
134.0
,146.0
1159.0
172.0
171.3
184.0
1198.0
i212.2
1226.4
124.1
129.5
134.\)
140.3
145.7
185.2 138.8
199.0 145.1
1213.0 151.4
228.0 157.7
1
'244.21' 164.0
151.1
156.6
162.1
167.6
107.0
1111.5
1116.0
;120.5
1125.0
63.6
70.6
107.5 130.0
113.7 142.0
120.0 155.0
126.2 169.0
132.51183.0
117.8 136.7
124.5 149.4
131.3 !162.4
138.1 ;177.0
144.9,192.6
125.9 142.5
133.2 157.5
140.6 172.6
148.1 187.0
155.6,202.7
133.0 147.9
141.0 163.0
149.0 '178.5
157.1 194.5
165.2,211.0
139.4
!147.9
11156.5
165.2
11173.9
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.81
197.8
,213.0
1228.5
245.0
1
'1262.5
151.8
158.8
165.8
172.9
180.0
209.0
1225.0
241.8
259.5
'279.0
163.3
1171.0
1178.8
186.6
1194.5
219.2
236.0
,253.0
271.0
1292.0
173.5 228.3
1181.8,245.8
1190.2 263.8
198.7 282.8
1207.2 1305
182.6 6.01
191.4 6.2
j200.2,6A
120\U 6.ti
_1218.0 1 6.81
261.8 170.3
:279.8 1176.7
1297.81183.1
1316
189.5
280.7
[299.5
1319.0
J33!l.O
187.1
1194.3
!201.6
j208.9
:298.7
1319
339
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202.5
210.5
j218.5
226.5
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!336
1358
381
216.0
i224.
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J242.3
j328
!351
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1
398
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236.6
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7.01
7.21
7.4
7.6
123.5
127 .O
1130.5
1134.0
137.5
1289.8
1305
1320
1336
i351
152.0
!156.6
161.2
1165.8
1170.4
.322
1340
!358
'377
395
184.1
189.i
195.3
200.9
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,372
'392
1413
11434
1400
:422
1445
470
!231.0 +29
1238.5 ;455
1246.0 1480
253.51505
!250.9 1451
(259.2 476
!267.5 502
1275.81529
1268.9
1277.8
l286.7
295.7
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1475
502
'.530
1560
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141.0
1144.5
148.0
1151.5
155.0
f158.i
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i384
1402
1-+22
443
j466
1175.0
179.6
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1188.8
193.4
198.1
1416
437
j-t58
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502
J525
206.6
1212.-l
218.2
224.0
22H.8
236.1
456
1479
!503
527
1551
575
235.0
1241.6
'248.2
254.8
1
1261.4
268.2
495
520
545
s7o
596
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'261.0
1268.6
276.2
l283.s
291.4
1299.0
1284.1
11292.4
301
1309
j317
j326
305
314
323
332
342
351
1590
1620
651
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J335
345
117
750
365
1375
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1556
1584
6n
:639
j666
559
589
:618
J648
680
,711
1
~84
28.5.5
1295.4
1305
11315
3~
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9.0
9.2
9.4
9.f
9.f
10.0
133
(
'
,.
'1
Fy
L,
,~
Fx
L
:a
f"-
1
\-
k,
ko
/p
= kx e 12
Reacting Force
F:::
Reacting Force
F =k11 e -2
se
/p
k,
k,
ko
:
k.
11
k,
kb
L)
1
a 1
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k,
kb
10
k,
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L in feet
kb eL
/.
k,
kv
ko
12 5
15 1
17 7
20. 4
5O
7.6.
10"2 1
12 9
1.8
2.2
2. 7
3. 1
H 6 1
55
l. 5
1 6
2.1
2"6
3. 1
18"81
23
27.2
8.2
10.9
13.6
1.7
2.0
2.3
2. 7
3.0
23.3
2ti.6
29.9
33 2
36"5
16.5
20"3
241
28 o
32.0
3.6
3 9
43
4 . ti
4.9
23 3
28 3
334
38" 5
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15.6
20 6
25ti
30 ti
35.6
3.6
4
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4 9
5.4
31.5
36 6
41.7
46 8
51.9
16 5
20.0
24.0
28 . o
33"0
40" 1
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36 1
41
47
53
5.3
i
2
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.57 7
407
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5 9
t\ 3
ti 8
57.0
62 8
40.8
47
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55
7 3
600
7 1
74"0
7"8
80.0
ti5
76"0
ti9"0
77
86
95"0
7 5
8.2
87
98"0
Oi
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
12.4
16.0
197
23 . 4
27.1
1.0
1.2
1
1
30 3
41.7
46" 1
51.5
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o
11
94"0
103
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50 \)
54"5
5 2
5"5
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6"31
6.7
7
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58.0
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ti5
ti9
72.0
o
o
o
o
76
o
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o
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104
113
112
121
8 3 :
131
8.7
124
135
84
88
146
92.0 . 157
140
150
9 2
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96
\J9
o 168
o 180
ti ti
8 o
8 4
8 8
9
o
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ti2 o
ti7.0
71.0
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80
85
89.0
o'
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9 6
94.0
99 o
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10 \) ' 108
80
9.1
111
122
9 5
9.9
111
10"4
10 9
11 3
12 7
13 2
13 ti
113
11 8
118
123
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21ti
127
132
232
248
137
2ti4
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12 3
12 i
13 1
13 ti
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103
l 71
10.3
10 i
107
110
UJ3
206
220
234
14
249
264
14 4
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216
11.1:114
1151117
ll \) 121
228
240
12 3
12. i
125
279
128
15
157
295
l ;). ')
280
2U\J
319
338
ti
ll.i2
357
8"0
252
266
13 1
13 5
132
136
: 312
8"2
8"4
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13 \) '
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348
14 3 : 143
14" i 1 147
366
384
16 1 167
16 6 ' 172
17 o 176
17 5 ' 181
192
204
8"6
280
295
8.8
309
9.0
323
339
355
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10.0
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15" 2
15 6
16"0
16 4
151
156
160
165
387
16.8
169
403
17"3
175
330
1-l 8
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152
186
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86.0
92
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105
132
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158
172
185
10
48
56
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72.0
ltil
182
53
8 o;
10"8
13. ti
4.4
6.4
8.4
10.4
58"0
ti5
72
79"0
86"0
11 i
H.ti
17"5
20. 4
1 2 1
1.4
1.6
l. 8
30"9
4
,
k,
1p in inches 4
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8 7
12
3
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3.8:
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4.7
5 l
5.ti
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7 4 83
7 "9 1 91.0
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10.8
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11.7
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224
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275
292
13.ti
14.1
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3.0
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17.2
21.5
275
33 . 5
39.5
4.0
4.5
4.9
5 "5
6.0
46.5
ti2
71
81. o
6.5
6.9
7.4
7.8
8.3
92.0
105
118
132
8.8
9 3
9 8
10 3
145
10"8
159
172
188
11.3
8.2
11.0
o
o
138
146
154
162
' 206
171
179
186
193
201
208
223
198
204
17. 1
211
17.5 i 251
17 9 1 259
16 6
18 4
18 \)
268
277
' 465
19.3
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399
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450
1
103
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111
120
4 4
128
137
4"6 '
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11.7 . 154
12" 1 ! 163
12.6 i 171
476
502
530
561
592
4 2 .
5.0
5.2
; 5 4
5
13. o . 180
5 8
13.5
188
1-!0
198
208
6 o
6 2
16.0 238
16.4 2,1;
16 8
25ti
17 2 265
17. i 27 4
352
375
192
67 .O j 3.0 .
74.0 ' 3.2
81
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95.0
3.8
215
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1.6
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35.5 1 2.0 1
41.8 ' 2.2
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2"4'
54 rj
2 6 ;
tiLO
2 8'
329
222
229
236
2,!3
15 8
16 2
14.5
15
15 5
186
16 2,
21.0;
25 8 1
30.6 j
242
261
283
306
15 9
16 3
16 7
' 15.4
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420
55
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9 4 1 115
122
128
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54.ti
116
166
173
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10.31 130
141
14 5
120
133
134
140
ll 8
109
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3. 4
29. 5 ~
218
18 2
283
18 6
19
293
19.5
303
313
20.0
324
ti .
6 ti
6 8
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9. 2 i
9.4
9.6
9.8
10.0
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= 3
/p
Reacting Force
Reacting Force
F11 = k11 e L 2
ss = kb e
[p
Fx-fr
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r~----------~L~-----------1
L
1
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--
1p in inches 4
'
l. o
2. 5
4.0
6.0
8.0
10
o. 7
1.1
1.5
1.8
2.2
9. 3
12.7
16.1
19.5
23
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
13
16
20
24
28
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.2
4. 7
26
30
34
39
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
33
39
44
k.
3. 2
5.8
8.4
11
H
2.1
2.8
3.5
4.2
4.9
11.8
16.6
21.4
26
31
3. 3
6.0
9.0
11
14
2. 2
2.9
3.6
4.3
5.0
12
17
22
27
32
5.3
5.6
5.9
6.2
6.5
33
39
+t
49
54
18
22
26
31
39
5.6
6.3
7.1
7.8
8.6
36
40
47
17
21
26
31
37
52
59
19
22
28
34
43
5.8
6.6
7.4
8.2
9.0
37
44
50
57
64
50
55
59
64
69
45
51
59
68
77
7 .o
7.9
9.0
10.0
11.2
60
66
72
78
8.3
48
57
65
74
84
9.3
10. o
10.7
11.5
12.2
66
72
79
8\l
93
52
60
70
80
90
9.8
10.5
' 11.1
11.8
12.4
71
78
86
93
100
3
3.
3 .
3 ti .
3.8
111
10.0 . 73
10.6
78
11.3
8.3
11.9
88
12.6
93
87
96
107
118
130
12.4
13.1
13.8
14.5
15.2
89
95
101
108
115
95
107
119
132
145
12.8
13.6
14.3
15.1
15.8
lOO
108
115
122
130
101
115
129
143
157
13.1
13.8
14.5
15.3
16.0
109
117
125
134
142
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
92
96
lOO
105
109
120
131
142
154
166
13.2
13.9
14.5
15.2
15.8
97
102
107
112
117
144
157
170
184
199
16.0
16.7
17.4
18.1
18.8
122
128
134
141
148
160
174
190
138
145
153
161
169
172
188
16.7
17.4
18.1
:1 18.8
19.6
152
161
170
178
187
226
16.5
17.2
17.9
18.7
19.4
5. o
5.2
5.4
5. 6
5. 8
14.2
14.9
15.7
16.4
17.1
114
119
124
129
134
179
191
204
219
234
16.5 121
17 1 . 127
17.8 132
18.5 137
19.1 142
216
231
2-!9
267
285
19.7
20.3
21.0
21.6
22.3
155
161
167
174
181
244
262
280
300
321
20.1
20.7
21.4
22.1
22.9 !
178
185
193
201
209
305
330
353
120.3
1
21.0
21.8
22.6
1 23.4
196
205
215
224
233
6. o
6.2
6. 4
! 6. 6
6.8
208
220
232
246
260
17.8
18.5
19.1
19.8
20.4
139
250
266
282
299
317
19.8
304
323
23.0
23.7
24.4
25.1
25.8
187
194
201
208
215
344
21.2
21.8
22.5
147
152
157
162
167
23.6 : 219
24.2 227
24.8 1 235
25.5 i 242
26.1 i 251
376
403
430
457
485
24.2
: 24.9
25.6
26.2
26.9
243
253
263
273
283
7.0
7. 2
7.4
7.6
7.8
276
290
305
321
338
21.1
21.8
22.5
23.2
23.9
23.2
23.9
24.6
25.2
25.9
172
177
182
187
1\J2
410
432
455
480
506
26.5
222
230
237
464
513
542
573
637
27.6 . 294
303
28.3
313
29.0
323
29.7
333
30.4
8.0
8.2
8 . .
. 8.6
8.8
355
372
389
24.6
25.3
25.9
26.6
27.2
27.9
26.6
197
203
209
214
219
224
532
669
703
738
774
810
845
343
31.1
353
31.7
363
32.4
373
33.0
33.7
38.3
34.3 . 395
9.0
9.2
9
4.0
4.6
5.2
5.8
6.4
35
38
41
43
15
18
21
26
31
50
56
5.2
5.8.
6.3
6.9
7.5
47
51
55
59
64
38
44
51
59
67
7.0
7.6
8.2
8.8
9.4
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
62
69
76
84
92
8.1
8.7
9.3
9.9
10.6
68
73
78
82
87
73
82
92
102
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
101
llO
119
129
139
11.2
11.8
12.4
13.0
13.6
6.0
6.2
o. 4
6.6
! 6.8
148
159
170
181
194
9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10.0
k.
11.4
15.6
20
25
29
10.2
15
20
25
30
2. o
2.6
3.3
3.9
4.6
l. 4
1.9
2.4
2.9
3.5
8.0
8.2
8. 4
8. 6
8.8
3_ . 1
4.0
7.0
10
13
2. 8
4.0
6.0
9.0
12
---;Li
10
!------.,--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------:--- __ ,
'
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
D in inches
L in feet
~~ _k_.__ _k_._l_k_.__k_.__:_l_k__[_k_._,_:_:_k_._1 k.
1
D
L
406
423
440
1-H
149
155
159
163
1G8
173
178
335
354
373
392
18.3
411
18.8
192
197
430
450
470
491
513
.538
202
207
212
+t
20.5
27.3
27.9
28.6
2\J.3
.1 30.0
'
3-H
365
387
560
58.8
ti19
649
680
208
367
390
-!13
438
46
251
574
26.7 i 260
27.5 ' 268
28.2 1 277
29.0 286
29.7 294
30.2 258
31. o 265
31.8 1 273
. 32.6 ! 281
33.41289
34.2 298
604
634
665
697
730
765
30.5
31.2
32.0
32.7
33.4
34.2
27.2
27.9
28.6
29.3
2-!4
490
i
~l~
303
312
321
330
339
348
205
222
241
262
283
605
l. o \
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
22
. 2.4
2.6
28
. ~.
: 9.
10.0
155
bJF,
Lr
-1
Fx --~------...1
~-1
L
k.
1.2
1.4
o8
1.8
2.6
4.5
ti .1~
8.9
11.2
1.3
1.8
2.3
2.7
9.7
11. o
15.0
19.0
23 o
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.ti
2.8
13.5
17.5
21.5
25.5
297
3.2
3.8
4 5
5 1
5.8
3.0
3.2
3 4
3.ti
3.8
34.2
404
47
52
59
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
66
72
ko
k.
--1-
--10.8
15
19
23
27
k.
lti. 3
20
25
30
36
5.4
6.3
7 2
8 o
8 9
31
35
40
45
18
22
50
40
6 4
7 1
7 8
8.5
9 2
.)1
.)6
1
ti6
71
43
~~ 8
10.ti
11 5
12.3 1
13 2 .
55
5\J
56
ti9
74
65
74
83
10.0
10.8
76
81
86
\J1
\Jt:i
111
122
14. 1
15. o
15 9
16 8
17 i
79
84
8!!
94
133
lH
1.')7
171
185
18.5
1\J .f
20 3
21 1
22 o :
104
109
1l.f
11\l
125
129
135
1-!0
146
152
199
215
230
245
260
~)
131
23.8 . l31i
24 7 1-!1
25 5 146
26 . 151
234
251
2ti9
288
276
12.4
13 2
5ti
64
72
81
~l()
lOO
5.0
5.2
5.4
5 ti
5.8
107
117
127
137
148
ti.O
6.2
ti 4
6.li
ti S
159
170
181
194
208
18 o
18 \.)
19.7
20.6
21 5
222
158
163
169
175
181
311
3:JO
27 4
28.3
292
30.1
31 o
k,
k.
2.4
3 2
4.0
4.8
5 6
D in inches
--
10
ko
k,
1221-----s5
ko
12 5
17. ti
22.8
28.0
33.2
38.6
45 2
52
58
65
2 o
2.2
2 4
2 (j
2 8
-')
88
\!ti
104
3.0
3 2
3 4
3 ti
3.8
1-
17 1
22.1
27 1
32
9
12
1()
2.5
3.4
4.2
5.0
5.8
20
24
30
37
45
6.7
7.6
8.4
9.3
102
11.0
11.9
12.8
13.7
1~ ti
ti. 2
ii
-1.0
12
1 4
1.ti
1.8
6.2
7 .O
7.9
8.8
\) 6
35
40
4ti
51
19
23
29
36
43
ti 5
7.4
8 3
9.1
10. o
37
-13
49
56
62
10.5
11.4
12.3
13 1
14.0 1
ti3
69
52
75
iO
81
87
80
ti8
75
82
89
96
54
ti3
72
82
90
lO. 9
11.8
12.7
13.ti
14.5
93
104
116
128
141
15. o
15 8
16 7
17 ti
18 5
93
102
113
126
140
155
15.5
16.4
17 2
18.1
18.9
104
111
118
126
133
108
123
138
153
1ti8
15 7 112
16 5 : 121
17 4 130
18 3 ! 138
19 2 ! 147
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
154
168
183
l\J4
20 3
21 2
22.2
23.1
125
132
139
146
153
170
185
201
219
238
19 8
20.7
21.6
22.4
23.3
1-12
150
158
166
174
183
200
218
23
5.0
5.2
~a
20 1 ' 155
21 o lti.f
21 \.) 173
22.8 l 182
23 7 Ul1
309
24 o
24.9
25.9
26.8
27.8
160
167
174
181
188
2.58
277
Z!l6
316
340
24.2
25 1
26.0
26.9
27.9
182
191
1\J9
208
216
278
2\J9
321
34ti
371
24
25
2ti
27
28
156
161
166
171
177
330
351
372
393
.U5
28 i
29 4
302
31 o
31 8
195
202
208
215
221
367
38\)
412
-!3ti
.fti3
28 8
30 ..
1 31 2
; 32 o
225
233
241
2+!1
wul
399
-!27
-!55
-!83
.)11
2!) 2
300
309
31 7
32 ti
228
235
241
248
255
4\JO
51\J
5-!8
578
ti08
32 8
33 7
34 6
35 5
3U.4
2ti5
27-l
283
2\J2
301
5-!0
570
ti03
637
li73
262
268
275
282
288
296
640
672
704
. 736
1 768
37.4 310
38.1 318
38.9 326
39.7 33-l
40.5 3-t2
-!1 3 'i 351
710
6-i
22.
ll
14
?~
~
33
48
200
217
57
187
192
198
20-l
210
370
3!10
HO
-!30
-151
32 o
32.8
33 7
34.6
35"
.o
184
189
194
199
204
437
-!60
484
510
536
32
33
34
35
36
9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
\) 8
382
31 4
32 3
33 2
34. 1
350
3ti. o
216
222
228
234
240
246
-ti3
496
51\)
542
566
590
36.3
37 2
38 1
139
40.0o
-!l. o
209
562
500
615
645
680
710
37.0
37 8
38 7
39 6
40 4 1
41.3 .
L in ieet
D
kb e-
4
209
25.5
30
27.0
27 \)
28 8
29.7
30.6
10.0
SB =
296
313
330
347
364
41~)
[p
3 11
39.
4 i
5 4
52
8
8.0
8 2
8.4
8.o
8.8
-!38
457
-!76
F 11 =k 11 eL2
6
9
12
15
236
250
264
279
400
Reacting Force
kb
k.
22 4
23.2
24.2
25 1
26.0
330
F, =k, eL2
7 o
i 2
7 ..
7 ti
7 8
2~)3
[p
Reacting Force
----- ---3.4
2 3
11 8
3.2
:.!8 5
33 o
37 5
-120
4ti 5
1
14.0 : 102
14 8 107
15 \) 112
16 4 117
17 2 123
'
ko
1.85
2.5
3. 3
4.0
4.7
t\!
2.9
5 o
i 7
105
13.3
ll ti
80
88
97
k.
[p in inches 4
k.
1.6
-1.0
~
L2
214
219
224
229
235
..
3
1
tO
99
106
112
118
1
800
~J.ti
\H
)-
')-
7-t7
784
821
858
i
-<!16
80
200
5
5
ZO'J
-! 21!!
3 22\J
2 : 23\.1
!
5 .f
5.6
,) 8
ti.O
ti 2
ti .f
li.ti
ti 8
249
259
21.)9
279
289
i o
33 ..
3-! 3
35 2
3ti.O
36 \)
299
JO<cl
31\l
330
3-!l
.s o
S li
8.8
3'L 8
352
3(i2
372
382
392
403
o
2
\) 4
\)ti
!l 8
lO O
386
3\l 5
-+0 3
-11 2
-!2 o
)
~
7 .
7 (j
7 8
"8 2-!
~~
~)
156
o
Reacting Force
[p
F,
kx e L 2
Reacting Force
:\Iaximum Bending Stress
L.
[pin
inches 4
D in inches
L in feet
Fy
f--
1.5
a
1
1
;--
k.
k.
k.
k.
k.
k.
k.
k.
l. 41
11.3
15
20
25
3.3
6
9
12
16
2.3
3 5
-L8
6.0
7.2
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.63
4.0
6.0
8.0
11.0
0.75
l. 27
l. 79
2.31
2.83
10.5
15 o
19.5
24.0
28.5
2.8
4.8
7
9
12
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
14.5
18"
22
26
32
3.4
4.2
5.0
5.9
6.8
33.6
39
46
16
20
24
53
30
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
39
45
51
59
69
8.8
9.9
ll.O
12.0
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
79
89
lOO
111
124
13.5
15 o
16.5
18.0
19.9
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
139
152
lti5
179
1\J3
2.28
3. 15
4.0
4.9
30
60
37
5.8
7.1
8.4
9.8
11.0
67
74
81
89
98
45
52
60
70
80
12.4
14.1
15.8
17 5
19
99
109
53
62
71
81
94
108
118
128
138
148
91
102
ll4
128
142
21
23
25
27
29
120
130
140
151
162
108
121
135
150
1ti7
21.8
23 1
24 4
25.7
27 o
159
ltiY
179
18\J
156
171
188
206
225
31
33
36
38
40
173
185
197
209
221
185
203
221
240
260
209
225
242
261
281
28 5
30 2
31.9
33.6
35.4
209
43
45
48
50
53
233
24ti
259
272
285
280
305330
355
380
37.3
39 2
41 1
43 o
45 o
.j.'j
7.4
7.6
7.8
302
322
342
364
387
28Y
301
313
66
299
313
327
341
335
406
435
-!64
-t93
523
62
65
67
70
72
8.0
8 2
8 4
8.6
8.8
411
439
468
497
526
4o s
4\) o
51 2
53
55
326
340
355
370
384
6!)
71
74
370
383
396
''
79
422
553
587
1)21
656
691
75
78
80
83
85
! 9.0
555
586
617
649
681
714
58
60
63
65
67
70
398
412
426
435
451
468
-!85
502
522
726
765
805
845
885
925
88
91
94
97
100
103
'
---
L '
i h
1~~\
7.7
1
1
1
1
19\l
38
44
50
58
66
20
25
30
36
44
8.4
10.0
11.5
13.0
14.5
75
82
16
18
20
22
24
90
k.
3.6
6.0
9.0
12. o
16.5
2.7
3.9
5.1
6.3
7.5
42
21.3
28
8.8
10.5
12. 1
13.8
15.5
40
48
55
62
69
2 o
2. 2
2 4
2.6
2.8
77
85
93
101
110
3 ('
3
3 ..
3.6
3.8
118
127
136
145
154
4.0
4 2 i
4.4
4 6
4.8 i
34
40
-!9
6.0
6.2
ti.4
ti.6
6.8
7.0
-1. ?~
9.2
9.4
9.6
!
9.8
1 10.0
'
244
263
283
305
329
220
231
242
253
266
_,'
?--
440
455
470
1
1
355
378
403
430
460
58
60
63
491
520
550
580
610
640
679
718
757
797
837
82
85
88
92
95
99
409
i
1
12
14
1.6
1.8
87
96
105
114
103
17.2
19.0
21.0
23.0
24.6
26
28
30
33
35
124
13-!
144
154
104
117
131
147
164
181
26.5
29
31
33
35
37
39
H
43
45
174
183
193
203
213
1\18
218
238
259
280
37
39
41
43
46
163
173
182
192
201
5.0
5 2
5 4
5 ti
5 8
47
50
53
56
59
223
236
2-!Y
262
275
302
324
347
371
3~17
48
51
52
54
56
211
220
229
238
247
ti o '
6 2 .
6 4
6 6 ;
6.8
286
2\19
311
323
335
425
-t53
481
510
541
58
61
63
65
68
257
267
277
287
297
7 o
7 4
7.6
7 S
347
359
371
383
395
574
609
tj44
679
714
70
73
75
77
80
308
318
329
341
350
8 o'
8.2
8.4
8.6 !
8 8
409
421
434
i 447
461
476
750
788
826
864
002
940
82
361
371
381
391
401
411
7i
59
69
80
\H
'
12.5
18.3
24.1
30
36
49
56
63
70
13.0
18.4
23.8
29.2
34.6
llol
i
85
87
89
92
94
-1 ?~
9.0
9.2
9 4
9 ,
9
10. \r
...
157
U SHAPE-EQUAL LEGS
1
k.
o 03i
0.2
0.3
0.4
o5
0.6
O.
0.8
0.9
r.
k.
0.6li
1.308
2.232
3.370
4.580
6.430
8.110
10.39
0.1165
0.256
0.469
O.65
1.191
1.68
2.38
12.00
16.74
22.26
28.56
35.52
1.0
1.2
1 4
1.6
1 8
3.00
4.88
7.37
10.55
14.48
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
19 2
24.6
31.4
39.2
48.0
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
5.8
69.1
82 2
95 6
111 o
92.64
104 5
1182
130.8
138.4
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
128.1
147.0
166.6
189 o
213 o
160.0
176 1
192.0
208.8
22i.4
5.0
5 2
239.0
266.0
246.0
264.0
F x - - -...
43.20
52.32
60 72
70.56
81.24
Reacting Force
D .
sa = kb e - ps1
L
D in inches
L in feet
U SHAPE-MODIFffiD
Reacting Force
Reacting Force
sa
D
kb e L
F,.......i-.
:a .....
L
k.
1
1.2
,_
2 62
3.32
o 51
o 69
1.5
2
3
6
4. 17
5.46
7.20
9.30
1
2
4
7
D in inches
L in feet
I p in inche:o'
k,
"
26
66
70
tiO
k,
k,
k.
k.
lO -+5
14 l
13 8
17 3
222
28.i
k,
k.
k.
k,
k,
2 28
2.79
12.6
17 6
o -+2
145
1i 3
22 o
28 2
2 63
3 38
o i.)
4. 12
5 50
15
2 GO
4 70
7 i5
9'
l 01
l
lO
33
1
10 .10
14 45
2 82
3 69
l .u
l 85
11 2
16 5
3 30
4 3i
13
17
21
28
4 12
5 30
7 08
940
13 3
16 1
21 3
28.2
...j
o 86
1
2H
! .. 65
i 87
5 6
i 3
9.4
1
1
uon
oi F,R !
Force
:-.
i
'
2 14
4.50
i i 66
158
Reacting Force
lp
F:r: = kx e L 2
Reacting Force
SB
I p in inches4
!p
kb eL
D in inches
L in feet
Fy
: h
h i
__:_J
r-i2
1
i o. 4
i o. 6
1
0.8
11 l. o
0.07
o 60
l. 15
2.4
kv
0.6
o. 7
o. 8
0.9
1.5
3 o
5. 8
9.5
k.
0.29
o 75
l. 9
3.6
3. o
3 6
4 2
4. 8
5. 4
21
29
39
8
10
15
50
22
62
32
4. 9
5. 7
6. 5
7. 3
8. 1
6.0
6.6
7 3
8.0
9.0
75
90
106
123
142
44
57
71
87
105
9.0
10.0
ll.O
12.5
13.5
88
104
121
140
162
185
209
7
8
11
15
ok. "3
v
1.4
2. 7
4.8
k-l--k1-1_'
3.4
3. 5
13
3. 8
15
4.4
20
il _ _
254
23
3.0
3.2
3.4
3. 6
3.8
24
331
4 .O
380
292
332
378
414
428
450
486
481
537
160
5.2
10.0
lO 5
11 .5
12
13
162
183
206
230
255
128
151
178
208
240
15
16
17
19
2Q
184
210
239
271
5.7
6.1
6.5
6.9
7.3
222
278
318
21
23
318
349
335
361
365
445
410
461
512
24
25
334
14
15
16
17
18
19
280
307
311
239
273
310
351
398
303
336
7.i
396
428
26
28
0.8
193
219
246
273
301
110
130
152
178
206
288
17
19
20
124
H2
160
180
201
244
266
o. 4
o. 6
135
160
189
220
3.8
4.1
4 4
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
92
110
129
150
171
81
99
118
138
26
34
43
56
72
60
75
94
1
233
1
16
18
23
ll.O 1
12 o :
13.0 ,.
14.5 .
16
1
3.0
3.2
4 8
47
37
48
60
75
91
3. 4
1!
l. 2
l .4
1
1.6
! l. 8 .
58
68
80
93
108
'
2.3
2.6
2.9
3 2
3.5
--14-~
38
49
62
76
27
35
43
52
65
l. 5
3. 2
5.7
k.
4.6
4. 8
5. o
5.5
29
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2. 8
6. o
7. o
8. o 1
9. o 1
10 o 1
2.1
l.li
ok. 1>9
9
12
18
26
35
16
21
28
36
45
3.6
3. 8
6. 2
8
11
18
27
kv
1.8
2. o
2. 2
2.5
4. 3
6
9
13
19
: 1.2
1 4
1.6
l. 8
l. 2
l .4
l. 6
l. 9
1
"
259
288
11
114
22
26
28
29
1~
l. o
2.0
2 2 .
2.4
2 6
2 8
1
362
4.2
396
432
469
506
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
:.5'}
TWO PLANE U
\L
').
~.
l
C"""
'.
r.
[p
Reacting Force
F.=
k"' e~
Lz lb
Bending Stress
sB
= ko e -
Torsional Stress
I p in inches!
\-
St
.
psi
D .
k t e- psi
L
L in feet
D in inches
ri
\.....
..
o 50
---,----..,----1
kb
/
1
2
3
o 050
o 055
o 058
o 060
:
'
10
o 62 ' o 27
B
o 67 1o 31
o ~21 o 34
B
'
o. 76 1 o 36
1 90
0.0647 0.84
2 32
2 40
255
:3
1 24
'1
1
k; i
k,
1 54
.\
7 09
.\
l 73
.-\
o 75
1 53
4 75
1 . i2
5 65
B
1 86
6 34
6 36
11>
6 5
7 70
~-
10 5
8 i .
15 6
6 95
7 40
2 16
7 80
8. 40
1
1
kb
.\
2. 05
1111
9. 12
7 65
1
12. 9
16 6
20
k,
kr
k;
11
11 8
i 228 2
1
23. 4
2~~ 2
11
o i 2t 8
6> 11 19. 5
9" 7 127.7
2
34 5
11
~>
3~-7
37.2
3280
35.4
44.7: 4489
49.0 j 51 4
28. o
29 . 5
37a 6
40 . 6
.\
9. 8
24.5
26.5
11
t4
2 26j
400~448 6
1 224128 4
-~
o 651
o 1 22. o 11 12
10 211 198 3
10 9
21 .0
18~ 9
i 2~>
8 lO
955, rt'6
208
11
1 k. 1
1 99
-~
t2
4 40 j1
2 69 1 2 22
'
.
3 31
~
h
k,
------------:-----
3 43
o 06351 o ~1 1 o 39
o.0641' o 825/ o 396
B
~4
k,
.-\
1 75
1 -!2 i O. 70
!
0.063i08Qj038
i
o. 55 o 195
l.
'
kv
k;
-----1
o 061 o 78 o 37
1
0.25
o 521
t -1
1
1
16. o 5
>
12.-\0
1
1'
61!
7
8
1,,
:: 4 ,1 568o
vv 6
59. 3
1
:
1
160
lp
Reacting Force
F =k e- ps1
Bending Stress
ss
Torsional Stress
D
se = ke e - psi
L
I p in inche
"'
"'
L2
D
kb e L
L in feet
D in inches
L1a = 2
---,-----------,-------------,-------------,-------------,-------------,------------~---
1
1
o 25
:; --
o5
1--
k,
ko
k,
1 0.20 \63
0.28 2.04
ko
! k,
k,
1
4.810.43
1.23
DID
ko
k,
k,
1.26
2~96
1.:1
3.77
7.94 1.72
k.
13.3 11;0
1.10
6~oo
7.oo 13~o
19.6119; 1
o.34 2. 27
1 0
0.3512.:2
1.81
6.25
7.86 14.3
0.36
1.89 6:40
8.50 15:0
28.512~.2
0.37 2.38
1.95
8.96 15.6
31.6j28.5
0.38 2.40
2.00
2.04,. 6.651
10
0.39,2.43
2.08
9 80,16.3
2
A
2!.5
2~32
2:4
\.86
35.6
3:.4,
\40
40.0
29.6
7.20
51.0
36.5
4:77 50.7
3t6
9:58
66.7
~.0
6. 76
9:28
9.38
81.8
42.2 11.8
66.6
40.0
D
3.94 73.4
D
38 o j32.6
16.0
21.0
9.3
2~76
4.21
36.3 31.6
1.07
220
ID
6.75
k,
0
5 15 28.8
0 1
4.97
34.2 30.4
9.58 16.0
3 15 18.2
8.45 15.0
24.4 j23.0
9.30 15.9
0.38 2.42
LH
6.60,
1.40
lA
5~62 o.30
k.
b:
-
~
1---,-----,-k,
ko
k,
6.95j13.0
DID
6.50
k,
1.....
1.53
2.:6
k,
-1~-A------A------A---~
1.89 :5
A
1.91 :6
A
2.0
~.7
11
3 0.32 2.;5
4
--0-
k,
!
'
43.1
D
3.70 79.0
45.9
9.20
95.5
D
D
48.1 14.3
D
8.70 119
43.2 14.2
O
9.00 108
10
52.5 14.1
Lla - 4
025
1 ,
os
ii
f
------.----~ -1-----r~
k, 1 ko
k,
k,
ID
'
0.6713.20
1.22
iD
i 2
3
4
5
1.3515.80
o
1.70 7.00
iA
4.35,0.30
O
k,
1.67
2.15 8.13
2.23 8.30
2.26 8.36
0.15
k;
2.0
e
6.3
740
36 2 30c0
8.94 18.8
o
9.72 20~2
10.3
21.1
2. 09 21.3
1.89 27.8
o:
1.69133 3
31.4
o
37 0
37.8
41.4
45.0
44.4
46.8
i:o
7 70
85.7
50.6
ko
2.15
e
7.0
k,
k.
ko /
24.2
17.7
e
28.5
26.6
e
7.4
e
19.0
e
31.6
44.5
3~.5
48.5
~.0
2.23
ll.O
e
68.4 49.0
e
95.5 56;0
11.3
k.
10.5
41.6
48.6
15.0
e
24.0
11.0
k,
i.i5
o
10.7
9.3
24~5
7.84 169
110
5.2
k,
21.2
1 :
k,
6.55
2.17 8.14
ko
2.01' 7.75
1
o
2.098. 00
1.8817D44
k,
ko
76.3
109
k, /
l,i
1
2
3
1'
e
56.0
e
6~.0
4
5
7 14 100
D
6.80 113
D
6.45 127
49.4 20.3
D
125
186
6.75 145
D
60 . 2 34. 5
D
64. o 21.3
63.6
71.0 36.8
D
184
226
82.8 38.8
269
76.6 5.66 7
e
e
85.4 7.42, 8
e
e
93.5 9.35 9
e
e
101
11. 7
10
lp
Reacting Force
Fr =kr e -lb
LZ
Bending Stress
ss
D .
= k0 e L psi
Torsional Stress
s1
.D
1p in inches 4
k 1 e L psi
L in feet
D in inches
L/a ""6
r.
la
0.25
i b .....
0.5
11
k.
k,
k.
k,
- - - - - - - - - -e1 - A
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
4.81,14.0
. D
5.44115.6
15.95
5.65 16DO
' D
5.89,16/
23.0
10
l. 90
9.7
D
18.5
D
25.0
D
33.0
D
35.0
D
38.3
D
40.8
D
42.5
4.10
25.4
27.3
28.6
29.8
2 2
19.5
26.1
16.4 10.7
D
D
47.4
27.0 13.7
D
D
t3.9
38.1115.7
D 1 D
49.3 17.0 104
D
D
59.5 18.0 137
29.3
45.0
k.
+--
2.38
85.0
43.0
60.0
60.0
D
72.0 42.50 220
D
D
86.5
45/51274
D
100.5 48.25 330
D
5,
i7.5
138
95.0
61
1100
189
113
71
lu~e
248
131
8:
148
91
174
1 84.0
e
77.0
94.4
125
68.0
1-
30.8
68.6
53.7
b
,_
12.35 26.0
56.7
8 5
54.2
37.7
~
e
32.2
2.32\ ~-1
11.8 22.0
7.5
10.7
k.
' e
8.65 14.3
k,
k,
k,
------ ------ -----~
k.
6.1
5.12 19.3
D
5.45 32.6
D
5.44 46.7
D
60.9
1 5.18
D
4.87 74.0
D
4.59 86.0
D
4.29 96.6
D
D
44.2 1 4.02 106
19.9
6.06116"7
6.22 17.0
D
6.3117.2
4.7
128
312
163.5 7.4
10
L!a =- 8
~b
0.25
..... !,
1~
~
0.5
-~b
1
1
k.
kb
l. 22
4 .2
1 2
4.10 10.0
1
1
3
4
6. 75 15.8
j
8.75 20.0
D
10.2 '23.0
ll.O
1
1
l. 69
e
l
5 20
1
Do
2.57
7 2
2. 79 15 1
o
19.0
2.62 23.4
7
1
11.8
12.3
z/o
7.84
29.0 1 9 2
DjD
31.6 ! 38 6 1 9 7
46 8 10 1
0
D
54.0 10 1
1
9.9
5t.6
D
64.0
50.0
12.7
27.8
54.0
1a.o
284
57.3
98
D
9.4
e
8. 3
2. 32
17.5
23 2
40 9
61.8
28.4
e
39.0
D
D
39 6 23.0
11.9
24.5
29.6
40.5
e
55.5
57.0
107
130
152
6;5 1 905,175
12.81 28
73.0
32.6
60.0
3t2 225
D
D
95.5 31.9 279
w~5,336l335
i 47
67
e
1
13.3
31.5
34.3
65.9
le
53
75
108
96
149.5 1107
je
206
1129
161
u8
210
!14~
225
118
e
143
299
16S
!1~
342
1168
390
194
145
1406 uw
475
218
89.0
e
104
1
101
e9 . o
186
s~ 1
2. 5
le
88.8
le8. 8
.e
oD
84.0
2 . 44
45.0
6. 3
e
Dio
38.7
!'
l. 8
olo
25.0
D
26.0
oo
9 36 5.60
[e
ie
e
6
e
1
10
162
Bending Stress
= k
.b
s8
Torsional Stress
sr
F 11
k11 e L~ lb
Lt
-=m
Lo
Reacting Force
F,
k, e L lb
Reacting :.roment
.1!xy
kxy .
e . - ft. lb.
La
Reacting :.Ioment
JI zz
= kxz
e - ft. lb.
La
k1 e -
Reacting :.roment
JI yz
= kyz
e - ft. lb.
L3
psi
La
[p
[p
[p
[p
[p
Reacting Force
i,
Reacting Force
D .)
e -L ps1 j
3
[p
L1 ~ L3
Fx
k, e L~ lb
I p in inches 4
D in inches
L in feet
rn=l
m=2
.\
<k D
3.78
.\.
.tr: D
.\.
21 26 7
\. & D
4
1
1.11
.\.&0
....
_-'-.kD
A.JID
,o.o
2.43
1
1
.-\.tr:D
.1-.t:D
79.2
8's".2
2.70
0
2"."-, 6
lo
97.0
.\
2.5
0.55
2.131' 22.14
A
4.8
2.0
0.55
2.53
1.20
1.40
6.4
0.9
o 37
4.101 13.50
o 94
o 9 ~ 7 9
o. 8
o. 58
66
O.i4
9.5
O 64
O 65
7.2
210
0.55
O 72
8.6
25 3
o 53 112.6
0.47
0.47 114.1
0.48
0.77
10.2
29.4
0.43
0.81
11.6
33.5
0.42
O. 38
o'
0.35
0.42 115.7
O. 38 .117. 2
0.39 0.91
O. 35 , O. 93
3.33
3.5
'
2.00
2.8
2.06
1.0
2 . 38
o. 70 1 o 66
l. 66
'
,1.12
1,
1.14
0.661 1.30
o . 85
10391
0.65
0.21
2.72
0.56. 0.68
2.01
4:
O 52
O 17
3.10
0.45
0.63
2.38
3 43
0.39
0.68
2.76
3 791
o 35
0.72
3.13
4.16! 0.32
1
'
o 09314.501
o 28
o 75
3.50
0.76
3.84
i
1
0.51
o 51
0.063
0.44
o 14
o 39
0.12
0.35
0.11
'
'41 4
10.53'
1
o 29
1 o 42
1370.6
1.01 o.501
0.98
3.70
/1.01
0.42 1 1.27\0.45
14.6
,1
5.0
'
4.78,1.2912.00
.\
13.2
1
1
o 45 ~
l 7 34
O 62\11 O
0.53
0.74
180.12 1130361
0.!)2
2.80
2.31
1.8213o'54[3.'03
2.80
A.t:D
2.17
"11 61.0
'"0
0.45
~ ..6~
1.98
5 152.2
3.7
.\ <k D
3~ .. 5
0
43.4
o11:
4.0
3.7814, .4
A .. D
19 20 11.68
1
1
5.25
1.66
\<kO
5.25
A <k D
o 75119.62
8
9
2'2~40 1.36
o so
!,
0.31
'
o 35 18 8
o 33 o 95 16.1
45.5 1 0.60
0.29: 0.085i 4.84
0.27: 0.80; 4.20 i 10
m=3
m=4
---.--~~~~~~~-.-~-~~~~-~~~~.-~---,-.-~~,-,---.---e--~
_n_,_k___ l_k_,_I~I___.!5.::.._!~1~J~:~i __k_-1_k_,_j_k_,__ _!L,~ ~.~.~ __n_,
1
o 25'
1 3.!
112.8 11.7811.041 9.5 11.10: 0.59 72:3
15.6 i 1.37 0.84 12.0 1.7 ! 0.-!9 ,0.251
10
2.81
56-~7
5.~
o .50
40_~3
4._;
8.7
o 75
28.7
1s.o
16.1
22:3
2
9.3
O
12.0
13~7
15~6
0.11,
1
11.64
0.84
1.54[4.7
l1.68
o.96, 32.6
11.62
0.7-i 124:0
! 6.~
i 1.1 11.00
o 71 1 8.0
4.!61 4.5
0.5411.50 3.6
0.15
1-i
0.22
0 11
0
0.21
o
0 22
1.10
'
0.20
o.!1
o.25
2<6
o;1
23.6
0.21 1 0.21
17.5
19~5
9
10
0.10,
0.82
0.40
o.o44IL571 o.22
i o.56
0.95
1.061
1.18
1.13
8.4
12.3
1.12
5.4
2.2
i 0.72
i o 37
1.10
3.9
2.0
' 0.61
1.481 0.13
0.80
1.3
1.2
0.51
7~26[ o}o
0.76[ o o:_, o.65
7.98' 0.09 l 0.47 o Oo01 0.64
0
858 0. 16 1 0.35 O 0411 0.67
1
o.6
0.4
o.88 o.42
0.66. 0.45
3
4
0.3
0.58: 0.50
o.'7
3.6
6.65[ o 52
. 4.80
1,
9/8
o.p
o
0.010
o.15
1.421,: 13:2
0.:10
1.55
0.10
1-!.3
10.70 .o.501
751
11.04
1.29 1 12\2
6.7
l,
'
[L12!1 1.40
10~4 , 0 02-i
3
1 4
'
i'
0.23
0.20
o.24 o.s1
0.54
o 026! 0.74
0.20
0.50
0.59
o.o231 o.80
o.1s
0.48
o.65
0.11
0.49
0.69
0.15
0.49
0.75
10 '
163
m= 5
1
k.
b.25: 88\2
,,
k,
k,
k,
k,,
k.,
'6:66 ~~~~~~~~~~
/o.5~/59> 8._~:11:.1510.67109519:
7o
r-
::.:,
1 2
i
1
'
'
6.24
6. 69 1 o 05 71 o 33
9:50
lO 08
ko
p 25 iu'o
~ 5oi 81\
1 \
0.75150.6
'
,\
35.1
~501
~-: ~.:
1
o 09
i
o.57 \1.-1
0.06
1 0.-!7
0.7
0.15
o. 42
02~ 0.-1~
44.7
0.7:
3.4
0.52 0.751
3.1
0.47
L 6
O. 33
o. 25
::;
0.012
1:
1
o. 29
10.22, o
o 53
1030
111.07
6.7
1 0.20
9\78 5.73
1.8
-195 !
o.85 o o3
~-~ ! ~-:~
\ o.-10
:; 1 :
::
0.05
! 6.10
[ 0.23
'
.\.
.\.
9 O
4 .9
l. 70 ! O. O
oD
j
1
o. 70 L 1
5 ~50
o . 03
o . -!6 1 o 026
o. 32
o . 41
80
o . 23
606
003
o 29 : o 67
0.22
5!
6241
0015i 0.2-1
0.2141
6'
650
0.16 \o
5~
o 2071
tio 80
0.0-!' o 16
o 14 i 0.-11
0.241
l o.015
0.0105 0.31
7 ~ 02 1 O. 0271 O 14 . O. 00861 O. 32
0.-!5\ 0.44
\ k,,
kb
k,
k,
k.
o.33
m=8
1
k,
1.6
i o 30
1.9
o 75 \1.3
ss,'8
15>2 :112
'
O. 12 1 O. H
O. 26 1 9
o 11
0.21
o -12
1
10
\ n
027
106393
4.7
0421075
o 50
0.66
kv,
0.-!6
14.5
0.49
0.57
k.,
k,,
1'0.-19
io
ood
o.i6 13.6
o 37
0.30 1 0.21
0.45 1 0.41
o. 31
'
l. 5
k.,
j
i
1 o. 36
0.55 119.5
O. 47
~-4
0.61 1 a.2
1
o. 80 1 o. 04
0.30
~ ~ :~ ~ :~
0.-!81 0.14
,\
9'4
5. 34
~41 o 3~
107218.-1/4.0
1
1
i
1 o tiO 5.8 3.7
1
'
31\
.\
0.53 o 50!
o. 63
98
3.6
0.16
0.25\ o
1aa5 !16 o
1
o.82 u.4
8; J;:-~
.\
0.61
0.58
o. 026
11206
, 0.38 lo 251.
10~77 13. 7
2.1
69_,o
i
l.~. 0.31
\ o.62 j.l.O
L5
102~3
.\
0.-!2
1 o 96
2.9
1 :.;
~_k_,__k_,_j_k_,_~ ~~~~~_n_
1.:,,
8'9 .20.8
10
o 057 o -!7
~ :~ ~ ~ ~;:11 : :;
~:u o~:71
-!J5\t.6
f.
::
8\1
:;;-;-~--;-;-~~o 25
~.14.8 5.1 0.-!3o 50!
0.41
560114101107
\
\
1
38 6 11 12 -12 7 3
11 0.17
6.-!
-1.2
o 27
11
2.0
2.2
o 3811'
o 26 2
o.91
o.o23\ o.26, o 82
1.4
0.19
o 22
>i
4.92
o
6\57
i -1~29
1
1
1
i
0.60
'
1
3
1
0.16\4
-1.90
;:::
049
0.019!0.26
019
440!
;:::
050I0.013\021I0-!5
10
-1:10
0.32
0.11
3:'JO.
::;
o.78
0.14!
4.75
:;:
0.23
o 011
0.16
o 23510.0089\0.18\0.21
0.63
o 1331
4:So
:::3
o.1781 o
0.11[ o.16
o.55
0.1211
::l
0.-17
0.1281
0.1321
9:
5~00
5.20'
10 ; 5 25 '
043j0.9
0.22 i o 211 o 59
1
o 0092 0.22/ o 161 o.51
o.18
3 95!
1
0.1671 4:10
o 15
.
1
1
O 005.5! O 23 ! O lO
O 11
1
1
0.176
4.201
Ol83J,
.."-t5,
o
'
O 32 1 O 1861 4 ti2
1
o 50
96.6
:\
_\
o 75
61.8
15 9 116
,,
13 9: 7 8
7. 17
5. 1
.\
3 6
3 2
2 1
! 0.52
67 2
. 0.15
0.54
6.9
o 04
o. 31
l 9
0.35
o 23
i o 15
5 -!6
12.5
o 21
15 3
5. 1
2.3
2.8
8.25
LO
o 016
: 0.20
0.91
1 T O 153
o 55
o 012 1 o. 16
o 50
o 32
i o 115 4
O 90 O 10 i 5
o 00581 o 13
0.21
o il
0.00481 0.12
o 16
.\
5. 1
o 18
3 o26 :
o 14
3.8
'
4.0 !
"";
"
o 09
O 35 : 0.00741 O. 1-1
!
O 106i
3.3
0.41 :o 108:
34
2
3
i ti
o 35
o 211!
o -t9
3.6 : ::l
o 36 lo. 751
028:2.1
3> .
3.12 !
5 9
o 09
3.5 :::3
o 30
52 11.1
O. 39 : O 1341 lO :
0034
. o 24
O. 09
8. 3
3 o,j
1-t
io
.\
o 88 : o 102'
1
o 2~~: o 00~1! o 1-!51 o 21 : 0.69 0.102!
O 1" O 00a81 0.1-tl 0.16 O 56 0.110!
i o 3351 o 008.51 o
-t: 1 1
12 6
17 7
o 11
O lOO O 00441 O l 7
m= lO
38
o 012. o 16
45 ti
o 11ti.
56 1 o 94 o. o19 1 o 20
lO
: o. 39
o 57
11' ..
3 9
0.5\J
41 5
..
o 40
1 o 2-t
LT 1 18.5
oo12i
l 2
'
o . 10 ii 6
o 57. 0.091 7.
O.H
0.087
o 086
O 0871 10
General:
Length = 9..!25R
:Modified Length = 9.-25RK
Lclp
I:;
I, \about gravity aXJs X -X) = 12.52R3 K
For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106 :
0.728R 2 K
Defl.ection =
D/3
inches
Fx
R in feet
976lp
RD/3 pounds
D in in ches
I p in inches 4
Fx
r------2"".""82,._,8'-'R"--------1
Wall
Thickness
t, in.
Sch.
~o.
D.
5D.
6D.
Defiection,
in.
Anchor
Force,
lb
1
1
1
Defiection,
in.
10D.
8D.
Anchor
Force,
lb
Defiection,
m.
Anchor
Force,
lb
Defiection,
in.
Anchor
Force,
lb
0.45
0.37
307
376
0.68
0.61
219
276
o 99
0.91
171
219
40
80
o 154
0.218
0.36
0.27
382
461
40
80
0.203
0.276
0.42
0.35
566
667
0.54
0.46
457
545
0.84
0.77
328
400
1.22
l. 15
257
317
40
80
0.216
0.300
0.56
0.43
783
944
O. 72
058
637
770
1.07
0.93
452
559
153
141
350
443
at
40
80
0.226
0.318
0.70
0.54
920
1155
0.90
0.70
767
931
1.32
545
1.12
677
187
l. 69
536
4.
40
80
o 237
0.337
0.83
0.65
1069
1390
109
0.84
912
1120
l. 59
1.34
646
814
2.24
1.98
501
638
40
80
0.258
0.375
1.12
0.88
1435
1978
1.45
1.13
1223
1594
2.14
l. 76
897
1145
2.93
2.55
897
40
30
0.280
0.432
1.44
1.10
1783
2743
1.90
1.39
1570
2185
2.83
2.13
1192
1569
80
0.322
0.500
2.11
l. 61
2538
4170
2.76
2.03
2279
3360
40
60
0.365
0.500
2.73
2.33
3400
5190
Std
0.375
0.500
3.47
3.06
3780
5830
XS
0.375
0.500
4.46
3.89
30
40
0.375
0.500
5.02
4.71
3870
6440
xs
30
0.375
0.500
5.82
5.54
3970
6740
20
30
0.375
0.500
6.49
6.18
2"
2t"
5'
!
6"
1
1
8'
40
!
10'
12.
xs
'
1
t
1
14"
16"
18.
20'
1
30
t
1
3880
6020
4020
5770
1
1
1
1
422
686
i'
-------~-
---
~~-~-~-
EXPANSION U BEND
General:
Length
6.283R
:\1odified Length
6.283RK
Lc!p
I::
3.HR3 K
0.312R 2 K
Di3
inches
F _ 1667/p
ds
~- RDf3 poun
Se h.
)lo.
D.
2'
3'
1
-!'
s
6'
1-!'
16'
18'
20'
Defiection,
in.
.\nchor
Force,
lb
Defiection,
in.
Anchor
Force,
lb
Defiectwn,
in.
.\nchor
Force,
lb
o -!3
o 39
o 52
292
373
0.-!9
438
542
0.66
0.60
598
757
0.80
0.72
720
915
0.96
085
855
1000
652
787
o 16
0.19
525
6-!2
o 29
0.26
373
472
40
80
0.203
0.276
0.18
0.15
967
1,139
0.23
0.20
780
930
0.36
0.33
560
4{)
80
0.216
0.300
0.24
0.19
1.337
1,612
0.31
0.25
1089
1315
0.46
0.40
772
955
40
80
0.226
0.318
0.30
0.23
1.572
1.972
038
0.30
1310
15'JO
0.57
0.48
930
1157
o 35
1.825
2,37-!
0.!7
0.36
1557
1914
0.68
0.58
1104
1390
o 237
o 337
40
80
0.28
683
0.258
0.375
40
80
0280
40
o 432
o 322
o 500
o 365
40
40
0.500
2,450
. 3,380
o 62
0.49
2089
2722
0.92
0.75
1532
1\!55
3,050
-!.80
o 81
o 60
2682
3730
l. 21
0.91
2035
2681
o 69
0.90
4.330
7,130
l. 18
0.87
3890
5740
l 78
l. 32
3060
4120
1.17
1.00
5,810
8.870
l. 54
1.28
5250
7560
l. 99
l. 73
8850
xs
0.375
0.500
l. 49
l. 31
6,-!60
9,950
30
0.375
0.500
l. 91
l. 67
6,620
10,290
40
0.375
0.500
2.15
2.02
11,000
30
o 375
0.500
2.-!9
2.37
6,780
11,510
0.375
0.500
2 78
2.65
6,870
11,570
Std.
xs
30
xs
20
30
1 26
10\J
1172
1532
1 63
1 34
1555
2100
5970
i
!
1
o 48
o 38
o 62
o 47
1
1
60
12'
Anchor
Force,
lb
0.15
0.12
80
lO'
Defiection,
in.
10D.
8D.
0.154
0.218
80
8'
oD.
5D,
80
4{)
2!'
3t'
Wa.ll
Thickness
t, in.
6,610
166
EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS = 2 FT
General:
Length = 6.283R + - ft
::Vlodified Length = 6.283RK
Lclp
:::...
+ 4 ft
-~~-=--=- ~--~_t
fx
3.1-lRJ K
+ 8R 2 K + 6.28RK + 1.33
(0.312R3
(R+ 1JD.d
0.132
(R + 1 )D{3 inches
+
Fx
+ 0.795R 2 + 0.624RlK
R in feet D in inches I p in inches{
L distance bet\Yeen anchors in feet
e expansion factor
~:z: total thermal expauson in nches
1667lp
+ 1 )D{3 pounds
(R
Pipe
Size
Se h.
:-<o.
D~
W&.ll
Thick-
2'
2!'
3'
3!'
4'
1
1
.-\nchor
Force,
lb
Deflection,
in.
.-\nchor
Force,
lb
Detlection,
in.
0.57
o -ti
262
321
O. 70
'
0.62
0.58
0.50
433
516
0.75
0.69
O.ti8
0.55
653
789
0.86
O. 75
834
0.97
0.91
297
366
514
637
l. 02
540
651
810
1.27
1.15
536
682
1011
803
1.44
1.28
838
743
89ti
40
80
0.226
0.318
o.o7
0.52
933
1,170
0.77
0.61
1012
0.99
0.84
40
0.237
o 337
0.58
1,141
1,483
0.88
o 68
1038
1275
1.12
0.94
0.88
o o9
1,656
2,283
104
0.82
1492
1945
1.38
1.13
117S
1505
l. 75
l. 53
945
1236
l. 04
o 79
2,115
1 25
0.93
2012
2799
l. 71
1.29
1628
2145
2 .1ti
1 .11
--
1297
1751
l. 35
l. 04
3,330
l. 67
l. 23
3110
4590
2.33
l. 72
2737
3470
4370
6300
5110
7590
0.258
0.375
296
357
0.73
1
i
1
80
0.280
0.432
40
80
0.322
0.300
40
0.365
0.500
l ti3
4,680
1 39
7,150
2.04
l. 70
0.375
O. 500
1 97
1 74
5,390
8,290
2.52
2 20
o 375
0500
2 -t4
2 13
5,o50
8,780
o 375
0.500
2.67
250
5.740
9,560
xs
30
o 375
0500
3 03
2.88
5.980
10,150
20
30
o 375
0500
3 32
3 16
6,140
10,330
30
350
427
O.oO
0.-ti
40
182
233
o 216
0300
30
0.89
0.81
40
X.S
18'
213
269
80
X: S
16'
Anchor
Force,
lb
494
581
Std.
Deflection,
in.
0.51
0.42
o 52
O -tO
i
1
1
3,350
5,480
1
1
12'
Anchor
Force,
lb
o 203
0.276
60
20'
Detlection,
in.
40
40
10'
14'
80
40
8'
lO D.
8D.
1
80
80.
6'
6D~
o 154
o 218
40
80
5'
5D.
ness
t, in.
Radius of Bend R
1
1
428
1.11
658
167
EXPANSION U BEND--TANGENTS = R
General:
Length
= 8.283R
~1odified Le~h
= 6.283RK + 2R
[---=-=
Lc1p
F,
1,
+ 0.167)_R3
(8.715K
Deflection
(0.577 K
+ 0.011 )R
D/3
- ---- --....-x
--i,----,x
;--lf..------.::;4!.\.R_____
. h
me es
ds
F, -- llll]p
RD{3 poun
e expansion factor
~"' total thermal expansion in inches
For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106
Radius of Bend R
1
1
Pipe
Size
D.
2'
Wall
Se h.
40
2!'
40
80
a
!
a;
4'
5*
6.
8"
10"
16'
20'
1
434
524
o 37
0.30
350
o 55
0.49
249
314
080
0.74
194
249
0.203
0.276
0.34
0.28
0.44
759
520
620
0.68
0.62
373
456
0.99
0.93
292
361
0.47
725
877
0.86
0.75
514
637
1.23
1.14
399
504
o 56
O. 72
873
1059
1.07
0.91
620
i71
l. 51
l. 36
480
610
088
0.68
1038
1275
l. 28
108
735
927
1.80
1.60
570
727
1392
1814
172
1.42
1021
1303
2.36
2.06
781
1021
1788
2-!88
2.27
l. 72
1357
1786
3.06
2.51
1037
1400
2594
3830
3.34
2.48
2036
2745
644
o 37
o 58
80
40
0.226
0.318
0.56
0.43
1047
1314
80
40
0.237
0.337
0.66
0.52
1217
1582
80
40
0.258
0.375
0.90
O. i l
1633
2252
116
0.91
80
40
0.280
0.-!32
1.15
0.88
2030
3120
l. 52
40
80
o 322
0.500
l. 69
l. 30
2889
4750
2.21
1.63
o 365
0.500
2. 18
1.86
3870
5910
2.87
2.41
3500
0.375
?.-.11
--
2.45
4310
0630
3.70
3.24
3980
5900
o 500
xs
o 500
0.375
3.56
3.11
4410
6860
30
o 375
0.500
-!.00
3. 76
-!400
7330
xs
30
0.375
0.500
4.64
4.42
4520
7670
20
30
0.375
0.500
5.17
4.93
-!580
7710
30
112
Deflection,
in.
428
891
1074
40
18'
0.29
0.22
0.45
0.35
xs
lO D ..
0.1.?4
0.218
ID.
0.216
Std.
in.
Anchor
Force,
lb
t~on,
o 300
40
Defiec-
80
60
12*
8D.
6D.
Anchor
Force,
lb
Defiection,
t, in.
80
1
5D,.
Thickness
~o.
Anchor 1 Defiection,
Force,
lb
in.
Anchor
Force,
lb
5040
168
EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS = 2R
General:
Length = 10.283R
::\1odified Length = 6.283RK
Lclp
l;z
+ 4R
I=L --------
(17.42K
6
.
D efl ectwn
F:z
(0.865K
+ 1.333)Jl3
+ 0.0662)R 2 mr
.
h
PS
Fx
D{3
~1
1
1
f..I-----Z.4R~-----l~
833/p
=
--'---L..
Fx
RD{3 pounds
L distance between anchors in feet
e expansion factor
~"' total thermal expanswn in inches
R in feet
D in inches
1p in inches4
!
1
Pipe
Size
D.
2*
Wall
Thickness
t, in.
Se h.
No.
1
i
1
40
80
0.154
0.218
5D.
Defiection,
in.
0.45
0.35
6D.
Anchor
Force,
lb
326
393
3*
3t"
i
4'
5.
6'
80
0.203
0.276
0.53
0.44
483
569
40
80
0.216
0.300
O. 70
0.55
40
80
0.226
0.318
40
80
0.237
0.337
80
40
40
40
80
8'
1
1
i
40
80
[
i
Defiection,
in.
Anchor
Force,
lb
Del.ection,
in.
Anchor
Force,
lb
0.57
0.-!i
262
321
0.87
O.ii
187
236
! Defiection,
in.
1
390
465
1.07
0.98
280
342
668
806
0.90
O. i4
544
657
1.36
1.19
386
0.87
0.68
786
985
1.12
0.89
655
795
1.67
l. 43
465
578
l. 03
0.82
912
1186
1.36
1.06
778
956
2.01
l. 70
551
695
0.258
0.375
l. 39
1.10
1225
1688
l. 81
l. 43
1044
1360
2.69
2.23
766
0.280
0.432
l. 78
l. 37
1522
2341
2.36
l. 75
1340
1865
3.54
2.70
1017
1339
0.322
0.500
2.59
2.02
2166
3560
3.42
2.55
1945
2868
0.365
0500
3.34
2.88
2901
477
1
i
1
1
1
40
60
-t-!30
Anchor
Force,
lb
:
1.26
1.16
146
187
1.56
l. 47
219
271
1.94
l. 79
299
378
2.38
2.15
360
457
2.83
2.52
427
545
3.70
3.25
586
766
0.69
0.59
1
1
10D.
2t"
8D,.
---------
EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS = 4R
General:
Length = 14.283R
:\Iodified Length = 6.283RK
+ 8R
Lc[p
[,
\.
, ..
1
(44.27 K
+ 10.66)1?3
(1.465K
+ 0.353)R 2 .
x ~
x------------
h
me es
D/3
556[p
Pipe
Size
D.
2"
Anchor
Force,
lb
Defiection,
in.
lb
in.
217
262
108
0.90
175
214
166
1 4\J
a22
380
1 ao
1 13
260
a10
1 a2
1 05
H6
5a8
1 iO
1 41
o 226
o 318
l. 6a
1 29
524
658
2 12
l. iO
40
80
o 237
o 337
l. \J1
1 55
609
792
40
80
0.258
o a75
2 57
2.08
40
80
0.280
o ..32
3.26
2 59
Defiection,
in.
Anchor
Force.
o 15-1
o 218
0.84
0.66
0.203
o 276
084
80
0.216
o 300
40
80
40
80
2;"
40
80
a
a;
4'
s
6.
8D,
6D.
5D.
Se h.
)lo.
40
LOO
Deflecton,
10D.
Anchor
Force,
.-\nchor
Force,
lb
Detlection,
in.
125
157
2.4a
2.26
97
125
2.06
l. 8\J
187
228
a.Ol
2.86
146
181
36a
439
2 59
2 ao
257
a19
374
347
200
437
530
3 10
2.76
310
386
4 56
4 17
240
305
2.56
2.03
519
638
3 82
3 28
368
464
817
1127
3.37
2.72
697
1016
1562
4.37
3.33
895
1245
908
lb
252
170
General:
Length = 6.283R
:Ylodified Length = 6.283RK
Lclp
r,
l;, (about gravity axis X-X) = 3.61R 3 K
Fx
0.260R 2 K
D3
inches
1209[p
RD3 pounds
L distance between anchors in feet
e expansion factor
~x total thermal expansion in inches
R in feet
D in inches
]p in inches 4
Wall
Thickness
t, in.
40
80
z;
Pipe
Size
D.
5D.
10D.
8D.
6D.
Defl.ection,
in.
.\nchor
Force,
lb
Deflection,
in.
Anchor
Force,
lb
Defl.ection,
in.
A.nchor
Force,
lb
Deflection,
in.
Anchor
Force,
lb
0.154
0.218
o 13
0.10
4i3
5il
0.16
0.13
381
465
0.24
0.22
271
342
o 35
0.33
212
2i1
40
80
0.203
0.276
0.15
O. 12
iOl
826
0.19
0.16
566
675
0.30
0.27
406
496
0.44
0.41
318
393
3'
40
80
0.216
0.300
0.20
0.16
970
1169
o 21
0.26
789
954
0.38
0.33
560
693
0.55
0.50
434
549
3t'
40
80
0.226
0.318
0.25
0.19
1140
1430
0.32
0.25
950
1153
0.47
0.40
6i5
839
0.67
0.60
664
40
0.237
0.337
0.30
0.23
1324
1722
0.39
0.30
112\1
80
1388
0.57
0.48
800
1008
0.80
0.71
620
791
40
80
0.258
0.375
0.40
0.31
1777
2451
o 52
0.40
1515
1974
O. 76
0.63
1111
1418
o 91
6'
40
80
0.280
0.432
0.51
0.39
2209
3400
o 50
0.68
1945
2707
1.01
O. 76
1416
1944
8'
40
80
o 500
o 58
O. 75
3140
5170
0.99
0.73
2823
lO'
40
60
0.365
0.500
0.97
0.83
4210
6430
12'
Std.
0.375
0.500
l. 24
1.09
4690
7220
2'
4'
5'
14'
16'
18'
20'
xs
0.322
xs
o 500
0.375
l. 59
l. 39
4800
7460
30
40
0.375
0.500
l. 79
l. 68
4790
7980
xs
30
0.375
0.500
2.08
l. 98
4910
8350
20
30
0.375
0.500
2 32
2.21
4980
8390
30
H60
l. 05
522
850
1111
171
,.
!
_
r.
Propertie8
of
American Standards Association
Pipe
ASA Standard B)6.10
r
1
1
L.-
172
Pipe
Size
&
Outside
Diam.
1.075 o.6657
0.561
80
1.477 0.8679
0.731
2.375" 160
2.190 1.1626
o.979
2.656 1.3110
1.104
1.704 1.5300
1.064
80
2.254 1.9240
1.339
2.875" 160
2.945 2.3530
1.638
XXH
1.771 0.552
2.464
4.028 2.8710
1.997
Std
2.228 3.0170
1.724
40
stct
2"
XXH
2~"
40
J"
3.500"
80
XH 2.900 0.300
6.605
3.0~6
3.8920
2.225
160
2,626 o.437
5.416
4.205 5.0330
2.876
5.466 5.9330
3.424
---
__ ____
"
-------
173
\
,-
r-
Pipe
Size
&
,i '
Outsi de
Diam.
3t"
, f
j\
Q)
3..
'O~
~E
eX~
r-f
..-4..-4
F.
1/)
~~
c...t
lll
J..
Qi
t) ;-1
11)
't)Gl~
.,.. E
1/) Cll o
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HOH
~11)
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Q)
r-fO..C::
r-f;EO
c
,:::::
:SE-oH
N
Q)
11)
~~1!
,11): : : f oc
H..C:H
4"
11)
~~13
+J Q) C)
Q) .. c
:E<H
ctl.::t
,:::::
11)("\
11)
Ct!
:::S
..-lr-fl!
;-1 :::S
;::HH
C!j::f::H
...)
..-4
11)
~o 8 o,: : :
Q)
'O
Q)
o,:::::
40 Std
3.548 o.226
9.89
2.68 4.788
2.39
80
XH
3.364 0.318
8.89
3.68 6.280
3.14
40
Std
4.026 0.237
12.73
3.17 7.23
3.21
80
XH
3~~26
0.337
11.50
4.41 9.61
4.2?
120
3.626 o.4'37
10.,33
5.58 11.65
5.18
160
3.438 0.531
9.28
6.62 13.27
5.90
XXR
3.152 o.674
7 .oo
8.10 15.28
6.79
4.000"
11)
4.500"
40
.Std
5.047 0.258
20.01
4.30 15.16
5.45
80
XH
4.813 o.375
18.19
6.11 20.67
7.43
120
4.563 0.500
1.35
7.95 25.74
9 .. 25
160
4.313
0.625
14.61
9.70 J0.03
10.80
4.063 0.750
12.9?
11.34 3J.63
12.09
5"
5.563"
XXH
174
Pipe
Size
&
Out-
.!id e
Diam.
f..
],8
~~
Q)
.-i
Q) ~ U)
al
=
1:10
"'
Q)
Q)
.,.. .,.. .,..E..C
E Ul U) cj u
.g~ S::.,..=
HOH
40 Std
80
6"
6.62.5"
XH
U)
Q)
.-iU..C
r-~;au
al
=
..le:
U)
Q)
'O
Q)
.,..jai..C
U) Q) ()
S:: f.. =
~~H
H<H
6.065 0.280
2~.~
.-i
al al
f.
U)
~.,.U)
..e
=t~
~ (1) ()
Q)
(.
o= :;::1!/)(""\U)
.,..jl"'iQ)
~::l..C
()
"' u
Q) o =
:S HH
= S::
U)::E;H
5.58 28.14
8.;o
~<~
120
160
5.189 0.718
XXH
.,
U)
f..
(1)
4.897
20
JO 25#
8.071
0.277 51.2
7.26 63.3
14.69
40
7.981
0.322 ;o.o
8.40 72.5
16.81
10.48 88.8
20 .58
12.76 105.7
24.51
100
14.96 121.4
28.14
120
17.84 140.6
32.61
28#
,.
60
8.625"
80
XH
17.5
Pipe
Size
&
Outsi de
Diam.
!t-1
(/)
r-1
~ b
],l: ,....,....
;:1
""
..e
() ...,
CI):Z:
{fl
~~
4)
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-+->
(/)
(/)
al
'O Q)
rl S ..C
In C'O ()
HS:
Q)
iS HS:
t:: (/)
_:.:: V
r-~o.:::
r-~:ao
S:
3t:-<H
C'O
4)
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ocu.:t
(/)
(/)
Q)
~id~
..-4<1l..C
en v o
s::
H<t:H
e~
+l
Q)
'f. ()S:
::;:: .J;
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S: S:
~~~
~ a:. ..e
()
~HH
() "8 ()
0.812
38.5 19.93
153.8 35.65
6.875
0.875
37.1
41.30
162.0 37.56
160
6.813
0.906
36.4 21.97
165.9 38.48
20
10.250
0.250
82.5
8.26
113.6 21.12
JO 35# 10.136
0.307
80.7
10.07
137.4 25.57
40
Std 10.020
0.365
78.9
11.91
160.7 29.90
60
XH 9.7.50
0.500
74.7
16.10
212.0 39.43
80
9.564
0.593
71.8
18.91
244.9 45.56
100
9.314
0.718
68.1
22.62
286.2 53.25
120
9.064
0.843
4.5
26.23
324.3 60.Jti
140
8.750
1.000
60.1
30.63
367.8 68.43
160
8.500
1.125
56.7 34.01
399.4 74.31
8"
XXH
t::
7.001
140
8.625"
t:: (/)("'\
;:1 In
,....,...~
-+-> ;:1
+o>..-41n
10"
10.75"
176
Pipe
Siz~
&
Cutsi de
Di a m.
e,...
(1)
~
a5~
...-l
al
S:: t.D
.,...,..
e (1)
S~ ~~
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lll
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rl E .C
11) al c.;
S: rl S:
S::
N
(1)
Q)
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rG
S:
t)
(1)
~all!
m Ql <J
;l:-<H
S::~ S:
H~H
20
12.250 0.2.50
117.9
30 4.51
12.090 0.330
Std
HOH
(1)
Cll
...-l
al
+l
Cll
lll
al~
Q)
<J
~S:
::t::<H
C!$.;:T
+l..-!Vl
S:: +l Cll
Q)
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e Ql u
~S:
S::
HH
S:: (/)(""\
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(1)
..-1...-lCil
.,._l:;::l..C:
<J 'O ()
41 o S:
(J');i:;H
192.3
30.2
114.8
12.88 248.5
39.0
12.000 0.375
113.1
14 .58
279.3
43.8
11.938 o.4o6
111.9
1.5. 74 300.J
47.1
11.750 0.500
108.4
19.24 361 .5
56.7
60
11.626 0.562
106.2
2t.52
4oo .s
62.8
80
11.376 o.687
101.6
26.03
47 ,5.2
74.6
100
11.064 0.843
96.1
31.53
561.8
88.1
120
10.750
1.000
90.8
36.91
0!1.7
100.7
140
10.500
1.125
86.6
41.08
700.7
109.9
160
10.126
1.312
80 .. 5
47.14 781.3
122.6
40
12"
XH
9.84
12.75"
177
Pipe
Size
&
Outsi de
Diam.
4>
r-l
::l t.
'O <l.l
~~
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(ll
-+-)
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10
13.500
0.250
143.1
10.82
256oO
36.6
20
13.)75
0.312
140.5
13.44
314.9
45.0
13.250
0.375
137.9
16.05
372.8
53.2
13.125
0.4"37
135.3
18.64
429.1
61.3
XH n.ooo
0.500
132.7
21.21
483.8
69.1
60
12.814
0.593
129.0
24.98
562.4
80.3
80
12.500
0.750
122.7
31.22
687.5
98.2
100
12.125
0.937
115.5
38.47
824.5
117.2
120
11.8:1.4
1.093
109.6
44.32
929.8
132.8
140
11.500
1.250
103.9
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1027 .5
146.8
160
11.188
1.406
98.'
.5.5.63 1116.9
1.59 .
cnz
30
40
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.......
111
<l.l
(ll
(ll
t.
r-l
std
S:: h
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14"
14.00"
178
Pipe
Size
&
Outsi de
Di a m.
1
;(
e,.;
(/)
S..
4)
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15.'.)00
0.250
188.7
12.40
385.0
48.1
20
15.375
0.312 185.6
15.40
474.0
59.2
30
Std
15.250
0.375 182.6
18.41
562.1
70.3
40
XH
15.000
C.500
176.7
24.35
?J1.9
91.'.)
60
14.688
0.656
169.4
31.62
932.6
80
14.314
0.843
160.9
40.14
1156.6 144.6
100
13.938
1.031
152.6
48.49
1366.0 170.7
120
13.564
1.218 144.5
56.56
1555.8 194.5
140
13.126
1.437 135.3
65.75
1760.3
160
12.814
1. 593
129.0
72.10
1894.0 236.?
16 11
16.00"
116.6
220.0
179
Pipe
Size
&
Outsi de
Diam.
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184
1'
RI
2
R1
~k + ~ 1~
RT
1' --"115
2
.
When the total length of the elbows in a system is but a small portion
o the total length o the line, the k- factor can be ignored because its
effect on the result in this case is minimal and the omission on the side
of safety.
185
'
'
= Ri
--:--
k
R
2 + -z- 13
1'
R:
(k + 13)
1' .n 2
where m and n are the coordinates of the centroid of the quarter bend.
4
reacti~ns
103
120
28
e
Charts for flexibility and stress intensification factors
Combining expansion stresses
Combining moments
54
7
78
133
138
127
130
lOO
149
6
16
F
Flexibility
Flexibility
Flexibility
Formula for
Formula for
factor
factor for elbows
factor charts
reactions, single plane system
reactions, space system
51
57
54-56
16-17
67
Modulus of elasticity
Moduli o elasticity and torsional rigidity, relation o
Mament of inertia of branches
Moment of inertia of steel pipe
Moving anchors
101
67
17
172
44
39
12
21
19
20
23
33
35
37
39
41
45
62
69
81
90
171
16
17
28
127
Schedule numbers
Section modulus of steel pipe
Sel..f-springing
Self-springing, example of acute case
Simplified solution of 3 equations
Simplified tabulation
Single plane piping
Stress calculation, typical
Stress intensification factor
Stress intensification factor for elbows
Stress range
Stress range reduction factor
s,~ry of stress examination
172
172
2
31
76
25
14
27
51
57
3
4
ll
T
Ts.b1es of elastic constants
Tab1es of al1owab1e S-values
Tables of American Standard
Tab1es of common shapes
Tab1es of f1exibility and stress intensification factors
Tab1es of properties of pipe
Tab1es of va1ues 13:12
Thrust 1ine
Thickness, pipe wa11
lOO
103
120
147
54
171
182
32
172