THE BAUHAUS The Bauhaus was founded in 1919 by the architect Walter Gropius.

He aimed at integrating art and economics and at adding an element of engineering to art. The Bauhaus was founded by the combination of the Weimar Art Academy and the Weimar Arts and Crafts chool of which Gropius had been appointed director that year. tudents were trained by both artists and craftmen! reali"ing the desire of Gropius to ma#e modern artists familiar with science and economics! to unite creati$e imagination with a practical #nowledge of craftsmanship and thus to de$elop a new sense of functional design. The Bauhaus %& house for building' aimed at a cultural unity of architecture ! painting! sculpture! photography and applied arts. The school had three aims( 1. to rescue all of the arts from the isolation in which each then found itself! to encourage the indi$idual artisans and craftmen to wor# cooperati$ely and combine their s#ills) *. the school set out to ele$ate the status of crafts %chairs! lamps+.'to the same le$el en,oyed by the fine arts %painting!sculpture+') -. to maintain contact with the leaders of industry and craft in an attempt to e$entually gain independence from go$ernment support by selling design to industry. The artistic production had to become a part of modern economy. According to Gropius the Bauhaus had to ser$e the actual de$elopment of housing from simple utensils to the complete dwelling house! trying to find the form of e$ery ob,ect in its natural functions. The aesthetical $alues of beautiful and ugly were replaced by the functional $alues of useful! practical! comfortable. The school was based on the close collaboration between students and teachers( important personalities of the .*/s wor#ed and contributed to the de$elopment of the Bauhaus such as 0tten! 1andins#y and 1lee. The preliminary course was the basic stage( the course lasted si2 months! during which students studied the characteristics of materials! colours! natural forms! geometric compositions and e$en some #nowledge about $isual perception and only passing this preliminary course successfully a student was accepted to professional studies in the wor#shops. The second stage! which lasted three years! consisted of wor#shops acti$ities such as carpentry! graphics! sculpture ! ceramics and so on. The third stage consisted of apprenticeship in building sites and included the study of planning and architectural construction. Architecture was considered the final synthesis of any research. 0n the .*/s the Bauhaus was the landmar# of the 3uropean a$ant4garde mo$ements. ome problems aroused in 19*5 when the German go$ernment withdrew its economical support from education. The collaboration with industry began to diminish and the school had to find another location. 6essau offered to guest another Bauhaus so that Gropius pro,ected the building which became the seat of the school

until 19-1. 7ew political pressures compelled Gropius to lea$e the school in 19*8! so that the new direction was ta#en by Hannes 9eyer and two years later by 9ies :an 6er ;ohe. 0n 19-- the school was suppressed by the 7a"is because of its socialist manifesto and its close lin#s with the international cultural mo$ements of the period. <pposed to the 7a"i regime! in 19-= Gropius and :an 6er ;ohe emigrated secretly first to 3ngland and then to the > A where they tried again the e2periment in Chicago with a new Bauhaus( it is today the 0nstitute of 6esign which formed an entire generation of American architects. Gropius ,oined the architecture faculty of Har$ard >ni$ersity. He died in Boston in 19?9. GROPIUS Architectural style: Gropius introduced a new approach to design education in ,oining art and industry. 6esign should be functional and based on the combination between art and engineering. He designed industrial buildings. He sought intellectual solutions of great socially urgent problems. According to him architects! sculptors! furniture ma#ers and painters should learn practical crafts and ha$e #nowledge of tools! materials and forms) they should use the machine to sol$e social problems of an industrial society. He created wor#s of simple geometry !often rectangles of different si"es and these forms were mar#ed by smooth surfaces! primary colours and modern materials such as steel and glass. With both linear and hori"ontal elements Gropius introduced strength! stability and dynamics. His designs are pure and clean ad the $olumes and planes were often accentuated by light according to function. 0n fact the window was seen as an important tool. He followed a mechanistic direction. 0n his buildings $igorous forms were enclosed by masonry and glass) the effect was gained by the use of steel frames! a strong silhouette and the logic of their plans. There were no historical influences or e2pressions of local landscape or traditions( the beauty of the building deri$ed from adapting forms to a technological culture. The agus !or"s actory# Al$eld %&'&&(&'&)*+ He planned it than#s to the cooperation with @eter Behrens and Adolf 9eyer 0t is a shoe factory 0ts construction system consists of steel! bric# masonry and glass The gla"ing continued round the corner without any mullion or post at the angle 0n it he re,ected ornaments in the cause of functionalism 0t has a flat roof! glass curtain4walling and gla"ed corner staircases! so that the s#eleton and the interior wor#ings are proudly e2posed Absence of a cornice Hori"ontal banding of the porch with a cloc#

 The attracti$e faAade co$ered with glass walls was obtained by means of a steel s#eleton which was a support to the inside The starting point was the e2isting site plan! the ground plan and construction plans as well as the foundation already been laid. The Bauhaus Building 0t was built in 19*54*? 0t resembles a factory The plan recall two Bs o$erlapping The centre is the two storeyed office bloc# on stilts 0t has flat roofs and absence of cornices Attached to it on the north there is the four storeyed bloc# of the trade school on the south a cross wing with auditorium! canteen+. The school consists of three connected wings chool and wor#shops are connected through a two4storey bridge The upper le$el was the pri$ate office of the two architects Gropius and 9eyer The dormitories and the school building are connected through a wing where the assembly hall and the dining room are located The si24storeyed tower4li#e dormitory bloc# has many small balconies The wor#shop bloc# is all4glass The basic structure of the Bauhaus consists of a system of connecting wings corresponding to the internal operating system of the school The building is characterised by a s#eleton of reinforced concrete with bric#wor# and roofs co$ered with asphalt tiles that can be wal#ed upon The construction system is in glass! steel and concrete