Chess Strategy

Second Edition (1915) Edward Lasker

CONTENTS
A Note on the PDF Version TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE AUTHOR'S PREFACE PART I I. INTRODUCTORY I. Rules of the Game II. Notation II. IN!S "#R $EGINNERS Elementar% &om'inations Sim(le &alculation &om(lications III. GENER)L *RIN&I*LES #" & ESS S!R)!EG+

Introductor% $alance of )ttack and ,efence -o'ilit% I.. ! E #*ENING ,e/elo(ment of the *ieces #n Losin0 -o/es E1am(les of *ractical *la% *awn *la% *awn Skeleton !he &entre ). 2in03s *awn Games $. 4ueen3s *awn Games &. Irre0ular #(enin0s .. ! E EN,5G)-E End50ames with *ieces *awn Endin0s -i1ed Endin0s EN,5G)-ES "R#- -)S!ER5*L)+

!eichmann5$lack'urne ($erlin6 1798) Ed. Lasker5Rotlewi ( am'ur06 1919) $lack'urne5Schlechter (.ienna6 1797) $ird5:anowski ( astin0s6 1795) Steiner5"or0ac; (S;ekesfeher/ar6 1998) &harousek5 einrichsen (&olo0ne6 1797) .I. ! E -I,,LE G)-E General Remarks E/olution of the *awn Skeleton #'<ects of )ttack =$ackward= *awns #n "i1in0 a >eakness >eaknesses in a *awn *osition $reakin0 u( the 2in03s Side ,ou'led *awns Illustrations? /. Sche/e5!eichmann ($erlin6 1998) -arshall5$urn (#stend6 1998)

-anoeu/res of the *ieces #(en "iles and ,ia0onals E1am(le? "red. La;ard5Ed. Lasker (*aris6 191@) *)R! II ILLAS!R)!I.E G)-ES "R#- -)S!ER !#ARN)-EN!S 1.!artakower5$urn (&arls'ad6 1911) B.Leonhardt5-arshall (San Se'astian6 1911) C.S(ielmann5*rokes (*ra06 1997) @.!arrasch5&a(a'lanca (San Se'astian6 1911) @a. owell5-ichell (&a'le -atch6 1998) @'. D. /. + 5.Griffith5Gunston (London6 199B) E.-ason5Guns'er0 (New +ork6 1779) 8.-arshall5!arrasch ( am'ur06 1919) 7.$lack'urne5Em. Lasker (*etro0rad6 191@) 9.Salwe5-arshall (.ienna6 1997) 19.!eichmann5)mateurs (Glas0ow6 199B) 11.Schlechter5:anowski (*aris6 1999) 1B.!eichmann5Ru'instein (&arls'ad6 1911) 1C.!eichmann5Schlechter (&arls'ad6 1911) 1@.S(ielmann5!arrasch (San Se'astian6 191B) 15.)l<echin5Niem;owitsch (*etro0rad6 191@) 1E.+ates5Guns'er0 (&hester6 191@) 18.$erlin5Ri0a (199751999)

18a. -aroc;%5$er0er (.ienna6 1997) 17.Em. Lasker5&a(a'lanca (*etro0rad6 191@) 19.Ed. Lasker5:anowski (Sche/enin0en6 191C) B9.Ed. Lasker5En0lund (Sche/enin0en6 191C) B1.Lasker5)l<echin (Sche/enin0en6 191C) BB."or0ac;5!artakower (*etro0rad6 1999) BC.+ates5Esser ()n0lo5,utch -atch6 191@) B@.)tkins5$arr% (&a'le -atch6 1919) B5.Lasker5!arrasch (-unich6 1997) BE.&a(a'lanca5$lanco ( a/anna6 191C) B8.Niem;owitsch5!arrasch (San Se'astian6 191B) B7.)la(in5Ru'instein (>ilna6 191B) B9.!eichmann5S(ielmann (Lei(;i06 191@) C9.!arrasch5S(ielmann (-annheim6 191@) C1.:ohn5:anowski (-annheim6 191@) CB.Laskcr5-ieses (Sche/enin0en6 191C) CC.$aras;5-ieses ($reslau6 191B) C@.Lasker5Niem;owitsch (*etro0rad6 191@) C5.Reti5!artakower (.ienna6 1919) CE."or0ac;&ohn (*etro0rad6 1999) C8.-arshall5&a(a'lanca (New +ork6 1999) C7.Rotlewi5!eichmann (&arls'ad6 1911) C7a. Ru'instein5!eichmann (.ienna6 1997) C9.Rotlewi5Ru'instein (Lod;6 1998) @9.Ru'instein5&a(a'lanca (San Se'astian6 1911) @1.Niem;owitsch5!arrasch (*etro0rad6 191@) @1a. Lasker5$auer ()msterdam6 1779)

@B.&a(a'lanca5)l<echin (*etro0rad6 191C) @C.&a(a'lanca5$ernstein (*etro0rad6 191@) @@.,us &hotimirski5.idmar (&arls'ad6 1911) @5.Ru'instein5S(ielmann (*ist%an6 191B) @E.!homas5Lasker (London6 191B) @8.!artakower5)s;talos ($uda(est6 191C) @8a. !artakower5S(ielmann (.ienna6 191C) @8'. D /. + @7.$lack'urne5Niem;owitsch (*etro0rad6 191@) !)$LE #" #*ENINGS ).2in03s *awn Games $.4ueen3s *awn Games &.Irre0ular #(enin0s A Note on the PDF Version !his *," /ersion has 'een desi0ned for readin0 on a E inch ereader6 s(ecificall% a 2o'o. I found this as an !-L file. Anlike the ori0inal Guten'er0 /ersion6 it includes dia0rams added '% :osF Garcia. I edited the !-L and added &SS to chan0e the fonts6 make them 'i00er6 and to make the dia0rams 'i00er6 as well as to correct some formatin0 errors. !he main 'od% is in BB(t )ldine8B1 $!6 a clone of *lantin6 and mo/es are in 20pt Rockwell. I used #(en#ffice >riter to e1(ort the finished (roduct to a *," file. If %ou want to /iew it on

%our com(uter6 it will 'e 'est to /iew it one whole (a0e at a time. #therwise6 the fonts will a((ear too lar0e. )lthou0h I ha/e edited the formattin06 I ha/e not edited the content. 55 "er0us ,uniho TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE )s the first edition of Edward Laskcr3s & ESS S!R)!EG+ was e1hausted within a com(arati/el% short time of its a((earance6 the author set himself the task of alterin0 and im(ro/in0 the work to such an e1tent that it 'ecame to all intents and (ur(oses a new 'ook. I had the (ri/ile0e of co5o(eratin0 with him to a sli0ht de0ree on that second edition6 and was in conseGuence a'le to a((reciate the tremendous amount of work he /oluntaril% took u(on himself to doH I sa% /oluntaril%6 'ecause his (u'lishers6 an1ious to su((l% the stron0 demand for the 'ook6 wished to re(rint it as it stood. ) little later I undertook to translate this second edition into En0lish for -essrs. $ell I Sons. #nl% a few months had ela(sed6 the tournaments at *etro0rad6 &hester6 and -annheim had taken (lace6 se/eral new disco/eries had 'een made6 and it is the 0reatest testimon% to Edward Lasker3s indefati0a'le de/otion to the )rt of &hess that I am a'le to sa% that this is not a translation of the second edition6 'ut of what is (racticall% a new 'ook. It contains a new (reface6 a

cha(ter for 'e0inners6 a new introduction6 new /ariations. "urthermore6 a lar0e num'er of new 0ames ha/e taken the (lace of old ones. I ha/e no dou't that an% chess (la%er who will take the trou'le to stud% & ESS S!R)!EG+ will s(end man% a (leasura'le hour. Incidentall% new /istas will 'e o(ened to him6 and his (la%in0 stren0th increased to a sur(risin0 de0ree. !he author sa%s in his (reface that he a((eals to the intelli0ence and not the memor% of his readers. In m% o(inion6 too6 the student should a'o/e all tr% to im(ro/e his <ud0ment of (osition. !han the (la%in0 o/er of 0ames contested '% e1(erts I can hardl% ima0ine a 0reater or (urer form of en<o%ment. +et I must at the outset sound a note of warnin0 a0ainst its 'ein0 done su(erficiall%6 and with a fe/erish e1(ectation of somethin0 ha((enin0. E/er% mo/e or com'ination of mo/es should 'e carefull% wei0hed6 and the student should draw his own conclusions and com(are them with what actuall% ha((ens in the 0ame under e1amination. !his a((lies (articularl% to some of the critical (ositions set out in dia0rams in the course of the e1(osition of the se/eral 0ames. !he reader would deri/e the 0reatest (ossi'le 'enefit

from a (rolon0ed stud% of such (ositions 'efore seekin0 to know how the 0ames (roceed. )fter ha/in0 formed his own o(inion a'out the merits of a (articular (osition6 he should com(are the result with the seGuel in the 0ame in Guestion6 and thus find out where his <ud0ment has 'een at fault. !he dee(er stud% of the theor% of the o(enin0s is of course a necessit% to the student who wishes to 'ecome an e1(ert6 'ut the de/elo(ment of his <ud0ment must (recede it. !o him Griffith I >hite3s admira'le 'ook6 -odem &hess #(enin0s6 will 'e a (erfect mine of information. !here are thousands of /ariations6 and in most of them the actual 0ame in which the% were first tried '% masters is named6 thus addin0 to the interest and /alue of the work. I must not omit to mention the in/alua'le hel( afforded me '% m% friend -r. :ohn art6 to whom m% warmest thanks are due. JULIUS DU MONT. AUTHOR'S PREFACE ! E lar0e ma<orit% of chess (la%ers who would like to im(ro/e their 0ame6 ha/e not the necessar% o((ortunit% of (ittin0 themsel/es a0ainst (la%ers of master5stren0th6 or at least of o'tainin0 the desired instruction from (ersonal intercourse with them. It is for such (la%ers

that the (resent work is intended. !he 'ooks on which the learner has to rel% hardl% e/er ser/e his (ur(ose6 'ein0 mostl% little more than a dis<ointed ta'ulation of num'erless o(enin0 /ariations6 which cannot 'e understood without (reliminar% studies6 and conseGuentl% onl% make for confusion. In the end the connection 'etween the /arious lines of (la% ma% 'ecome clear6 after the student has made an e1hausti/e stud% of the su'<ect6 'ut /er% few would ha/e either the time or the inclination for such (rolon0ed la'our. !herefore another shorter and less em(irical wa% must 'e found in which to acGuire the understandin0 of sound (la%. -% s%stem of teachin0 differs from the usual ones6 in that it sets down at the outset definite elementar% (rinci(les of chess strate0% '% which an% mo/e can 'e 0au0ed at its true /alue6 thus ena'lin0 the learner to form his own <ud0ment as to the manoeu/res under consideration. In m% o(inion it is a'solutel% ESSEN!I)L to follow such strate0ical (rinci(les6 and I 0o so far as to assert that such (rinci(les are in themsel/es SA""I&IEN! for the de/elo(ment and conduct of a correct 0ame of chess. E/en thou0h instruction in chess is (ossi'le on /er% 0eneral lines alone6 %et I think it ad/isa'le and indeed necessar% to e1(lain the a((lication of such (rinci(les to the /arious (hases of each 0ame of chess. #therwise

the learner mi0ht undul% dela% his (ro0ress6 and lose /alua'le time in findin0 out for himself certain essentials that could more (rofita'l% 'e (ointed out to him. >ith re0ard to the wa% in which I ha/e arran0ed m% su'<ect and the form of its e1(osition in detail6 I ha/e thou0ht out the followin0 (lan. )fter discussin0 at len0th the leadin0 (rinci(les underl%in0 sound (la%6 I ha/e first treated of the #*ENINGS6 in which such (rinci(les are of e/en more decidin0 influence than in an% other sta0e of the 0ame6 as far as could 'e done on 'road lines without ha/in0 to (a% attention to middle and end50ame considerations. I (roceeded as follows6 '% takin0 as m% startin05(oint the =(awn skeleton= which is formed in the o(enin06 and round which the (ieces should 0rou( themsel/es in lo0ical fashion. )s a conseGuence of the (awns ha/in0 so little mo'ilit%6 this =(awn skeleton= often (reser/es its sha(e ri0ht into the end50ame. )((l%in0 the 0eneral strate0ical (rinci(les to the formation of the (awn skeleton6 the learner acGuires the understandin0 of the leadin0 idea underl%in0 each o(enin0 without ha/in0 to 'urden his memor%. Not onl% that6 he will also 'e a'le to find a correct (lan of de/elo(ment when confronted with unusual forms of o(enin0.

!he most im(ortant result of this s%stem of teachin0 is that the learner does not lose his wa% in a ma;e of detail6 'ut has in /iew at the /er% outset6 the 0oal which the man% (ossi'le /ariations of the o(enin0s are intended to reach. $efore I could (roceed to the discussion of the middle 0ame6 I found it necessar% to treat of the (rinci(les 0o/ernin0 the EN,5 G)-E. "or in most cases (la% in the middle 0ame is influenced '% end50ame considerations. ere also it has 'een m% endea/our as far as (ossi'le to reduce m% su'<ect to such (rinci(les as are 0enerall% a((lica'le. "inall%6 as re0ards the -I,,LE G)-E6 to which the whole of *art II is de/oted6 I ha/e a0ain made the handlin0 of (awns6 the hardest of all (ro'lems of strate0%6 the startin05(oint for m% deli'erations. I ha/e shown at len0th how the /arious (lans initiated '% the /arious o(enin0s should 'e de/elo(ed further. !o ensure a thorou0h understandin0 of the middle 0ame6 I ha/e 0i/en a lar0e num'er of 0ames taken from master (la%6 with numerous and e1tensi/e notes. !hus the student has not to rel% onl% on e1am(les taken ha(ha;ard from their conte1t6 'ut he will at the same time see how middle50ame (ositions6 which 0i/e o((ortunities for s(ecial forms of attack6 are e/ol/ed from the o(enin0.

It has 'een m% desire to make the su'<ect easil% understanda'le and at the same time entertainin06 and to a((eal less to the memor% of m% readers than to their common sense and intelli0ence. I ho(e in that wa% not to ha/e stra%ed too far from the ideal I had in mind when writin0 this 'ook6 namel%6 to a((l% to chess the onl% method of teachin0 which has (ro/ed (roducti/e in all 'ranches of science and art6 that is6 the education of indi/idual thou0ht. If I ha/e succeeded in this6 I shall ha/e the satisfaction of ha/in0 contri'uted a little to the furtherin06 in the wide circles in which it is (la%ed6 of the 0ame which undou'tedl% makes the stron0est a((eal to the intellect. EDWARD LAS ER. PART I CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY I. RULES OF THE !AME ) G)-E of chess is (la%ed '% two o((onents on a sGuare 'oard consistin0 of si1t%5four >hite and $lack sGuares arran0ed alternatel%. !he forces on each side com(rise si1teen units6 namel% a 2in06 a 4ueen6 two Rooks6 two $isho(s6 two 2ni0hts6 and ei0ht *awns. )ll

units mo/e accordin0 to different laws6 and the difference in their mo'ilit% is the criterion of their relati/e /alue and of the fi0htin0 (ower the% contri'ute towards achie/in0 the ultimate aim6 namel%6 the ca(ture of the o((osin0 2in0. $efore I can e1(lain what is meant '% the ca(ture of the 2in06 I must set out the rules of the 0ame in full. ,ia0ram 1 shows the (osition the forces take u( for the contest. !he 'oard is so (laced that there is a white sGuare at the to( left5hand corner. !he Rooks take u( their (ositions at the corner sGuares6 and ne1t to them the 2ni0hts. Ne1t to those a0ain are the $isho(s6 and in the centre the 2in0 and 4ueen6 the >hite 4ueen on a >hite sGuare6 and the $lack 4ueen on a $lack sGuare. !he ei0ht (awns occu(% the ranks immediatel% in front of the (ieces. "rom this initial (osition6 >hite 'e0ins the 0ame in which the (la%ers must mo/e alternatel%. !he (ieces mo/e in the followin0 wa%J !he Rook can mo/e from an% sGuare it ha((ens to 'e on6 to an% other sGuare which it can reach in a strai0ht line6 either (er(endicularl% or hori;ontall%6 unless there is another (iece of the same colour in the wa%6 in which case it can onl% mo/e as far as the sGuare immediatel% in front of that (iece. If it is an o((osin0 (iece which 'locks the wa%6 he can mo/e on to the sGuare that (iece occu(ies6 there'% ca(turin0 it. !he (iece thus ca(tured is

remo/ed from the 'oard. !he $isho( can o(erate alon0 either of the dia0onals of which the sGuare on which he is standin0 forms (art. ) $isho( on a >hite sGuare can there fore ne/er 0et on to a $lack one.

Di"#r"$ %. !he 4ueen commands 'oth the strai0ht and the o'liGue lines which start from the sGuare she stands on6 and therefore unites the (ower of 'oth Rook and $isho( in her mo/ements. !he 2in0 has similar (owers to the 4ueen6 'ut curtailed6 inasmuch as he can onl% mo/e one ste( at a

time. e therefore onl% controls one nei0h'ourin0 sGuare in an% direction. !he 2ni0ht (la%s and ca(tures alternatel% on >hite and $lack sGuares6 and onl% reaches such sGuares as are nearest to him without 'ein0 immediatel% ad<acentH his mo/e is as it were com(osed of two ste(s6 one sGuare in a strai0ht line6 and one in an o'liGue direction. ,ia0ram B will illustrate this. K"ootnoteJ I should like to Guote m% friend -r. :ohn art3s cle/er definition of the 2ni0ht3s mo/e6 thou0h it ma% not 'e new. If one concei/es a 2ni0ht as standin0 on a corner sGuare of a rectan0le three sGuares '% two6 he is a'le to mo/e into the corner dia0onall% o((osite.L !he (awns onl% mo/e strai0ht forward6 one sGuare at a time6 e1ce(t at their first mo/e6 when the% ha/e the o(tion of mo/in0 two sGuares. In contrast to the (ieces6 the (awns do not ca(ture in the wa% the% mo/e. !he% mo/e strai0ht forward6 'ut the% ca(ture dia0onall% to the ri0ht and left6 a0ain onl% one sGuare6 and onl% forward. !herefore a (awn can onl% ca(ture such (ieces or (awns as occu(% sGuares of the same colour as the sGuare on which it stands. If6 in mo/in0 two sGuares6 a (awn tra/erses a sGuare on which it could ha/e 'een ca(tured '% a hostile (awn6 that (awn has the ri0ht to ca(ture it6 as if it had mo/ed onl% one sGuare. !his is called ca(turin0 EN *)SS)N!. owe/er6 this ca(ture

can onl% 'e effected on the /er% ne1t mo/e6 otherwise the (ri/ile0e of ca(turin0 en (assant is lost.

Di"#r"$ &. If a (la%er succeeds in reachin0 the ei0hth rank with one of his (awns he is entitled to call for an% (iece of hi0her 0rade6 with the e1ce(tion of the 2in06 in (lace of such (awn. Each mo/e in a 0ame of chess consists of the dis(lacement of one (iece onl%6 with the e1ce(tion of what is termed =castlin06= in which the 2in0 and either Rook can 'e mo/ed simultaneousl% '% either

(la%er once in a 0ame. In castlin06 the 2in0 mo/es sidewa%s to the ne1t sGuare 'ut one6 and the Rook to which the 2in0 is mo/ed is (laced on the sGuare which the 2in0 has ski((ed o/er. &astlin0 is onl% allowed if neither the 2in0 nor the Rook concerned ha/e mo/ed 'efore6 and if there is no (iece 'etween the Rook and 2in0. ,ia0ram C shows a (osition in which >hite has castled on the 4ueen3s side6 and $lack on the 2in03s side. &astlin0 is not (ermitted if the 2in0 in castlin0 must (ass o/er a sGuare attacked '% a hostile (iece. ) sGuare (or a (iece) is said to 'e =attacked= when the sGuare (or the (iece) is in the line of action of a hostile unit. ) sGuare (or a (iece) is said to 'e co/ered or (rotected if an o((osin0 (iece occu(%in0 that sGuare (or ca(turin0 the (iece) could itself 'e ca(tured. >hen attackin0 the 2in0 it is customar% to call =check6= to notif% the o((onent of the factH for the attack on the 2in0

Di"#r"$ '. must 'e met in some wa% or other. !his can 'e done '% ca(turin0 the attacker or '% inter(osin0 a (iece (this is not (ossi'le in case of attack '% a 2ni0ht or a (awn)6 or lastl% '% mo/in0 the 2in0 to a sGuare which is not attacked. !he latter must not 'e done '% castlin0. If it is im(ossi'le '% an% of the three methods a'o/e mentioned to a/oid the attack u(on the 2in06 the 2in0 is said to 'e checkmated6 and the 0ame is ended. If a 2in0 is una'le to mo/e6 thou0h not attacked6 and none of his remainin0 (ieces can mo/e6 the 2in0

is said to 'e stale5mated6 and the 0ame is drawn. ) 0ame is also drawn when neither side has sufficient material left to enforce a mate. (&om(are (a0e EC.) If a (la%er resi0ns his 0ame 'efore he is actuall% mated6 he acknowled0es that in the end mate is una/oida'le6 and the 0ame is counted as a loss to him. ) 0ame is null and /oid if it is shown that a mistake was made in settin0 the 'oard or men. !he same a((lies when in the course of the 0ame the (osition and num'er of (ieces ha/e 'een altered in a manner not in accordance with the (ro(er course of (la%6 and the latter cannot 'e re5constructed from the (oint where the error was made. If a (la%er ha/in0 the mo/e touches one of his (ieces he is under com(ulsion to mo/e itH if he touches a hostile (iece he must ca(ture it6 (ro/ided that the (iece can 'e (ro(erl% mo/ed or ca(tured in either case. !his rule is of no effect if the (iece so touched cannot 'e mo/ed or ca(tured6 as the case ma% 'e. So lon0 as the hand has not left the (iece to 'e mo/ed6 the latter can 'e (laced on an% accessi'le sGuare. If a (la%er touches a (iece with the sole o'<ect of ad<ustin0 its (osition6 he must a((rise his o((onent of his intention '% sa%in0 =:3adou'e= 'eforehand. It is 'est to mo/e the 2in0 first when castlin0. If the

Rook is mo/ed first6 and unless the 2in0 is (la%ed almost simultaneousl%6 a dou't mi0ht arise whether castlin0 or a Rook3s mo/e onl% was intended. If a (la%er has castled ille0all%6 Rook and 2in0 must 'e mo/ed 'ack6 and the 2in0 must make another mo/e6 if there is a le0al one. If not6 an% other mo/e can 'e (la%ed. ) (la%er who makes an ille0al mo/e with a (iece must retract that mo/e6 and make another one if (ossi'le with the same (iece. If the mistake is onl% noticed later on6 the 0ame should 'e restarted from the (osition in which the error occurred. II. NOTATION ) s(ecial notation has 'een ado(ted to make the stud% of 0ames and (ositions (ossi'le6 and it is necessar% for students of the 0ame to 'ecome thorou0hl% con/ersant with it. !he ori0inal and earliest notation is still in use in En0lish6 "rench6 and S(anish s(eakin0 countries. It is deri/ed from the ori0inal (osition in the 0ame6 in that the sGuares take the names of the (ieces which occu(% them. !hus the corner sGuares are called R 1 (Rook3s sGuare or Rook3s first)6 and to distin0uish them from one another 4R1 or 2R 1 (4ueen3s or 2in03s Rook3s sGuare). !he sGuares immediatel% in front are called 4RB or 2RB. ) distinction is made 'etween >hite

and $lack6 and >hite3s R 1 is $lack3s R 76 $lack3s R B is >hite3s R 86 >hite3s 2 $ C is $lack3s 2$E6 and so on. 2 stands for 2in0H 4 for 4ueenH $ for $isho(H 2t for 2ni0htH R for RookH and * for *awn. In descri'in0 a ca(ture6 onl% the ca(turin0 and the ca(tured (ieces are mentioned6 and not the sGuares. >hen confusion is (ossi'le6 it is customar% to add whether 2in03s side or 4ueen3s side (ieces are concerned6 e.0. 2R1 4 2t. In this notation it is necessar% to 'ear in mind which 2t is the 4 2t6 which R is the 2R. !his 'ecomes increasin0l% difficult as the 0ame 0oes on and (ieces chan0e their (laces. -an% sets of chessmen ha/e one Rook and one 2ni0ht stam(ed with a s(ecial si0n6 to show the% are 2in03s side (ieces. !his is not necessar% in the case of $isho(sJ a white 2$is alwa%s on white sGuares6 a white 4$on 'lack sGuares. ) more modern notation is the al0e'raic notation6 which has 'een ado(ted in most countries. It has the ad/anta0e of 'ein0 unmistaka'l% clear6 and also more concise. ere the (er(endicular lines of sGuares (called files) are named with the letters a5h6 from left to ri0ht6 alwa%s from the (oint of /iew of >hite6 and the hori;ontal lines of sGuares (called ranks) with num'ers 157 as 'efore6 onl% with the distinction that the rank on which the >hite (ieces

stand is alwa%s called the firstH thus the sGuare we named >hite3s 4$B or $lack3s 4$8 is now called cB in 'oth cases. $lack3s 4$B (>hite3s 4$8) is alwa%s c8. In ca(turin06 the sGuare on which the ca(ture takes (lace and not the (iece ca(tured is noted6 for the sake of uniformit%. In the case of (awn mo/es6 the sGuares onl% are noted. #55# stands for castles on the 2in03s sideH #55#55# stands for castles on the 4ueen3s sideH J or 1 stands for ca(turesH M for check. In the followin0 o(enin0 mo/es6 'oth notations are used for the (ur(ose of com(arisonJ
1. P-Q 4 P-Q4 2. P-QB4 P-K3 3. Kt-QB3 P-QB4 4. PxQP KPxP 5. P-K4 QPxP 6. P-Q5 Kt-KB3 7. B--KKt5 B-K2 8. K Kt-K2 Castles 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Ktc3 c5 4. cd: ed: 5. e4 de: 6. d5 Kt 6 7. B!5 Be7 8. Kt!e2 "--"

In most 'ooks in which the al0e'raic notation is used6 'oth sGuares of a mo/e are written out for the

'enefit of the student. !he mo/es a'o/e would then look like thisJ
1. d2-d4 d7-d5 2. c2-c4 e7-e6 3. Kt#1-c3 c7-c5 4. C4 x d5 e6xd5 5. e2-e4 d5xe4 6. d4-d5 Kt!8- 6 7. Bc1-!5 B 8-e 7 8. Kt!1-e2 "--"

!o concludeJ I will 0i/e the denomination of the (ieces in /arious lan0ua0esJ

$%!l&s' .............. K Q R B Kt P Castles ()e%c' .............. R * + ( C P Ro, -pa%&s' .............. R * + . C P $%)o! /e)0a% a%d .1st)&a% .. K * + 2 - "-" 3"4 5tal&a% .............. R * + . C "-" 3"4 R1ss&a% .............. KP ( 2 C K "-" 3"4 *1tc' ................ K * + 2 P "-" 3"4 -ca%d&%a6&a% ......... K * + 2 - "-" 3"4

Bo'e0&a% ............. K * 7 - 8 "-" 3"4 91%!a)&a% ............ K 7 B ( 9 "-" 3"4

CHAPTER II HINTS FOR (E!INNERS))ELEMENTARY COM(INATIONS ! E mental de/elo(ment of the chess (la%er is a 0radual stru00le from a state of chaos to a clear conce(tion of the 0ame. !he (eriod reGuired for such de/elo(ment lar0el% de(ends u(on the s(ecial 0ifts the learner ma% (ossess6 'ut in the main the Guestion of methods (redominates. -ost 'e0inners do not trou'le /er% much a'out an% (articular (lan in their stud% of chess6 'ut as soon as the% ha/e learnt the mo/es6 rush into the turmoil of (ractical (la%. It is self5e/ident that their (ros(ects under such conditions cannot 'e /er% 'ri0ht. !he (la% of a 'e0inner is (lanless6 'ecause he has too man% (lans6 and the ca(acit% for su'ordinatin0 all his com'inations to one leadin0 idea is non5 e1istent. +et it cannot 'e denied u(on in/esti0ation that a certain kind of method is to 'e found in the (la% of all 'e0inners6 and seems to come to them Guite naturall%. )t first the (awns are (ushed forward franticall%6 'ecause there is no a((reciation of the (ower and /alue of the (ieces. &onscious of the inferiorit% of the (awns6 the 'e0inner does not

conclude that it must 'e ad/anta0eous to em(lo% the 0reater (ower of the (ieces6 'ut is chiefl% concerned with attackin0 the o((osin0 (ieces with his (awns in the ho(e of ca(turin0 them. is aim is not to de/elo( his own forces6 'ut to weaken those of his o((onent. is com'inations are made in the ho(e that his ad/ersar% ma% not see throu0h them6 nor does he trou'le much a'out his o((onent3s intentions. >hen most of his (awns are 0one6 then onl% do his (ieces 0et their chance. e has a 0reat likin0 for the 4ueen and the 2ni0ht6 the former 'ecause of her tremendous mo'ilit%6 the latter on account of his (eculiar ste(6 which seems (articularl% ada(ted to take the enem% '% sur(rise. >hen watchin0 'e0inners %ou will freGuentl% o'ser/e num'erless mo/es '% a (eri(atetic 4ueen6 reckless incursions '% a 2ni0ht into the enem%3s cam(6 and when the other (ieces <oin in the fra%6 com'ination follows com'ination in 'ewilderin0 seGuence and fantastic chaos. &a(tures of (ieces are (lanned6 matin0 nets are wo/en6 (erha(s with two (ieces6 a0ainst a 2in03s (osition6 where fi/e (ieces are a/aila'le for defence. !his unsteadiness in the first childish sta0es of de/elo(ment makes it /er% difficult for the 'e0inner to 0et a 0eneral /iew of the 'oard. +et the sur(rises which each mo/e 'rin0s afford him 0reat en<o%ment.

) few do;en such 0ames are '% no means wasted. )fter certain (articular dis(ositions of (ieces ha/e (ro/ed his undoin06 the 'e0inner will de/elo( the (erce(tion of threats. e sees dan0ers one or two mo/es ahead6 and there'% reaches the second sta0e in his de/elo(ment. is com'inations will 'ecome more and more sound6 he will learn to /alue his forces more correctl%6 and therefore to hus'and his (ieces and e/en his (awns with 0reater care. In this second sta0e his stren0th will increase steadil%6 'ut6 and this is the draw'ack6 onl% as far as his (ower of com'ination is concerned. Anless a (la%er 'e e1ce(tionall% 0ifted6 he will onl% learn after %ears of (ractice6 if at all6 what ma% 'e termed =(ositional (la%.= "or that6 it is necessar% to know how to o(en a 0ame so as to la% the foundation for a fa/oura'le middle 0ame6 and how to treat a middle 0ame6 without losin0 si0ht of the (ossi'ilities of the end50ame. It is ho(eless to tr% to memorise the /arious o(enin0s which anal%sis ha/e (ro/ed correct6 for this em(irical method fails as soon as the o((onent swer/es from the reco0nised lines of (la%. #ne must learn to reco0nise the characteristics of sound (la%. !he% a((l% to all and an% (osition6 and the underl%in0 (rinci(les must 'e (ro(ounded in a manner 0enerall% a((lica'le. )nd this 'rin0s me to the su'stance of m% su'<ect6 round

which I will endea/our to 'uild u( a s%stem com(ati'le with common sense and lo0ic. $efore I (roceed to de/elo( m% theme6 I shall set down a num'er of elementar% rules which will facilitate the understandin0 of such sim(le com'inations as occur at e/er% ste( in chess. If we i0nore the com(arati/el% small (ro(ortion of 0ames in which the matin0 of the o((onent3s 2in0 is accom(lished on a full 'oard6 we can descri'e a normal6 a/era0e 0ame of chess in the followin0 wa%. $oth sides will em(lo% their a/aila'le forces more or less ad/anta0eousl% to e1ecute attackin0 and defensi/e manoeu/res which should 0raduall% lead to e1chan0es. If one side or the other emer0es from the conflict with some material 0ain6 it will 0enerall% 'e (ossi'le to force a mate in the end50ame6 whilst if 'oth sides ha/e succeeded '% careful (la% to (reser/e eGualit% of material6 a draw will 0enerall% ensue. It will 'e found a little later that a sin0le (awn ma% suffice6 with some few e1ce(tions6 to achie/e a /ictor%6 and we shall ado(t the followin0 leadin0 (rinci(le for all com'inations6 /i;. loss of material must 'e a/oided6 e/en if onl% a (awn. It is a 0ood ha'it to look u(on e/er% (awn as a (ros(ecti/e 4ueen. !his has a so'erin0 influence on (remature and im(etuous (lans of attack.

#n the other hand6 /ictor% is often 'rou0ht a'out '% a timel% sacrifice of material. $ut in such cases the sacrificin0 of material has its com(ensation in some (articular ad/anta0e of (osition. )s (rinci(les of (osition are difficult for 'e0inners to 0ras(6 I (ro(ose to defer their consideration for the (resent and to de/ote m% attention first to such com'inations as in/ol/e Guestions of material. Let us master a sim(le de/ice that makes most com'inations eas% 'oth for attack and defence. It amounts merel% to a matter of elementar% arithmetic6 and if the 'e0inner ne0lects it6 he will soon 'e at a material disad/anta0e. ,ia0ram @ ma% ser/e as an e1am(leJ

Di"#r"$ *. It is $lack3s mo/e6 and we will su((ose he wishes to (la% *52@. ) 'e0inner will (ro'a'l% calculate thusJ I (ush on m% (awn6 he takes with his (awn6 m% 2ni0ht takes6 so does his6 then m% $isho( takes6 and so on. !his is Guite wron06 and means waste of time and ener0%. >hen the 'e0inner considers a third or fourth mo/e in such a com'ination6 he will alread% ha/e for0otten which (ieces he intended to (la% in the first mo/es. !he calculation is (erfectl% sim(le u(on the followin0 linesJ I (la% *52@6 then m% (awn is attacked '% a (awn and two 2ni0hts6 a $isho( and

two Rooks6 si1 times in all. It is su((orted '% a $isho(6 two 2ni0hts6 two Rooks and a 4ueen6 si1 times in all. !herefore I can (la% *52@6 (ro/ided the si1 units ca(tured at 2@ are not of 0reater /alue than the si1 white units which are reca(tured. In the (resent instance 'oth sides lose a (awn6 two 2ni0hts6 two Rooks6 and a $isho(6 and there is no material loss. !his esta'lished6 he can em'ark on the ad/ance of the 2* without an% fear. !hereforeJ in an% com'ination which includes a num'er of e1chan0es on one sGuare6 all %ou ha/e to do is to count the num'er of attackin0 and defendin0 units6 and to com(are their relati/e /aluesH the latter must ne/er 'e for0otten. If $lack were to (la% 2t1* in the followin0 (osition6 'ecause the (awn at 2 5 is attacked three times6 and onl% su((orted twice6 it would 'e an o'/ious miscalculation6 for the /alue of the defendin0 (ieces is smaller. K"ootnoteJ It is difficult to com(are the relati/e /alue of the different (ieces6 as so much de(ends on the (eculiarities of each (osition6 'ut6 0enerall% s(eakin06 minor (ieces6 $isho( and 2ni0ht6 are reckoned as eGualH the Rook as eGual to a minor (iece and one or two (awns (to ha/e a Rook a0ainst a minor (iece6 is to 'e the =e1chan0e= ahead). !he 4ueen is eGual to two Rooks or three minor (ieces.L

Di"#r"$ +. &hess would 'e an eas% 0ame if all com'inations could 'e tested and (ro'ed e1hausti/el% '% the mathematical (rocess <ust shown. $ut we shall find that the com(lications met with are e1tremel% /aried. !o 0i/e the 'e0inner an idea of this6 I will mention a few of the more freGuent e1am(les. It will 'e seen that the calculation ma% 'e6 and /er% freGuentl%

Di"#r"$ ,. is6 u(set '% one of the (ieces in/ol/ed 'ein0 e1chan0ed or sacrificed. )n e1am(le of this is found in ,ia0ram EH 2t1*

Di"#r"$ -. fails on account of R D $H this lea/es the 2ni0ht un(rotected6 and >hite wins two (ieces for his Rook. Neither can the $isho( ca(ture on 25 'ecause of R D 2t. lea/in0 the $isho( un(rotected6 after which $12t does not retrie/e the situation 'ecause the Rook reca(tures from $E. ) second im(ortant case6 in which our sim(le calculation is of no a/ail6 occurs in a (osition where one of the defendin0 (ieces is forced awa% '% a threat6 the e/asion of which is more im(ortant than the ca(ture of the unit it defends. In ,ia0ram 86 for

instance6 $lack ma% not (la% 2t1*6 'ecause >hite6 '% (la%in0 *5 4E6 would force the $isho( to 2t@ or $16 to (re/ent the (awn from 4ueenin0 and the 2ni0ht would 'e lost. ) further e1am(le of the same t%(e is 0i/en in ,ia0ram 7. ere a (eculiar matin0 threat6 which occurs not

Di"#r"$ .. infreGuentl% in (ractical (la%6 kee(s the $lack 4ueen tied to her 2$B and una/aila'le for the (rotection of the $ at $I. >hite wins as followsJ

1. 2t1$6 2t12tH B. R12t6 41RH C. 2t5$8ch6 252t1H @. 2t5RE dou'le ch6 25R1H 5 452t7ch6 R14H E. 2t5 $8 mate. >e will now 0o a ste( further and turn from =acute= com'inations to such com'inations as are6 as it were6 im(endin0. ere6 too6 I ur0entl% recommend 'e0inners (ad/anced (la%ers do it as a matter of course) to (roceed '% wa% of sim(le arithmetical calculations6 'ut6 instead of enumeratin0 the attackin0 and defendin0 (ieces6 to count the num'er of (ossi'ilities of attack and defence. Let us consider a few t%(ical e1am(les. In ,ia0ram 96 if $lack (la%s *5456 he must first ha/e (ro'ed the (osition in the followin0 wa%. !he (awn at 45 is attacked once and su((orted once to start with6 and can 'e attacked '% three more >hite units in three more mo/es (1. R5416 B. R($B)54B6 C. $5$B) $lack can also mo'ilise three more units for the defence in the same num'er of mo/es (1. 2t5$@ or 2C6 B. $5 2tB6 C. R541). !here is6 conseGuentl%6 no immediate dan0er6 nor is there an%thin0 to fear for some time to come6 as >hite has no other (iece which could attack the (awn for the fifth time.

Di"#r"$ /. It would 'e o'/iousl% wron0 to mo/e the (awn to 4E after >hite3s R5416 'ecause >hite could 'rin0 another two (ieces to 'ear on the *6 the other Rook and the 2ni0ht6 whilst $lack has onl% one more (iece a/aila'le for the defence6 namel%6 his Rook. !he followin0 e1am(les show t%(ical (ositions6 in which sim(le calculation is com(licated '% side issues. In ,ia0ram 196 the (oint of attack6 namel%6 the $lack 2ni0ht at 2$C6 can 'e su((orted '% as man% $lack units as >hite can 'rin0 u( for the attack6 'ut the

defensi/e efficienc% of one of $lack3s (ieces is illusor%6 'ecause it can 'e taken '% a >hite (iece. !he (lan would 'e as followsJ >hite threatens $lack3s 2ni0ht for the third time with 2t52@6 and $lack must re(l% 42t54B6 'ecause co/erin0 with R5 2C would cost the =e1chan0e6= as will a((ear from a com(arison of the /alue of the (ieces concerned. !he =e1chan0e= is6 howe/er6 lost for $lack on the ne1t mo/e6 'ecause

Di"#r"$ %0. >hite3s further attack on the 2ni0ht '% 45$C forces the Rook to defend on 2C6 where it 0ets into the dia0onal of

the $isho(6 which at (resent is masked '% >hite3s 2ni0ht. !he seGuel would 'e C. 42t12tch6 R12t (not $12t on account of $1R winnin0 a whole Rook)6 @. $1R6 and so on. ) similar case is shown in ,ia0ram 11.

Di"#r"$ %%. ere6 too6 there is a flaw in the sim(le calculation6 'ecause the defendin0 units are not secure. $e0inners should de/ote s(ecial attention to this (osition6 which is in (ractice of freGuent occurrence. It can 'e easil% (ercei/ed that the $isho( cannot ca(ture the (awn at $8 on account of *54RC. $ut to take with the 2ni0ht would also 'e an error6 'ecause

$lack would then kee( chasin0 awa% the co/erin0 $isho(. 1. *52t@H B. $54E6 25$CH C. 2t5276 $5$BH and wins one of the (ieces. "inall%6 one more e1am(le6 in which one of the defendin0 (ieces 'ein0 (inned makes sim(le calculation im(ractica'le. In ,ia0ram 1B it seems at first si0ht as if $lack could (la% 2t1*J althou0h >hite can (in the 2ni0ht with R521

Di"#r"$ %&.

and then attack it once more with his 2ni0ht6 $lack would a((ear to ha/e sufficient (rotection a/aila'le6 with his 2t and $. >hite has no time to dou'le Rooks6 'ecause if he does so6 after his R5 2B $lack would (la% the 2in0 awa% from his file and allow the 2ni0ht to esca(e. $ut >hite can6 '% a sim(le sacrifice6 'rin0 the slum'erin0 R at R1 into sudden actionJ 1. ... 2t1*H B R5216 $5$@H C. 2t5$C6 2t54CH @. R12t6 2t1RH 5. R5 216 and >hite wins two (ieces for his Rook. !hese illustrations will 'e sufficient to 0i/e the 'e0inner an understandin0 of econom% of calculation in all kinds of com'inations. is (ower of com'inin0 will 0row s(eedil% on this 'asis6 and thri/e in the fire of (ractical e1(erience. >here an o((onent is missin06 the 0a( must 'e filled '% reference to such 'ooks as treat of the science of com'ination and 0i/e e1am(les taken from actual (la%. CHAPTER III !ENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHESS STRATE!Y In 'rin0in0 the teachin0s of this 'ook under the collecti/e headin0 =&hess Strate0%6= it was not in an% wa% m% intention to draw an%thin0 like an e1act

(arallel 'etween the manoeu/res on the chess5'oard and militar% o(erations in actual warfare. In tr%in0 to seek such analo0ies there is 0reat dan0er of 'ein0 led astra%6 and little likelihood of 0ainin0 knowled0e that mi0ht 'e of use in (ractical (la%. *lain common5 sense will 0i/e us all we need6 without our 'ein0 influenced '% those tactical and strate0ical considerations that ha/e 'een found useful in war. !he followin0 definition ma% not 'e out of (laceJ Strate0% sets down the whole of the (ro'lems which must 'e sol/ed in war6 in order to attain the ultimate result aimed atH tactics sol/e such (ro'lems in /arious wa%s6 and accordin0 to the conditions (re/ailin0 in the (articular case. Sound strate0%6 when settin0 the task6 must ne/er lose si0ht of tactical (ractica'ilit%6 and onl% a thorou0h knowled0e of tactical resources makes correct strate0% (ossi'le. Now we shall not under an% circumstances6 as unfortunatel% e/en 0reat chess masters ha/e done6 seek in outward similarities <ustification for transferrin0 to chess the teachin0s of the strate0% and tactics of war. It sounds (rett% enou0h to sa%J &hess is a 0ame of war55the /arious (ieces re(resent the /arious kinds of forcesJ the (awns re(resent the infantr%6 the 2ni0hts take the (lace of ca/alr%6 the

Rooks do the work of hea/% artiller%6 swee(in0 'road linesH the different wa%s in which the (ieces mo/e find a (arallel in the to(o0ra(h% of the theatre of war6 in that the /arious 'attle5fields are more or less eas% of access. $ut it is Guite un<ustifia'le to assi0n to the 2ni0hts the functions of scouts6 and to sa% that Rooks should sta% in the 'ack0round6 as hea/% artiller%6 and so on. Such (ronouncements would not ha/e the sli0htest (ractical /alue. >hat we take from the science of warfare is merel% the definition. In each 0ame the strate0% of chess should set us the tasks which must 'e accom(lished (in order to mate the o((onent3s 2in0)6 and tactics (oint the wa% in which it is (ossi'le to sol/e such (ro'lems. &orrect chess strate0% will onl% set such tasks as are tacticall% (ossi'le6 and6 if we wish to e1(ound the (rinci(les of chess strate0%6 we cannot e1clude chess tactics from the field of our o'ser/ations. If here and there the results of our deli'erations 'ear some analo0% to actual warfare6 we ma% certainl% 0i/e wa% to a kind of aesthetic satisfaction in that our own occu(ation has some (arallel in real life6 'ut we must ne/er fashion our (rinci(les in accordance with such fortuitous circumstances. a/in0 sur/e%ed the (ro'lems we ha/e to sol/e6 we can now (lun0e into our su'<ect.

In the first cha(ter6 when considerin0 s(ecial cases in elementar% com'inations6 we ha/e alread% noticed the im(ortant (art (la%ed in each skirmish '% the 'alance 'etween the attackin0 and defendin0 units. S(eakin0 Guite 0enerall%6 common5sense will tell us that6 in all o(erations on the chess5'oard6 the main consideration for the defence will 'e to maintain that 'alance6 and that there is onl% <ustification for an attack when it is (ossi'le to concentrate more forces on the strate0ic (oint than can 'e mustered '% the defence. owe/er6 one /er% im(ortant (oint must not 'e ne0lected6 thou0h I did not touch u(on it when discussin0 elementar% com'inations for fear of com(licatin0 matters for 'e0innersJ the 'alance 'etween the contendin0 forces is '% no means esta'lished '% their numerical eGualit%. ) (aramount factor is the mo'ilit% of such forces6 and as soon as it is no lon0er one of the elementar% cases of ca(ture and reca(ture descri'ed (re/iousl%6 this factor must 'e taken into account in order to decide6 on a 0eneral sur/e%6 whether there is a sufficient defence to an im(endin0 attack6 or whether one3s own intended attack is likel% to (re/ail. !hat mo'ilit% is the first and foremost consideration should 'e self5e/ident6 since the relati/e /alue of the (ieces can onl% make itself felt '% their 0reater or lesser mo'ilit%.

E1ce(t in certain (ositions6 which are 'rou0ht a'out '% some (articular arra% of the (ieces6 the intrinsic /alue of a Rook is 0reater than that of a $isho(6 'ecause it can command all the sGuares on the 'oard6 whilst a $isho( is tied to its own colourH 2ni0ht and $isho( are considered eGui/alent6 'ecause the 2ni0ht3s ad/anta0e in 'ein0 a'le to act on all the sGuares of either colour is 'alanced '% the fact that the $isho( can swee( lon0 dia0onals. !wo $isho(s are6 0enerall% s(eakin06 of 0reater /alue than two 2ni0hts6 'ecause to0ether the% also act on all the sGuares6 and their command of lon0 dia0onals is a clear ad/anta0e. !he whole of this /aluation6 howe/er6 comes to nou0ht when the (ieces are hindered in their mo'ilit% '% the (eculiarit% of an% (articular (osition. >e will consider one instance from end50ame (la%6 and one from the o(enin0s. In ,ia0ram 1C6 >hite deri/es no ad/anta0e from 'ein0

Di"#r"$ %'. the e1chan0e to the 0ood6 for the Rook has no file which could 'e used to 'reak into the $lack cam(. In ,ia0ram 1@6 the numerical eGualit% of forces will not sa/e $lack6 'ecause 'ad de/elo(ment reduces the mo'ilit% of his (ieces to such an e1tent that he has no resources with which he can (arr% the im(endin0 attack.

Di"#r"$ %*. >hite will assail the $lack 2in03s (osition on the 4ueen side6 and $lack is una'le to concentrate his forces Guickl% enou0h for the defence of the <eo(ardised entrenchments. Let us therefore 'ear in mind that the mo'ilit% of the (ieces is the decidin0 factor of their efficienc%6 and that mo'ilit% is the hi0hest criterion '% which to <ud0e the merits (or demerits) of their o(erations. >e will now consider this (rinci(le in its a((lication to the three sta0es of (la%6 namel%6 the o(enin06 the middle50ame6 and the endin0.

CHAPTER IV THE OPENIN! !he onl% (ieces a/aila'le on the first mo/e are the 2ni0hts. In order to de/elo( other (ieces as well6 it is necessar% to mo/e (awns first6 and such (awn mo/es will 'e 'est as 0i/e an outlet to as man% (ieces as (ossi'le. "or Guick de/elo(ment is of the utmost im(ortance6 and he who succeeds first in (lacin0 all his (ieces6 from their initial awkward (ositions6 to such (laces as 0i/e them command of the 0reatest (ossi'le num'er of sGuares6 has the 'etter chance of concentratin0 a su(erior force on some im(ortant (oint. It follows that >hite6 ha/in0 the first mo/e6 is6 so to s(eak6 alwa%s morall% <ustified in attackin06 whilst $lack should assume the defensi/e. It is a ste( in the ri0ht direction6 to a((reciate the truth of this (ro(osition. Anfortunatel% most 'e0inners fail to realise it6 and so (a/e the wa%6 from the first6 to the loss of the 0ame. !here are not man% de/elo(in0 (awn mo/es to choose from. )((arentl% from the (oint of /iew of Guick de/elo(ment onl% *52@ and *54@ need 'e considered6 since the% free 'oth $isho( and 4ueen6 whilst other (awn mo/es li'erate one (iece onl%. Generall% s(eakin0 it is onl% reGuired to mo/e two or

three (awns to allow all (ieces to 'e de/elo(ed6 and it is 0ood6 on (rinci(le6 to make onl% such (awn mo/es in the o(enin06 which are necessar% for the de/elo(ment of (ieces. !o (la% other (awns reall% means the loss of a mo/e. !o =lose a mo/e= means to make a mo/e which is not essential to the attainment of a desired (osition. !hus the =loss of a mo/e= results also from (la%in0 a (iece to a 0i/en sGuare in more mo/es than necessar%. I shall now 0i/e a few 0ames showin0 the far5 reachin0 conseGuences of losin0 mo/es. !he first one is a t%(ical thou0h 0larin0 e1am(le6 which is /er% instructi/e and came to m% notice some time a0oJ
1. P-K4 P-K4 2. P-Q4 PxP 3. QxP Kt-QB3 4. Q-K3 Kt-B3 5. P-KR3:

I will not discuss the s%stem of de/elo(ment ado(ted '% >hite in his first four mo/es. !he last mo/e6 howe/er6 can at once 'e reco0nised as fault%. It is the loss of a mo/e such as occurs in the /ast ma<orit% of 0ames (la%ed '% 'e0inners. It was unnecessar% to (re/ent 22t52t56 since the 2ni0ht could not hold

that sGuare (ermanentl%. In an% case $52B would ha/e had the same effect6 and de/elo(ed a (iece at the same time.
5. ... B-K2 6. P-QR3::

!his6 of course6 is /er% 'ad. !he conseGuences of this loss of a second mo/e are swift and deadl%.
6. ... Castles 7. B-B4

)t last a de/elo(in0 mo/e.

7. ... R-K1 8. Q-QKt3

)nother 4ueen3s mo/e. !he attack on the $isho(3s *awn ma% 'e /er% tem(tin06 'ut must necessaril% 'e incorrect55and wh%N $ecause >hite is much 'ehind with his de/elo(ment. It is useless to anal%se an% kind of attack in face of this fact. !he 'e0inner finds it hard to 0et used to this wa% of thinkin0. e (refers to tr% to unra/el a lon0 strin0 of /ariations and com'inations6 in which he will mostl% lose his 'earin0s. E/en stron0er (la%ers o'struct their own (owers '% refusin0 to see the /alue of <ud0in0 a (osition on 0eneral merits. !he% lose /alua'le time

in thinkin0 out endless /ariations6 to maintain (ositions which could 'e (ro/ed /alueless '% 0eneral and lo0ical deductions.

Di"#r"$ %+. !hen6 as in the (resent (osition6 retri'ution comes swiftl%.

8. ... P-Q4

>hite should ha/e considered this mo/e. It was o'/ious6 since the o(enin0 of the 2 file for the Rook is most dan0erous6 for the >hite 2in0.
;. BxP KtxB

$lack could ha/e (la%ed 41$ at once.

10. QxKt QxQ 11. PxQ B-Kt5 do1#le c' 12. K-Q1 R-K8 0ate

) further e1am(le in which the loss of mo/es occurs6 thou0h not so 0larin0l%6 is the followin0 famous 0ame6 which -or(h% (la%ed a0ainst the ,uke 2arl of $runswick and &ount Isouard in the Ro%al 'o1 at the *aris o(era5house.
1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 P-Q3

)ccordin0 to the (rinci(les set out a'o/e6 2t54$C would ha/e 'een 'etter6 since the te1t mo/e shuts out the 2in03s $isho(.
3. P-Q4

Now the 2in03s *awn is attacked twice. It would 'e 'ad to su((ort it with 2t54$C6 as >hite would e1chan0e (awns and then 4ueens. $lack would thus forfeit his chance of castlin0 and lose much time in 'rin0in0 the 2in0 into safet% and the Rooks into (la%. *5 2$C6 of course6 is im(ossi'le6 as it is not a de/elo(in0 mo/e6 and moreo/er 'locks the natural de/elo(ment of the 2in03s 2ni0ht. *rotectin0 the

(awn with the 4ueen would also 'lock other (ieces6 and 42t54B cannot 'e 0ood6 as it 'locks the 4ueen3s $isho(. Since it seems im(ossi'le to (rotect the 2in03s *awn6 the onl% alternati/e would 'e to e1chan0e itH indeed it is on the whole the 'est course6 althou0h it allows a >hite (iece to take u( a dominatin0 (osition in the centre. >ishin0 to a/oid this6 $lack (la%s
3. ... B-Kt5

and6 '% (innin0 the o((onent3s 2ni0ht6 indirectl% (rotects the 2in03s *awn. !his manoeu/re is6 howe/er6 ill5ad/ised6 as $lack is forced to e1chan0e the $isho( for the 2ni0ht. !he $isho( will ha/e mo/ed twice6 the 2ni0ht onl% once6 therefore >hite will ha/e 0ained a mo/e for his de/elo(ment.
4. PxP BxKt

Should $lack (la% *1* at once6 >hite would e1chan0e 4ueens6 release the (in6 and win the (awn.
5. QxB PxP 6. B-QB4

>hite has now two (ieces more in (la% than $lack6 instead of onl% one6 and the mo'ilit% of the >hite 4ueen6 which $lack himself has 'rou0ht out6 'e0ins to ha/e a threatenin0 effect on $lack3s 0ame.

6. ... Kt-KB3 7. Q-QKt3 Q-K2

$lack cannot co/er his 2in03s $isho(3s *awn with 45 4B 'ecause 7. 41* wins the Rook6 whilst now $lack could (la% 7. ... 452t5ch in re(l%6 forcin0 the e1chan0e of 4ueens. !he te1t mo/e6 which is forced6 'locks the $isho(6 and at the same time (re/ents the de/elo(ment of the 2in03s Rook6 all of which is the direct conseGuence of the loss of one mo/e.
8. Kt-B3

>hite ri0htl% disdains the 0ain of the 2ni0ht3s *awn6 'ut (re/ents the e1chan0e of 4ueens in de/elo(in0 a (iece. e (ro/es the su(eriorit% of his (osition much more con/incin0l% in that wa%. $lack must now lose %et another mo/e to (rotect his 2ni0ht3s *awn.
8. ... P-B3 ;. B-KKt5 P-Kt4

$lack must tr% to de/elo( his 4ueen3s 2ni0ht at last. e cannot (la% 42t54B at once6 since his 2ni0ht3s *awn would a0ain 'e un(rotectedH therefore he (la%s the mo/e in the te1t6 (ro'a'l% thinkin0 that now >hite also must lose a mo/e to withdraw his $isho(. $ut in /iew of the fact that $lack3s 0ame is wholl%

unde/elo(ed6 and that he (la%s (racticall% se/eral (ieces down6 >hite sacrifices his 2ni0ht for two (awnsJ he foresees the (osition which occurs a few mo/es later6 when $lack is hemmed in on all sides.
10. KtxP PxKt 11. BxKtPc' QKt-Q2 12. Castles QR R-Q1

!his is the onl% (iece a/aila'le to co/er 4B6 for the 2in03s 2ni0ht is (inned. >hite has another (iece in reser/e6 his 2in03s Rook6 and a0ainst this $lack is defenceless.

Di"#r"$ %,.
13. RxKt

com(are ,ia0. 1B.

13. ... RxR 14. R-Q1 Q-K3

!his releases the 2in03s 2ni0ht. Now >hite could win '% (la%in0 $12t and $1Rch6 'ut he (refers to end u( with a ma0nificent sacrifice.
15. BxRc' KtxB 16. Q-Kt8c'<< KtxQ

17. R-Q8 0ate

!he final (osition shows in a strikin0 manner how a few well5 de/elo(ed (ieces can 'e worth more than man% unde/elo(ed ones6 and the whole 0ame is an e1am(le of the fatal conseGuences which can follow the loss of a mo/e6 since it often leads to the com(ulsor% loss of further mo/es in the course of the 0ame. =!his is the curse of e/er% e/il deed !hat (ro(a0atin0 still it 'rin0s forth e/il.= !he lo0ical seGuence of the mo/es in this 0ame6 as (ointed out in the commentaries to it6 is 'orne out '% the curious coincidence that I once had the o((ortunit% of (la%in0 a 0ame in e1actl% the same seGuence of mo/es6 a0ainst a (la%er to whom -or(h%3s ='rillianc%= was unknown. !he leadin0 (rinci(le of all o(enin0 mo/es is made clear '% the fore0oin0 (a0es6 namel%6 ra(id de/elo(ment of (ieces6 and conseGuentl% the a/oidance of the loss of a mo/e in an% sha(e or form. $efore treatin0 of the /arious s%stems of o(enin0s6 I will sa% a few words on the (rinci(les of *)>N *L)+.

Each o(enin0 is characterised '% a well5defined (awn formation6 and concurrentl% a certain method in the de/elo(ment of the (ieces. Naturall% the formation of a (awn skeleton is not an inde(endent factor6 'ut must 'e e/ol/ed with a /iew to facilitatin0 the fa/oura'le de/elo(ment of (ieces. $ut when considerin0 the form of a (awn (osition and that of the (ieces6 we cannot shut our e%es to the fact that (awn formation must necessaril% 'e the dominant consideration in our mind. *awn formation is of a more (ermanent character than that of the (ieces6 in conseGuence of the latter3s 0reater mo'ilit%. >hen we ha/e made a rash mo/e with a (iece6 to which our attackin0 dis(osition ma% ha/e tem(ted us6 we ma% still ha/e a chance of retrie/in0 the (osition '% timel% retreat. #nce a (awn has mo/ed it cannot turn 'ack6 and onl% after the 0reatest deli'eration should we em'ark on chan0es in our (awn formation in order not to distur' the 'alance of this =static element= of the 0ame. $ut we shall see that the (awn skeleton which was formed in the o(enin0 often weathers the storm and stress of the middle 0ame6 and freGuentl% (reser/es its character ri0ht u( to the end50ame. I will therefore make (awn formation m% startin05(oint in an attem(t to show the wa% throu0h the ma;e of the o(enin0s on the 'asis of 0eneral strate0ical (rinci(les.

If our (awn skeleton is to (romote the freedom of all the (ieces6 we must not 'uild it u( with the narrow /iew of de/elo(in0 minor (ieces onl%6 'ut must consider from the /er% first in which wa% it will ena'le the Rooks to 0et into action. >e can unite these tendencies in makin0 the &EN!RE #" ! E $#)R, the main field of action for all our forces. !his means for 'oth sides 2@ and 4@6 and also in a lesser de0ree 4$@ and 2$@. >e shall 0et a clear insi0ht into the (ositional ad/anta0e of ha/in0 command of the centre later on6 when discussin0 the middle 0ame. )t (resent I will onl% touch the su'<ect in a 0eneral wa%6 e1(lainin0 it in an elementar% form6 which will 'e sufficient to de/elo( an understandin0 for (awn strate0% in the o(enin0. In the course of further deductions6 after the 0ras( of this difficult sta0e of the 0ame has 'ecome stron0er6 I will 0o into details which will allow the su'<ect to 'e stated in a more (recise form. *lacin0 the (ieces in the centre is of /alue6 'ecause there the% ha/e more mo'ilit% than near the ed0e6 which6 of course6 limits their ran0e of action6 and also 'ecause from the centre a concentration of forces on a 0i/en (oint can 0enerall% 'e effected in the Guickest wa%. In most cases two centre sGuares 'ecome inaccessi'le

at once6 throu0h the o((onent (lacin0 one of his (awns in the centreH therefore it would seem a 0ood (lan to lure that (awn awa%6 and this is rendered feasi'le '% (la%in0 *52@ or *54$@ when the o((onent has a (awn on his 4@6 and *54@ or *52$@ when he has a (awn on 2@. In the followin0 we will consider such manoeu/res as could a((l% either to >hite or $lack6 from the (oint of /iew of >hite6 to whom the initiati/e is6 as (ointed out a'o/e6 a sort of 'irth5ri0ht. Naturall%6 should >hite lose a mo/e6 as6 for instance6 1. *52@6 *52@H B. 2t52$C6 2t54$CH C. *54RCN the (osition is re/ersed6 and $lack is 'ound to o'tain the initiati/e which is >hite3s 'irthri0ht. !he (awn mo/es mentioned a'o/e also ha/e the tendenc% of 0i/in0 the Rooks an o((ortunit% for action. ) Rook standin0 'ehind an ad/anced (awn ma% su((ort its further ad/ance6 or6 if the (awn should 'e e1chan0ed6 mi0ht 0et an o(en file. !he dama0e we wish to inflict on our o((onent we must6 of course6 tr% to a/oid oursel/es. !hus we will not easil% 0i/e u( a centre (awn unless we can o'tain some other ad/anta0e in doin0 so. !his ad/anta0e ma% 'e6 that in e1chan0in0 the centre (awn we o(en u( lines of attack for our (ieces6 or that we are a'le to (lace one of our (ieces in a commandin0 (osition in the centre of the 'oard.

!he followin0 e1am(le ma% ser/e as an illustration. Su((osin0 >hite (la%s after
1. P-Q4 P-Q4 2. P-QB4

is aim is to tem(t $lack3s centre (awn awa% and to make his 4$@ and 2@ accessi'le for his own forces. $lack mi0ht 'e <ustified in takin0 the (awn6 if he reall% could hold the (awn thus 0ained. >e shall show later on that this is not so6 and that >hite can win it 'ack easil% and ad/anta0eousl%. !herefore $lack is more likel% to (la% B. *52C. Not B. ... 2t5 2$CH for after C. *1*6 2t1*H @. *52@ would o(en >hite3s 0ame and dri/e the 2ni0ht awa% at once6 0ainin0 a mo/e. Su((osin06 howe/er6 $lack (la%s B. ... $5$@H should >hite now think mechanicall%6 =I will take his centre (awn and conseGuentl% ha/e the 'etter 0ame6= his deduction would 'e wron0. "or after e1chan0in0 his $isho( for the 2ni0ht6 which otherwise would dri/e his 4ueen awa%6 $lack 'rin0s the latter into a dominatin0 sGuare in the centre.

Di"#r"$ %-.
3. PxP BxKt 4. RxB QxP

$lack3s 4ueen cannot easil% 'e dri/en awa% from her commandin0 (osition6 (articularl% as >hite must lose a mo/e to sa/e his 4R*. -eanwhile $lack 0ains time for concentratin0 his forces for an attack which wins the 4ueen3s *awn.
5. P-QKt3 Kt-QB3 6. P-K3 Castles QR

7. Kt-B3 P-K4

and wins the 4*6 or

5. P-QR3 Kt-QB3 6. P-K3 Castles QR

and *52@ is a0ain a threat hard for white to meet. !his (osition shows6 that to 'rin0 one3s o((onent3s centre (awn awa% and to kee( one3s own6 does not under all circumstances mean the command of the centre6 'ut that the o(enin0 u( of files and dia0onals for one3s (ieces towards the centre is an im(ortant moment in the fi0ht for (ositional ad/anta0e. &onsiderations of this kind will hel( to im(ro/e our <ud0ment in man% of the /arious o(enin0s treated in the followin0 (a0es. >e will class the o(enin0s in this wa%J ). >hite 1. *52@. (a) $lack 1. *52@ (') $lack 1. )n% other mo/e $. >hite 1. *54@. (a) $lack 1. *54@ (') $lack 1. )n% other mo/e &. >hite 1. )n% other mo/e >e shall find that o(enin0s classed under &

0enerall% lead to (ositions treated under ) and $. ). >e ha/e alread% come to the conclusion that after 1. *52@6 *5 2@ >hite does well to tr% to force the e1chan0e of $lack3s centre (awn on 4@ or 2$@6 and that $lack will tr% to counteract this6 unless '% allowin0 the e1chan0e he 0ets a chance of e1ertin0 (ressure in the centre '% means of his (ieces. >e will first see what ha((ens when >hite undertakes the ad/ance in Guestion on his second mo/e. Su(erficiall% the difference 'etween B. *4@ and B. *52$@ is that in the first case the (awn thus ad/anced is co/ered6 while in the second it is not. )n o(enin0 in which a (awn sacrifice is offered6 is called a =0am'it=H B. *52$@ is therefore a 0am'it. B. *54@ is onl% a 0am'it if after B. ... *1* >hite does not reca(ture the (awn. Ne/ertheless this o(enin0 has 'een called the =centre 0am'it6= and thou0h the denomination is not correct we will adhere to it6 as it is in 0eneral use. ) /er% considera'le difference 'etween the centre 0am'it and the 2in03s 0am'it lies in the fact that in the former acce(tance is com(ulsor%6 whilst in the second it ma% 'e declined. "orJ B. *54@ threatens to take the 2in03s *awn. !o defend it '% means of B. ... *54C is unwise6 since

>hite e1chan0es (awns and then 4ueens6 '% which $lack loses his chance of castlin0 and im(edes the de/elo(ment of his Rooks. B. ... 2t54$C is also 'ad6 since after C. *1*6 2t1*H @ *52$@6 >hite dri/es the 2ni0ht awa%6 0ainin0 a stron0 hold on the centre6 and $lack has no com(ensation for 0i/in0 u( his centre (awn. It ma% 'e mentioned here that after B. ... 2t54$C6 C. *545 would 'e a useless mo/e6 as to 'e0in with it would 'e inconseGuent6 since *54@ was (la%ed in order to clear the centre6 and moreo/er it would 'lock u( a dia0onal which could 'e most useful to the 2in03s $isho(. >e conclude now that $lack cannot hold his (awn at 2@. e must relinGuish the centre '% B. ... *1*. e will now either attem(t to 'rin0 awa% >hite3s 2in03s *awn '% ad/ancin0 his own 4* to 4@6 or tr% to utilise the 2in03s file6 which was o(ened '% his second mo/e6 and o(erate a0ainst >hite3s 2*. !he Rooks are indicated for this task. >e shall refer to the e1ecution of these (lans later on. In the 2in03s 0am'it6 >hite3s attem(t to 'rin0 awa% $lack3s 2in03s *awn ma% 'e safel% i0nored. !he mo/e B. *52$@ does not threaten to take the 2in03s *awn6 as $lack would win >hite3s 2* '% 45 R5ch. $lack can therefore de/elo( in securit% with B. ... $5$@6 and if then >hite (re/ents the 4 check

'% 2t52$C6 there is no o'<ection to $lack (rotectin0 his 2in03s *awn with *54C6 as the 2in03s $isho( is alread% de/elo(ed. )fter @. $5$@6 $lack has still no need to (rotect his 2* with 2t5 4$C6 'ut can (la% 2t52$C first6 'ecause after 5. *1*6 *1*H E. 2t1* would 'e answered '% E. ... 4545 winnin0 a (iece. $lack kee(s the u((er hand in these earl% encounters 'ecause he has made a de/elo(in0 mo/e with a (iece6 whilst >hite has (la%ed a (awn mo/e which is useless for the (ur(ose of de/elo(ment.

Di"#r"$ %.. ,ia0ram 17 shows the (osition which results from the

followin0 (lausi'le mo/esJ

2. P-KB4 B-B4 3. Kt-KB3 P-Q3 4. B-B4 Kt-KB3 5. P-Q3 Kt-B3 6. Kt-B3 B-KKt5

If >hite wishes to castle on the 2 side6 which must ha/e 'een his intention when (la%in0 B. *52$@6 he will ha/e to (la% 2t54R@ and 2t1$. !hou0h this is of no disad/anta0e to $lack6 he could a/oid the e1chan0e of his 2$ '% (la%in0 B. ... *54RC instead of $522t5. If then >hite (la%s *5$5 in order to hinder the de/elo(ment of $lack3s 4$ and to 'rin0 out his own6 the (ressure on $lack3s 2* is relie/ed (ermanentl%6 and sooner or later $lack will 'reak throu0h on the 4 file6 as his 4* is no lon0er needed at 4C for the su((ort of the centre (awn. ) different (awn formation is the result if >hite enforces the e1chan0e of $lack3s centre (awn at once. !his he can do '% (la%in0 *54@6 e.0.J B. *52$@ $5$@ or @. *5$C 2t52$C C. 2t52$C *54C 5. *54@ *14* @. *54@ *14* E. *1* $52tC
5. KtxP

ere $lack can 0et an earl% ad/anta0e '% attackin0 >hite3s 2*6 takin0 (ossession of the 2 file after castlin0 on the 2 side. )ll thin0s considered6 the student should in m% o(inion decline the 0am'it6 as in doin0 so he can 0et an eas% and satisfactor% de/elo(ment. !he treatment of the =2in03s Gam'it acce(ted6= which aims at holdin0 the 0am'it (awn6 is most difficult and leads earl% in the 0ame to such com(lications as none 'ut an e1(ert can ho(e to master. K"ootnoteJ )s an e1am(le of the difficult (la% which ensues when $lack defends the (awn in the 2in03s Gam'it6 I 0i/e the latest /ariation of an attack introduced '% *rofessor I. L. Rice6 and called the =Rice Gam'it=J 1. *52@6 *52@H B. *52$@6 *1*H C. 2t52$C6 *522t@H @. *52R@6 *52t5H 5. 2t5256 2t52$CH E. $5$@6 *54@H 8. *1*6 $54CH 7. &astlesO $12tH 9. R5216 452BH 19. *5$C6 2t5R@H 11. *54@6 2t54BH 1B. *1$6 2t1*H 1C. *5 42tC6 &astlesH 1@. $5RC6 2t5$EchOH 15. *12t6 41*H 1E. R525O $5$@OOH 18. 2t54BO 452tEchH 17. 25$16 45 R8H 19. $1R6 *52tEH B9. $5$56 *52t8chH B1. 25216 45R5chH BB. 252B6 2t52tEchH BC. 25$B6 2t525chH B@. 21*6 $5REchH B5. 25R16 25R1H BE. 2t12t6 R5 22t1H B8.

R-Kt5= w&t' &%te)est&%! poss&#&l&t&es.

Num'erless interestin0 /ariations are (ossi'le6 'ut their discussion does not lie within the sco(e of this work. !he% will 'e found in 'ooks treatin0 of the anal%sis of the o(enin0s.L It is therefore unwise for the 'e0inner to acce(t the 0am'it6 unless there 'e a chance of com(ensation for the disa((earance of his centre (awn6 '% forcin0 the e1chan0e of >hite3s centre (awn as well. !he followin0 line of (la% would fulfil this conditionJ 1. *52@6 *52@H B. *52$@6 *1*H C. 2t52$C6 2t52$CH @. 2t5$C6 *54@O $lack there'% a'andons the 0am'it (awn. #n (rinci(le6 and when he has the choice6 the 'e0inner should 0i/e (reference to sim(le and clear de/elo(ment in the o(enin06 rather than to the 0ain of a (awn6 when this in/ol/es difficult and intricate (la%. !his (rinci(le must also 0uide us in other o(enin0s. ) 0ood e1am(le is to 'e found in the so5called =,anish 0am'it6= K"ootnoteJ !he names of the /arious o(enin0s6 which I mention for the sake of com(leteness6 are 0enerall% deri/ed from towns or countries in which the% were first e1tensi/el% (la%ed and anal%sed.L which will lead us 'ack to those

o(enin0s in which >hite (la%s *54@ on his second mo/e. )fter B. *54@6 *1*6 >hite has the o(tion of sacrificin0 two (awns to o'tain a /er% ra(id de/elo(ment C. *54$C6 *1*H @. $54$@6 *1*H 5. 4$1*. It ma% now 'e <ust (ossi'le for $lack to a/oid the man% threats which >hite can 'rin0 to 'ear with his 'eautifull% (laced forces6 (erha(s '% 0i/in0 'ack one or 'oth of the (awns 0ained. $ut this Guestion can onl% 'e of interest to us if there is no o((ortunit% of ado(tin0 a sim(le line of de/elo(ment at the outset. )s it is6 this o((ortunit% is not wantin0. )ll that $lack needs to do is to (ush on his 4ueen3s *awn as soon as (ossi'le6 thus freein0 his own 4ueen3s $isho(.
2. P-Q4 PxP 3. P-QB3 P-Q4

Di"#r"$ %/. )fter @. 2*1*6 41*6 $lack3s (osition is at least as eas% of de/elo(ment as >hite3s. In the (osition set out in ,ia0ram 196 >hite cannot (la% *5256 'ecause $lack wins a (awn '% *1* without hinderin0 his own de/elo(ment in the least. !he eGualisin0 (ower of $lack3s *54@ in all 2* o(enin0s where >hite has (la%ed *54@ can 'e noticed in man% /ariations. I shall now 0i/e a few t%(ical e1am(les6 which will show the line of (la% that can 'e ado(ted in man% similar cases6 and which can often 'e e/ol/ed one from the other '% alterin0 the order of the mo/es.

I. &EN!RE G)-$I!
2. P-Q4 PxP 3. QxP Kt-QB3 4. Q-K3 Kt-B3 5. Kt-QB3 B-K2 6. B-Q2 P-Q4<

II. 2ING3S $IS #*3S #*ENING

2. P-Q4 PxP 3. B-QB4 Kt-KB3 4. P-K5 P-Q4<

III. S&#!&
3. P-Q4 PxP

G)-$I!

2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3

4. B-B4 Kt-B3 4. P-B3 P-Q4< 5. P-K5 P-Q4<

I.. S&#!&
3. P-Q4 PxP 4. KtxP Kt-B3

G)-E

2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3

5. Kt-QB3 B-Kt5 6. KtxKt KtPxKt 7. B-Q3 P-Q4<

In no case should $lack forfeit his chance of (la%in0 *54@. It is tem(tin0 after B. *54@6 *1*H C. 2t52$C to co/er the (awn at 45 '% *54$@6 'ut in that case >hite would sacrifice a (awn '% *54$C6 '% this means o(enin0 the 4ueen3s file for himself6 and so (re/entin0 $lack from e/er (la%in0 *54@. !hus6 for the loss of a (awn6 >hite has a (aramount ad/anta0e in (osition. "or after @. ... *1*6 5. 2t1* (,ia0ram B9) >hite has de/elo(ed 'oth 2ni0hts6 and his $isho(s are free6 whilst $lack has none of his (ieces out. *54C must also 'e (la%ed in order to mo'ilise the 4ueen3s $isho(6 lea/in0 2B as the onl% sGuare for the 2in03s $isho(H finall% the ='ackward= (awn K"ootnoteJ ) (awn is said to 'e ='ackward6= when it cannot mo/e into co/er '% another (awn.L at 4C is o(en to constant attacks and is difficult to defend.

Di"#r"$ &0. !he 'est (lan for $lack is to decline the dou'tful 0ift of the (awn and to 'rin0 a'out one of the (ositions6 as sketched a'o/e6 in which6 '% (la%in0 *54@ earl% in the 0ame6 $lack is sure of the free de/elo(ment of all his forces. $lack is a'le to (la% *54@ earl% in all such o(enin0s6 where >hite does not force the defensi/e mo/e *54C '% attackin0 $lack3s 2in03s *awn. "or instance6 in the 2in03s 0am'it6 since the mo/e B. *52$@ does not threaten *1*6 $lack can re(l% at once '% B. ... *54@ ("alk'eer &ounter Gam'it). )fter C. *14*6 *525 (to

(ermit of 2t52$C6 which at (resent is not feasi'le on account of @. *1*)H @. *54C6 *1*H 5. 41*6 >hite is a (awn ahead6 'ut his 4ueen o'structs his 2$H therefore $lack has 'etter de/elo(in0 chances and should 'e a'le to win the (awn 'ack at the /er% least. ) second e1am(le is the .ienna 0ame6 which (roceeds as followsJ
2. Kt-QB3 Kt-KB3 3. P-B4 P-Q4 3*&a!)a0 214

If >hite (la%s @. *14*6 $lack can (la% *5256 as in the "alk'eer 0am'it mentioned <ust now. In answer to @. *12*6 on the other hand6 $lack can (la% 2t1* without ha/in0 the sli0htest difficult% with his de/elo(ment. "or instance6
5. Kt-KB3 B-K2 6. P-Q4 P-KB3 7. B-Q3 KtxKt 8. PxKt Castles ;. Castles Kt-B3 o) B-KKt5

and $lack also will soon ha/e an o(en file for his Rook6 with no disad/anta0e in (osition.

Di"#r"$ &%. !here is6 howe/er6 one o(enin0 in which $lack has the utmost difficult% in (re/entin0 >hite from 0ettin0 a (ositional ad/anta0e in the centre. It is called the Ru% Lo(e;6 and is held '% man% to 'e the stron0est o(enin0 for >hite. !he initial mo/es areJ 1. *52@6 *52@H B. 2t5 2$C6 2t54$CH C. $52t5. >ith this mo/e >hite at once attacks the $lack 2*6 thou0h indirectl%6 '% threatenin0 to e1chan0e the $ for the 2t. !o make the ca(ture effecti/e6 howe/er6 >hite must first (rotect his own 2in03s *awn6 which would otherwise 'e lost after @. $12t6 4*1$H 5. 2t1*6 45 45O. )t first6 therefore6 $lack need not (ro/ide a0ainst the threatened e1chan0e.

I shall treat at some len0th the /arious defences from which $lack can choose6 and in stud%in0 this most im(ortant 2in03s side o(enin06 we shall ha/e occasion to note man% (oints of 0eneral interest for o(erations in the centre. $roadl% s(eakin06 two entirel% different s%stems of defence can 'e distin0uishedJ either $lack will tr% to maintain his centre (awn6 or else6 0i/in0 u( the centre6 tr% to 0ain some other ad/anta0e as com(ensation. $lack can onl% maintain his centre (awn if he can (re/ent his 42t from 'ein0 e1chan0ed. )s is readil% seen6 >hite can attack $lack3s 2* a second time with *54@6 whilst after $lack3s *54C an% other defensi/e mo/e would hinder de/elo(ment. !hese considerations lead to the first main line of defence in which $lack (la%s C. ... *54RC. )fter @. $5R@ $lack has the o(tion of releasin0 the (in '% (la%in0 *542t@ at some o((ortune moment. If >hite elects to e1chan0e his $isho( for the 2t forthwith6 he can remo/e the $lack centre (awn after @. ... 4*1$ '% (la%in0 5. *5 4@6 'ut the e1chan0e of the $ for the 2t 0i/es $lack a free de/elo(ment and in conseGuence a 0ood 0ame. (&om(are note to mo/e @ in Game No. 1B.) ,ia0ram BB re(roduces a t%(ical (osition in this

defence. !he more usual continuation for >hite is @. $5R@6 2t5$CH

Di"#r"$ &&. 5. &astlesH he does not trou'le to (rotect his 2* as its ca(ture would allow his Rook an o(en file on which to act a0ainst the o((osin0 2in0 (com(are Games Nos. 1@ and 18) 5. ... $52B. Now $lack can ca(ture the 2* without much risk6 as the $isho( is on the 2in03s file. E. R5216 >hite co/ers his (awn6 and there'% threatens to win a (awn '% $12t. !herefore $lack must not dela% (la%in0 E. ... *542t@. )fter 8. $52tC6 *54CH (,ia0ram BB) >hite cannot %et

e1ecute the manoeu/re which underlies the whole tendenc% of the Ru% Lo(e;6 namel% *54@6 maintainin0 the (ressure in the centre6 'ecause after 2t14*6 9. 2t12t6 *12tH 19. 41*N >hite loses a (iece throu0h 19. ... *5$@6 etc. It is therefore necessar% to (la% *5 4$C first. >hite could also o'tain a ra(id de/elo(ment '% 2t5$C6 *54C6 $52C or 2t56 'ut this arran0ement is not (o(ular6 'ecause $lack can (la% 2t54R@ and e1chan0e the /alua'le 2$. !he (awn at 4$C su((orts an ad/ance in the centre6 and also (ro/ides a retreat for the 2$. !he 42t can 'e de/elo(ed in this wa%J 2t54B5 $152tC or 2C. $lack6 howe/er6 must tr% to round off his (awn (osition on the 4ueen3s side6 '% mo/in0 his 4$* into line. $lack3s (awns at 2@ and 4$@ then e1ert a (ressure on >hite3s 4@. )nd this (ressure threatens to 'e reinforced '% $52t5. "rom these considerations the followin0 de/elo(ment seems to 'e naturalJ 7. *5$C6 2t54R@H 9. $5$B6 *5$@H 19. *5 4@6 45$B (to su((ort the 2*)H it leads to the (osition in ,ia0ram BC.

Di"#r"$ &'.
11. P-KR3

#ne of the few instances in which this (awn mo/e is <ustified. It de(ri/es $lack3s 4$ of its onl% 0ood sGuare6 and sa/es the 22t6 the co5o(eration of which is ur0entl% needed in the centre. !his s%stem of o(enin0 will recei/e more e1hausti/e treatment under the headin0 of =-iddle Game.= (&om(are Game No. 1B.) In the second main line of defence6 of which I shall treat now6 $lack renounces the maintenance of his

2*6 and makes an attem(t to find com(ensation '% attackin0 >hite3s 2in03s *awn. !he 2in03s file6 o(ened '% the disa((earance of the $lack (awn6 offers o((ortunities for that (ur(ose. )fter the first few mo/es we arri/e at the followin0 (osition6 which

Di"#r"$ &*. ma% 'e reached thusJ C. $52t56 *54CH @. *54@6 $54BH 5. 2t5$C6 2t5 $CH E. &astles6 $52BH 8. R5216 *1*H 7. 2t1*6 &astles. !he e1chan0e on the se/enth mo/e is com(ulsor%6 'ecause the loss of a (awn after $12t is in effect threatened6 now that the >hite 2* is su((orted '% the Rook.

$lack3s intention of e1ertin0 (ressure on the 2* is now difficult of e1ecution6 'ecause his (ieces are /er% cram(ed and hinder one another in a restricted area. !he 2$ in (articular cannot 'e 'rou0ht into action without 0reat difficult%6 for instance '%J R5 216 $5 2$16 *522tC6 and $52tB. It is therefore ad/isa'le for >hite to de/elo( his 4$ at 2tB instead of at 2t56 in order not to 0i/e $lack a chance of e1chan0in0 his trou'lesome $isho(. (In a 0ame $ernstein5Emanuel Lasker6 -oscow6 191@6 there ha((ened 9. $12t6 *1$H 19. $52t56 *52RCH 11. $5R@6 2t5RBH 1B. $1$6 41$ with a 0ood 0ame for $lack.) !he defence has a totall% different trend6 if $lack 0i/es u( his own 2*6 'ut ca(tures the >hite 2* at once. I ha/e alread% (ointed out that >hite would not mind his 2* 'ein0 taken6 in /iew of the attack on the o(en 2in03s file. Let us now consider in which wa% this attack can 'e (lanned. !here are two essentiall% different lines6 accordin0 to whether $lack inter(olates *54RC or not. )fter C. $52t56 2t5$CH @. &astles6 2t1*H 5. R5216 $lack 0ets out of it comforta'l% '% (la%in0 2t54C6 $5 2B and &astles6 and >hite cannot (ermanentl% (re/ent $lack3s 0ame from 'ein0 freed '% the ad/ance of the 4*. *54@ for >hite on the fifth mo/e is therefore stron0er. $lack cannot /er% well

e1chan0e the (awns6 lea/in0 the 2in03s file Guite e1(osed6 and must su'mit to >hite (la%in0 *1*6 maintainin0 the (awn at 25 and (re/entin0 $lack3s *54@ for some time to come. !he o(enin0 mi0ht continue in this wa%J 5. *54@6 $5 2BH E. 452B6 2t54CH 8. $12t6 2t*1$ (to make room for the 2t)H 7. *1*6 2t52tB (,ia0ram B5).

Di"#r"$ &+. !he whole of the manoeu/res now centre round $lack3s endea/ours to force his *54@6 and >hite3s attem(t to (re/ent it. $lack ultimatel% 0ains his (oint6 as will 'e seen6 'ut at the e1(ense of such disad/anta0es in the

(awn (osition that it is Guestiona'le whether the whole /ariation (called the Rio de :aneiro ,efence) is (la%a'le. 9. 2t5$C6 &astlesH 19. R5216 2t5$@ (the 2ni0ht is to 'e (osted at 2C to 'rin0 the >hite 22t awa% from his 4@6 whence he (re/ents the ad/ance of $lack3s 4* '% attackin0 4$E)H 11. 2t54@6 2t52CH 1B. $52C6 2t12tH 1C. $12t6 *5$@H 1@. $52C6 *54@H 15. *1* e.(.6 $1*. !his is the critical (osition in the Rio de :aneiro defence. $lack has succeeded in eliminatin0 the >hite centre (awn6 and swee(s lon0 dia0onals with his $isho(s6 'ut the ad/anta0e cannot 'e maintained. >hite e1chan0es the $isho( at 4E6 and there remains a 'ackward (awn6 which $lack will hardl% 'e a'le to hold (ermanentl%. In (ractice it has 'een shown that the end50ame should 'e won '% >hite in s(ite of $isho(s of o((osite colours6 as $lack3s (awn at his 4$@ is difficult to defend. 1E. 2t52@6 $52tBH 18. 2t1$ (not $1* 'ecause of $1$H 17. 2t1$6 $1* followed '% 452t@ch)6 *12tH 17. 4 R541 and *54$@. !he 0ame is much more fa/oura'le for $lack if he first (la%s C. ... *54RC6 and retains the o(tion of dri/in0 the >hite 2$ awa% '% *542t@6 after which *54@ can 'e enforced /er% soon. C. $52t56 *5 4RCH @. $5R@6 2t5$CH 5. &astles6 2t1*H E. *54@6 *542t@H 8. $52tC6 *54@H 7. *1*6 $52C6 9. *5$C.

Now $lack3s (ieces are more mo'ile6 and that is the reason wh% this s%stem of defence is 'ecomin0 more (o(ular than an% other. #n the other hand6 it cannot 'e denied that $lack3s (awn formation on the 4 side is weak6 and that his centre is less secure. >hilst >hite has a (awn firml% (osted in the centre6 $lack has a 2ni0ht there which will soon 'e dri/en awa%. >hite3s 4@6 the 'asis of his centre6 is entirel% in his hands6 whilst $lack3s 4@ is e1(osed to a stead% (ressure '% the >hite (ieces. "inall% $lack3s 42t is unfa/oura'l% (laced6 o'structin0 as it does the 4$* and (re/entin0 its fallin0 into line with its fellows. ,ia0ram BE shows the (osition after 9. *5$C. !he latter mo/e (re/ents the e1chan0e of the $ after $lack3s 2t5R@6 an e1chan0e which would allow $lack to round u( his (awn formation with *5 4$@. !he e1(erts are not %et a0reed as to the 'est continuation for $lack in this critical (osition. !o 'e considered are the mo/es $54$@6 $52B and 2t5$@. $52B is (referred nowada%s to $5 4$@6 as 4$@ should 'e ke(t free for the 22t in case the latter is dri/en from his dominatin0 (osition6 e.0. 19. R521 and 11. 4 2t5 4B. "or if in that case $lack e1chan0es the 2ni0hts6 he onl% furthers >hite3s de/elo(ment without doin0 an%thin0 towards stren0thenin0 his 4@.

If $lack co/ers the 2ni0ht with *5$@6 >hite (la%s *1* e.(. and 2t52t56 rids himself of $lack3s 4$6 and there'% weakens $lack3s 4* still more. 2t5$@ would therefore seem to 'e the 'est choice6 as the 4$ 'ecomes mo'ile a0ain after >hite3s $5$B6 nor can >hite

Di"#r"$ &,. (la% *54@ as %et. !he (osition in the dia0ram therefore leads to the followin0 /ariationsJ ). 9. ... $52BH 19. R5216 &astlesH 11. 42t54B6 2t5$@H 1B. $5$B6 $522t5. !his manoeu/re was introduced

'% Em. Lasker (*etro0rad6 1999. "or further (articulars see Game No. 15). $. 9. ... 2t5$@H 19. 42t54B6 *545 (&a(a'lanca5Em. Lasker6 *etro0rad6 191@)H or 9. ... $52BH 19. R5216 &astlesH 11. 42t54B6 2t5$@H 1B. $5$B6 *545 (Em. Lasker5!arrasch6 *etro0rad6 191@). &a(a'lanca 'elie/es that the earl% ad/ance of *545 can 'e refuted '% 2t52@6 e.0. 9. ... $52BH 19. 42t5 4B6 2t5$@H 11. $5$B6 *545H 1B. 2t52@6 *1*H 1C. 2t12t6 $12tH 1@. $52@6 454BH 15. 45$B or *1*. !he o(enin0s as sketched out u( to this (oint 0i/e a sufficientl% clear idea of the (ossi'ilities of com'inin0 sound de/elo(ment with an attem(t to ca(ture the centre after the o(enin0 mo/es 1. *52@6 *52@. In most cases6 $lack3s centre (awn 'ein0 o(en to attack '% >hite3s *54@6 we find an earl% 'reak5u( of the centre6 and concurrentl% the o(enin0 of the 2s or 4s file for the Rooks. !hat is wh% 0ames o(ened in this fashion ha/e 'een classed /er% 0enerall% as =o(en6= whilst all the other o(enin0s are called =close 0ames.= Latel% the distinction has 'een a'andoned6 and /er% ri0htl%6 since in the latter o(enin0s6 too6 the centre can 'e cleared occasionall%. >e attain t%(ical close (ositions when $lack does not (la% 1. ... *52@ in answer to 1. *52@6 'ut relinGuishes all claim on his 2@ and takes (ossession of his 4@ instead6

lea/in0 >hite the o(tion of interlockin0 the (awns in the centre with *525. #n (rinci(le it does not seem ad/isa'le for $lack to (la% *54@ on the first mo/e in re(l% to 1. *52@. )lthou0h >hite3s centre (awn disa((ears after B. *1*6 41*6 $lack loses a mo/e throu0h C. 2t5 4$C6 and his 4ueen has no (lace from which it cannot 'e dri/en awa% /er% soon6 unless it 'e at 41. !his6 howe/er6 would amount to an admission of the inferiorit% of the whole of $lack3s (lan. !here are two mo/es which deser/e consideration as a (reliminar% to *54@6 namel%6 1. ... *52C ("rench ,efence)

Di"#r"$ &-. and *54$C (&aro52ann defence). )fter B. *54@6 *54@6 we attain the (ositions set out in the ,ia0rams B8 and B76 to which we must de/ote a 0ood deal of attention. !hese o(enin0s are worth% of stud% as 'ein0 es(eciall% interestin0 e1am(les of the stru00le for the centre. )s earl% as the third mo/e6 >hite has to take an im(ortant decision. Is he to (la% *525 and (re/ent the o(enin0 of

Di"#r"$ &.. the 2 or 4 file for a lon0 time to come6 or should he (roceed to de/elo( his (ieces6 and lea/e $lack the o(tion of antici(atin0 the 'lockin0 of the centre '% (la%in0 *1* himselfN I shall first turn m% attention to those 0ames in which >hite (la%s *5256 startin0 with the "rench ,efence6 after which the &aro52ann ,efence will 'e easil% understood. !he (osition which ensues in the centre after 1. *5 2@6 *52CH B. *54@6 *54@H C. *5256 di/ides the 'oard dia0onall%6 and it is eas% to reco0nise rou0hl% the

main lines of (la% which will 0o/ern the 0ame. >hite has more sco(e on the 2in03s side6 where his (ieces will ha/e 0reater mo'ilit%6 and (ros(ects of attack. $lack3s chances are on the 4ueen3s side. $oth sides will ha/e to ad/ance more (awns in order to o'tain o(enin0s for their Rooks6 and use them for the attack6 since the% ha/e no future on the 2 and 4 files6 as was the case in the o(enin0s mentioned hitherto. !he o'/ious mo/es to this end areJ for >hite the ad/ance of the 2$*6 for $lack that of the 4$* and sometimes e/en of the 42t*6 that is when the 4$* has not 'een e1chan0ed for the o((osin0 4*6 'ut has (ushed on to $5. In ,ia0rams B9 and C9 we see the chains of (awns formed '% these manoeu/res. >hite3s (awn attack is more dan0erous than $lack3s6

Di"#r"$ &/. 'ecause it in/ol/es a direct assault on the 2in0. )nd we shall see that $lack will usuall% 'e com(elled to sus(end o(erations on the 4ueen3s side tem(oraril%6 to ward off the storm '% the

Di"#r"$ '0. >hite *awns on the 2in03s side. e will attem(t this either '% *5 2$C attackin0 >hite3s centre or '% *52$@ (re/entin0 >hite from (la%in0 *5$5. In the latter case >hite can onl% make a 'reach in the $lack 'arrier '% (la%in0 *522t@ as well. !hese manoeu/res result in the (awn formations 0i/en in ,ia0rams C1 and CB.

Di"#r"$ '%. >e must now turn to the de/elo(ment of the (ieces corres(ondin0 to these (awn skeletons. If >hite (la%s *525

Di"#r"$ '&. on his third mo/e6 he (re/ents the $lack 22t from reachin0 2$C6 whence he mi0ht ha/e mo/ed to 4B. !his is a desira'le (osition6 from which he could su((ort the ad/ance of *54$@. $ut the 2ni0ht has other chances of de/elo(ment6 to 2RC and $@6 whence he can take his share in the attack on the >hite *awn at 4@. In conseGuence >hite must (ost(one *52$@ in order not to interce(t the action of the 4$ on RE. Now6 in that case >hite3s *awn at his 25 has not sufficient su((ort a0ainst the attack '% $lack3s *52$C (,ia0ram C1)6 and the latter mo/e 0i/es $lack the ad/anta0e. !he two main /ariations illustrati/e of these considerations

areJ I
3. P-K5 P-QB4 4. P-QB3 Kt-QB3 5. P-KB4 PxP 6. PxP Q-Kt3 7. Kt-KB3 Kt-R3

II
3. P-K5 P-QB4 4. P-QB3 Kt-QB3 5. Kt-B3 P-B3

In 'oth cases the initiati/e falls to $lack6 in the first throu0h the attack on >hite3s 4@6 the mainsta% of >hite3s centreH in the second throu0h attack on >hite3s 256 the >hite centre itself. >e must therefore consider >hite3s ad/ance of *525 on the third mo/e as (remature. Let us now find out whether it is ad/anta0eous to effect the same su'seGuentl%. ) de/elo(in0 mo/e can 'e inter(olated6 e.0. C. 2t54$C6 2t52$C. If >hite (la%s *525 now he 0ains time for his ad/ance of *52$@6 as $lack3s 2ni0ht must retreat. #n the other hand he

cannot now maintain his (awn at 4@6 as he has 'locked his 4$*. >e arri/e at the followin0 (lan of de/elo(mentJ
3. Kt-QB3 Kt-KB3 4. P-K5 KKt-Q2 5. P-B4 P-QB4 6. PxP Kt-QB3

If $lack were to (la% $1* at once6 >hite could (la% 452t@ with an attack on the 2ni0ht3s *awn. !hat is the o'<ect of $lack3s waitin0 mo/e. >hite must either (la% 8. 2t5$C6 which (re/ents his 452t@6 or 8. $54C6 after which $lack would take the (awn on $@ with his 2ni0ht6 0ettin0 rid of the >hite $isho(. 8. 452t@ at once would 'e answered '% *5$@.
7. Kt-B3 BxP 8. B-Q3 P-B4

$lack cannot castle %et6 on account of the followin0 threat6 which I 0i/e in full 'ecause it occurs freGuentl% in (racticeJ 7. ... &astlesH 9. $1*ch6 21$H 19. 2t52t5ch6 252t1J 11. 45R56 R5 21H 1B. 41*chH 1C. 45R5chH 1@. 45R8chH 15. 45R7chH 1E. 41* mate.

Di"#r"$ ''. !he (osition in the dia0ram seems fa/oura'le to $lack as >hite cannot castle for some time. "or that reason another line of (la% has come to the fore in which >hite e1chan0es his inacti/e 4$ for $lack3s trou'lesome 2$.
3. Kt-QB3 Kt-KB3 4. B-Kt5 B-K2 5. P-K5 KKt-Q2 6. BxB QxB

Di"#r"$ '*. >hite has now the choice of two lines of de/elo(ment. e can either (re(are for *54$C to su((ort his 4*. or he can de/elo( his 2in03s side6 holdin0 the * at 25 onl% I
7. Kt-Kt5 Kt-Kt3 8. P-QB3 P-QR3 ;. Kt-QR3 P-QB4 10. P-KB4 Kt-B3 11. Kt-B2 Castles

12. Kt-B3 B-Q2 13. B-Q3 P-B4

!he sacrifice $1*ch6 as mentioned a'o/e6 was threatened.

14. Castles Kt-R5 15. R-Kt1 P-QKt4

If >hite does not wish to lose so man% mo/es with his 2t6 he can effect the intended (rotection of his 4* as followsJ
7. Q-Q2 P-QR3

not *54$@ at once6 'ecause of 2t52t5.

8. Kt-Q1 P-QB4 ;. P-QB3

II
7. P-B4 Castles 8. Kt-B3 P-QB4 ;. B-Q3 P-B4 10. Castles Kt-QB3

and so on. In 'oth cases >hite has an eas% de/elo(ment6 whilst

$lack has no con/enient sGuare for his 4ueen3s $isho(. !o a/oid this draw'ack Ru'instein has e/ol/ed the followin0 /ariation6 in which (ro/ision is made from the first for the freedom of action of the 4ueen3s $isho(J
3. Kt-QB3 Kt-KB3 4. B-Kt5 PxP

to o(en the dia0onal for the $isho( at 42tB6 e.0.J

5. KtxP QKt-Q2 6. Kt-KB3 B-K2

followed '% *542tC and $52tB. >e will now lea/e the "rench defence and turn our attention to the &aro52ann6 of which the initial (osition was shown in ,ia0ram B7. ere also we find two essentiall% different s%stems of de/elo(ment6 accordin0 to whether >hite (la%s *525 or 0i/es $lack the o(tion of e1chan0in0 (awns '% C. 2t54$C. In the first case a /er% noticea'le difference from the "rench defence is6 that $lack can 'rin0 out his 4ueen3s $isho(. ere the (rocess of de/elo(ment ma% 'eJ
3. P-K5 B-B4

4. B-Q3 BxB

Not $52tC6 'ecause >hite could (la% *52EO and (aral%se the whole of $lack3s 0ame '% (re/entin0 his (la%in0 the 2in03s *awn.
5. QxB P-K3 6. Kt-K2 o) KR3

!hrou0h this the mo/e *52$@6 which fits into this (awn formation6 is ke(t in reser/e. >hile >hite3s de/elo(ment is eas% and natural6 $lack has difficult% in findin0 0ood (laces for his 2in03s side (ieces. !he 0ame can (roceed 0enerall% s(eakin0 on the lines of the "rench defence. #nl% $lack can hardl% attack >hite3s centre with *5$C6 since the *awn at 2C would 'e weak in the a'sence of the 4ueen3s $isho(. #n the other hand6 $lack would 'e a mo/e 'ehind with an attack on the 4ueen3s side6 since to reach 4$@ his (awn would ha/e made two mo/es instead of one as in the "rench defence. ) certain com(ensation lies in the fact that >hite3s attackin0 2in03s $isho( has 'een e1chan0ed. In (ractical (la% it has ne/ertheless 'een shown that >hite3s attack is more likel% to succeed6 and for this reason a /ariation introduced '% Niem;owitsch has 'een tried se/eral timesH it aims at the e1chan0e of 4ueens in order to weaken and retard >hite3s

threatened attack6 and to 0ain time for 4ueen3s side o(erations.

6. ... Q-Kt3 7. Castles Q-R3 o) Kt4

$ut after 7. 2t5$@6 414H 9. 2t146 >hite is so much ahead with his de/elo(ment that $lack3s chance of eGualisin0 the 0ame would seem Guestiona'le. If >hite (la%s 2t52RC on his si1th mo/e6 he foils at once $lack3s attem(t of forcin0 an e1chan0e of 4ueens6 as he could (la% 7. 4522tC. #n the whole we can conclude that in the &aro52ann defence >hite o'tains a 0ood 0ame '% C. *525. ) line of (la% which used to 'e in /o0ue6 namel%6 C. 2t54$C6 *1*H @. 2t1*6 2t5$CH 5. 2t12tch6 2*12t or 2t*12t6 0i/es $lack an e/en chance6 for althou0h he loses his centre (awn he o'tains a 0ood de/elo(ment6 and later in the 0ame he has o((ortunities of e1ercisin0 (ressure on >hite3s 4* throu0h his o(en 4 file. E1ce(t the "rench defence and the &aro52ann6 there is no 0ame in which an irre0ular re(l% to >hite3s 1. *52@ necessitates an% s(ecial considerations either in de/elo(ment of (ieces or (awn formation. In all such cases it is sufficient to maintain the (awn centre

and to occu(% such sGuares with the (ieces6 whence the% cannot 'e dri/en awa% with the loss of a mo/e. :ust one e1am(leJ If $lack (la%s 1. ... *54$@ (Sicilian defence)6 >hite will not (la% his 2in03s $isho( to $@6 'ecause $lack can re(l% *52C6 and 0ain a mo/e '% *54@. $. Let us now consider the o(enin0s in which the first mo/e is 1. *54@ on either side. ere the centre cannot 'e cleared as earl% as in the o(enin0s 'e0innin0 with 1. *52@6 *52@. !he ad/ance of a second centre (awn6 which there led to a clearance6 is not feasi'le in this case. >hite does not command his 2@6 and for some time to come he will 'e una'le to ad/ance the 2 (awn 'e%ond 2C. In conseGuence the 2 file does not seem a likel% o(enin0 for the Rooks6 and another file must 'e found for them. !he conclusions arri/ed at for $lack in the "rench defence hold 0ood for 'oth sides in the o(enin0 now under consideration6 and accordin0l% the 4$ file is that most ad/anta0eous for the Rooks. !he ad/ance of the 4$* strikes at the o((osin0 centre6 and6 that 'ein0 of (aramount im(ortance6 the 4ueen3s 2ni0ht must not 'e de/elo(ed at $C 'efore the 4$* has 'een (ushed on. )nother de/elo(ment mi0ht 'e concei/a'le for the RooksH /i;. on the 2$ file6 and also the 22t or 2R fileH here6 as we shall see6 an occasion ma% arise for stormin0 the o((osin0 2in03s

side '% a (awn attack. $ut in this case6 too6 althou0h it seems unnecessar% to (la% the 4$*6 it is ad/isa'le to de/elo( the 2ni0ht /ia 4B6 as there is a constant threat of the 4$ file 'ein0 forced o(en su'seGuentl% '% the o((osin0 forces. >e will start with the 0ames in which the 4$ *awns are (la%ed in the earliest sta0es of the o(enin06 so that the (awn skeleton in ,ia0ram C5 forms the 'asis of de/elo(ment. !he seGuence of mo/es is of moment6 'ecause the ad/ance of the 2*6 whether forced or not6 determines the (ossi'ilit% of 'rin0in0 out the 4 $isho(s. !he sim(lest (rocess of de/elo(ment 'ased on ,ia0ram C5 is the followin06 in which 'oth sides 'lock u( the 4$.

Di"#r"$ '+.
2. P-K3 P-K3 3. Kt-KB3 Kt-KB3 4. P-B4 P-B4 5. Kt-B3 Kt-B3 6. B-Q3 B-Q3 7. Castles. Castles

!he onl% useful sGuare for the 4$3s on either side is now at 2tB6 and 7. *542tC6 *542tC are indicated. !o (la% *542tC 'efore castlin0 is /er% dan0erous6

'ecause $lack can (la% *14* and (in the >hite 42t with $52t56 forcin0 $54B6 when $52tB was the mo/e intended6 e.0. E. *542tC6 $*1*H 8. 2*1*6 $52t5H 7. $52tB6 2t525H
;. Q-B2= Q-R4> 10. R-QB1= QxP.

In order not to relinGuish the sGuare at 42t@ to $lack6 >hite can also tr% the followin0 manoeu/reJ
6. PxBP BxP 7. P-QR3 Castles 8. P-QKt4 B-Q3 ;. B-Kt2

If $lack imitates >hite3s mo/es6 /i;. 9. ... *1*H 19. $1*6 *54RCH 11. &astles6 *542t@H 1B. $54C6 $52tB6 the result is the s%mmetrical (osition in ,ia0ram CE.

Di"#r"$ ',. >hen treatin0 of the middle 0ame6 we shall find that e/en in this a((arentl% full% eGualised (osition the influence of the first mo/e is still at work. In order to o'tain a more thorou0h understandin0 of the 4ueen3s *awn 0ame6 we must now turn our attention /er% closel% to the o(enin0 mo/es. )lread% on the second mo/e >hite can (la% B. *54$@ and turn the 0ame into a 4ueen3s 0am'it6 which $lack can either acce(t or decline. $lack would 'e <ustified in (la%in0 B. ... *1*6 and so furtherin0 >hite3s o'<ect of 0ettin0 his ($lack3s) 4ueen3s *awn awa%6 if he

could (ermanentl% hold the 0am'it (awn6 or if the 0i/in0 u( of the sGuare at 4@ fits into a reasoned s%stem of de/elo(ment. !he latter was6 for instance6 the case in the (la% leadin0 to the (osition shown in the ,ia0ram CE. $ut $lack is well ad/ised to wait until >hite has mo/ed the 2in03s $isho( 'efore takin0 the (awn on his 4$5. !his forces the $isho( to mo/e twice6 and $lack re0ains the mo/e he lost in his de/elo(ment6 when he (la%ed *1*. It would 'e Guite incorrect to tr% to hold the (awn '% *542t@ as followsJ
2. P-QB4 PxP 3. Kt-KB3 Kt-KB3 4. P-K3 P-QKt4 5. P-QR4

Di"#r"$ '-. If now $lack answers *1*6 >hite sim(l% (la%s $1* and the * at R5 is lost /er% soon. If $lack (la%s insteadJ 5. ... *5$C6 >hite wins 'ack his (awn with E. *542tC6 *12t *H 8. *1*6 *1*H 7. $1*ch '% 41*6 and moreo/er is much ahead with his de/elo(ment. !hese considerations (oint to the conclusion that after B. *54$@ there is no inducement for $lack to take the (awn. #n the contrar%6 he will co/er his centre (awn6 which >hite wishes to tem(t awa%6 either with *52C or *54$C. !he attem(t to de/elo( the 4ueen3s $isho( 'efore (la%in0 *52C is not to 'e

recommended6 'ecause the 4 2t3s (awn remains un(rotected and o(en to an immediate attack '% C. 452tC. #f the two remainin0 re(lies6 B. ... *52C and B. ... *54$C6 I will first discuss the former6 as 'ein0 the more natural of the two6 since *54$C does not fit into the scheme for o(enin0 the 4$ file for the Rooks. >hite6 on the other hand6 can 'rin0 out his 4$ 'efore (la%in0 *52C6 in this wa%J B. *54$@6 *52CH C. 2t54$C6 2t52$CH @. $52t56 and the 0ame mi0ht (roceed as followsJ @. ... 4 2t54B. (,ia0ram C7.) No fault can 'e found with this mo/e6 althou0h it 'locks the $isho(6 since the latter can onl% 'e de/elo(ed effecti/el% at 2tB. -oreo/er6 the 2ni0ht at 4B su((orts the (ro<ected *5$@. >hite cannot win a (awn now with 5. *1*6 *1*H E. 2t1*6 'ecause of 2t12tH 8. $146 $52t5ch. !herefore 5. *52C must 'e (la%ed first6 and after $52BH E. 2t5$C6 &astlesH 8. R5 $16 *542tCH 7. *1*6 *1*H 9. $54C6 $52tB6 all the (ieces ha/e found rational de/elo(ment.

Di"#r"$ '.. 4uite a different s%stem of o(enin0 ensues6 when $lack does not dela% (ushin0 the * to 4$@ until after his (ieces are de/elo(ed6 'ut makes the ad/ance on his third mo/e. ere $lack has the ad/anta0e of 'ein0 a'le to a/oid the (innin0 of his 2ni0ht '% the o((osin0 4$.
2. P-QB4 P-K3 3. Kt-QB3 P-QB4 4. Kt-B3 Kt-QB3<

Now $lack threatens 4*1* with an attack on >hite3s 4ueen3s *awn. If >hite (la%s *52C we 0et the (osition mentioned in connection with ,ia0ram C5. If he wishes to 'rin0 out his 4$ first6 he must antici(ate $lack3s threat '% $*1*. )fter
5. BPxP KPxP

the third of the t%(ical main (ositions in the 4ueen3s 0am'it ensues6 and is 0i/en in ,ia0ram C9. !wo continuations must now 'e considered. >hite can either de/elo( his 2$ at 2tB6 and concentrate on the $lack 4*6 which is somewhat weak6 or he can (lace the 2$ on one of the a/aila'le sGuares 'etween $1 and RE. In the first instance6 the 2* need not 'e (la%ed at all6 and the 4$

Di"#r"$ '/. retains the o(tion of de/elo(in0 at 2t56 $@6 and e/en 2C. In the second6 where the 2 must make room for the 2$6 >hite must decide at once 'etween $5$@ or 2t56 and onl% $@ can 'e seriousl% considered on account of
6. B-Kt5 B-K2 7. BxB KtxB

which onl% furthers $lack3s de/elo(ment. >hite would onl% 'e <ustified in this course if he could now win a (awn with 7. *1*6 'ut $lack would win it 'ack and ha/e the su(erior 0ame after

8. ... P-Q5 ;. Kt-K4 Castles

followed '% $5$@ and 45R@ch. !he correct mo/e in this /ariation is conseGuentl% E. $5$@6 and a (ossi'le continuation would 'eJ 2t52$CH 8. *52C6 $52CH 7. R54$1 or $542t5 or $54C. >ith this we will close the discussion of the /ariations initiated '% B. *54$@6 *52C6 and stud% the re(l% B. ... *54$C. !he first Guestion which arises in our mind isJ >hich file will $lack 'e a'le to utilise for his RooksN )n attem(t to free the 2in03s file throu0h *52@ is concei/a'le. $ut >hite can (re/ent this '% sim(l% (la%in0 2t52$C. !wo other (ossi'ilities (resent themsel/esJ after (la%in0 *52C6 2t5$C and 42t54B6 $lack could steer into a line similar to the 4ueen3s 0am'it acce(ted with *1* and *54$@6 or he could kee( the centre closed with *52$@ and 2t5$C6 with the intention of (la%in0 2t525 and usin0 the 2$ file for acti/atin0 his Rook /ia 2$C. ,ia0ram @9 0i/es the (osition reached afterJ
3. Kt-KB3 P-K3 4. P-K3 Kt-KB4 5. Kt-K5 Kt-B3

Di"#r"$ *0. >hite would not accom(lish much with E. *52$@. !he more or less s%mmetrical lineu( of the (ieces would most likel% lead to a draw after $lack (ro(erl% (re(ares freein0 his hemmed5in $isho( with *542tC and $52tB. ) 'etter (lan would 'e E. *5$C6 (re/entin0 2t5 25 and (re(arin0 the e/entual ad/ance of the 2in03s *awn to 2@. In re(l% to E. ... 6 42t54B >hite would then rather (la% 8. 2t54C than e1chan0e 2ni0hts6 as after this e1chan0e it would not 'e too difficult for $lack to 'rin0 his $isho( into (la% on the 2in03s win0 /ia 21. $oth of >hite3s $isho(s would 'e 'est (laced on 2tB.

!his =Stonewall= o(enin0 can also 'e (la%ed '% >hite6 who is then a mo/e to the 0ood in the /ariation <ust shown. $ut this o(enin0 has (racticall% disa((eared from modern tournament 0ames6 sim(l% 'ecause the 4$ cannot easil% 'e 'rou0ht into (la%. !he followin0 /ariation is reminiscent of the =Stonewall= in the formation of the centre (awns. >hite de/elo(s his 4ueen3s side <ust as $lack did in the o(enin0 shown in connection with ,ia0ram
38. 2. Kt-KB3 P-QB4 3. P-K3 Kt-QB3 4. B-Q3 Kt-B3 5. P-QKt3 P-K3 6. B-Kt2 B-Q3 7. QKt-Q2 PxP 8. PxP Castles

Di"#r"$ *%. >hite can now settle his 2ni0ht at 256 and initiate a /iolent 2in03s side attack after castlin06 '% *52$@6 45 $C6 which could 'e continued with *522t@6 25R16 R5 22t16 and so on. #nce the (osition in ,ia0ram @1 has 'een reached6 $lack3s resources a0ainst the dan0erous onslau0ht of the >hite forces are scant%. +et he can retaliate6 not '% makin0 the sim(lest and most o'/ious de/elo(in0 mo/es6 as mentioned 'efore6 'ut in the followin0 wa%J If >hite (la%s 5. *542tC 'efore castlin06 $lack e1chan0es (awns and checks with the 4ueen. Now

>hite has the disa0reea'le choice 'etween $54B and *5$C. !he former must 'e 'ad6 'ein0 contrar% to the (lan of de/elo(ment as intended '% *542tC. !he latter 'locks the /er% dia0onal on which the $isho( was meant to o(erate. >hite can o(en u( the dia0onal '% (la%in0 *54$@ after castlin06 nor would it reall% im(l% the loss of a mo/e to ha/e (la%ed the $* twice6 since $lack must mo/e his 4ueen a0ain from R@6 where she has no future. $ut in an% case there remains the disad/anta0e that >hite was forced to (la% the $*6 whilst 'efore he had the o(tion of withholdin0 its ad/ance until a more o((ortune moment. )nother (ossi'le su'tlet% in $lack3s seGuence of de/elo(in0 mo/es would 'e to withhold the ad/ance of his 2* until >hite has (la%ed *542tC6 and then to (la% the 4$ to 2t5. "or6 as I ha/e alread% remarked6 the o'<ection to de/elo(in0 $lack3s 4ueen3s $isho( lies in >hite3s threat to attack $lack3s 42t* with 452tC. !hat (ossi'ilit% disa((ears after *542tC. $efore 'rin0in0 the discussion of the 4ueen3s *awn o(enin0 to a close6 I ma% remark that in tournaments it has 'ecome usual for >hite not to (la% *54$@ at once6 'ut to (la% 2t52$C as a (reliminar%6 in order to a/oid the com(lications of the 4ueen3s counter

0am'itJ B. *54$@6 *52@. If >hite (la%s C. *12*6 $lack3s re(l% is *5456 and the o'/ious mo/e @. *52C fails on account of the followin0 (rett% com'inationJ $552t5chH 5. $554B6 *1*H E. $1$6 *1*chH 8. 252B6 *12tchOOH 7. R12t6 $5 2t5ch6 etc. Instead of @. *52C6 >hite should (la% *522tC and de/elo( his 2$ at 2tB. $lack could now tr% to re0ain his (awn with 2t52B52tC6 'ut he can also sacrifice a (awn '% *52$C6 with a /iew to ra(id de/elo(ment. It now onl% remains for us to disco/er whether $lack has an% other answer to *54@ which would necessitate close anal%sis on >hite3s (art. ere must 'e mentionedJ 1. ... 2t52$C6 1. ... *54$@6 and 1. ... *52$@. !he former mo/e (re(ares *54C6 followed '% *52@. In this o(enin0 there is no reason wh% >hite should (la% *54$@6 as there is no (ros(ect of o(enin0 the 4$ file for the Rooks. "urthermore6 $lack has relinGuished the sGuare 4@ and made 2@ the 'asis of o(erations. It will 'e more ad/isa'le to (re/ent $lack from (la%in0 *52@ as far as this can 'e achie/ed in conformit% with a lo0ical de/elo(ment6 e.0. 1. *54@6 2t52$CH B. 2t52$C. Not B. 2t5 4$C6 'ecause $lack could then lead into the 4ueen3s 0am'it '% (la%in0 *54@ and *54$@6 after

which >hite has the disad/anta0e of not 'ein0 a'le to o(en the 4$ file. B. ... *54CH C. $5$@6 42t54BH @. *52C. Now $lack can onl% enforce *52@ after *5$C and 4$B. -eanwhile >hite mo'ilises all his (ieces6 whilst $lack3s 4$ remains 'locked and the 2t must remain at 4B to co/er the 2*. If6 on the other hand6 $lack e1chan0es (awns in order to free the 2ni0ht6 there is no $lack centre left. >ith re0ard to the second irre0ular re(l% to 1. *54@6 namel%6 1. ... *54$@6 two wa%s are o(en to >hite. #ne is to turn the o(enin0 into an ordinar% 4ueen3s 0am'it '% (la%in0 *52C6 on which $lack can (la% *5 4@. !he second is to (la% B. *545. $lack will then de/elo( his 2in03s side with *522tC and $52tB. !he $isho( is well (osted here6 and can freGuentl% take u( an attackin0 (osition at 2@ or 45. (See Game No. @56 Ru'instein /. S(ielmann.) If >hite (la%s B. *1*6 we ha/e after B. ... *52C a 4ueen3s 0am'it acce(ted '% >hite6 and6 as (ointed out 'efore6 this line of (la% is not commenda'le. !he last of the three irre0ular answers mentioned a'o/eJ 1. ... *52$@ leads to two entirel% different (lans6 accordin0 to the second mo/e chosen '% >hite. >hite can confine himself to a sim(le de/elo(ment

such asJ 2t5 2$C6 $52t56 *52C6 42t54B (2t5$C would onl% 'e 0ood if (receded '% *5$@6 'ecause $lack would a0ain lead into a 4ueen3s 0am'it with *54@ and *54$@). !he other (ossi'ilit% is the followin0J in /iew of the fact that 1. ... *52$@ does a'solutel% nothin0 to aid de/elo(ment6 >hite can initiate a /iolent attack '% 0i/in0 u( his 2in03s *awn (*52@) and thus accelerate his own de/elo(ment. !he (la% mi0ht 'e as followsJ B. ... *1*H C. 2t54$C6 2t52$CH @. $5 22t56 *5$C (*54@N 5. $12t followed '% 45R5ch)H 5. *5$C. If $lack takes the (awn he la%s himself o(en to an attack hard to meet. It seems 'est to (la% 5. ... *52E6 which calls 'ack the >hite 4$ and lea/es >hite3s $* as a hindrance to the de/elo(ment of the 22t. IRRE!ULAR OPENIN!S -an% o(enin0s in which neither *52@ nor *54@ is the first mo/e lead to well5known (ositions '% a sim(le trans(osition of mo/es. "or instance6 a 4ueen3s 0am'it ma% well ha/e the followin0 o(enin0 mo/esJ 1. *54$@6 2t52$CH B. 2t52$C6 *52CH C. 2t5 $C6 *5$@H @. *52C6 *54@H 5. *54@6 or a "rench defence theseJ 1. 2t54$C6 *5 4@H B. *54@6 2t52$CH C. $52t56 *52CH @. *52@. !here are6 of course6 s%stems of o(enin0 which de/iate a'solutel% from those which ha/e 'een

(ro/ed sound and are in 0eneral use6 and it is those o(enin0s that (u;;le the 'e0inner most of all. e sa%sJ >hat is the 0ood of learnin0 correct o(enin0s6 if m% o((onent (la%s incorrectl% and wins all the sameN !his line of thou0ht is wron0 from its ince(tion. !he student is not su((osed to =learn= o(enin0s '% heart6 'ut to AN,ERS!)N, how the 0eneral (rinci(les of &hess Strate0% are a((lied to an% o(enin0. Such knowled0e can ne/er 'e o'tained from a ta'ulated anal%sis6 'ut can onl% 'e arri/ed at '% the a((lication of common sense. If a (la%er succeeds in winnin0 in s(ite of an inferior o(enin06 it onl% (ro/es that su'seGuentl% he has (la%ed a stron0er 0ame than his o((onent6 who6 after (la%in0 the o(enin0 accordin0 to the 'ook6 did not know how to (roceed further. )nd herein lies the weakness6 and not in the a'sence of knowled0e of the anal%sis of o(enin0s. !he latter is rated far too hi0hl%. )n% (la%er will hold his own in the o(enin06 as soon as he has 0ras(ed the real meanin0 of those (rinci(les which I cannot re(eat often enou0h6 /i;.J 1st6 Guick de/elo(ment of (ieces and a/oidance of lost mo/esH Bnd6 the maintenance of a (awn centre6 ham(erin0 the de/elo(ment of the o((osin0 forces6 and the a/oidance of (awn mo/es that do not contri'ute to the de/elo(ment of (ieces. ow to conduct the middle 0ame and end50ame is

not entirel% a matter of deduction from such 0eneral rules. In order to (la% the end50ame correctl%6 one must know certain thin0s and (ositions which arise from and ma% 'e said to 'e (eculiar to the (urel% ar'itrar% rules of chess. !he same a((lies to the middle 0ame6 as in most cases it must 'e (la%ed with a /iew to the end50ame which ensues6 unless there 'e a chance of matin0 the o((onent 'efore. !he student should ha/e6 therefore6 a knowled0e of the end50ame 'efore he can ho(e to 'e a'le to conduct the middle 0ame efficientl%. "or this reason I ha/e decided to treat of the end5 0ame first. CHAPTER V THE END)!AME :AS! as it is difficult to state the e1act (oint at which an o(enin0 ends6 so is it eGuall% difficult to sa% where the end5 0ame ma% 'e said to commence. #ne of the main characteristics of end50ames is the acti/e (art taken '% the 2in0. &learl% the 2in0 cannot /enture out into the field of o(erations until there has 'een an e1chan0e of the ma<orit% of the (ieces6 so that there can 'e no dan0er of his 'ein0 mated. )s soon as a (la%er has attained some ad/anta0e in material which ensures the /ictor% in the end5 0ame6 he will tr% to 'rin0 a'out the end5 0ame '% e1chan0in0 (ieces6 for there the lines on

which to (ush home his ad/anta0e are clearl% set out. It is first necessar% to know what sur(lus of forces is the minimum reGuired in order to force a mate. !he (ositions in which the mate can 'e forced ma% 'e shown '% a few t%(ical e1am(les. $ut I shall la% stress mainl% on one (oint. !hat is the a'ilit% to <ud0e whether an end50ame which could 'e 'rou0ht a'out '% e1chan0es is won or notH in other words6 whether it can 'e reduced to one of the t%(ical (ositions referred to a'o/e. It is o'/ious that the end50ame is the (articular demesne of (awn strate0%. Nearl% alwa%s one or more (awns sur/i/e the e1chan0e of (ieces6 and the knowled0e of the end50ame will 'e in/alua'le for 0au0in0 the conseGuences of (awn mo/es in the course of the middle 0ame. !he latter re(resents (ro'a'l% the most difficult as(ect of the strate0% of chess. In order to ena'le 'e0inners to 0ras( the followin0 cha(ters6 I must a0ain (oint out a few elementar% considerations. Sim(le end50ames6 that is6 end50ames without (awns6 are com(arati/el% eas% to understand. Let us first consider the case of a 2in0 denuded of all his troo(s. In order to force the mate it is necessar% to

o'tain command of four sGuares6 namel%6 those four sGuares which he controls after he has 'een dri/en into a corner. Su((osin0 the $lack 2in0 has 'een dri/en to 4R16 the >hite 2in0 can (re/ent him from reachin0 two sGuares of different colour6 namel%6 4RB and 42tB. !herefore it is necessar% for >hite still to ha/e such forces as can command two more sGuares of different colour6 namel%6 4R1 and 42t1. )s can readil% 'e seen6 it will 'e essential to ha/e at least the 4ueen or a Rook or two $isho(s6 or a 2ni0ht and $isho(6 or two 2ni0hts. K"ootnoteJ ow the 2in0 can 'e dri/en into a corner will 'e shown su'seGuentl%.L >e shall see that in the latter case it is im(ossi'le to dri/e the 2in0 into a corner without 'rin0in0 a'out a stalemate. !he mates '% a 4ueen or Rook are so sim(le that I onl% 0i/e an e1am(le of each for the sake of com(leteness. *osition 1.55>hiteJ 2 at 4R16 452R1 $lackJ 2 at 2@ 1. 252tB6 2545H B. 252tC6 252@H C. 25$@6 254CH @. 452@6 25 4BH 5. 25$56 25$1H E. 25$E6 252t1H 8. 45 4R@6 or 2t@ch6 or 286 or R8 and mate ne1t mo/e. *osition B.55>hiteJ 2 at 42tC6 R2RB $lackJ 2 at 2@

1. 25$@6 254CH B. R52B6 25$CH C. R52Ech6 254BH @. 25456 25 $BH 5. 25$56 254BH E. R5216 25$BH 8. R5 28ch6 2541H 7. 254E6 25$1H 9. 25$E6 252t1H 19. R5 216 25R8H 11. R5276 25RCH 1B. R5R7 mate. *osition C.55>hiteJ 2 at 4RsG6 $ at 22tsG6 $at22tB $lackJ 2 at 2RsG 1. 252tB6 252tBH B. 25$C6 25$CH C. 254@6 252CH @. $5RB6 25 $CH 5. 25456 25$@H E. $5256 252t@H 8. 25 2E6 252t5H 7. $5 4R76 252t@H 9. $5$C6 252tCH 19. $52$E6 25RCH 11. 25$86 25 RBH 1B. $52t56 25R1H 1C. $5416 25RBH 1@. $5$Bch6 25R1H $5$E mate. It is more difficult to mate with 2NIG ! )N, $IS #*. It is onl% (ossi'le to mate on a corner sGuare commanded '% the $isho(6 as the followin0 ar0ument shows clearl%. ) matin0 (osition in the corner which the $isho( does not command would ha/e to 'e of the t%(e set out in ,ia0ram @B. ere the $isho( (la%s on >hite sGuares6 and the 2ni0ht in order to checkmate must mo/e on to a >hite sGuareH in other words6 he must come from a $lack one. !herefore6 when the $isho( checked on the (re/ious mo/e and dro/e the 2in0 awa%6 the 2in0 had the o(tion of two 'lack sGuares6 and had no need to 0o into the corner one. e is onl% mated in conseGuence of a wron0 mo/e.

Di"#r"$ *&. )s stated a'o/e6 howe/er6 it is (ossi'le in all cases to mate in the corner sGuare which is of the same colour as the $isho(. !he 2in0 is dri/en into the corner in this wa%J the 2ni0ht cuts him off such sGuares as the $isho( does not command. ,ia0ram @C will ser/e as an illustration. 1. 252tB6 252tBH B. 25$C6 25$CH C. 254@6 252CH @. 2t52tC6 25$CH 5. $5$C6 252t@H E. 25256 252tCH 8. 2t52@6 252tBH 7. 25$56 25R1H 9. 25$E6 252t1H 19. 2t52t56 25R1H 11. 2t5$8ch6 252t1H 1B. $52@6 25 $1H 1C. $5R86 2521H 1@. 2t5256 2541H 15. 2t5$@6 25

$BH 1E. $52@6 254BH 18. 25$86 25$BH 17. 25286 25 $1H 19. 254E6 2541H B9. $52tE6 25$1H B1. 2t5R56 25 41H BB. 2t52t8ch6 25$1H BC. 25$E6 252t1H B@. 25 2tE6 25$1H B5. $5$5ch6 252t1H BE. 2t5$56 25R1H B8. $52E6 252t1H B7. 2t5REch6 25R1H B9. $545 mate.

Di"#r"$ *'. It is im(ossi'le to force a mate with the 2ING )N, !># 2NIG !S. #n the same 0rounds as 0i/en with res(ect to ,ia0ram @B6 the mate can onl% 'e attained throu0h the o((onent makin0 a 'ad mo/e. $ut a mate can 'e forced if the weaker side has a s(are mo/e which (re/ents the stalemate6 e.0. ,ia0ram @@.

Di"#r"$ **. 1. 2t(2C)5456 252tBH B. 25$56 25RCH C. 252t@6 252tBH @. 252t56 25 RBH 5. 2t5$86 252tBH E. 2t($8)5276 25RBH 8. 2t54E6 252t1H 7. 25 2tE6 25R1H 9. 2t5486 *5$@H 19. 2t52t56 *5$5H 11. 2t5$8 mate. a/in0 decided as to the smallest amount of material ad/anta0e with which it is (ossi'le to force a mate6 we will now turn our attention to sim(le 0ame endin0s (still without (awns). !o <ud0e such endin0s correctl%6 it will onl% 'e necessar% to find out whether it is (ossi'le to o'tain the minimum ad/anta0e mentioned. It is sufficient to discuss cases

in which a (iece on the one side (la%s a0ainst a stron0er one on the other6 'ecause in endin0s where se/eral (ieces are left on either side6 fortuitous circumstances are 0enerall% the decidin0 factors6 and it would 'e im(ossi'le to characterise and classif% (ositions of that kind6 '% 0i/in0 t%(ical illustrations. $esides6 the% are reduced sooner or later '% e1chan0es to such end50ames as ha/e 'een treated alread%6 or are 0oin0 to 'e shown now. !he 4ueen wins a0ainst an% other (ieceH the Rook alone ma% 0i/e trou'le. In ,ia0ram @5 we illustrate a

Di"#r"$ *+.

(osition which is one of the most fa/oura'le to the weaker side. 1. 45RE leads to nothin06 as R5$Bch follows6 and after B. 252tE $lack forces a stalemate with R5$Cch. It is necessar% for >hite to 0ain a mo/e in this (ositionH in other words6 >hite must tr% to transfer to the other side the onus of ha/in0 to mo/e. If then the Rook mo/es awa% from the 2in06 it 0ets lost after a few checks6 or if $lack3s 2in0 (la%s to $16 the Rook is eGuall% lost throu0h 45RE. >hite (la%s thereforeJ 1. 4525ch6 25R1H B. 45R1ch6 252t1H C. 45 R56 and wins. "or e1am(le6 C. ... R5$BH @. 4525ch6 25RBH 5. 452Cch6 25R1H E. 4527ch6 and so on. !he Rook can win a0ainst a minor (iece in e1ce(tional cases onl%. In endin0s of R##2 )G)INS! $IS #* the weaker 2in0 must take refu0e in a corner sGuare of different colour from that of his $isho(. "or instance6 ,ia0ram @EJ

Di"#r"$ *,. 1. R5456 $5$5 (or RB)H B. R547ch6 $52t16 and $lack is stalemate unless the Rook lea/es the ei0hth Rank. )n% outside sGuare which is not of the same colour as that of the $isho( is dan0erous for the 2in0. Ima0ine the (ieces in ,ia0ram @E shifted two sGuares towards the centre of the 'oard6 as in ,ia0ram @86 and >hite wins with
1. R-QKt5 B-R5 2. R-Kt8c' B-K1 3. R-R8

!he $isho( is lost6 as it is $lack3s mo/e. In endin0s of R##2 )G)INS! 2NIG !6 the weaker side loses6 where the 2ni0ht is cut off from his 2in0. "or instance6 in ,ia0ram @76 1. R545O In this =o'liGue o((osition= the Rook takes four of the 2ni0ht3s sGuaresJ 1. ... 2t527H B. 25$56 2t5$8H C. 25 2@6 2t5RE (2t52t5NH @. R52t5chO wins the 2ni0ht). In this endin0 there is alwa%s a fatal check at some (oint6 and the (osition in the

Di"#r"$ *-.

dia0ram is not in an% wa% a chance win. @. 254C6 25$BH 5. R54R56 2t52t7H E. R5R16 and wins.

Di"#r"$ *.. )s soon as the 2ni0ht can o'tain the 2in03s su((ort the 0ame is drawn e/en when the 2in0 is alread% forced on to the ed0e of the 'oard. *osition55>hiteJ 2 at 2E6 R at 25 $lackJ 2 at 216 2t at 4RB 1. R54$56 2541H B. 254E6 2t5$1chH C. 25$E6 2t5 2Bch6 draw. In this case the 2in0 must a/oid the corners6 as the 2ni0ht would 'e 'ereft of his

efficienc%. *osition55>hiteJ 2 at 2RE6 R at 2R@ $lackJ 2 at 2R16 2t at 2B

1. R-K4= Kt-Kt1c'> 2. K-Kt6 a%d w&%s.

>e come now to the more interestin0 (art of end5 0ame (la%6 namel%6 *)>N EN,INGS. !he 'est course will 'e first to stud% how to turn a material su(eriorit% in (awns to decisi/e ad/anta0e6 after which we shall note (articular (ositions6 in which a win is (ossi'le with an eGualit% or e/en an inferiorit% in (awns. !he endin0 of 2ING )N, *)>N )G)INS! 2ING is one of the sim(lest al'eit one of the most im(ortant of elementar% cases. !he stron0er side will e/identl% tr% to Gueen the (awn. $ut 0enerall% this is not (ossi'le if the ad/erse 2in0 has command of the Gueenin0 sGuare. #ne im(ortant condition6 thou0h6 must 'e com(lied withJ the weaker 2in0 must mo/e into =o((osition6= and =o((osition= is one of the characteristic and decidin0 factors in most (awn endin0s. It is a'solutel% necessar% for the learner to understand full% the meanin0 of the term =o((osition6= and its /alue in elementar% cases !his knowled0e is of far reachin0 influence in end50ames.

Di"#r"$ */. In ,ia0ram @9 >hite seeks to Gueen his (awn.

1. K-Q4= K-K2> 2. K-K5

>ith this mo/e >hite assumes the o((osition. !hat is6 he mo/es into the same rank or file6 se(arated '% one sGuare onl%6 so that 'oth 2in0s stand on sGuares of the same colour. >hite has mo/ed last6 it is $lack3s turn to mo/eH it is said in this case that =>hite has the o((osition.= >e shall soon see that $lack is onl% a'le to draw the 0ame6 if he succeeds in assumin0 the o((osition himself (which means that6 ha/in0 the mo/e6 he should ste( into o((osition).

B. ... 254 BH C *54E (,ia0ram 59).

Di"#r"$ +0. I (ro(ose now to reca(itulate. !his is the critical moment6 namel%6 when the (awn reaches the si1th rank. If now $lack (la%s 2521 he is lost6 for >hite (la%in0 252E has the o((osition. )fter @. ... 25416 5. *5486 $lack is forced to allow the >hite 2in0 to mo/e to 286 co/erin0 the Gueenin0 sGuareH 5. ... 25$B6 E. 25286 an%H 8. * Gueens. $ut $lack has a draw in the (osition of ,ia0ram 596 '% (la%in0 C. ... 2541OO (not 21). Now after @. 252E he kee(s the o((osition himself with 2521H and after 5.

*548ch6 2541H E. 254E6 he is stalemated6 or else wins the (awn if >hite (la%s differentl% on his si1th mo/e. !he 2in0 draws a0ainst 2in0 and (awn if he commands the Gueenin0 sGuare6 and if he can retain the o((osition on the first rank as soon as the (awn mo/es into his si1th. It is of the utmost im(ortance that the (awn should 'e at his si1thH if the (awn is still further 'ack6 the o((osition on the first rank is of no a/ail. ,ia0ram 51 will ser/e as an e1am(le. mo/e6 a/in0 the

Di"#r"$ +%. >hite would onl% draw with *5$56 'ecause $lack3s 25 $B wins the (awn. $ut >hite wins as followsJ 1. 252tE6 25$1H B. 25$E6 2521H C. 252E6 2541H @. 254E6 25$ sGJ

Di"#r"$ +&. 5. *5$56 254 sG. >e seeJ $lack has <ust assumed the o((osition6 'ut the (awn has not %et crossed to his si1th sGuare6 and >hite6 '% (la%in0 *5$E6 a0ain forces $lack to 0i/e u( the o((osition. It mi0ht 'e more clear to (ut it in this wa%J with *5$E >hite wins the o((osition6 in that he 'rin0s a'out a (osition with $lack to mo/e.

!herefore the 0ame is won for >hite. Since the o((osition on the outside rank is of no a/ail6 when the (awn has not %et (la%ed to his si1th sGuare6 the weaker side must tr% to kee( awa% the o((osin0 2in0 from the si1th rank until the (awn has reached that rank. !his is (ossi'le in (ositions such as that in ,ia0ram 5C6 where the stron0er

Di"#r"$ +'. 2in0 is not more than one rank ahead of his (awn6 and the weaker 2in0 can assume the o((osition. In the (osition in ,ia0ram 5C $lack (la%s 254@ and maintains the o((osition until the (awn mo/es6 after which a

t%(ical (osition6 similar to the one treated in connection with ,ia0ram 59 is 'rou0ht a'out. If >hite has the mo/e6 howe/er6 he wins easil% '% 1. 25$@6 thusJ
1. ... K-Q3 2. K-Kt5 K-B2 3. K-B5 K-Kt2 4. K-Q6 K-B1 5. K-B6

and there is o((osition on the ei0hth rank whilst the (awn has not reached the si1th. If the 2in0 is more than one rank ahead of his (awn6 as in ,ia0ram 5@6 the end50ame can alwa%s 'e won6 for if $lack

Di"#r"$ +*. takes the o((osition with 254C6 >hite de(ri/es him of it a0ain6 winnin0 a mo/e '% *5$C6 and the (osition is similar to that in ,ia0ram 5C6 with >hite to mo/e.
1. ... K-Q3 2. P-B3 K-B3 3. K-B4 a%d w&%s.

!his settles all t%(ical end50ames of 2in0 and (awn a0ainst 2in0. !here is6 howe/er6 one e1ce(tion to the rules set out6 namel%6 when a R##23S *)>N is concerned. ere the isolated 2in0 alwa%s succeeds

in drawin0 if he can reach the corner where the (awn has to Gueen6 for he cannot 'e dri/en out a0ain. !he Rook3s (awn affords another o((ortunit% for the weaker side to draw. ,ia0ram 55 will illustrate this6 and similar (ositions are of freGuent occurrence in (ractice. ere $lack draws with 1. ... 25$5. )s he threatens to ca(ture the (awn6 >hite must (la% B. *5 R@. !hen after the re(l% 25$@6 >hite is still una'le to cut the o((onent off from the corner with 252t86 as the loss of the (awn is still threatened throu0h 25 2t5. )nd after C. *5R5 $lack attains the (osition which is t%(ical for this end50ame6 namel% the o((osition a0ainst the 2in0 on the Rook3s file. !he latter cannot esca(e without 0i/in0 u( the contested corner6 and the 0ame is drawn. C. ... 25$CH @. 25R86 25$BH 5. 25R76 25$1H E. *5RE6 25$BH 8. *5R86 25$1J and >hite is stalemated.

Di"#r"$ ++. End50ames with a ma<orit% of one (awn6 when 'oth sides still ha/e (awns6 are much more sim(le to mani(ulate. Such 0ames result in (ositions of which ,ia0ram 5E is a

Di"#r"$ +,. t%(ical instance. ere >hite does not e/en need to 4ueen his (assed (awn. !he mere threat forces the win. "or the (awn at 2t@ reduces the mo'ilit% of the $lack 2in06 in so far as the latter must at all times 'e read% to reach the Gueenin0 sGuare in as few mo/es as the (awn6 or else the (awn would Gueen unmolested. !he >hite 2in0 can therefore ca(ture the o((osin0 $isho(3s (awn in (eace and then Gueen his own. 1. 252@6 252CH B. *52t56 252BH C. 25256 25$BH @. 254E6 and so onH or 1. ... 252t@ 21*H C. 254E6 25 $@H @. 21*6 252CH 5. 252t86 and so on.

Such (ositions as ,ia0ram 5E are also reached when there are se/eral (awns on each win0. !he stron0er side e1chan0es (awns on the win0 where there is a ma<orit% until the e1tra (awn is (assed. !he winnin0 (rocess is not Guite so sim(le when all the (awns are on the same win06 'ecause e1chan0es are of no use unless the 2in0 can assume the o((osition in front of the last remainin0 (awn (com(are notes to ,ia0ram 5C). In ,ia0ram 586 for instance6 >hite must not (la% *5 $@. !herefore he can onl% win '% 0ainin0 the 2ni0ht3s *awn6

Di"#r"$ +-. that is6 '% 'rin0in0 his 2in0 to $5. !his he achie/es '% forcin0 the $lack 2in0 to relinGuish the o((osition with 1. *5$C. 1. ... 25$CH B. 25256 252tBH C. 254E6 252tCH @. 25 456 252tBH 5. 25$56 25RCH E. 25$E6 and wins6 as $lack must a'andon the (awn. !his (osition6 'ein0 of freGuent occurrence6 is most im(ortant6 and I recommend it as a /alua'le stud% in the use of the o((osition. $efore I discuss (ositions of 0reater com(le1it%6 in

which the onl% wa% to win is '% sacrificin0 the e1tra (awn6 I shall treat of end50ames in which (ositional ad/anta0es ensure the /ictor% althou0h the (awns are eGual. ere we shall find sim(le cases in which (awn manoeu/res 'rin0 a'out the win6 and more intricate ones in which 2in0 mo/es are the decidin0 factor. #f the former the most im(ortant t%(e is the end5 0ame with the =distant (assed (awn.= ) t%(ical e1am(le is the (osition in ,ia0ram 576 in which $lack wins.

Di"#r"$ +.. !he 2in03s mo/es are outlined '% the necessit% of

ca(turin0 the o((osin0 (assed (awn6 after which the $lack 2in0 is two files nearer the 'attle5field (the 4ueen3s side)6 so that the >hite (awns must fall. 1. 252tB6 252tBH B. 252tC6 25$CH C. 252t@6 252@H @. *5$@ch6 25$CH 5. 252tC6 *5R@H E. 25R@6 25$@H 8. 21*6 21*H 7. 252tE6 252@6 and so on. "or similar reasons the (osition in ,ia0ram 59 is lost for $lack. >hite o'tains a (assed (awn on the o((osite win0 to that of the 2in0. e forces the $lack 2in0 to a'andon his 2in03s side (awns6 and these are lost. I 0i/e the mo/es in full6 'ecause this is another im(ortant e1am(le characteristic of the e/er recurrin0 necessit% of a((l%in0 our arithmetical rule. $% sim(l% enumeratin0 the mo/es necessar% for either (la%er to Gueen his (awn55SE*)R)!EL+ for >hite and $lack55we can see the result of our intended manoeu/res6 howe/er far ahead we ha/e to e1tend our calculations. 1. *5R@6 252CH B. *5R56 *1*H C. *1*6 254C Now the followin0 calculations show that $lack is lost. >hite needs ten mo/es in order to Gueen on the 2in03s side6 namel%6 fi/e to ca(ture the $lack 2in03s side (awns (252@6 $56 2tE6 RE6 2t5)6 one to free the wa% for his (awn6 and four mo/es with the (awn. )fter ten mo/es6 $lack onl%

Di"#r"$ +/. 0ets his (awn to $E. e reGuires si1 mo/es to ca(ture the >hite 4ueen3s side (awns6 one to make room for his (awn at $C6 and after three mo/es the (awn onl% 0ets to $E. >hite then wins '% means of man% checks6 forcin0 the $lack 2in0 to 'lock the wa% of his own (awn6 thus 0ainin0 time for his 2in0 to a((roach. )s we shall see later on ((. 98)6 if the (awn had alread% reached $86 whilst under (rotection '% his 26 the 0ame would 'e drawn. It is necessar% to make it a rule to e1amine (ositions in which each side has a (assed (awn6 '% countin0

the mo/es in the wa% first shown. It is <ust 'ecause end50ames can 'e calculated to a nicet%6 there 'ein0 no mo/es of which the conseGuences cannot 'e foreseen6 that we note in contem(orar% master (la% a tendenc% to sim(lif% the middle50ame '% e1chan0in0 (ieces6 as soon as there is an infinitesimal ad/anta0e in the (awn (osition (com(are the 0ame &harousek5 einrichsen6 (. 197). >e will now turn our attention to (ositions in which the (awns o((osed on each win0 are of eGual num'er and no (assed (awn can 'e forced throu0h. E/er%thin0 de(ends on the relati/e (osition of the 2in0s. !he decidin0 factor in /aluin0 the 2in03s (osition is whether (awn mo/es are (ossi'le6 or whether the% are alread% entirel% or nearl% e1hausted6 so that onl% manoeu/res '% the 2in0 are (ossi'le. !he followin0 illustrations make the (osition clear. >e shall see that the im(ortance of 0ettin0 the o((osition is (aramount. ,ia0ram E9 shows a sim(le instance in which there are no

Di"#r"$ ,0. more (awn mo/es. >hoe/er has the mo/e wins '% assumin0 the o((osition. !he o((osin0 2in0 must then 0i/e the wa% free to one of the (awns. !he state of affairs in ,ia0ram E1 is similar to that in ,ia0ram E9. a/in0 the mo/e6 >hite (la%s into o((osition and forces his wa% to 456 after which $lack3s $isho(3s (awn is lost. 1. 252@6 254CH B. 25$56 254BH C. 25256 25$CH @. 252E6 25$BH 5. 25 456 252tCH E. 254E6 and so on (com(are ,ia0ram 58). If $lack has the mo/e he can onl% draw6 'ecause the >hite $isho(3s (awn is

co/ered e/en thou0h $lack 0ains the sGuare at 45. 1. ... 252@H B. 254C6 25$5H C. 254BOO and whate/er $lack (la%s >hite wins the o((osition6 so that the $lack 2in03s in0ress is sto((edH B. 252B loses the 0ame 'ecause of C. ... 2525H @. 254B6 2545H 5. 25$B6 252EH E. 25$16 254EH 8. 252tB6 2548H 7. 252t16 25$EH 9. 25RB6 25$86 and wins.

Di"#r"$ ,%. I shall take this o((ortunit% of e1(lainin0 what is called =distant o((osition.= In ,ia0ram EB6 >hite with the mo/e wins '% 1. 252B6 thus assumin0 =distant o((osition= (sGuares of the same colourOO). If $lack now

enters his second rank6 >hite immediatel% (la%s into o((osition on his third rank6 e.0. 1. ... 254BH B. 25 4C6 and still maintains it '% C. 252C if $lack (la%s a waitin0 mo/e such as B. ... 252B. Now $lack has no further waitin0 mo/es6 as >hite threatens to ca(ture one of the (awns. $ut (la%in0 into the third rank is of no use6 as >hite then assumes the direct o((osition6 and wins as in ,ia0ram E9. $lack must allow >hite access to one side or the other. e could not ha/e remained on the first rank at the outset either6 for after 1. ... 25416 >hite ad/ances throu0h a sGuare6 to which $lack cannot assume the o((osition6 namel%6 B. 25$C. If now $lack wishes to answer the threat of 25$ @52t5 and (la%s 25 2B6 >hite answers C. 252C as 'efore. B. 252C or 24C would 'e wron06 as $lack would then succeed in assumin0 the o((osition at 2B or 4B6 and would 'e a'le to maintain it. >hite would 'e una'le to circum/ent this or to attack the (awns.

Di"#r"$ ,&. In this (osition6 too6 there is am(le sco(e for the stud% of the o((osition. If the (awns are still standin0 'ehind6 the 2in0 who has the most ad/anced (osition has alwa%s the ad/anta0e6 'ecause he threatens to attack the o((osin0 (awns should the% lea/e their 'ase. >hite has more (awn mo/es at his dis(osal6 and will nearl% alwa%s succeed in assumin0 the o((osition. "or instance6 in ,ia0ram EC6 >hite6 ha/in0 the mo/e6 wins 'ecause his 2in0 0ets first into the centre of the 'oard.

1. 252C6 254BH B. 25$@6 252BH C. 252t5 25$BH @. 25RE6 252t1H 5. *52$@6 25R1H E. *5$56 *1*H 8. 25 2t56 252tBH 7. 21*6 25$B. $lack has now the o((osition 'ut cannot maintain it6 ha/in0 no (awn mo/es a/aila'le. !he >hite 2in0 threatens to ca(ture an% (awn that /entures forward. 9. 25256 252BH 19. 25456 254BH 11. *5$@6 *5$CchH 1B. 25256 252BH 1C. *5$56 and wins6 as $lack will soon 'e com(elled to (la% 254B6 after which a manoeu/re shown (re/iousl% 0i/es >hite the 4ueen3s $isho(3s (awn. lC. ... *52R@H 1@. *52R@6 *5R@H 15. *5R@O 254BH 1E. 25$E6 25#1J 18. 252E6 and so on. If in ,ia0ram EC the 2in0 stood at 4B instead of $16 he could <ust mana0e to draw. >hite takes ele/en mo/es to ca(ture the $lack 2in03s side (awns6 and to Gueen one of

Di"#r"$ ,'. his own6 as can 'e easil% seen. In ele/en mo/es $lack ca(tures the o((osin0 4$* and Gueens his own. >e see here how the 2in03s (osition can 'e counter'alanced '% the weakness of a (awn6 and lead to a draw. If the >hite 4$* was not isolated 'ut standin06 for instance6 at 42tB6 $lack would 'e lost6 as calculation easil% shows. !he stren0th or weakness of a (awn (osition6 which6 as we saw6 had so decidin0 an influence in the end5 0ame (osition <ust treated6 is one of the most im(ortant factors in a 0ame of chess6 and should ha/e full consideration in the middle 0ame. ) (awn6

when isolated6 is naturall% weaker than when it is or can 'e (rotected '% another. It ma% easil% lead to the loss of a 0ame6 as the mo'ilit% of the 2in0 or a (iece is reduced '% ha/in0 to (rotect the (awn (com(are End50ame6 (. 19B). It is freGuentl% and erroneousl% thou0ht that ,#A$LE, (awns as such are a weakness. ,ou'led (awns are weak when IS#L)!E,6 for the% cannot su((ort each other. $ut if dou'led (awns can 'e su((orted '% a (awn on the ne1t file the% need not '% an% means 'e at a disad/anta0e a0ainst three united sin0le (awns on the o((osite side. "or instance6 in ,ia0ram E@6 if $lack had a (awn at 42tC instead of RB6 >hite would ha/e no winnin0 chances. e could not attack the (awns6 nor would an% kind of manoeu/res force a (assed (awn throu0h. In the dia0ram6 howe/er6 >hite wins throu0h

Di"#r"$ ,*. 1. 25$5H $lack cannot then hold the (awn at $C. 1. ... *5 RCH B. *52t@. In this (articular case the win is made eas% '% the fact that the >hite 2in0 is a'le to attack the $lack (awn at once. $ut e/en without this ad/anta0e6 the weakness of

Di"#r"$ ,+. dou'led (awns usuall% entails the loss of the 0ame. ,ia0ram E5 ma% ser/e as an e1am(le. 1. 254@6 *5$@chH B. 25$@6 25$CH C. *5$C 252tCH @. 25456 *5$CchH 5. 25$@6 and wins. ,ou'led (awns are a draw'ack6 e/en when not isolated6 should there 'e no wa% of o'tainin0 a (assed (awn '% e1chan0in0 them a0ainst a smaller num'er of sin0le (awns. !his is illustrated in ,ia0ram EE6 in which $lack wins 'ecause the three (awns on the 2in03s side hold u( the four >hite (awns and the $lack 2in0 can assail the >hite

(awns from the rear6

Di"#r"$ ,,. the >hite 2in0 'ein0 fettered '% the necessit% of ca(turin0 the 4$*. !he (ro(er formation for the $lack (awns would 'e at $C6 2tB6 RC6 after which >hite cannot force a (awn throu0h '% (la%in0 *5$@ and *5 2t56 as $lack can refrain from makin0 an% e1chan0e. $lack could not afford to lea/e the (awns where the% are6 'ecause e/en if there were no >hite (awn at $B6 >hite would6 '% (la%in0 *52t56 threaten to win in the followin0 wa%J 1. *52tE6 $*1*H B. *5RE6 and *5$E6 etc.H or 1. ...

R*1*H B. *5 $E6 with *5RE6 etc. In a 0ame Ed. Lasker5-oll ($erlin cham(ionshi(6 199@)6 from which the (osition is taken6 $lack (la%ed *5RC in order to o'tain the formation mentioned a'o/e6 and >hite resi0ned after B. *5$@N *5$C6 *52t56 2545. !here was6 howe/er6 a (rett% win after $lack3s *5RC6 namel%J B. *5$E6 *1*H C. *5$@6 2545H @. *52t56 $*1*H 5. *1*6 252@H E. *1*6 25$EH 8. 25 $B and $lack is lost6 'ecause his own (awn o'structs the sGuare $B6 and the 2in0 must release the sGuare 2tB6 after which the >hite (awn Gueens. !his winnin0 com'ination6 howe/er6 is onl% an interestin0 e1ce(tion to the rule that (ositions of this kind are 0enerall% won '% the side which (ossesses the (assed (awn. In this (articular case $lack could ha/e made the (osition secure '% o'tainin0 the ideal (osition of $C 2tB RC for his (awns earlier6 'efore the >hite (awns could ad/ance so far. In the (osition of ,ia0ram EE $lack could still ha/e won '% (la%in0 *5$C. )fter B. *5RE6 *1*H C. *5$@6 254@H the $lack 2in0 has time to o/ertake the (assed (awn which results on the $isho(3s file. !o conclude the stud% of (awn endin0s with an eGual num'er of (awns on either side6 we will discuss ,ia0ram E86

Di"#r"$ ,-. which illustrates a curious (osition occurrin0 from time to time in (ractice. >hoe/er has the mo/e wins '% mo/in0 into distant o((osition. >hite6 therefore6 should (la% 2525 2545 would lose6 as $lack would (la% 252t56 (rotectin0 his (awn and attackin0 the >hite (awn6 the (rotection of which >hite has to 0i/e u( ne1t mo/e. In the same wa% $lack with the mo/e cannot (la% 252t5 'ecause >hite wins the (awn with 2545. )fter 1. 2525 $lack cannot a/oid the loss of the 0ame6 e.0. 25RCH B. 25456 252tCH C. 254E6 and so on. $lack with the mo/e wins similarl% with 25R5.

>e ha/e still to consider end50ames in which a draw results in s(ite of a ma<orit% of (awns6 or where a win can onl% 'e achie/ed '% the sacrifice of an e1tra (awn. ,ia0ram E7 shows the latter case. ere >hite can onl% win in the followin0 mannerJ 1. *52t@ch6 *1*chH B. 252tC6 2 an%H C. 21*6 and wins. )n% other wa% would allow

Di"#r"$ ,.. $lack to assume the o((osition and to force the draw6 e.0. 1. 25$B6 25$CO B. 254C6 254@6 etc.

Not 1. 25$B6 252t5N B. 252tB6 25$@6 C. 25$C6 etc.6 as in ,ia0ram 58.

Di"#r"$ ,/. ) counter(art to this (osition is found in ,ia0ram E96 which shows one of the few cases in which the (ossession of an e1tra (awn does not force a win. It seems at first si0ht as if >hite could win '% sim(l% assumin0 the o((osition with 1. 252@ continuedJ ... 25 2BH B. 25456 254BH C. *5$56 252BH @. 25$E6 etc. $ut $lack would re(l% 1. ... *5$@chO and after B. *1*ch6 25 $C followed '% 21* ensure the draw. >e come now to those end50ames in which (ieces as

well as (awns are left on the 'oard. )s it is m% aim to 0i/e t%(ical e1am(les6 I shall confine m%self to (ositions where there is onl% one (iece 'esides the 2in0. -ost end50ames with se/eral (ieces can 'e reduced to that. In nearl% all end50ames with (ieces the 2in03s manoeu/res used in (awn endin0s are of no a/ail6 as far as o((osition is concerned6 as the ad/anta0e of o((osition means that the o((onent is forced to mo/e his 2in06 and as lon0 as there are (ieces on the 'oard6 such =forced mo/e= (ositions are infreGuent. owe/er6 the stren0th of the (awn (osition is of the same im(ortance as in (awn endin0s6 <ust as the command of as man% sGuares as (ossi'le is essential for the 2in0. ) third and /er% im(ortant factor is a0ain the mo'ilit% of (ieces. ) 0ood e1am(le is found in ,ia0ram 896 a (osition from a 0ame *ost5Leonhardt ($erlin :u'ilee !ournament6 1998).

Di"#r"$ -0. $lack3s (awn (osition is weaker6 'ecause the >hite (awns6 'ein0 on $lack sGuares6 cannot 'e attacked '% the $isho(6 whilst $lack has two isolated (awns on >hite sGuares. "urthermore the $lack $isho( has less mo'ilit% than the >hite one6 and finall% the $lack 2in0 is tied to his 4C6 to (re/ent >hite3s entr% at $5 or 25. !hese draw'acks decide the issue. 1. ... $5RBH B. *5R@6 $5 2tCH C. $5$B6 *5R@. ()fter $5RB >hite would command the sGuare at 2tE throu0h *5R5)H @. $54C6 $5 RBH 5. $5$16 and $lack resi0ns6 for >hite threatens to esta'lish his $isho( at $C6 where the (awns at 45 and R5 are 'oth attacked6 whilst the $lack $isho( is at once

forced to occu(% the onl% sGuare from which 'oth (awns are co/ered6 namel% $B. )s this sGuare must 'e a'andoned in the ne1t mo/e6 $lack loses a (awn and the 0ame. 5. ... $52t1H E. $52B6 $5$BH 8. $5$C6 and wins6 or 5. ... $52tCH E. $52tB6 $5$BH 8. $5$C6 and wins. ) corres(ondin0 instance of 2NIG ! .. $IS #* is the end50ame $lack'urne5Schlechter ((. 19B). It is difficult to 0au0e the relati/e /alue of $isho( and 2ni0ht in the end50ame. !he 2ni0ht has the ad/anta0e of access to all sGuaresH a0ainst that the $isho( is a'le to fi0ht at lon0 ran0e6 and offers o((ortunities of 0ainin0 mo/es in certain (ositions where there is a =forced mo/e= (com(are (. 99). )s alread% stated6 two $isho(s are su(erior to two 2ni0hts 'ecause the limitation of the colour of sGuares ceases. ) Rook 0enerall% wins a0ainst a $isho( or a 2ni0ht6 sometimes e/en a0ainst a ma<orit% of one or two (awns6 (ro/ided6 of course6 that there are still (awns on the Rook3s side6 and that their e1chan0e cannot 'e forced. !he followin0 (osition (,ia0ram 81)6 from a 0ame -oll5*ost6 shows how to (roceed in such cases. ere >hite can force a win in the followin0 wa%J 1. R1*6 *52tEH B. R5RE6 *1*H C. R1*6 25$BH @. R5$B6 $5

2t5H 5. R5$@6 $5R@H E. *5 $@O !he $lack (awn (osition must first 'e torn u(6 if it is to 'e attacked successfull%. Now $lack3s defeat is ine/ita'le6 whether the (awn is taken or not. !he seGuel would 'e E. ... *1*H 8. R1*6 after which the Rook 0oes to 2R5 and the Rook3s (awn must fall6 orJ E. ... 252tCH 8. *1*6 *1*H 7. R5 $Ech6 252tBH 9. R5$56 and the $isho(3s (awn is lost6 unless $lack 0i/es u( his (assed (awn. In this case $lack loses alsoJ 9. R5$56 $541H 19. 21*6 252tCH 11. 254C6 $5$CH 1B. R5 $E6 252tBH 1C. 252@6 252tCH 1@. R5RE6 25$BH 15. 25$56 $541H 1E. R522tE6 followed '% R1*6 etc. !he 4ueen a0ainst a minor (iece wins so easil% that it is not necessar% to 0i/e an e1am(le. It onl% remains to discuss end5

Di"#r"$ -%. 0ames of 4AEEN .. 4AEEN6 R##2 .. R##26 )N, -IN#R *IE&E .. -IN#R *IE&E6 in which one (la%er has a ma<orit% of (awns6 or an eGual num'er of (awns6 one of which is (assed. )s a rule the e1tra

Di"#r"$ -&. (awn leads to a win. !here are6 howe/er6 e1ce(tions freGuentl% recurrin0 in (ractice to which I must refer s(eciall%. ,ia0ram 8B shows an end50ame with a Rook3s (awn and a $isho( =of the wron0 colour.= >hite draws with 1. 2t54B6 *5$8H B. 2t52@ch6 25 2t8H C. 2t1*6 and draws6 as $lack6 in order to ca(ture the >hite (awn6 after 212t must 0i/e the >hite 2in0 access to the Rook3s sGuare6 from which he could not 'e dislod0ed e1ce(t '% a $isho( on >hite sGuares.

In ,ia0ram 8C >hite cannot win althou0h his $isho( is of the =ri0ht colour= '% 1. *5$86 2t1*H B. $12t6 and >hite cannot win the Rook3s (awn. e can onl% attack the (awn from 2t8 or 2t76 'oth of which are inaccessi'le as the $lack 2in0 0ets to 2t1. It is a stalemate (osition. If the >hite

Di"#r"$ -'. (awn were still at R56 >hite3s 2in0 could attack the (awn from RE and secure the win. In the (osition 0i/en6 >hite could onl% win '% kee(in0 his (assed (awn6 and indeed it is (ossi'le to win '% 0ainin0 a mo/e with the $isho(. In the

dia0ram it is >hite3s mo/e. $lack with the mo/e could not (la% 25$B 'ecause 254E would follow. !he 2ni0ht would ha/e to mo/e6 allowin0 the (awn to Gueen. !herefore >hite must tr% to 'rin0 a'out the same (osition with $lack to mo/e. e can do this6 for instance6 in the followin0 wa%J 1. $52tC6 25$B (now B. 254E would 'e 'ad on account of 2t5456 C. *5$86 2t52t5ch6 and 2t1*)H B. $5RB6 252BH C. $525. Now >hite3s (lan has succeededH the same (osition has occurred6 and it is $lack3s mo/e. )s mentioned 'efore6 the 2in0 must not mo/e6 'ut 2ni0ht3s mo/es are of no a/ail. If C. ... 2t52t@H @. $5$Ech6 the 2ni0ht is lost6 or alternati/el% the (awn Gueens. #n C. ... 2t5 $16 $5 4Ech decides6 and on C. ... 2t541H @. $5$Ech6 2521H 5. $12t would follow. #n this occasion I should like to (oint out that it is im(ossi'le to 0ain a mo/e with a 2ni0ht6 as a sGuare which is accessi'le to him in an odd num'er of mo/es cannot 'e reached '% him in an e/en num'er. ) sim(le instance is ,ia0ram 8@.

Di"#r"$ -*. >hite loses6 ha/in0 the mo/e. 1. 25R76 2t52@H B. 25RB6 2t54BH C.25R76 2t5$1H @. *5R86 2t52tC mate. $lack with the mo/e cannot win6 as he cannot 'rin0 a'out the same (osition with >hite to mo/e. In end50ames of $IS #* .. $IS #*6 of which we ha/e alread% had an e1am(le in ,ia0ram 896 an e1tra (awn wins in most cases if the $isho(s are of the same colour. It is 0enerall% (ossi'le to force an e1chan0e of $isho(s and o'tain one of the well5 known (awn endin0s.

#n the other hand an endin0 with $isho(s of different colour leads mostl% to a draw6 freGuentl% e/en a0ainst a ma<orit% of two (awns. !he (osition in ,ia0ram 85 is a draw6 'ecause it is im(ossi'le for the >hite 2in0 to 0et round his 2t (awn to dri/e off the $isho(.

Di"#r"$ -+. >ith two (assed (awns distant from each other6 a win can 0enerall% 'e forced6 as in the followin0 (osition (,ia0ram 8E).

Di"#r"$ -,. !he 2in0 mo/es u( to the (awn6 the (ro0ress of which is 'arred '% the $isho( (not the 2in0). e there'% forces the sacrifice of the $isho(. If the $lack 2in0 comes to the rescue of the $isho(6 the other (awn (ro/es $lack3s downfall. 1. 252@6 252BH B. 25456 254BH C. $52@6 $52BH @. *52tE6 $541H 5. *52t86 25$BH E. 252E6 and winsH or 5. ... $5$BH E. *5$E6 $5R8H E. $5$B6 2521H 7. 252E6 $52t1H 9. $52tEch6 25$1H 19. 25486 and wins. >hen the (awns are united6 one should o'ser/e this ruleJ if the% are attacked6 the% should6 if (ossi'le6

mo/e to sGuares of the colour of the o((osin0 $isho(. !herefore in the (osition set out in ,ia0ram 88 >hite should not (la% *5$56 'ut *525. )fter 1. *5$5 there is no (ossi'le chance for >hite to assume the command of the $lack sGuares6 and in order to ad/ance the (awns it is necessar%

Di"#r"$ --. to force access to 'oth >hite and $lack sGuares. In the (resent instance (la% would (roceed on these linesJ 1. *5256 $5R@H B. 252C6 25$BH C. 252@6 252BH @. *5

$56 $52t5H 5. *5$Ech6 25$1H E. *52E6 $5REH 8. $5R@6 $52t5. >hite can onl% 0et throu0h with the 2in03s *awn6 as *5$8 is una/ailin0 on the 0rounds set out a'o/e. $ut in order to (la% *5286 the sGuare 28 must first 'e co/ered a second time6 so that the $isho( cannot 'e 0i/en u( for the two (awns. !hereforeJ 7. 25456 $5RE ($5$EH *5 28ch)H 9. 25$E6 2521H 19. 25 $8ch6 25$1H 11. 25486 and wins. In end50ames with one 2ni0ht on each side6 an e1tra (awn usuall% decides the 0ame much in the same wa% as in end50ames with $isho(s of the same colourH freGuentl% e/en with eGual (awns6 the (ossession of a (assed (awn is sufficient6 as it kee(s either the 2in0 or the 2ni0ht 'us%6 so that there is onl% one (iece a/aila'le for the defence of the (awns. )n instructi/e e1am(le is the end50ame Ed. Lasker5 Rotle/i on (. 199. End50ames with Rook a0ainst Rook are the most freGuent6 as well as the most difficult. ere the (ossession of an e1tra (awn is seldom sufficient for a win6 unless the stron0er side has also an ad/anta0e in the 0reater mo'ilit% of the Rook. ,ia0ram 87 is t%(ical of such cases6 freGuent in (ractice6 in

Di"#r"$ -.. which the 0reater mo'ilit% is the decidin0 factor. )lthou0h >hite has one (awn more6 he can onl% win '% reducin0 the mo'ilit% of the $lack Rook throu0h the followin0 manoeu/reJ 1. R5$B6 R54BH B. R5RB6 R5RB. Now the $lack Rook has onl% one mo/e left6 whilst the >hite Rook has the freedom of the Rook3s file. "or instance6 the Rook can 'e (osted at R5 and (re/ent the $lack 2in0 from attackin0 >hite3s 2in03s side (awns6 whilst the >hite 2in0 makes for the R at R8 and effects its ca(ture. If6 on the other hand6 the $lack 2in0 tries to o'struct the wa% to the 4ueen3s side6 >hite (enetrates into the $lack (awn (osition. $lack cannot maintain

the o((osition 'ecause the >hite Rook has s(are mo/es6 the $lack Rook none. e.0. C. 25$C6 252tCH @. R5 R56 25$CH 5. 252@6 252CH E. R5R@6 *52tCH 8. R5R56 25 4CH 7. 254@6 25$CH 9. 25256 and wins the (awns. a/in0 the mo/e6 $lack would draw the 0ame '%J 1. ... R548chH B. 25RC6 R5R8. $% (lacin0 his Rook 'ehind the (assed (awn he condemns the o((osin0 Rook to inacti/it%6 whilst his own is free to mo/e on the Rook3s file. If now the >hite 2in0 comes u(6 he will in the end force the sacrifice of the $lack Rook for the (awn6 'ut meanwhile the $lack 2in0 ca(tures the >hite (awns6 and with (assed (awns on the 2in03s side mi0ht 0et winnin0 chances. >hen there is onl% one (awn left in endin0s of R a0ainst R6 the weaker side maintains the draw6 if the 2in0 can command the Gueenin0 sGuare. ,ia0ram 89 shows a (osition fa/oura'le to the stron0er side6 and which can mostl% 'e o'tained in this end50ame. $ut here6 too6 $lack forces a draw with a (rett% manoeu/reJ 1. ... R5$BH B. R522tB6 R54BchH C. *DR6 and $lack is stalemate.

Di"#r"$ -/. !he chances of a draw are e/en 0reater in endin0s of 4 a0ainst 46 as the 2in0 on the stron0er side can seldom e/ade (er(etual check. "or the sake of com(leteness I will show a few cases in which 4 or R cannot win a0ainst an ad/anced (awn. In ,ia0ram 79 >hite can still draw6 for in fi/e mo/es the (awn reaches 2t86 su((orted '% the 2in0 at R86 and in that time $lack cannot come u( with his 2in06 so that he must 0i/e u( the Rook for the (awn. !wo (assed (awns win6 e/en when the 2in0 is awa% from them6 if the% ha/e reached their si1th sGuare. In

,ia0ram 716 for instance6 >hite is lost6

Di"#r"$ .0. as $lack 0i/es u( his Rook at 48 and (la%s *52tE6 after which one of the (awns Gueens. !he 4ueen wins a0ainst an ad/anced (awn6 e/en when the latter is su((orted '% the 2in0H onl% the R or $ (awn can

Di"#r"$ .%. draw sometimes6 when the (awn is on the se/enth su((orted '% the 2in06 and the o((osin0 4 cannot mo/e to the Gueenin0 sGuare. !he followin0 illustrates the three (rinci(al casesJ ). *osition55>hiteJ 2 at 42t76 * at 4R8 $lackJ 2 at 4R76 4 at 4$C $lack must sto( the (awn and (la%s 452tCch. >hite answers with 25 R sG and is stalemate unless >hite lets the 2t3s file free a0ain. !his end50ame can onl% 'e won if the stron0er 2in0 can assume the

o((osition in two mo/es. !herefore6 if in the a'o/e e1am(le the $lack 2in0 was standin0 at 456 $lack would win as followsJ 1. ... 4521chH B. 252t86 45 2BchH C. 252t76 25$@H @. *5R7 P 46 252tC. and >hite cannot co/er the mate. $. *osition55>hiteJ 2 at 42t76 * at 4$8 $lackJ 2 at 456 4 at 4$C >hite drawsJ 1. ... 452tCchH B. 25R76 41* stalemate. &. *osition55>hiteJ 2 at 42t76 * at 42t8 $lackJ 2 at 456 4 at 4$C >hite loses. 1. 25R86 45R5chH B. 252tE6 452t5chH C. 25$86 45 $@chH @. 25476 45 4CchH 5. 25$76 45$CchH E. 25 2t76 25$@H 8. 25R86 45R5chH 7. 252t76 25$CH 9. 25 $76 45RC6 etc. END)!AMES FROM MASTER PLAY In the followin0 (a0es I 0i/e some instructi/e e1am(les taken from tournament (la%. Ste( '% ste( we will find how /er% im(ortant is the knowled0e of the sim(le endin0s treated in the last cha(ter. >e shall see that it is often necessar% to consider man% mo/es ahead to find the correct line6 'ut that it is nearl% alwa%s (ossi'le to foresee e/er% conseGuence with unfailin0 certaint%. -oreo/er6 'ecause of the reduction of forces there is no call to take /er% man%

/ariations into consideration. !his e1(lains wh% there is a tendenc% in modern master (la% to enforce the e1chan0e of (ieces6 as soon as there is the sli0htest ad/anta0e sufficient to 'rin0 a'out one of the elementar% end5 0ame (ositions6 in which the win can 'e forced. %. FROM A !AME TEICHMANN) (LAC (URNE 1(ERLIN2 %./-3.

Di"#r"$ .&. $lack has an e1tra (awn on the 4ueen3s side. $ut as it is dou'led6 the material su(eriorit% is of no account. ) (erce(ti'le ad/anta0e6 howe/er6 lies in the fact that

>hite cannot 'rin0 a'out a =forced mo/e= (osition6 as $lack has the mo/e *54$@ in reser/e. >hite has also an infinitesimal weakness on the 2in03s side6 the Rook3s (awn ha/in0 ad/anced two sGuares and 'ein0 therefore an eas% mark. !his disad/anta0e soon 'ecomes a((arent.
1. P-B3 K-B4 2. K-B2 P-R4 3. K-Kt2 P-Kt4 4. K-R3 K-K4

>ith this mo/e ad/anta0e is taken of one of >hite3s weaknesses. >hite must e1chan0e (awns. If the 2in0 mo/es6 $lack ca(tures6 freein0 $ 5 for his 2in06 from where he can later on 0et to 2E or 2tE. $ut after the e1chan0e at 2t@6 $lack has the chance of o'tainin0 a =distant (assed (awn= on the Rook3s file.
5. PxP PxP 6. K-Kt2 K-B4 7. K-R2 K-B3

If $lack were to (la% *5R5 at once6 >hite would re(l% with 7. 25 RC6 and after *1*6 9. 21*. $lack would ha/e to 0i/e u( the s(are mo/e *5$@6 to 0ain

the sGuare at $5 for his 2in0. !he 0ame then would 'e drawn after 19. 252tBO 25$56 11. 25$B6 'ecause >hite maintains the o((osition6 and $lack cannot 0et throu0h at 2E or 2tE. $lack therefore manoeu/res his 2in0 first in such a wa% that the sGuare at his $@ is onl% reached when the >hite 2in0 is at 2tC.
8. K-Kt2 K-Kt3 ;. K-R2 P-R5

Now neither *1* nor *5$@ is of an% use. In the first case $lack o'tains the distant (assed (awn. In the second >hite o'tains the distant (assed (awn after 19. *5$@6 *1$*H 11. *1R*6 'ut loses it a0ain after 25 R@H 1B. 25RC6 *5$@.
10. K-R3 PxP 11. KxP K-B4

)t last $lack has ca(tured the co/eted sGuare6 whilst kee(in0 the s(are mo/e in hand.
12. K-B2 K-B5

!he >hite 2in0 cannot mo/e to 2tB now6 'ecause in that case $lack would mo/e the 2in0 to the >hite 4$* and Gueen in se/en mo/es6 and >hite6 after se/en mo/es6 would onl% ha/e the 2$ (awn at $8.

13. K-K2 K-Kt6 14. K-K3 P-B4

and wins6 for >hite cannot hold the 2$* now6 'ut must ca(ture the 2t* in e1chan0e for it6 after which the $lack 2in0 reaches the 4ueen3s side two mo/es ahead6 e.0.J
15. K-K2 K-Kt7 16. K-K3 K-B8< 17. K-K4 K-B7 18. K-B5 KxP 1;. KxP K-K6= etc.

$lack would ha/e forced a win also if >hite had (la%ed 252tB on his twelfth mo/e thusJ 1B. 252tB6 25$5H 1C. 25$B. Now >hite has the o((osition6 and after $lack wrin0s it from him '% (la%in0 the s(are mo/e *5$@6 he assumes it a0ain with 1@. 25 2B6 252tEH 15. 25 2C. $ut he cannot maintain it after $lack3s 25RE 'ecause the sGuare at 4C for distant o((osition is not accessi'le. )fter 1E. 254B6 25R8OH 18. 252C6 252tEH 17. 252B6 25 2t8H 19. 252C6 25$7 we 0et the same result as 'efore. II. FROM A !AME ED. LAS ER)ROTLEVI

1HAM(UR!2 %/%03.

Di"#r"$ .'. >hite has the ad/anta0e6 'ecause $lack must kee( either his 2in0 or his 2ni0ht (ermanentl% near the (assed (awn6 0uardin0 a0ainst its ad/ance6 whilst 'oth >hite3s 2in0 and 2ni0ht can attack the $lack (awns. )s %et the% stand so far in the rear that the >hite 2in0 cannot a((roach them !herefore >hite must first tr% to force their ad/ance.
1. Kt-B5 P-Kt3 2. Kt-Q3 P-R4

!his is now necessar%6 'ecause the sGuare $C is weak after *52tC and the >hite 2ni0ht threatens to win the Rook3s (awn e/entuall% with a check at $E. "or this reason 2t54 B6 for instance6 could not 'e (la%ed instead of the mo/e in the te1t6 'ecause C. 2t525 would follow. $lack now cannot e1chan0e6 of course6 otherwise the (osition would resol/e itself to an eas% end 0ame win similar to the one in ,ia0ram 5E. !here would 'e nothin0 left 'ut 2t52t1 to o((ose the threat of 2t5$Ech6 and this would 0et the 2ni0ht entirel% out of (la%6 so that >hite could Gueen the (assed (awn easil% after @. 252tE.
3. K-K5 P-B3

!he 2in0 was threatenin0 to enter /ia 45 and $E.

4. K-B5 Kt-K3

If $lack wishes to o'/iate the threatJ 2t5255$@6 and (la%s *52t@6 the >hite 2in0 0oes to 4$5 and wins all the (awns easil%. !herefore $lack endea/ours to sacrifice a (awn in order to e1chan0e the two others6 after which a draw could 'e forced '% e1chan0in0 the 2ni0ht for the remainin0 >hite (awn.
5. Kt-K5 P-B4 6. Kt-B4 P-Kt4 7. KtxP P-B5

Di"#r"$ .*.
8. K-K5 Kt-B4 ;. Kt-B6c' K-B1<

Not 25$B6 'ecause of 19. 254@6 2t54EH 11. 2t5 25ch.

10. Kt-R7

ere >hite had onl% considered the followin0 answerJ 2t54EchH 11. 254@6 2t12t*H 1B. 2t1*6 2t54EH 1C. *5$56 2t52t5H 1@. 2t5$C6 2t5$8chJ 15. 21*6 2t5

2EchH 1E. 25$56 2t1*H 18. *5R@6 2t5 2BH 17. 2t5456 2t5$1H 19. 25$E6 2521H B9. 25$86 2t5R8H B1. 25 2t86 and wins the 2ni0ht. $lack howe/er draws6 throu0h a (rett% com'inationJ
10. ... P-Kt5 11. K-Q4 P-B6 12. K-B4 PxP 13. KxP KtxP

and >hite cannot (re/ent the ultimate e1chan0e of 2t for *. !he last winnin0 chance would ha/e 'eenJ 19. 254@O6 2t54H 11. 25$C. !his is in an% case the more (lausi'le line6 'ecause now >hite can attack the (awns with 'oth 2in0 and 2ni0ht6 as 'oth the $lack (ieces are awa% from the field of o(erations. !he seGuel could 'eJ 11. 2t1$*H 1B. *5RC (2t5R8 would onl% drawJ 2t528chH 1C. 25 2t@6 2t5$7 1@. *5 RC6 2t5R8chH 15. 21*6 *5$E)H 1B. 2t54@ch 1C. 25 4@6 2t5$5H 1@. 252@ (2t5R8 N6 2t528chOOH 15 252C6 *5$E)6 2t54EH
15. P-Kt4= Kt-Kt7 16 Kt-Q4= a%d w&%s

III. Fro$ " #"$e (4"5678rne)S5h4e5hter 1Vienn"2 %./.3.

Di"#r"$ .+. >hite has <ust (la%ed 45$@. *5$5 is threatened6 and $lack is forced to e1chan0e 4ueens. !he ensuin0 end5 0ame6 howe/er6 is inferior for $lack6 'ecause the 4* is weak and >hite threatens e/entuall% to force his 4ueen3s *awn throu0h.
1. ... Q-B4 2. QxQ BxQ 3. Kt-Q4 B-Kt3 4. RxR RxR 5. R-K1 RxR

If $lack wants to a/oid the e1chan0e6 he must %ield u( the 2in03s file to >hite6 and that would surel% s(ell disaster6 as the $lack Rook would ha/e no field of action6 and would ha/e to 0o to 41 to a/oid the loss of a (awn throu0h 2t52t5ch6 after which the >hite Rook would take (ossession of the se/enth rank6 fetterin0 the action of the $isho( into the 'ar0ain.
6. KxR B-Q6 7. P-QKt3 K-Q2

$lack is condemned to inacti/it%6 and >hite can Guietl% set to work to force his (awn throu0h.
8. K-Q2 B-K5 ;. P-Kt3 B-Kt8 10. P-QR3 B-K5 11. K-K3 B-Kt8 12. Kt-B3

In order to (la% *542t@ and *5$56 then to force $lack to e1chan0e at $56 >hite must first ha/e the o((ortunit% of 'earin0 a second time on $lack3s 4ueen3s *awn. !herefore he (re(ares the manoeu/re 2t5$C54B5$@.
12. ... K-K2

13. P-QKt4 B-B4 14. P-B5 B-Q2 15. K-Q4 B-K1 16. Kt-Q2 B-Q2 17. Kt-B4 PxPc' 18. PxP P-B3

It is not %et eas% to materialise the ad/anta0e in (osition !he ad/ance *54Ech would 'e /er% 'ad6 as $E and 2E would 'e made accessi'le for $lack. >hite starts '% tem(tin0 the (awns forward and thus s%stematicall% creates (oints of attack.
1;. Kt-Kt2 B-B4 20. P-QR4 K-Q2 21. P-R5 P-QR3

!he 4ueen3s side is (aral%sed. !he te1t mo/e is forced6 as *5RE would 0i/e >hite %et another (assed (awn. Now >hite turns his attention to the 2in03s side.
22. Kt-B4 K-B2 23. Kt-Q6 B-Q2 24. K-K4 B-R5

25. P-Kt4 B-B7c' 26. K-Q4 B-Kt3

$lack wishes to (la% *5R@6 in order to 0et a (assed (awn too6 the onl% chance of sa/in0 the 0ame.
27. P-R3 K-Kt1

Now *5R@ would 'e countered '% 2t5$56 forcin0 the e1chan0e and lea/in0 a 'ackward (awn at 2tB and the Rook3s (awn would 'e 'ound to fall.
28. Kt-B5 BxKt 2;. PxB K-B2

Di"#r"$ .,. It would now seem as if $lack mi0ht ha/e (la%ed *5 22t@ here6 securin0 a (assed (awn6 and forcin0 a draw. )fter C9. *5R@ $lack would (la% *5RC6 and it is not e/ident how >hite is to win. $ut B9. ... *522t@ is (arried '% *1* e.(. !he difference in the (awn (ositions6 which decides the issue for >hite6 is found in the fact that the >hite (assed (awn at 45 is unassaila'le 'ecause the su((ort of the $* cannot 'e taken awa% '% $lack3s *52tC6 whilst $lack3s (assed (awn at his $C can 'e isolated at an% time throu0h *5R@5R5. >hite would take u( a (osition on the 2ni0ht3s file with the 2in06 and (ush on the Rook3s (awn. !he isolated (awns are then an eas% (re%. #n the te1t mo/e >hite also (ushes the Rook3s (awn on to com(el *5RC and reduce $lack to mo/es '% the 2in0. !he (assed 4ueen3s (awn decides the 0ame.
30. K-K4 K-Q2 31. K-B4 K-K2 32. K-Kt4 K-Q2 33. P-R4 K-B1 34. P-R5 P-R3

#therwise there followsJ *5RE6 25R56 etc.

35. K-B4 K-Q2

36. K-K4 K-B2 37. P-Q6c' K-B1 38. K-Q5 K-Q2 3;. P-B6c' PxPc'

(com(are ,ia0ram E7)

40. K-B5 Res&!%s

IV. FROM A !AME (IRD)JANOWS I.

Di"#r"$ .-. In s(ite of the (re(onderance of material6 the win is not an eas% one for $lack6 'ecause of >hite3s alarmin0 (awn

arra% on the 4ueen3s side. !he 2in0 must first make use of his 0reat (ower as an end50ame (iece.
1. ... K-B2 2. P-Kt5 K-K3 3. P-Kt6 PxP 4. PxP K-Q2 5. B-K5

threatens *52t8. $ut as >hite must first mo/e his $isho( to co/er his (awn6 the Rook3s (awn is lost6 and the manoeu/re therefore unsound. *5RC was indicatedH it threatens the 'reak5u( of the $lack (awns '% *52t@ and their ca(ture '% the 2in0.
5. ... K-B3 6. B-Q4 R-R2c' 7. K-K3 RxP 8. K-B4 R-Q7< ;. P-Kt4 RxB

$lack reduces the (osition to an elementar% endin06 which is theoreticall% a win. >hilst the two >hite (assed (awns are isolated and fall sin0l%6 $lack o'tains two (assed (awns6 which are united and unassaila'le.

10. PxR P-K6 11. KxKP PxP 12. K-B4 P-R4 13. P-Q5c' KxKtP 14. K-K5 K-B2 Res&!%s.

V. FROM A !AME STEINER)FOR!AC9 1S9E ESFEHERVAR2 %/0-3.

Di"#r"$ ... >hite has an ad/anta0e in the 0reater mo'ilit% of his

Rook6 and makes the most of it in an instructi/e fashion.

1. R-Kt4 P-Kt3

>hite (ro/okes this mo/e in order to (roduce a weakness at 2$E.

2. K-K2 K-K3 3. R-KB4 R-KB1

$lack naturall% dare not allow the Rook to (enetrate into the se/enth.
4. P-Q4 P-QB4

!his mo/e would win the 0ame6 if the Rooks had 'een e1chan0ed6 'ecause in that case the distant (assed (awn which $lack could o'tain on the 42t file would decide the issue. $ut6 su((orted '% the mo'ile Rook6 the centre (awns 'ecome irresisti'le. Instead of the te1t mo/e6 *52$@ was necessar% in order to release the Rook.
5. P-B3 PxP 6. PxP P-KB4

If it were not for the Rooks6 the centre (awns would not hel( >hite6 'ecause $lack would o'tain a (assed (awn on either win0.

7. K-Q3 P-KKt4 8. R-B2 R-B1 ;. P-Kt4 P-B5

If *1*6 19. R5$Ech6 252BH 11. R5RE wins.

10. P-KR4 P-KR3 11. PxP PxP 12. R-R2 R-B1 13. R-R6c' K-K2 14. P-Q5 P-B6 15. R-K6c' K-Q2 16. R-B6< Res&!%s.

"or after R1R6 18. *1R6 >hite ca(tures the $*6 and still o/ertakes the (assed (awn which $lack o'tains on the 4ueen3s win0H the (awns at 45 and $E are unassaila'le (25276 *54E6 25$86 *5486 etc.). !he conseGuences of 1E. R5$E had to 'e calculated to a nicet%. If6 for instance6 the 42t* were alread% at his fourth6 >hite would lose. In four mo/es $lack would ha/e one of his (awns at his RE6 the other at 2t5. In the meantime >hite would ha/e taken the $* and come 'ack to the 4 file. Now $lack would win with *52tE6 'ecause after *1* the R* Gueens unmolested.

VI. FROM A !AME CHAROUSE ) HEINRICHSEN 1COLO!NE2 %./.3.

Di"#r"$ ./. >hite3s (osition is su(eriorH firstl%6 'ecause the onl% o(en file on the 'oard is his6 and secondl%6 'ecause the $lack 4ueen3s side (awns are ad/anced6 and therefore weak for a 2in03s endin0. )fter e1chan0in0 the 4ueen and one Rook6 the (ossession of the 2in03s file ensures the ad/ance of the 2in0 to 2@ and from there to 45. !hen the weakness of $lack3s (awns decides the 0ame.
1. QxQ RxQ

2. R-K8c' RxR 3. RxRc' K-R2 4. K-R2 P-KKt3 5. K-Kt3

*1* is no threat6 'ecause >hite wins the (awn 'ack at once with R525. $% ca(turin06 $lack would onl% dislocate his (awns.
5. ... KKt2 6. K-B4 K-B3 7. R-K5 P-Kt3 8. K-K4 R-Q3 ;. P-KB4 R-K3

$lack (ro'a'l% ho(es for a counter chance '% 0ettin0 a distant (assed (awn on the 2Rook3s file. $ut he underrates the weakness of the 4ueen3s side (awns6 and e/en without the e1chan0e of Rooks6 >hite would win6 '% settlin0 the 2in03s side first and then tearin0 u( the 4ueen3s side6 as in the 0ameJ 19. *5 22t@6 R5 2BH 11. *1*6 *1*H 1B. *52t5ch6 *1*H 1C. *1*ch.
10. PxP PxP 11. K-Q5 RxR

12. PxRc' K-K2 13. P-QKt4 Res&!%s

$lack must ca(ture6 as he needs se/en mo/es in which to e1 chan0e the 2ni0ht3s (awn and Gueen his Rook3s (awn6 whilst in that time >hite can win the 4* after *1*6 and %et arri/e in time with his 2in0 to sto( the (awn from Gueenin0. )fter lC. ... *1*6 howe/er6 there follows 1@. 21*. !hen >hite co/ers his (assed (awn with *54@6 and his 2in06 ha/in0 full freedom6 ca(tures all the $lack (awns. CHAPTER VI THE MIDDLE !AME !ENERAL REMAR S ).ING now a fair knowled0e of the end50ame6 we should 'e in a (osition to a((reciate how the middle 0ame should 'e conducted. >e must throu0hout maintain a fa/oura'le (awn formation6 in /iew of the end50ame which mi0ht 'e forced on us '% e1chan0es. #n the other hand6 as soon as we ha/e 0ained an ad/anta0e sufficient to secure the /ictor% in the end5 0ame6 we must oursel/es6 '% the e1chan0e of (ieces6 tr% to reduce the (osition to one of the t%(ical elementar% cases which we ha/e discussed. Now it

will in/aria'l% 'e found that 'e0inners are unwillin0 to make these essential e1chan0es. !his is e1(lained '% the attraction which com'inations in/ol/in0 the action of man% (ieces ha/e for them. !he% assume that e1chan0es6 (articularl% of the 4ueens6 make the 0ames dull. Such ideas onl% (ro/e that the 'e0inner has not 0ras(ed the nature of chess6 the essence of which is stern lo0ic and uncom(romisin0 conclusions6 and this demands the shortest and clearest wa% leadin0 to a mate. !o the stron0 (la%er6 a'le to (la% lo0icall%6 lo0ic will alwa%s 'e inse(ara'le from 'eaut% in chess. !o (la% lo0icall% means to su'ordinate all com'inations to a leadin0 (lan of cam(ai0n6 'ut there is difficult% in findin0 the latter. )n unsound scheme6 e/en if worked out to its lo0ical conclusion6 can of course 'e of no /alue. )ll the same it is 'etter than no (lan at all. )nd in time one 0ains '% e1(erience6 and de/elo(s a sort of instinct for re<ectin0 from the lar0e num'er of (ossi'le o(erations all those which6 (ro(erl% countered6 cannot 'rin0 an% ad/anta0e. $eside (ractical (la%6 which is essential in order to 0ain this instinct6 a methodical theoretical instruction is of inestima'le /alue6 and accelerates the de/elo(ment of the student3s mind. Now the

instruction I wish to 0i/e in the ! E#R+ of chess will not take the form of an )N)L+SIS6 'rou0ht u( ri0ht into the middle 0ame6 of the /arious o(enin0s6 tested and found correct in master (la%. Such collections erroneousl% 'ear the title of =!heor% of the #(enin0s6= and are6 'esides6 Guite useless at this sta0e6 since the% onl% em'od% the results of )N)L+SIS. It is first necessar% to ascertain a few leadin0 (rinci(les6 which can 'e tau0ht in a most sim(le manner6 '% the e1ercise of common sense6 rather than '% a((l%in0 oneself to the stud% of lon05winded anal%sis. !he student will no lon0er need to disco/er time5worn ma1ims in the li0ht of his own wear% e1(erience6 and on the other hand6 these (rinci(les will hel( him to understand anal%sis6 and to kee( clearl% 'efore his mind3s e%e the common and (rinci(al lines of (la%6 of which he mi0ht easil% lose si0ht in the la'%rinth of su00ested /ariations. I (ro(ose to show the a((lication of such (rinci(les to master (la%6 and this will 0i/e us a further o((ortunit% of dee(er stud%6 'oth of the rules set out in the first (art for conductin0 the o(enin0 correctl%6 and of the end50ame (rinci(les6 which should 'e well considered. I ha/e made the (awn skeleton with its attendant

0rou(in0 of (ieces the main consideration in the stud% of the o(enin0H now in the in/esti0ation of the (ro'lems of the middle 0ame6 I will start from the !R)NS"#R-)!I#N which the (awn skeleton has to under0o in the course of further o(erations. In m% o(inion this is the 'est startin05(oint for the choice of effecti/e manoeu/res of the different (ieces. $efore we are a'le to e/ol/e a (ractical scheme we must ha/e under consideration the followin0 im(ortant (ointsJ ow do we know if an attack is likel% to succeedN In other wordsJ #n what (oint should I concentrate the attackN It should 'e clear to all that it is of no (ossi'le use to direct an attack on an%thin0 that can mo/e awa%. +et 'e0inners freGuentl% infrin0e this o'/ious rule6 and I ha/e often witnessed manoeu/res such as these (,ia0ram 99)J

Di"#r"$ /0. 1. *54RC6 B. *542t@6 and then6 after the $ has retired to his 2tC e/en6 C. R542t16 @. *54R@6 5. *5R5. -eanwhile $lack will ha/e (la%ed *54RC6 to make a loo(hole for his $ at RB6 and what is the resultN !he $lack $isho( is as effectual at RB as at $@6 'ut >hite has ad/anced his (awns6 and weakened them6 as the% are now more lia'le to attack. -oreo/er6 >hite has used u( fi/e mo/es to achie/e his aim6 whilst $lack onl% needed three. !herefore $lack has 0ained two mo/es6 which he can use for the de/elo(ment of his (ieces. ,ia0ram 91 illustrates another mistake freGuentl%

made in the choice of an o'<ecti/e6 and one which can utterl% s(oil the whole 0ame6 e/en in its earliest sta0e. $lack has to

Di"#r"$ /%. mo/e6 and his 0ame is somewhat hindered '% the dominatin0 (osition of the >hite 4ueen. !he latter (re/ents the $isho( from occu(%in0 a desira'le sGuare at his 4$@6 and also makes the li'eratin0 mo/e *54@ im(ossi'le. !herefore it would seem desira'le to dri/e the 4ueen awa%. $ut this should onl% 'e done if it is not attended '% some further disad/anta0e. Now the a/era0e (la%er is not (articularl% fastidious

in his methods. !he 4ueen irritates him6 therefore the 4ueen must 'e re(elled one wa% or the other. e would (ro'a'l% tr% *54$@. !he result is that the 4ueen selects another 0ood sGuare6 for instance at 2C or 4R@6 'ut $lack has not im(ro/ed matters6 for he still can (la% neither $5$@ nor *54@. #n the other hand6 irredeema'le harm has 'een done6 inasmuch as the $lack 4* now remains ='ackward.= !he attack on the 4ueen '% *54$@ must conseGuentl% 'e re<ected. Sallies such as these6 in which short5 li/ed attacks are made '% (awns u(on (ieces6 are alwa%s of dou'tful /alue. !he% must unGuestiona'l% 'e a/oided if the% 'reak u( the (awn skeleton6 which is formed in the o(enin06 and confine the mo'ilit% of the (ieces. )lso with re0ard to manoeu/res of *IE&ES6 intended solel% to dri/e awa% an o((osin0 (iece6 it is o'/iousl% essential that the attackin0 (ieces in effectin0 their (ur(ose should not 'e made to stra% too far afield6 lest the% 'ecome out of (la%. I shall dela% dealin0 with the features underl%in0 0ood forms of attack6 'oth '% (ieces and (awns6 until I ha/e treated of the choice of an o'<ecti/e. "rom what we ha/e alread% e1(ounded6 it is clear that the su'<ect of an attack should 'e inca(a'le of e/asion. Should it6 in the course of attack6 'e desired

to (re/ent a *IE&E from 'ein0 mo/ed6 that can onl% 'e effected '% means of a =(in.= ) *)>N6 howe/er6 can 'e held in (lace either '% occu(%in0 the sGuare immediatel% in front of it6 or '% controllin0 the latter with more forces than the o((onent can 'rin0 to 'ear u(on it.

Di"#r"$ /&. !he last two dia0rams e1em(lif% this. If in ,ia0ram 91 $lack makes the mistake of (la%in0 *54$@ as su00ested6 the 'ackward 4* 'ecomes a welcome o'<ecti/e for >hite3s attack. >hite can kee( that (awn 'ack '% (la%in0 *54 $@ as soon as it threatens to ad/ance6 after

which he would de/elo( Guietl%6 dou'le his Rooks6 and 'rin0 the 4 and 4$ to 'ear in a concentrated attack on 4E. ) (osition not unlike that in ,ia0ram 9B will result ultimatel%6 in which $lack defends the (awn as man% times as it is attacked6 'ut in which >hite can 'rin0 u( his 2* to the attack6 as the 4* cannot mo/e awa%6 whilst $lack has no further defensi/e mo/e at his dis(osal. *la% a0ainst a 'ackward (awn nearl% alwa%s de/elo(s on these lines6 and is e/en easier when there is no defendin0 $ of the same colour as the (awn. (See (. @96 and Game No. BE.) Such manoeu/res6 in the course of which (ieces are (inned and attacked6 are illustrated in ,ia0ram 99. !he most o'/ious mo/e6 which initiates an attack and at the same time com(letes the de/elo(ment of the minor (ieces6 is $52t5. )ttacks '% means of such de/ices are so freGuent and /aried that it will 'e necessar% to treat them at some len0th6 which I now (ro(ose to do. I should also add that6 with re0ard to ,ia0ram 996 the student will deri/e lastin0 'enefit from a thorou0h stud% of the (osition6 and will thus im(ro/e his (ower to <ud0e of the desira'ilit%6 or otherwise6 of o'tainin0 o(en files6 dia0onals6 dou'led (awns6 etc. )fter $522t56 the threat is to attack the 2ni0ht a second and third time with 2t5456 and 45 $C6 after mo/in0 the 22t awa%. )s $lack3s 22t is onl% su((orted twice6 and there is no chance of

'rin0in0 u( more forces for its defence6 $lack must undertake somethin0 to (ro/ide a0ainst the threatened onslau0ht. !he most natural (lan is to de/elo( the 4$ at 2C6 from where it can 'e e1chan0ed for the 2ni0ht should 2t545 'e (la%ed. !he dou'led (awn6 which >hite could force '% e1chan0in0 the $isho(s6 is in no wa% detrimental to $lack3s 0ame. #n the contrar%6 the o(enin0 of the file for the Rook6 with the attendant chance of (la%in0 *54@ su((orted '% the dou'led (awn6 0i/es $lack the ad/anta0e. !he dou'led (awn which $lack o'tains after B. 2t5 456 $12tH C. *1$ (or C. $1$)6 2t52BH @. $12t6 would also 'e of no hel( to >hite. !he a((arent weakness created in $lack3s 0ame at 2$C and 2RC '% the disa((earance of the 2t* does not assist >hite in this case6 'ecause the (ieces which could take ad/anta0e of such a weakness6 the 4$ and the 2t at 456 ha/e 'een e1chan0ed. !here onl% remains the 22t and the 4 for an immediate attack6 whilst the $lack Rook will soon 0et into effecti/e action on the o(en 2ni0ht3s file6 e.0. 5. 454B6 25R1H E. 45RE6 2t52tCH 8. 2t5R@6 2t12tH 7. 412t6 45 2B6 followed '% the dou'lin0 of the Rooks on the 2t file. &onsiderations of a similar nature would tend to show that 1. $5 2t56 2t52BH B. $12t6 *1$ is in

fa/our of $lack. !he >hite 4$6 which is so effecti/e in takin0 ad/anta0e of weaknesses at $lack3s 2$C and RC6 has 'een e1chan0ed. !he 4ueen3s 2ni0ht is not a/aila'le for attack on the 2$*6 as it would 'e e1chan0ed or else dri/en off in time '% *5$C. &om(ared with the (osition considered a'o/e6 which occurs after 1. ... $52C6 B. 2t5456 $lack has the further ad/anta0e of maintainin0 his 4$6 which makes it (ossi'le to (ush the weak 2$* on to his fourth6 and either e1chan0e it or (ush it still further to $56 a useful and secure (osition. -atters would 'e different were $lack to allow his 2in03s win0 to 'e 'roken u( without 0ettin0 rid of >hite3s dan0erous (ieces '% e1chan0es. Let us consider what ha((ens6 if $lack takes no measures a0ainst 2t5456 'ut onl% (re/ents >hite3s ultimate 45 $C '% (innin0 the 2ni0ht with $522t5. >hite 0ains a decisi/e ad/anta0e '% 'rin0in0 his 4ueen into (la% 'efore $lack is a'le to secure himself a0ainst the threatened com'ined attack of 4 and $6 or alternatel% 4 and 2t '% 25R16 R52t152tC. I will 0i/e two e1am(les of how the whole 0ame now centres on the attack and defence of the (oints weakened '% the disa((earance of the 2t*6 and how >hite (ushes home his ad/anta0e in the one instance with the hel( of the $6 in the other '% the co5o(eration of the 2t.

I. 1. $522t56 $522t5H B. 2t5456 2t545H C. 454B6 $12tNH @. $12t6 *1$H 5. 45RE6 and there is no re(l% to the threat of 2t1*ch and 41* mate6 e1ce(t throu0h the sacrifice of the 4. "orcin0 the e1chan0e of 2ni0hts is of no a/ail6 for after 5. ... 2t528chH E. 25R16 $1*chH 8. 21$6 2t5$5chH 7. 2t12t6 *12tH 9. 25R16 >hite occu(ies the 2t file first and wins easil%J 9. ... 25R1H 19. R5 22t16 R522t1H 11. R1R6 41RH 1B. R522t1 followed '% mate or loss of the 4ueen. II. C. 454B6 *5$CH @. 2t12tch6 *12tH 5. $5R@O $12tH E. 45 RE6 2t528chH 8. 25R16 $1*chH 7. 21$6 2t5 $5chH 9. 25R16 2t52tC. Now $lack has succeeded in interru(tin0 the >hite 4ueen3s action on the $*. $ut it has taken man% mo/es6 with the sole result that $lack3s 4ueen3s 2ni0ht is 'etter (laced. )ll the other (ieces6 howe/er6 occu(% the (ositions the% took u( in the o(enin0. !he $lack 2ni0ht6 moreo/er6 is onl% su((orted '% the R* until $lack mana0es to 'lock the >hite $isho(3s dia0onal '% *54@. -eanwhile >hite has 0ained a 'i0 start6 and is read% to occu(% the o(en file with his Rooks. !he seGuel mi0ht 'eJ 19. *54@O6 $1* (if *1*H 11. *525OO6 4*1*H 1B. R522t16 etc.)H 11. *5$C6 $52tCH 1B. 4R5416 25 R1H 1C. R522t16 452BH 1@. R54C6 R522t1H 15. R5 RC6 R52tB (2t1$H 1E. 41R*chOO)H 1E. R5$C6 followed '% $1* ($E).

!akin0 it all in all6 we see from the fore0oin0 that the (innin0 of the $lack 2ni0ht can onl% 'e in<urious to $lack if he does not take timel% measures to (ro/ide a0ainst >hite3s 2t5456 which threatens to concentrate more forces for the attack on 2$E than $lack is a'le to mo'ilise for its defence. $e0inners6 after ha/in0 e1(erienced freGuent trou'le throu0h their inadeGuate defence of this kind of attack6 tr% to a/oid their recurrence '% makin0 such (innin0 mo/es im(ossi'le from the first and (la%in0 *5RC on whiche/er side the (in is threatened. )(art from the loss of time6 on which I remarked at len0th when discussin0 the o(enin06 such (awn mo/es ha/e /arious other draw'acks. >ith e/er% (awn mo/e it should 'e considered whether the sGuares (rotected '% the (awn 'efore it has mo/ed ma% not need the su((ort of that (awn at a later sta0e. !his is (articularl% the case with re0ard to sGuares in front of the castled 2in0. If one of those (awns (ushes on6 the sGuares which ha/e lost its (rotection freGuentl% offer an o(enin0 for a direct attack '% the enem%3s (ieces on the 2in0. ) second consideration is the fact that the ad/ancin0 (awn itself 'ecomes a tar0et for an assault in which the o((onent6 mo/in0 u( a (awn on the ne1t file6 'rin0s his Rooks into (la%6 or in which he sacrifices a

(iece for the ad/anced (awn and the one that (rotects it6 thus ro''in0 the 2in0 of the (rotection he sou0ht to o'tain in castlin0. !he followin0 e1am(les will contri'ute much to the understandin0 of this most im(ortant su'<ect6 the 0ras( of which will mean a 0reat ste( forward for the student. !he (osition in ,ia0ram 9C is from a 0ame /. Sche/e5!eichmann ($erlin6 1998). >hite (la%ed 1. *5RC in order to a/oid the (innin0 of his 2ni0ht throu0h $52t5. !he mo/e is not un<ustified6 as the 2ni0ht is reGuired for the su((ort of the sGuare at 4@. !he (awn mo/e6 howe/er6 has the draw'acks enumerated a'o/e6 and >hite must think of kee(in0 a sufficienc% of (ieces for the fi0ht on the 2in03s win06 in order to (re/ent $lack from utilisin0 the weakness thus created for a com'ined assault '% su(erior forces.

Di"#r"$ /'. In this case >hite does not take (recautionar% measures6 and succum's in a sur(risin0l% short time. 1. ... 2t5$CH B. *1*N >ith this mo/e >hite o(ens the dia0onal for $lack3s 2$ for no a((arent reason. B. ... 42t1*H C. 2t12tN Instead of (ro/idin0 for the defence of his 2in03s win06 >hite e1chan0es one of the 2in03s side (ieces6 C. ... 412tH @. 2t54B6 $1*O >hite has (ro/oked this sacrifice '% his last two mo/es. !he 2$* is (inned6 and the 4 enters '% wa% of her 2tE6 the (rotection of which was 0i/en u( '% (ushin0 on the R*. !he rest is eas%H 5. *1$6 45

2tEchH E. 25R16 41*chH 8. 252t16 2t52t5H 7. 2t5$C6 452tEchH 9. 25R16 $1*H 19. resi0ns. ,ia0ram 9@ shows a (osition from a 0ame -arshall5 $urn (#stend6 1998). Stron0 in the knowled0e that the $lack 4ueen3s side (ieces are not de/elo(ed6 and can onl% with difficult% 'e of assistance in the defence of the 2in03s side 'ecause of their limited mo'ilit%6 >hite takes ad/anta0e of the weakness created '% the ad/ance of the $lack 22t (awn to his third6 and initiates an immediate assault on the 2in03s stron0hold.

Di"#r"$ /*.

1. *52R@6 R521H B. *5R5. !his forces o(en the Rook3s file. If the (awn were still at 2tB6 $lack would sim(l% let >hite (ush on to RE and then re(l% with *522tC. B. ... 2t1*H C. R12t6 >hite concludes the 0ame in 'rilliant st%le. $lack3s wron0 de/elo(ment has 0i/en a welcome o((ortunit% for sacrificial com'inations. Now the 2$ has an o(en dia0onal6 the (awn (osition is 'roken6 and >hite3s 4 and R ha/e no difficult% in usin0 the Rook3s file for a deadl% attack. C. ... *1RH @. $1*ch6 21$H 5. 2t5 2t5ch6 252tC (if 252t16 then E. 41*6 2t5$CH 8. 41*ch6 25R1H 7. &astles6 etc.)H E. 42t5$C6 *52@H 8. 2t5R@ch6 25$CH 7. 2t5R8ch6 252BH 9. 2t5$5ch6 25 2CH 19. 2t1$ch6 252BH 11. 2t5$5ch6 252CH 1B. *545ch6 212tH 1C. 41*ch6 2525H 1@. &astles6 followed '% *5$C or R54@ mate. In cases where 'oth sides ha/e alread% castled on the same win06 and the o((onent has weakened his (osition '% (ushin0 on one of the (awns of that win06 it is seldom ad/isa'le to start an attack with the ad/ance of one of the (awns in front of the 2in06 as the latter3s (osition would 'e weakened. )n attack of this kind is onl% <ustified if there is a (ros(ect of concentratin0 with all s(eed a su(erior force 'efore the o((onent has time for a counter attack. !he $lack (osition in ,ia0ram 95 illustrates one much fa/oured '% =natural= (la%ers. ere the

ad/ance of the

Di"#r"$ /+. 2R* would not 'e a suita'le (lan of attack for >hite as his Rook is no lon0er on the Rook3s file6 nor could it 'e 'rou0ht 'ack in time. In this case >hite must endea/our to take ad/anta0e of the weaknesses at $lack3s 2$C and 2RC6 (roduced '% his mo/e *522tC. !his will 'e the modus o(erandiJ 454B followed '% $5 RE6 forcin0 the e1chan0e of $lack3s /alua'le 2$. )fter that the 4 in con<unction with one of the 2ni0hts will attem(t to force an entr% at 2$E or 2RE6 as for instance in the followin06 the mo/es of which are taken from a

0ame I once watched and took note of as 'ein0 most instructi/e. 1. 454B6 *54CH B. $52RE6 *1*H C. $1$6 21$H @. *1*6 454BH 5. 2t5 2@6 2t54@H E. $5$@6 4R541H 8. $12t6 *1$H 7. 2t5$E6 452CH 9. 45 2t56 $5$1 (to (re/ent 2t52t@)H 19. 4R5216 45$@H 11. 45R@6 *52RCH 1B. 2t54@6 2t12tH 1C. 412t6 *5$@H 1@. 454B6 *545H 15. *52$@6 *5 $5H 1E. *522t@6 452CH 18. *5$56 45$CH 17. R52@6 $52tBH 19. R5$CO6 45$@H B9. 41*ch6 214H B1. R5RCch6 followed '% R5R8 or 2t5R8 mate. ) somewhat more difficult case is shown in ,ia0ram 9E.

Di"#r"$ /,. ere the ad/ance of the >hite 2in03s side (awns has undenia'l% (roduced weaknesses in the (awn skeleton6 and these would 'e fatal had the $lack (ieces as much mo'ilit% as the >hite ones. $ut the con0estion of $lack3s (ieces on the 4ueen3s side makes his defence unwield%6 and >hite has no difficult% in accumulatin0 his forces on the 2in03s side for the final assault. !he (ros(ects are that >hite will 'e a'le to 'rin0 home his attack6 'efore $lack has a chance of forcin0 e1chan0es and of 'rin0in0 a'out the end50ame6 which throu0h the weakness of the >hite (awns would (ro'a'l% turn to his ad/anta0e. !he (la% (E. &ohn5Ed. Lasker match6

$erlin6 1999) is instructi/e6 and shows how the attack should 'e conducted in such (ositions. 1. 2t52tC6 $5 2tBH B. 25RB6 *5$CH C. R522t16 2t54BH @. 2t5R@6 25$B. !he concentration of the >hite (ieces has 'ecome alarmin06 and threatens to 'e continued '% 454B6 R5 2tB. 4R522t16 and 2t5$5. So the $lack 2in0 decides on fli0ht6 'ut he finds no (eace on the 4 side either6 'ecause there his ad/anced (awns soon allow >hite to make a 'reach in the $lack (osition. 5. 2t52tB6 252BH E. 452B6 2t52tCH 8. 2R52$16 $5 $1. It is $lack3s intention to (la% *5$@ as soon as (ractica'le6 and to make an attem(t at a counter demonstration on the 2in03s side6 7. *52 $@6 2541N ($lack should ha/e ke(t to his ori0inal intention and (la%ed *5$@)H 9. *1*6 4*1*H 19. 45$B6 2t54BH 11. *5 4R@H $52tBH 1B. *1*6 *1*H 1C. R1R6 $1R. Now >hite has achie/ed what he set out to do. e has o(ened u( a/enues of attack on the 4ueen3s side6 and is read% to utilise the weakness of $lack3s 4$* '% (la%in0 *52t@6 on which $lack must su'mit to o(enin0 the file for the >hite 2R or the dia0onal for the >hite 4$. In either case >hite 'rin0s /astl% su(erior forces to 'ear on the $lack 2in03s (osition6 and $lack should lose. In this 0ame $lack esca(ed onl% throu0h a mistake on the (art of his o((onent. In the fore0oin0 (ositions it was seen how fatal

weaknesses can 'e6 which are (roduced '% the (remature ad/ance of the (awns in front of the 2in06 on whom the o((osin0 (ieces can force their attack. >hen the (awns concerned are on the o((osite win0 to their 2in06 the disad/anta0es of a (remature ad/ance are felt in a different wa%. !he weakness concerns the (awns themsel/es and not the forces 'ehind them6 and is a(t to cause the loss of the end5 0ame6 (articularl% of Rook end50ames. Let us com(are the (ositions in ,ia0rams 98

Di"#r"$ /-. and 97. In the one case the chain of $lack (awns is

'roken '% the a'sence of 2 2t *6 in the other of the 4 2t *. !he a'sence of the 22t (awn can lead to serious conseGuences in the middle 0ame6 'ecause of the weakness of $lack3s 2$C and 2RC (com(are ,ia0ram 99)H it can6 howe/er6 hardl% 'ecome awkward in the end50ame6 as the (awns on the $ and R files are within the (rotectin0 reach of their 2in0.

Di"#r"$ /.. #n the other hand6 the a'sence of the 4 2t * is of no conseGuence for the middle 0ame. !here is nothin0 'ehind it which could in/ite an attack. !he 4R* and 4$*6 howe/er6 are /er% weak for the end50ame6 as the%

are Guite out of reach of the 2in0 (com(are Game No. 19). I do not wish to im(l% that $lack should ha/e a/oided the e1chan0e at his 4$C at all costH such an e1chan0e has alwa%s the com(ensatin0 ad/anta0e of o(enin0 a file for the Rooks6 which ad/anta0e often means a fa/oura'le middle 0ame6 as will 'e readil% understood. "urther6 it is often (ossi'le to 0et rid of the weak 4R* '% (ushin0 it on6 and e/entuall% com(ellin0 the e1chan0e of the o((osin0 2t *6 an e1chan0e which can usuall% 'e enforced if the Rooks ha/e occu(ied the o(en 2t file. !he (awn itself is often useful at $ C6 in that it can su((ort the ad/ance of *54 @ in the centre6 should it 'e desired6 or it can6 '% (ushin0 on6 'e 'rou0ht to e1ercise further (ressure on the o((osin0 2t *. !he 'reak5u( of the (awn (osition on the 4 side can 'ecome awkward in the end50ame and sometimes in the middle50ame when the (awns can 'e attacked6 and (ieces 'rou0ht to 'ear on the 4ueen3s side without lea/in0 the 2in03s side denuded of forces. !his will 'e illustrated '% the (osition in ,ia0ram 99.

Di"#r"$ //. FROM A !AME FR. LA9ARD)ED. LAS ER 1PARIS2 %/%*3 ere the (awn (ositions on 'oth sides are 'roken6 and the (la%er that occu(ies the o(en files first6 0ets a decisi/e ad/anta0e. In this case it is $lack3s mo/e. >e can conclude at once that >hite has (la%ed the o(enin0 'adl%. e must ha/e lost two mo/es6 for he has still to ca(ture the $* and then6 'ein0 >hite6 it should 'e his mo/e. !his disad/anta0e6 small as it ma% seem6 with which >hite has emer0ed from the o(enin06 is sufficient to 'rin0 him into the 0reatest

difficulties. $lack6 of course6 does not defend the (awn '% $52tB or $54B6 as this would (racticall% reduce the $ to a * and6 moreo/er6 >hite6 '% R52t1 or 416 would 'oth attack the $ and o'tain an o(en file. Instead of that6 $lack utilises the two mo/es6 which he has6 as it were6 as a 0ift in an otherwise eGualised (osition6 to 'rin0 'oth Rooks on the 2t file. !his (olic% allows $lack to occu(% the se/enth or ei0hth rank at will6 and to attack the >hite (awns from the flank or rear6 accordin0 to circumstances. !his menace ham(ers the radius of action of the >hite (ieces6 as the% must alwa%s 'e read% for the defence of the threatened (awns6 and this 0i/es $lack '% far the su(erior 0ame. !he (la% was continued as followsJ 1. ... R52t1H B. $1*6 R52t8H C. $52@6 $52CH @. *54RC6 2R52t1. !he 2ni0ht3s file is now definitel% in $lack3s hands. >hite could occu(% the 4ueen3s file6 'ut the $lack $ at 2C6 which (re/ents the entr% of the Rooks at 486 makes the o(eration aimless. !herefore >hite is condemned to inacti/it%. #n the contrar%6 $lack3s line of action is clear. is entr% on the se/enth can onl% achie/e somethin0 if >hite3s 4$* can 'e de(ri/ed of its su((ort. !o do this $lack has onl% to (la% *54$@5$5 and *52$@. !his6 of course6 weakens $lack3s 2$6 and the >hite Rooks mi0ht o'tain an entr% on the 2 file. !herefore $lack will effect a

timel% e1chan0e of one of his Rooks6 after which his 2in0 alone will hold the 2 file. !hese considerations make the followin0 mo/es clearJ 5. 2R5216 *54$@H E. *52RC6 a further awkward necessit% in (ositions of this kind. $efore the Rook can /enture out6 a loo(hole must 'e (ro/ided for the 2in0. E. ... *5$5H 8. R52C6 R52t7chH 7. R1R6 R1RchH 9. 25 RB6 *5$@H 19. $5$C6 25$BH 11. $52B (threatenin0 R5 4$C)6 R52tBH 1B. R54$C6 25$C (now $1* is not feasi'le on account of R54$B)H 1C. *5$@. >hite wishes to kee( the $lack 2in0 from his 45 'ut cannot do so (ermanentl%. $lack6 howe/er6 can occu(% the 4 file with his Rook6 and confine the >hite 2in0 to his win0. 1C. ... R54BH 1@. 252tC) R5 45H 15. 25$C6 252BH 1E. R52C6 254CH 18. 252tC6 R5 48H 17. *5$C6 $5$B. R5R8 would 'e a mistake on account of R1$ch6 'ut the 4R* cannot esca(e. 19. *5 4R@6 *52tCH B9. $5$C6 R5R8H B1. $5416 $54@H BB. R5 2B6 R5R7H BC. R54B6 R5REH B@. R54$B6 R1R*. Now at last $lack has o'tained material 0ain6 which was made (ossi'le '% his command of the o(en 2t file. !o con/ert it into a win '% Gueenin0 the e1tra (awn is onl% a matter of time. >e ha/e now seen how the (ossession of o(en files reacts on the mo'ilit% of the o((osin0 forces6 fore/er increasin0 their difficulties until the (ositional

ad/anta0e is con/erted into material 0ain. >e shall meet with cases later on in which the 0reater mo'ilit% of minor (ieces achie/es the same result and find more and more (roofs of the truth of the main 0eneral (rinci(les which I introduced at the outset. Let us now reca(itulate the chief (oints touched u(on in the course of our deli'erationsJ 1. Generall% s(eakin06 attacks should onl% 'e directed to o'<ects which cannot 'e mo/ed awa%. B. If in (articular cases the attack is aimed at dri/in0 off an o((osin0 (iece from an es(eciall% fa/oura'le (ost that attack is unwise6 if it in/ol/es the weakenin0 the (awn (osition6 or if (ieces ha/e to take u( inferior (ositions in order to effect their (ur(ose. C. *awn mo/es alwa%s create weaknesses6 either '% lea/in0 other unsu((orted (awns 'ehind6 or '% 0i/in0 o((osin0 (ieces access to sGuares formerl% 0uarded '% them6 and this more s(eciall% so in front of the castled 2in0. @. )ttacks which de(end on (awn mo/es are onl% <ustified if o/erwhelmin0 forces can 'e accumulated in su((ort6 as the ad/anced (awns mi0ht 'ecome the o'<ect of a counter attack.

5. )s (awn mo/es ha/e /er% 0enerall% some draw'acks6 the middle 0ame is the (ieces3 own huntin0 0round. )s in the o(enin06 the first consideration of sound (la% in the middle 0ame is to make onl% such mo/es as do not reduce the mo'ilit% of the (ieces. )s illustrati/e of such manoeu/res I shall now 0i/e e1am(les from actual master (la%. In m% annotations of these 0ames I ha/e tried to kee( 'efore the student3s mind constantl% the main ideas underl%in0 the different com'inations which s(rin0 from 0eneral strate0ical (rinci(les. I thus a/oid 'urdenin0 his memor% with a mass of detail6 and 'rin0 into (rominence the 'asic (rinci(le of each line of (la%6 there'% de/elo(in0 his ca(acit% for conductin0 a middle 0ame6 e/en after an unusual o(enin0. I ha/e fi1ed mainl% u(on such 0ames as are illustrati/e of the o(enin0s treated in the first (art of this 'ook. In most cases the first mo/es will6 therefore6 not need an% s(ecial remarks. !he end5 0ames6 'ein0 t%(ical e1am(les6 will onl% need reference to the cha(ters in which the% ha/e 'een res(ecti/el% dealt with. PART II ILLUSTRATIVE !AMES FROM MASTER

TOURNAMENTS !AME No. % White: T"rt"6o;er. (4"56: (8rn. in#'s !"$7it <e54ine< 15o$="re =. '03.
1. P-K4 P-K4 2. P-KB4 B-B4 3. Kt-KB3 P-Q3 4. PxP

#n (rinci(le this e1chan0e cannot 'e commended6 as the o(enin0 of the 4ueen3s file increases the $lack 4ueen3s mo'ilit%. >hite deri/es no 'enefit from the 2$ file so lon0 as the $lack $isho( makes castlin0 im(ossi'le. >hite intends to (la% *5$C and *54@6 'ut the manoeu/re is dou'tful6 and the whole o(enin0 includes an inordinatel% lar0e num'er of (awn mo/es. In the (resent 0ame $lack e1(oses the failin0s inherent to this s%stem uneGui/ocall%.
4. ... PxP 5. P-B3 Kt-QB3

$lack cannot (ut off >hite3s *54@ '% $522t56 for >hite can 0i/e a check with the 4ueen and un(in the 2ni0ht.
6. P-QKt4

!he o'<ect of this mo/e is not clear6 as *52t5 does not win a (awn (2t5R@H 7. 2t1*H 9. 45R5ch). It does not (romote de/elo(ment either6 and onl% com(romises the 4$* and 42t*.
6. ... B-Kt3 7. B-Kt5 Kt-B3

!his is aimed at the >hite 2in03s (awn6 which is de(ri/ed of its natural su((ort '% the 42t. In this (osition $lack does well to attack >hite3s 2* rather than to defend his own6 'ecause an o(en 2in03s file can onl% 'enefit him. $ein0 a'le to castle6 he can occu(% the file with his Rook 'efore >hite has time to 'rin0 his 2in0 into safet%.
8. KtxP

It would ha/e 'een 'etter to (rotect the (awn '% 45 2B or *54C.

8. ... Castles<

Di"#r"$ %00. !he 'e0innin0 of a 'rilliant attack. >hether >hite e1chan0es the $isho( or the 2ni0ht6 he is o/erwhelmed.
;. KtxKt

)fter 9. $12t6 *1$H 19. 2t1*6 4521 winsH 19. *54@ would also lose 'ecause $lack 0ains two (awns after 2t1*H 11. #5#6 2t1*. It is interestin0 to note how s(eedil% the weakness at >hite3s 4$C is 'rou0ht to 'ook.
;. ... PxKt

10. BxP KtxP<<

Now >hite can neither take the 2t nor the R. In the first case 45 R5ch forces mate /er% soon6 in the second $5$8ch6 followed '% $52t5ch or $5RCch6 wins the 4ueen.
11. P-Q4 Q-B3< 12. BxKt Q-R5c' 13. K-Q2 QxB 14. Q-B3 Q-R5< 15. P-Kt3

Not 41R6 'ecause of 45$8ch and the loss of the 4ueen '% a disco/ered check '% the $isho(.
Q-Kt4c' 16. Q-K3 Q-Q4 17. R-K1 B-Kt5 18. K-B2 P-QR4

Such is the (rice to (a% for (remature ad/ances.

1;. PxP RxP 20. B-R3 P-QB4

$lack shatters >hite3s (awn (osition6 and his $isho(s and Rooks ha/e full (la% alon0 o(en files

and dia0onals.
21. PxP RxB< 22. KtxR

or *1$6 R1R*chH BC. R1R641RchH B@. 25$l6$5$@.

22. ... BxP

!he rest s(eaks for itself.

23. Q-K5 B-B4c' 24. K-Kt2 Q-Kt2c' 25. K-B1 BxKtc' 26. K-Q2 R-Q1c' 27. K-K3 R-Q6c' 28. K-B2 Q-B6c' 2;. K-Kt1 R-Q7 30. Q-Kt8c' B-KB1 Res&!%s.

!AME No. & White: Leonh"r<t. (4"56: M"rsh"44. F"467eer Co8nter !"$7it 15o$="re =. '+3.
1. P-K4 P-K4 2. P-KB4 P-Q4

3. PxQP P-K5 4. P-Q3 PxP 5. QxP Kt-KB3 6. Kt-QB3

It would 'e Guite 'ad to (la% *5$@ and tr% to hold the e1tra (awn at the e1(ense of de/elo(ment. $lack would /er% soon occu(% the 2in03s file with his Rook and there would 'e no time for >hite to 'rin0 his 2in0 into safet%6 e.0. E. *5$@6 $54$@H 8. 2t52$C6 &astlesH 7. $52B6 R5216 and alread% now there are threats of 2t5 25 or 2t52t5 followed '% $5$8ch or 2t5$8.
6. ... B-QB4 7. B-Q2

>hite would of course like to continue with $52C in order to make a fi0ht for the (ossession of the dia0onal. e would6 howe/er6 lose his chance of castlin0 throu0h $lack3s 452B. !his is detrimental in all such cases where the lines in the centre are o(en or likel% to 'e forced o(en at an% time.
7. ... Castles 8. Castles QKt-Q2 ;. B-K2 Kt-Kt3

10. B-B3 B-KKt5 11. B-K3:

>hite has not %et com(leted his de/elo(ment6 and his first care should 'e to 'rin0 out his 22t. !his he could ha/e done without difficult%6 thusJ 11. $1$6 2t1$H 1B. 2t5RC. )fter the mo/e in the te1t6 $lack not onl% occu(ies the 2in03s file 'ut 0ains a mo/e in so doin0.
11. ... BxBc' 12. QxB R-K1 13. Q-Q4 Q-Q3

$lack3s course is o'/iousH he must win the 4*. !he forces will then 'e eGual in material6 'ut there will remain a

Di"#r"$ %0%. flaw in >hite3s (osition6 namel% the e1(osed 2$*6 and this tells in the endin0.
14. P-KR3

Now the sGuare at 22tC is un(rotected6 and this is serious in /iew of a (ro'a'le 2ni0ht3s endin06 where6 moreo/er6 it will sooner or later 'e necessar% to (la% *522tC in order to su((ort the 2$*. $oth the 22t* and 2$* would 'e weak6 with the 2in0 on the other win06 and 'e under constant threat of 'ein0 ca(tured. !he 0ame does (roceed as indicated6 and the sim(le and lo0ical manner in which -arshall

'rin0s home his ad/anta0e in a /er% short time shows con/incin0l% how fatal a shattered (awn (osition can 'e for the end50ame. Instead of the mo/e in the te1t6 >hite should ha/e (la%ed $1$ followed '% 2t5$C6 which would ha/e com(leted his de/elo(ment without makin0 another (awn mo/e.
14. ... BxB 15. KtxB QR-Q1 16. KR-K5 RxR 17. RxR QKtxP 18. KtxKt KtxKt 1;. P-KKt3 P-KR3

makin0 a loo(hole for the 2in0. In this case the mo/e is correct6 as the threat of mate ties the $lack Rook to his rank. It is wron0 to make a loo(hole6 as weak (la%ers are fond of doin06 as earl% as (ossi'le =in case6= 'efore it is shown that there will 'e a need for it6 or that there will 'e a Rook endin0.
20. P-R3

>hite is afraid of (la%in0 B9. 41* on account of 2t5 2t56 which threatens 2t1$* followed '% 454$C. B1. 41* would not 'e a sufficient defence 'ecause of 45 $@ threatenin0 mate6 and on the other hand B1. 45R@

would con<ure u( a dan0erous attack6 'e0innin0 with *542t@. >hen the (la%ers castle on different win0s6 there is alwa%s the dan0er of the o((onent sacrificin0 (awns and o(enin0 u( files for his Rooks and 4 a0ainst the castled 2in0. !he 0ame then assumes a wild character6 and as matters are 0enerall% settled one wa% or another in the middle5 0ame6 end50ame considerations6 'oth with re0ard to num'er and (osition of (awns6 can 'e disre0arded. E1(erience has shown that the (la%er who de/elo(s his attack first is likel% to win6 and that it is of little use to su'mit tamel% to an assault of this kind without attem(tin0 a counter attack. Such 0ames are /er% difficult for the 'e0inner to understand. !here is a'out them somethin0 /iolent and difficult to estimate6 and %ears of (ractice are necessar% in order to 0ain the <ud0ment reGuired for wei0hin0 u( the (ossi'ilities of attack and counter attack6 where the 2in0s ha/e castled on o((osite win0s.
20. ... P-R3 21. R-Q1 Kt-B3 22. QxQ RxQ 23. RxR PxR 24. Kt-Q4 Kt-K5

25. Kt-K2 K-B1

!he $lack 2in0 now (ushes forward irresisti'l%6 and attacks the weakened (awns on the 2in03s win0. !he >hite 2in0 cannot 0et an% nearer6 as a check '% the $lack 2t would win a (awn at once. !he end is eas%.
26. P-B3 K-K2 27. K-B2 K-K3 28. P-Kt3 Kt-B7 2;. Kt-Q4c' K-B3 30. P-KR4 P-KR4

Now the * at 2tC is ='ackward= and therefore lost.

31. P-B4 Kt-K5 32. Kt-K2 K-B4 33. K-Q3 Kt-B7c' 34. K-B3 K-Kt5 35. P-Kt4 Kt-K5c' 36. K-Q4 KtxP Res&!%s.

!AME No. ' White: S=ie4$"nn. (4"56: Pro6es. Vienn" !"$e 15o$="re =. '+3.

1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-QB3 Kt-KB3 3. P-B4 P-Q4 4. PxKP KtxP 5. Q-B3

It is contrar% to the (rinci(les 0o/ernin0 sound (la% to 'rin0 out the 4ueen earl% in the 0ame. !he o((onent freGuentl% has an o((ortunit% of 0ainin0 a mo/e '% dri/in0 off the 4ueen6 de/elo(in0 a minor (iece at the same time. In the (resent case $lack mi0ht ha/e 0ained the ad/anta0e in the followin0 wa%J 5. ... 4 2t5$C. Now ifJ E 2t12t then 2t545OH 8 454CN6 *12tH 7 41*N6 $52$@. If6 howe/er6 E $52t56 $lack o'tains the 'etter 0ame '% (la%in0 E. ... 2t12tH 8 2t*12t6 45R5chH 7 *52tC6 4525chH 9 4146 *14H 19 $12tch6 *1$6 with two $isho(s on o(en dia0onals. !here is no harm in the dou'led (awn6 as >hite cannot attack it. $lack3s immediate threat is $5RC or 2$@6 which e1erts (ressure at 4E6 and >hite will find it difficult to ad/ance his 4*.
5. ... P-KB4

!his mo/e is o(en to discussion6 as the 2t which it means to su((ort can 'e dri/en awa% '% *54C. #n the other hand6 if >hite does (la% his 4* to 4C6

$lack can (re/ent its further ad/ance '% *5456 after which the >hite 2* is insecure and the 2$ somewhat shut in.
6. P-Q3 KtxKt 7. PxKt P-Q5 8. Q-B2<

>hite offers his 4$* in order to 'e a'le to stren0then his centre '% *54@6 and to free his (ieces. !o (rotect his 4$* would 'e inferior6 e.0. 7 2t52B6 2t5$C or 7 $52tBN6 *1*H 9 $1*6 $52t5OH 19 $1$6 41R5chH 11 45$B6 41$chH 1B 454B6 4545.
8. ... PxP:

It would ha/e 'een 'etter6 of course6 to continue de/elo(in0 with 2t5$C6 which at the same time maintains the (ressure on 45.
;. P-Q4 B-K3 10. Kt-R3

Intendin0 2t5$@ with a /iew to e1chan0in0 the $isho(. )fter that6 $lack3s (osition on >hite sGuares is weak s(eciall% on the dia0onal 4R86 22t16 which was o(ened '% $lack3s fifth mo/e6 and on which the >hite $isho( can soon o(erate. !he 0ame is instructi/e in showin0 the de/elo(ment of that idea.

10. ... B-K2 11. Kt-B4 Q-Q2 12. KtxB QxKt 13. B-Q3 P-KKt3

$lack cannot (re/ent >hite3s threat of 452B and $5 $@.

14. Q-K2 Q-Q4

Di"#r"$ %0&.
15. Castles QxQPc'

$lack is o'li0in0. !he o(enin0 of files in the centre is fa/oura'le for >hite6 as he can make use of his Rooks in the com'ined attack. Instead of the mo/e in the te1t6 de/elo(ment with 2t5$C and &astles 4R was the last6 thou0h slender6 chance of sa/in0 the 0ame.
16. B-K3 Q-Q4

If 41*6 45$B followed '% $54@6 $52@6 2R521 and 4R541. $lack has no sufficient means of defence to o((ose this massin0 of forces.
17. QR-Q1 Q-R4 18. BxBP

!he end is swift6 and eas% to understand.

18. ... R-B1 1;. Q-Kt4 PxB 20. Q-R5c' R-B2 21. P-K6 Res&!%s.

!AME NO. * White: T"rr"s5h. (4"56: C"="74"n5". !i8o5o Pi"no

1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. B-B4 B-B4

4. P-B3

!he 'e0innin0 of interestin0 o(erations in the centre. !he stead% de/elo(ment withJ @. *54C6 *54CH 5. 2t5$C6 2t5$CH E. $522t56 $52C or &astles tends to a draw from the /er% first6 and is thou0ht dull.
4. ... Kt-B3

$lack can a/oid the e1chan0e of (awns6 which >hite tries to 'rin0 a'out after *54@6 '% (la%in0 his 4ueen to 2B. !his co/ers his 2* a second time6 and >hite3s *54@ can 'e answered with $52tC. >hite3s 4$* then o'structs the 2t3s natural de/elo(ment. In a 0ame /on Schewe5!eichmann ($erlin6 1998) the (osition discussed on (. 118 was reached after the followin0 mo/esJ 5. &astles6 *5 4CH E. *54@6 $52tCH 8. *54R@6 *54RCH 7. *5R56 $5RB.
5. P-Q4 PxP 6. PxP B-Kt5c'

Di"#r"$ %0'.
7. B-Q2

!he (awn sacrifice '% 8. 2t5$C6 2t12*H 7. &astlesO is much more interestin0 and more in kee(in0 with the s(irit of the o(enin0. K"ootnoteJ !he followin0 two short 0ames will 0i/e an idea of the /arious lines of attack which are to 'e found in this o(enin0J a. owell5-ichell (ca'le match6 En0land55)merica6 1998)J 7. ... $12tH 9. *545 (-oller attack)6 $5$CH 19. R5216 2t52BH 11. R12t6 *54CH 1B. $52t56 $1$H 1C. 2t1$6 $5$@ (the onl% chance of a draw would 'e

thisJ &astlesH 1@. 2t1R*6 212tH 15. 4R5ch6 252t1H 1E. R5 R@6 *52$@OH 18. $52B6 2t52tCOH 17. 45R8ch6 25$BH 19. R5RE6 2t5$5H B9. $5R5ch6 2t1$H B1. 45 2tE with (er(etual check)H 1@. 45$C6454B ($1RH 15. 41*ch followed '% 452Ech and 41$)H 15. $52t5O6 41$H 1E. 41$6 *52$CH 18. 4R5216 *12tH 17. R12tch and mate in a few mo/es. '. D /. +6 first 19 mo/es as 'eforeJ 11. R12t6 &astlesH 1B. *54E6 *1* 1C. $522t56 2t5$@H 1@. 4545O6 $1$H 15. 2t1$6 2t5RC (412tH 1E. 41*ch)H 1E. 4 R5216 resi0ns.L >hite o'tains a Guick de/elo(ment and (re/ents $lack from freein0 his 0ame '% (la%in0 *5 4@. )fter 7. ... $12tH 9. *545 follows (-oller attack)6 and after 9. ... $5 $C6 >hite wins 'ack his (iece '% R5 21 (19. *12t would not 'e 0ood6 as $lack could free his 0ame '% 2t*1* and *54@). #n the other hand6 after 7. ... 2t12tH *12t6 >hite in addition 0ains a mo/e6 as $1* is countered '% 452tC. )s (la%ed here6 $lack succeeds in (la%in0 *54@6 and the 0ame is e/en. Indeed the isolated 4* is a weakness in the >hite (osition.
7. ... BxBc' 8. QKtxB P-Q4< ;. PxP KKtxP 10. Q-Kt3 QKt-K2

11. Castles KR Castles 12. KR-K1 P-QB3

Now the 2ni0ht is securel% (osted in the centre6 and $lack can accumulate forces for the attack on the >hite 4*6 (ossi'l% '% 452tC6 R541 and 2t5$@.
13. P-QR4

in order to dri/e the 4ueen from her 2tC6 'ut this ad/ance is =three5ed0ed6= as -aster Gre0or% would sa%6 and the (awn is sure to (ro/e weak in the end5 0ame.
13. ... Q-Kt3 14. Q-R3 B-K3 15. P-R5 Q-B2 16. Kt-K4

2t522t5 would seem to 'e stron0er here. $5$@ would then 'e answered '% 18. $54C. )fter $1$6 17. 41$6 >hite o'tains o((ortunities for a 2in03s side attack6 in which the Rook could co5o(erate /ia 2@ and 2t@ or R@.
16. ... QR-Q1 17. Kt-B5 B-B1 18. P-KKt3:

!his (roduces weak (oints at 2$C and 2RC6 and there 'ein0 as %et no definite threat in $lack3s 2t5$56 should ha/e 'een a/oided. It is of course difficult to formulate a (lan of attack6 for there is no weak (lace in $lack3s armour. In an% case >hite could safel% ha/e (la%ed 4R541 and 4B in order to dou'le the Rooks on the 2in03s file or 4ueen3s file accordin0 to circumstances. $ut now as soon as a Rook mo/es to 4155and that will ha/e to 'e done in the end6 to su((ort the weak 4*55$lack3s $52t5 mi0ht 'ecome awkward.
18. ... Kt-B4 1;. QR-Q1 Kt-Q3< 20. BxKt Kt-Kt4

a/oidin0 an isolated (awn in a su'tle manner.

Di"#r"$ %0*.
21. Q-Kt4 RxB 22. Kt-Q3 B-Kt5 23. QKt-K5 P-R4 24. KtxB PxKt 25. Kt-R4

2t525 would 'e answered '% 2R541H BE. 2t1*6 2t1* threatenin0 'oth 2t5$Ech and 2t5$8. If >hite sto(s 'oth threats with 45$C6 2t528ch wins.
25. ... KR-Q1

26. R-K7 Q-Q3

Now $lack fore0oes his well5earned ad/anta0e. e o/erlooks >hite3s su'tle mo/e B7. *5RE. BE 45$1 was indicated. >hite3s 4ueen3s *awn could not esca(e6 and there was time to dislod0e the >hite Rook from the se/enth '% R54B6 e 0. BE. ... 45$1H B8. 45 2tCO6 4R54BH B7. 452C6 R1RH B9. 41R6 2t1*.
27. QxQ KtxQ 28. P-R6< PxP 2;. RxRP Kt-Kt4 30. RxRP KtxP 31. K-B1 P-Kt4 32. Kt-Kt2 Kt-B6 33. RxR PxR<

!he (awn threatens to Gueen. !akin0 the Rook3s (awn would not 'e so 0ood6 as it would dis(lace the 2ni0ht. >hite would not onl% re0ain the (awn easil% with 2t52C6 'ut would also 0et his 2in0 into (la%.
34. Kt-K1 R-K1

ere R54$1 affords winnin0 (ossi'ilities for $lack. #n account of the threat of R5$76 the e1chan0e of 2ni0hts '% >hite would 'e forced6 and his 0ame

would ha/e 'een 'adl% cram(ed '% the $lack 2$*6 e.0. C@. ... R54$1H C5. 2t12t6 *12tH CE. R5R1 (25 21N6 R5$8H C8. R54E6 R528chH C7. 25$16 R1*H C9. 25216 R528chH @9. 25$16 R5 2@)6 R52t1H C8. R52t16 R52tE. )fter the mo/e in the te1t the 0ame is drawn.
35. KtxKt PxKt 36. R-Q6 R-QB1

!here is nothin0 in this mo/e6 as the $lack (assed (awn is now attacked.
37. K-K1 R-K1c' 38. K-B1 R-QB1 *)aw%.

!AME No. + White: R. C. !ri>>ith. (4"56: W. H. !8nston. !i8o5o Pi"no.

1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. B-B4 B-B4 4. P-B3 Kt-B3 5. P-Q3

*54@ would seem to 'e the lo0ical conseGuence of *5 $C6 and therefore (refera'le. )fter the te1t mo/e

$lack will sooner or later 'e a'le to enforce the ad/ance of his own (awn to 4@6 and his (ieces will then ha/e the 0reater mo'ilit%.
5. ... P-Q3

ere $lack mi0ht ha/e (la%ed *54@ at once. "or if >hite takes the (awn6 he lea/es $lack in (ossession of the (awn in the centre. If he does not do so 'ut (la%s $542t5 instead6 $lack3s re(l% would 'e 452B and the e1chan0e of (awns at 2 5 would follow. >hite3s *5$C is then clearl% a lost mo/e.
6. B-K3 B-Kt3 7. QKt-Q2 Kt-K2 8. Kt-B1 P-B3 ;. Q-K2 Castles 10. Kt-Kt3 P-Q4 11. PxP PxP 12. B-Kt3 Kt-Kt3

$lack has now the su(erior (osition on account of his (awn centre.
13. Castles KR B-B2 14. B-Kt5 P-KR3 15. BxKt PxB

!here is nothin0 in the weakness at $lack3s 2$C and 2RC caused '% the disa((earance of his 22t *awn6 as >hite has lost his 2$. #n the contrar% the o(en file should 'e a distinct asset6 for6 ha/in0 a stron0 centre6 $lack3s (ieces are more mo'ile and he is more likel% to 0et an attack.
16. Q-K3 K-R2 17. P-KR3

in order to (la% 2t5R56 which otherwise would 'e answered '% $52t5.
17. ... KR-Kt1 18. K-R1 P-B4 1;. Kt-R5 B-K3

$1* was threatened.

20. R-KKt1 P-B5

Di"#r"$ %0+. *525 would seem to 'e 'etter6 as it o(ens a dia0onal for the 2$6 and a dia0onal6 too6 for the 4$6 as >hite has to e1chan0e the (awns. Indeed $lack would soon ha/e o'tained a winnin0 ad/anta0e6 e.0. B9. ... *525H B1. *1* (2t5RB6 45R5H BB. 452B6 2t52@)6 $*1*H BB. 2t5RB6 45 R5H BC. 452B (*522t@ or $5416 *5$@)6 2t52@6 threatenin0 2t52t5 and 2t54E. )s it is6 >hite 0ains a little time6 althou0h $lack3s (osition still remains su(erior.
21. Q-K2 Q-K2 22. P-Kt4 P-B3

to (re/ent *52t5.
23. R-Kt2 QR-K1 24. R-K1 Q-B2 25. Kt-Q2

intendin0 to (la% *5$C6 thus retardin0 $lack3s *5256 which is still han0in0 o/er >hite like ,amocles3 sword. !he mo/e6 howe/er6 lets in the 2ni0ht.
25. ... Kt-R5 26. R-R2 P-B4 27. P-B3 P-K5

Now this mo/e is no lon0er feasi'le6 as >hite3s 'rilliant sacrifice demonstrates. !o make the mo/e (ossi'le6 lon0 (re(arations would ha/e 'een necessar%6 such asJ R52tC6 $54B5$C6 etc.
28. QPxP QPxP 2;. KtxKP PxKt 30. QxPc' R-Kt3 31. R3R24-K2

!he scene has chan0ed with startlin0 suddenness. >hite has o(en files and dia0onals for all his forces6 whilst $lack3s (ieces are immo'ilised. >hate/er he (la%s6 $lack must lose the (iece he has 0ained.

31. ... B-Q3 32. Q-Q3 BxB 33. RxR Q-B5

e cannot (la% $54@ on account of 454@.

34. Kt-B6c' K-Kt2 35. QR-K7c' BxR 36. RxBc' KxKt 37. Q-Q6c' Res&!%s.

!AME No. , White: M"son. (4"56: !8ns7er#. !i8o5o Pi"no.

1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. B-B4 B-B4 4. P-Q3 P-Q3 5. B-K3 B-Kt3 6. P-B3 Kt-B3 7. QKt-Q2 Q-K2 8. P-QR4

) lost mo/e. !he lo0ical continuation is 2t5$152tC and &astles.

8. ... B-K3 ;. B-QKt5 BxB

Generall% s(eakin06 e1chan0es such as this are dou'tful. owe/er6 in the (resent case6 althou0h it o(ens the $ file for >hite6 >hite cannot (re/ent $lack from o'tainin0 the same ad/anta0e.
10. PxB P-QR3

$lack 0i/es u( the mo/e he has 0ained. !here is no <ustification for this6 as nothin0 (re/ents him from (roceedin0 with his de/elo(ment at once with 19. ... &astles.
11. BxKtc' PxB 12. P-QKt4

>hite is an1ious lest his 2t* should 'e made ='ackward= '% *54R@ and *5$@. !his is one of the draw'acks of the (remature ad/ance of the 4R*.
12. ... Castles KR 13. Castles Kt-Kt5 14. Q-K2 P-KB4 15. PxP BxP 16. P-K4 B-Q2 17. Kt-B4 Kt-B3

18. Kt-K3 P-Kt3 1;. P-B4

!his creates a weakness at 4@. Anim(ortant as it a((ears to 'e6 it is the cause of the loss of the 0ame6 as the o((osin0 2ni0ht 0ets in ultimatel%. !he dou'lin0 of the Rooks on the 2$ file would seem to 'e the 'est (lan.
1;. ... Kt-R4 20. P-Kt3

>hite3s weaknesses at 2$C and 2RC are more dama0in0 than the corres(ondin0 ones in the $lack cam(6 as $lack still (ossesses a $isho( of the same colour as the weakened sGuares. $ut the mo/e is now com(ulsor%H for were >hite to allow the $lack 2ni0ht to his 2$56 and to dri/e him off then with *5 2tC6 the 2ni0ht could (la% to his RE and (re/ent the dou'lin0 of the >hite Rooks.
20. ... B-R6 21. R-B2 Kt-Kt2 22. Q-Kt2

>hite 'e0ins to o(erate in the centre and on the 4 win06 as his (osition on the 2 side 'e0ins to 'e dou'tful. !he intention is to (la% *54@6 which6

howe/er6 $lack o((oses at once.

22. ... Kt-K3

Di"#r"$ %0,. If now >hite (la%s *54@6 he loses a (iece '% *1*H B@. 2t1*N6 R1RH
25. KxR= Q-B3c'. 23. R-K1

!he Rook has no future here6 and R5416 in order to (la% *54@6 is more lo0ical. $ut as $lack o'/iousl% threatens to dou'le his Rooks on the 2$ file6 it

would 'e ad/isa'le to (la% for an e1chan0e of Rooks6 withJ 2t52tB6 4R5$1 and 2t521.
23. ... R-B2 24. QR-K2 QR-KB1 25. Kt-K1 Kt-Q5 26. R-Q2 Q-Kt4 27. Kt3K34-Kt2 BxKt 28. KxB

2t1$ is frustrated '% 2t5$Ech.

28. ... Q-K6

)ll the $lack forces are now in action6 and >hite has no defence6 as his (ieces can hardl% mo/e.
2;. K-B1 Kt-Kt6< Res&!%s.

If R52B or $B6 there follows R1RchH C1. R1R6 2t5 48chH CB. 412t6 414. !AME NO. White: M"rsh"44. (4"56: T"rr"s5h. M"? L"n#e Att"56.
1. P-K4 P-K4 2. P-Q4 PxP

3. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 4. B-QB4 B-B4 5. Castles Kt-B3

$lack can a/oid the com(lications of the -a1 Lan0e attack '% 5. ... *54C. In that case >hite cannot reco/er the (awn6 and in order to de/elo( his 42t effecti/el%6 would ha/e to (la% *5$C6 aimin0 at ra(id de/elo(ment in return6 after E. ... *1*H 8. 2t1*. $ut $lack can frustrate this (lan either '% (ushin0 his (awn to 4E6 so that the 42t is 'arred from the sGuare $C6 or '% (la%in0 $522t5 with this (ro'a'le continuationJ 8. 452tC6 $12tH 7. $1*ch6 25$1H 9. *1$6 2t5$C6 and $lack has the 'etter 0ame6 for >hite3s 2in03s side is 'roken u( and his (ieces unde/elo(ed6 while $lack has (ros(ects of attack on the o(en 2$ file.
6. P-K5 P-Q4 7. PxKt PxB 8. R-K1c' B-K3 ;. Kt-Kt5 Q-Q4

Di"#r"$ %0-. !his is the t%(ical (osition in the -a1 Lan0e attack. >ith his ninth mo/e >hite threatened to win a (iece '% 2t1$ and 45R5ch. $lack could not (arr% the threat '% 9. ... 454C6 on account of *1* followed '% 2t52@5 $Ech. !he (osition in the dia0ram a((ears to 'e fa/oura'le for $lack6 as all his minor (ieces are in (la%6 whilst >hite3s de/elo(ment is somewhat restricted '% $lack3s stron0 (awns at 4$5 and 45. "or a lon0 time this o(enin0 has not 'een (la%ed in tournaments6 'ein0 considered unsatisfactor% for >hite. >ith the (resent 0ame6 and his new mo/e of 15. $5RE6 -arshall has reo(ened the Guestion as to whether >hite3s attack on

the 2 file (lus the (awn at 22t8 is sufficientl% tem(tin0.

10. Kt-QB3 Q-B4 11. QKt-K4 Castles QR

!his is im(erati/e. If $lack retires the $isho( from his unsafe (osition6 >hite (ermanentl% (re/ents $lack from castlin06 which is 'ound to 'e fatal in /iew of the o(en 2 file55e.0. 11. ... $5 2tCH 1B. *1*6 R522t1H 1C. *522t@6 452tCH 1@. 2t1$6 *12tH l5. $5 2t56 R1*H 1E. 45$C with a /iolent attack.
12. KtxQB

If >hite tries to win the e1chan0e in the followin0 wa%J 1B. *5 22t@6 452@OH 1C. 2t52$C6 454@H 1@. *1* followed '% 2t5$E6 $lack can initiate a (romisin0 counter attack '% 1@. ... $1*OOH 15. *1R546 R14H 1E. 2t5$E6 412tH 18. 4146 $14. In this case >hite e1(oses his 2in03s side '% *522t@ in order to 'enefit from the unsta'le (osition of the $lack 2$6 'ut unless care is taken6 he can easil% fall a /ictim to an attack on the o(en 22t file
12. ... PxKt 13. P-KKt4 Q-K4

Not 454@6 on account of *1* and 2t5$E.

14. PxP KR-Kt1 15. B-R6

!his is -arshall3s inno/ation. It 0ets the $isho( out of (la%6 as *52t5 must necessaril% follow6 %et the (awn at 2t8 holds the $lack Rook6 and there is a (ermanent threat of 2t5$E either winnin0 the e1chan0e or6 if the 2ni0ht is taken6 0i/in0 >hite a (air of formida'le (assed (awns.
15. ... P-Q6 16. P-B3 B-Q3

!his is Guite to >hite3s likin06 since he wishes to ad/ance Ids centre (awns. $lack3s onl% chance of esca(in0 disaster would 'eJ $52B6 with R54B6 2t5 415$B. Instead of this6 his ne1t few mo/es do not re/eal an% concerted (lan6 and he loses in a sur(risin0l% short time.
17. P-B4 Q-Q4 18. Q-B3 B-K2 1;. P-Kt5 Q-B4 20. Kt-Kt3 Q-B2

In manoeu/rin0 his 46 $lack has achie/ed nothin0 either for counter attack or defence. Now >hite has numerous attackin0 chances. e first turns his

attention to the 2*.

21. Q-Kt4 QR-K1 22. R-K4< P-Kt4 23. P-QR4

and now e/en the 4R takes (art in the assault. $lack3s 0ame is ho(eless.
23. ... P-R3 24. PxP PxP 25. K-Kt2

attackin0 the 2* '% a/oidin0 the check.

25. ... Kt-Q1 26. Q-B3 Q-Kt3 27. R-Q4 P-B3 28. RxKtc' KxR 2;. QxP Res&!%s.

)fter this6 no master has tried to defend a =-a1 Lan0e= in an international tournament. !AME NO. . White: (4"5678rne. (4"56: E$. L"s6er. S5ot5h !"$e.

1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. P-Q4 PxP 4. KtxP B-B4 5. B-K3 Q-B3

!he threat 2t12t and $1$ must 'e met in some wa%. *54C is not satisfactor%6 for $lack remains with a tre'led (awn after the dou'le e1chan0e. )n alternati/e to the te1t mo/e is $52tC. 45$C6 howe/er6 has the ad/anta0e of de/elo(in0 a (iece6 and althou0h it is the 4ueen6 >hite has no earl% o((ortunit% of dri/in0 the same off6 such as he often o'tains when the 4ueen comes out so soon in the 0ame.
6. P-QB3 KKt-K2 7. Kt-B2

In order to de/elo( the 42t.

7. ... P-QKt3<

#ut of three (ossi'le mo/es6 Lasker selects the one which contri'utes most to de/elo(ment. $52tC does nothin0 in that direction6 and $1$ would 'rin0 the >hite 2ni0ht further into (la%. !he te1t mo/e (re(ares the de/elo(ment of the $ at 2tB with the

o(tion of &astles 4R. If >hite e1chan0es $isho(s he 0i/es u( the command of his 4@. $lack3s *54C mi0ht ha/e had the same result6 'ut then the e1chan0e would ha/e 0i/en >hite a ma<orit% of (awns on the 2 side6 whilst >hite3s three 4 side (awns would ha/e held the 'lack 4 side (awns6 one of the latter 'ein0 dou'led.
8. Kt-Q2 Q-Kt3

!he e1chan0e of $isho(s allows >hite to (la% 2t5 2C6 thus a/oidin0 the weakenin0 mo/e *52 2tC. 9. $52$@ is answered '% *54@O.
;. BxB PxB 10. Kt-K3 R-QKt1 11. P-QKt3 Castles 12. B-B4

!o (re/ent $lack3s *5$@. )t first si0ht it seems as if the 4$* ou0ht to mo/e to $@6 as the ad/ance of the 42t* has weakened it. $ut >hite dares not allow a $lack 2ni0ht to settle at 45.
12. ... P-Q3 13. P-B4<

Di"#r"$ %0.. $lack threatens to (la% 25R1 in order to (la% *5$@. >hite3s (osition would then 'e /er% 'ad6 and therefore he ri0htl% decides to antici(ate the mo/e6 e/en at the cost of a (awn. In order to 0ain the 4$* $lack must waste a num'er of mo/es with the 46 and >hite 0ains time for a 2in03s side attack. !he (awn sacrifice is /er% (romisin0 indeed.
13. ... Q-B3 14. Castles QxQBP 15. R-B3

!here seem to 'e man% threats here6 and the (osition is a difficult one to fathom. )fter disentan0lin0 his 4ueen6 $lack tries /er% hard to force his *5$@. )s soon as he succeeds in this he has a won 0ame6 for the o(en file is a/aila'le 'oth for defence and counter5attack.
15. ... Q-Q5 16. K-R1 B-K3 17. R-QB1 BxB 18. RxB Q-Kt7

45$C is im(ossi'le a(art from the fact that it would 'lock the 2$*6 e.0. 17. ... 45$CH 19. *5256 *1*H B9. 2t52@6 etc.
1;. R-QB2 Q-B3

Now the attack shown in the last note could 'e answered with 45R5.
20. Kt-Kt4

ere *522t@ could 'e answered '% 2t5456 e.0. B1. *52t56 452tCH
22. R-Kt3= P-B4. 20. ... Q-Kt3 21. R-Kt3 P-B4

22. Kt-K5 Q-K3 23. KtxKt KtxKt 24. P-K5 Kt-Kt5<

!his (re/ents the Rook from occu(%in0 the 4 file which is a'out to 'e o(ened.
25. R-B4 PxP 26. Q-R1 Q-Q2<

If now 41*6 $lack (la%s R5$B with unanswera'le threats of R521 or

Q1. 27. Kt-B3 PxP 28. Kt-K5 Q-K2 2;. RxKBP QR-K1 30. Kt-B4 Q-K8c' 31. R-B1 QxQ 32. RxQ KtxP 33. P-R3 P-B5 34. R-Q3 Kt-Kt5 35. R-Q7 P-B6< 36. PxP RxP

37. RxRP Kt-Q6

threatens mate in si1.

38. R-R1 Kt-K8

mate is a0ain threatened.

3;. Kt-Q2 RxPc' 40. K-Kt1 R-Kt6c' 41. K-R2 R-Q6< 42. RxKt RxKtc' 43. RxR RxR 44. R-Q7 R-K6 45. RxP RxP 46. RxP P-R3 47. R-B6

) few more mo/es =for fun.=

47. ... K-R2 48. K-Kt2 P-R4 4;. R-R6 P-Kt3 50. R-R4 K-R3 51. R-QB4 R-Kt7c'

52. K-Kt3 K-Kt4 53. R-B3 P-R5c' 54. K-R3 K-R4 55. R-B4 R-Kt6c' 56. K-R2 P-Kt4 57. R-R4 R-Kt7c' 58. K-Rs, P-R6 5;. R-QB4 P-Kt5 60. K-Kts, P-Kt6 61. R-B5c' K-Kt3 62. R-Bs, K-B4 63. R-Rs, R-Q7 64. R-Ks, K-B5 65. R-Rs, K-K6 66. R-R3c' R-Q6 67. R-Rs, K-K7 Res&!%s.

!AME No. / White: S"4;e. (4"56: M"rsh"44. T;o De>en5e

ni#hts'

1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. B-B4 Kt-B3 4. Kt-Kt5

!his attack ma% 'e tem(tin06 as the $* cannot 'e (rotected6 'ut it is a0ainst that elementar% (rinci(le which sa%s that no attack should 'e undertaken in the o(enin0 until the minor (ieces are mo'ilised6 (ro/ided of course that $lack also has made sound o(enin0 mo/es. !here is e/er% likelihood that the attack in the (resent instance will lead to nothin0. It has taken man% %ears to find the correct re(l%6 'ut now that it is known6 the o(enin0 has (racticall% disa((eared from master (ractice. Instead of the mo/e in the te1t6 >hite can (la% either *54C6 leadin0 almost una/oida'l% to a drawin0 /ariation of the Giuoco (iano6 or &astles which mi0ht 'rin0 a'out the -a1 Lan0e attack after @. ...
B-B4> 5. P-Q4= PxP. 4. ... P-Q4 5. PxP Kt-QR4<

!his is a t%(ical (osition in the !wo 2ni0hts3 defence. !he former continuation 5. ... 2t14* has lon0 'een a'andoned6 as the attack that >hite can

initiate '% E. 2t1$*6 212tH 8. 45$Cch6 forcin0 the $lack 2in0 to 2C6 is dan0erous thou0h the result is uncertain. !he mo/e in the te1t 'reaks the attack from the /er% first6 and $lack 0ets the ad/anta0e

Di"#r"$ %0/. as he can 0ain time '% attackin0 the two minor (ieces which it should 'e noted6 are unsu((orted6 and in addition o'tain a s(eed% de/elo(ment6 worth more than the (awn 0i/en u( for it.
6. P-Q3

$52t5ch is an alternati/e. !he ad/anta0e is $lack3s

in this case also55e.0. *5$CH 8. *1*6 *1*H 7. $52B6 *5 2RCH 9. 2t52$C6 *525H 19. 2t5256 45$BH 11. *54@6 $54C (or *1* e.(. followed '% $54C)H 1B. *52$@6 *1* e.(.H 1C. 2t1*6 2t52t5 or 11. *5$@6 $54CH 1B. *5 4@6 *1* e.(.H 1C 2t1*6 &astles. $lack has an eas% 0ame and o(en lines.
6. ... P-KR3 7. Kt-KB3 P-K5 8. Q-K2 KtxB ;. PxKt B-QB4 10. KKt-Q2

!he 2ni0ht must mo/e sooner or later.

10. ... Castles 11. Kt-Kt3 B-KKt5 12. Q-B1

) sorr% retreat6 'ut the (lausi'le 454B would 'e disastrous6 e.0.
P-K6<> 13. PxP= Kt-K5 a%d Q-R5c' 12. ... B-Kt5c'

$lack3s su(erior de/elo(ment 'e0ins to tell in no uncertain fashion. Now >hite can neither (la% 1C. $54B on account of $1$chH 1@. 42t1$6 R5216

followed '% *52E6 nor 1C. 2t5$C on account of $12tH 1@. *D$6 *5$C re0ainin0 the (awn and maintainin0 (ositional ad/anta0e. >hite has therefore no alternati/e 'ut *5$C6 which weakens his 4C6 where a $lack 2ni0ht soon settles down.
13. P-B3 B-K2 14. P-KR3 B-R4 15. P-Kt4 B-Kt3

)t last >hite can castle. e can6 of course6 onl% castle on the 4ueen3s side6 'ecause his 2in03s side (awns are shattered. Now 0ames in which the 2in0s castle on different win0s are more or less 'e%ond calculation6 as (ointed out 'efore. #n the whole6 the (la%er who first attacks wins. $ut e1(erience has shown that the 4ueen3s side is more difficult to defend on account of its 0reater e1(anse6 and this theor% is su((orted '% the (resent 0ame. In addition6 >hite3s de/elo(ment is not com(leted %et6 whilst all the $lack forces are read% to strike.
16. B-K3 Kt-Q2 17. QKt-Q2 Kt-K4 18. Castles P-Kt4

Stormin0 the (osition with (awns is (eculiar to this kind of 0ame. !he intention is to 'reak u( the

o((osin0 (awn (osition6 and to o(en files for the Rooks. *awns are chea( in such cases. #(en lines for the (ieces are the thin0s that matter6 and the fewer (awns there are left6 the more o(en lines are a/aila'le for the attack.
1;. PxP Kt-Q6c' 20. K-Kt1 QxP 21. K-R1

!he 2in0 was not safe on the dia0onal. >hite wishes to (ush on his 2in03s side (awns (*5$@5$56 and so on). $ut after *1* e.(. there would 'e a fatal disco/ered check '% the $lack 2ni0ht.
22. ... QxP

$lack3s ad/anta0e 'ecomes more marked. e has reco/ered his (awn6 and for the ensuin0 attacks on 'oth sides he is 'etter (laced6 ha/in0 alread% two o(en files for his Rooks.
22. P-KB4 P-QR4 23. QR-Kt1 P-KB4 24. Kt-Q4 Q-R5<

Di"#r"$ %%0. !he (osition 'ristles with chances for darin0 sacrifices. )fter B5. 2t1$*6 for instance6 $lack could (la% R12tOH BE. *1R6 2t52t5H B8. *12t6 *1*H B7. *5RC (45$@chN6 $5 $B)6 $5$CH B9. 25RB6 41*chH
30. PxQ= RxP 0ate. 25. P-Kt3 Q-Q2 26. PxP BxP 27. Q-Kt2 P-B4

>hite3s com(ulsor% B5. *52tC has weakened his

4$C6 and the mo/e in the te1t is intended to o(en the dia0onal 2$C54$E for the $lack $isho(.
28. KtxB QxKt 2;. QxP B-B3 30. Q-B4c' K-R1 31. Kt-K4 QR-K1

>hite cannot (arr% all the threats at once. !hou0h he 0ets rid of the threatenin0 $6 he lets in the hostile R on the 2 file and the end cannot lon0 'e dela%ed.
32. KtxB RxKt 33. B-B1 KR-K3 34. B-R3 R-K7 35. KR-Q1 Kt-K8 36. BxP Kt-B7c' 37. K-Kt2 Kt-Kt5c'

and mate at R8 or $8. !AME No. %0 White: Tei5h$"nn. (4"56: A$"te8rs in 5ons84t"tion. T;o ni#hts' De>en5e.
1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3

3. B-B4 Kt-B3 4. Castles

Di"#r"$ %%%. !he idea underl%in0 this (awn sacrifice is to o(en the 2 file for the Rook. It will 'e seen that6 with correct (la%6 $lack mana0es to castle <ust in time6 and >hite6 thou0h winnin0 'ack his (awn6 has no ad/anta0e in (osition. !he o(enin0 is seldom (la%ed '% modern masters. Instead of the mo/e in the te1t6 >hite can hardl% defend the 2* with 2t5$C6 as $lack sim(l% ca(tures the (awn and reco/ers his (iece '% *54@6 with a

satisfactor% (osition. It is e/en 'etter for $lack if >hite (la%s E. $1*ch in re(l% to 5. ... 2t1*. !he ca(ture of >hite3s 2* is far more im(ortant than that of the $lack 2$*6 (articularl% as the >hite $isho(6 which could 'e dan0erous on the dia0onal 4RB522t76 is e1chan0ed6 e.0. E. ... 21$H 8. 2t12t6 *54@H 7. 2t52t5ch6 252t1O $lack continues *52RC6 25RB6 R5$1 and has o(en lines for Rooks and $isho(s.
4. ... KtxP

$lack can6 of course6 de/elo( his $5$@. !hen he must either su'mit to the -a1 Lan0e attack (5. *54@6 *1*) or (la% $1*6 0i/in0 u( the useful $6 in which case he loses the (awn 0ained after E. 2t1$6 2t12tH 8. *52$@6 *54CH 7. *1*6 *1*H 9. $522t56 and e/entuall% 45$C.
5. P-Q4 R-K1 at o%ce wo1ld lead to %ot'&%!. 5. ... PxP 6. R-K1 P-Q4 7. BxP< QxB 8. Kt-B3

Di"#r"$ %%&. !his attack has 'een anal%sed e1tensi/el% '% Steinit;. !he onl% sGuare where the 4ueen cannot 'e attacked at once '% the minor (ieces is at 4I. )fter 7. ... 454I6 $lack o'tains Guite a satisfactor% 0ameJ 9. R12tch6 $5 2BH 19. 2t1*6 *5$@. !his is *ills'ur%3s mo/e6 intendin0 to dis(lace the Rook. $lack has then o(en lines for his two $isho(s as com(ensation for his shattered (awn (osition. 11. R52$@6 &astlesH 1B. 2t12t6 414chH 1C. 2t146 *12t. Now it is not eas% to find a reasona'le (lan for >hite6 as $lack threatens to cram( >hite3s 0ame with $54C and *5$5. It is therefore necessar% for >hite to take measures a0ainst that '% (la%in0 R5$@ and $5$@.

If $lack still (la%s $54C6 $5$@ follows6 with the intention of e1chan0in0 and of (ro/okin0 $lack3s *5$@6 which lea/es the 4* ='ackward.=
8. ... Q-KR4 ;. KtxKt B-K2 10. B-Kt5 B-K3 11. BxB KtxB 12. Kt-Kt3 Q-R3 13. QxP Castles KR 14. QR-Q1

Now >hite is ahead with his de/elo(ment6 ha/in0 'oth Rooks in (la% and his 4ueen 'etter (laced. Nor can the latter 'e attacked '% R5416 as >hite would sim(l% (la% 41R. #n the 4ueen 'ein0 dri/en awa% '% the $lack 2ni0ht6 he e1chan0es the latter and (la%s the 4ueen 'ack into the same dominatin0 (osition6 e/entuall% (roducin0 a dislocation of the $lack 4ueen3s side (awns.
14. ... Kt-B3 15. Q-QR4 QR-Q1 16. Kt-Q4< KtxKt 17. RxKt RxR

18. QxR P-QKt3 1;. Q-K5 P-QB4

It is instructi/e to watch how this /er% sli0ht weakness created '% $lack3s ad/ance of his (awns 'rin0s him into trou'le. ) >hite 2ni0ht settles down at his 4E6 which is no lon0er 0uarded '% the $lack 4$*6 and (aral%ses the whole of $lack3s 0ame. )nother factor in >hite3s su(eriorit% of (osition is the (ossession of the 2in03s file. !he $lack Rook cannot mo/e until the 2in0 0ets a loo(hole '% a (awn mo/e. )s we ha/e seen6 such a (awn mo/e often affords an entr% to the o((osin0 (ieces.
20. P-KB4 B-B1

Not $1*6 of course6 'ecause of *542tC and 452tB. !he $isho( which cannot remain at 2C is to 0o to 2tB6 so that the threat of mate after 454$C ma% also hold u( a >hite (iece.
21. P-B5 B-Kt2 22. Q-K7 Q-QB3 23. R-K2 P-B3

&om(ulsor%6 as otherwise *5$E forces the 2t* to ad/ance6 which is fatal in an% case. )fter *52tC6 >hite would co/er his $* and (la% his 4 to 2RE. #n the other hand6 after *1* there is 2t5R55$E6 and

$lack is in a matin0 net.

24. Kt-K4 Q-Q4 25. Kt-Q6 B-B3

!he threat was 41Rch and R527 mate.

26. P-KR3

in order to retreat to RB in case of 4547ch. In a wa% *52RC creates a certain weakness6 as the sGuare at 2tC is now defenceless6 'ut $lack has no (ieces with which to take ad/anta0e of itJ his Rook cannot mo/e6 his $isho( is on the >hite sGuares. If $lack had a 2$ instead6 the mo/e would 'e /er% dou'tful6 'ecause then $lack mi0ht 'reak in throu0h >hite3s 22tC.
26. ... P-B5

>hite3s threat was to re(el the $lack 4ueen '% *5$@ and to mate in fi/e mo/es6 'e0innin0 with 452Ech.
27. P-B3 P-KR3

Di"#r"$ %%'. !his dis(oses of the winnin0 of the 4ueen '% the threatened mate. $ut it creates a weakness at $lack3s 2tC6 which >hite e1(loits in 0rand st%le. e decides to (la% the 2in0 himself to 2tE6 threatenin0 mate at 2t8. In s(ite of se/eral raids '% the $lack 4ueen6 this Guaint de/ice is crowned with success. !he weakness created '% *52RC could not 'e demonstrated more drasticall%.
28. K-R2 P-QKt4 2;. K-Kt3 P-QR4 30. K-R4 P-Kt3

If >hite were to (la% *1* now6 $lack would mate him one mo/e earlier (452t@). #f course he (arries the threat first6 and $lack is hel(less.
31. R-K3 QxKtP 32. R-Kt3 Q-B7

)fter *52t@ch >hite could not (la% CC. 252t@ on account of the (rett% mate '% $5$E. e would (la% 25R552tE.
33. PxP Q-B5c' 34. R-Kt4 Q-B7c' 35. K-R5 Res&!%s.

) most instructi/e 0ame6 showin0 how the su(erior (osition of the (ieces can lead indirectl% to a win6 '% reducin0 the o((onent3s (ieces 0raduall% to im(otence and com(ellin0 him to mo/e (awns6 there'% affordin0 o((ortunities for a decisi/e entr%. !AME No. %% White: S5h4e5hter. (4"56: J"no;s6i. R8@ Lo=eA 15o$="re =. *03.
1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. B-Kt5 Kt-B3

4. Castles KtxP

) continuation6 which has latel% 0ained in fa/our6 isJ *54C and

B-K2 3see p. 3;4. 5. P-Q4 B-K2

It is clearl% /er% dan0erous to 0ratif% >hite3s wish for an o(en file '% (la%in0 *1*. !he mo/e ma% 'e (la%a'le in the s%stem of defence called the =Ri0a /ariation= (see Game No. 18). ere it would 'e ad/anta0eous to 'e a'le to close the 2$3s dia0onal. It is 'etter when intendin0 to (la% the =Ri0a /ariation= to ha/e (la%ed *54RC on the third mo/e.
6. Q-K2 Kt-Q3 7. BxKt KtPxB 8. PxP Kt-Kt2 ;. Kt-B3 Castles 10. R-K1 R-K1

!he manoeu/re cited on (. @96 namel% 2t5$@52C6 which makes *54@ (ossi'le6 is essential for the de/elo(ment of the 4$. $lack loses the (resent 0ame 'ecause >hite is a'le to kee( the $isho( shut in (ermanentl%

11. Q-B4 Kt-B4

so that the (awn $C should not 'e =han0in0= when the 4* mo/es.
12. Kt-KKt5< BxKt 13. BxB QxB 14. QxKt R-K3

Di"#r"$ %%*. )fter the e1chan0es the (osition is clearl% in fa/our of >hite. )0ainst an unde/elo(ed $6 which also ham(ers a Rook6 his 2ni0ht is mo'ile. !he $lack 4ueen3s side

(awns are weak6 and 0i/e >hite winnin0 chances e/en if $lack succeeds in (la%in0 *54@ and 'rin0in0 the $isho( into (la%. !he mo/e in the te1t6 which co/ers the (awn at $C6 a0ain (re(ares for *54@.
15. Q-Q4 B-Kt2

!he onl% chance la% in the (awn sacrifice '% *54$@6 after which the $isho( 0ets to 2tB with a threat of mate6 and the 4R is free.
16. Q-QKt4 B-B1 17. Kt-K4

"ine (la%. If $lack ca(tures the (awn6 >hite o'tains a com'ined attack with 46 R6 and 2t6 to which $lack can onl% o((ose the 46 so that the result cannot 'e in dou't55e.0. 18. ... 412*H 17. 2t5 $56 454CH 19. 45 4$@6 R1RchH B9. R1R6 *52RCH B1. R527ch6 25RBH BB. 452@ch6 *52tC (452tCNH BC. 4146 followed '% 2t1*)H BC. 2t54C and
R-K7. 17. ... Q-K2 18. Kt-B5 R-Kt3 1;. R-K3 P-QR4 20. Q-Q4 R-Kt1

21. P-QB4

(re/entin0 R52t@
21. ... P-R3 22. P-QKt3 K-R2 23. R-Q1 Q-Kt4 24. R-Kt3 Q-B4 25. RxR PxR

$lack has 'uilt a wall of (awns round his 2in06 'ut it does not a/ail a0ainst the su(erior forces which >hite can concentrate. >hite3s (lan is clear. e will ad/ance his (awns6 and 'reak u( those that surround the $lack 2in06 alwa%s takin0 care that $lack does not free his 4ueen3s side meanwhile. is (ieces will then 'reak in easil%6 and $lack is forced to look on (assi/el%.
26. P-KR3 R-R1 27. P-QR4

to (re/ent the sacrifice of a (awn '% *5R56 which would 'rin0 the $lack Rook into (la%.
27. ... R-Kt1 28. R-Q3 Q-Kt4

2;. K-R2 Q-K2 30. P-B4 Q-B2 31. P-K6<<

Di"#r"$ %%+. ) 'eautiful mo/e which ro's $lack of his last chance of freein0 his 4ueen3s side6 which he mi0ht ha/e accom(lished '% the (awn sacrifice of *54C.
31. ... PxP 32. Q-K5 Q-K2 33. P-KKt4 R-Kt5

34. K-Kt3 R-Kt3 35. P-R4 Q-B1 36. P-R5 PxP 37. QxRP R-Kt1 38. Q-K5 R-Kt3 3;. P-Kt5 P-R4 40. P-Kt6c'

!he end is near. $lack must take6 as 41R* forces a s(eed%

40. ... KxP 41. Q-Kt5c' K-R2 42. QxRPc' K-Kt1 43. Q-Kt5

threatenin0 R547
43. ... K-B2 44. R-Q8 Q-K2 45. Q-R5c' Res&!%s.

Loss of the 4ueen and mate in a few mo/es cannot 'e (re/ented. $lack has (la%ed the whole 0ame (racticall% with two (ieces less6 and the mate was

reall% onl% a matter of time. !AME No. %& White: Tei5h$"nn. (4"56: R87instein. R8@ Lo=eA 1see =. '-3.
1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. B-Kt5 P-QR3 4. B-R4

$% e1chan0in0 the $isho( >hite could not (ro/e *5 4RC to 'e a lost mo/e6 for $lack6 '% retakin0 with the 4*6 o'tains o(en lines for 4 and 4$6 and in addition to an eas% de/elo(ment6 retains two $isho(s. !his is a set5off a0ainst a certain weakness in $lack3s 0ame6 which ma% 'e found in the fact that after *54@6 *1*6 >hite has four (awns to three on the 2in03s side6 while his three (awns on the 4ueen3s side are a'le to hold the four o((osin0 (awns6 one of which is dou'led. $ut this weakness can onl% tell in the end5 0ame6 which is too far ahead for (ractical (ur(oses6 and to which it ma% not come at all. )n e1am(le of the usual line of (la% will 'e found in Game No. 17.
4. ... Kt-B3 5. Castles B-K2

6. R-K1 P-QKt4 7. B-Kt3 P-Q3 8. P-B3

Di"#r"$ %%,.
8. ... Castles

In &a(a'lanca3s o(inion $lack should not castle 'efore >hite3s intentions in the centre ha/e 'een made clear. It makes a 0reat difference whether >hite (la%s his 4* to 4@ or to 4C onl%. If after 7. ... 42t5R@H 9. $5$B6 *5$@ >hite (la%sJ 19.

*54@6 his intention is to mo/e his (awn further to 45 as soon as $lack has castled6 and then to attack on the 2in03s win0 with 42t54B5$152C6 *522t@ and 2t5$5. "or this reason $lack should force >hite to disclose whether he intends to e1chan0e his 4* or to ad/ance it to 45. In the latter case $lack can refrain from castlin0 alto0ether and counter5attack on the 2in03s win06 e.0.6 19. *54@6 45$BH 11. *52RC6 $54BH 1B. 42t54B6 R54$1H if nowJ 1C. *545 then *5RC followed '% *52t@52t5 0i/es $lack man% chances. If on the contrar% 1C. *1*6 then $lack need no lon0er fear an attack on the 2in03s side after he has castled6 as his Rooks will ha/e a fa/oura'le o((ortunit% for o(eratin0 on the o(en 4ueen3s file. owe/er6 there is still the disad/anta0e for $lack of ha/in0 ad/anced 4ueen3s side (awns6 which are lia'le to attack (*5 4R@). !he 0ame takes a different course when $lack e1chan0es the (awns in the centre. !he continuation would then 'eJ 11. ... 2t5$CH 1B. 4 2t54B6 $54BH 1C. 2t5$16 *1*H 1@. *1*6 *1*H 15. $52t56 45 2tC. It is difficult to decide which side has the ad/anta0e. $lack has an e1tra (awn6 'ut >hite has the initiati/e. If in ,ia0. 11E6 after 7. ... &astles >hite (la%s 9. *54@ at once6 $lack has an o((ortunit% for the followin0

interestin0 attackJ 9. *54@6 $52t5H 19. $52C6 2t12*H 11. $5456 454BH 1B. $122t6 *54@H 1C. $5 $B6 *525 1@. *52RC6 $5R@H 15. 2t5256 $14H 1E. 2t146 $1$H 18. 2t1R6 R12t. >hite cannot take ad/anta0e of his Rooks6 as there is no o(en file6 whilst $lack threatens to initiate a stron0 attack with *5$@. )l<echin has anal%sed a /ariation of this line of (la%6 which he thinks leads finall% to >hite3s ad/anta0eJ 1B. *1*6 2t52t@H 1C. $12t6 $1$H 1@. *52RC6 $12tH 15. 41$6 2t1*H 1E. R12t6 *1RH 18. $1R6 $5$7H 17. 2t5RC6 4548. I dou't that >hite can win this 0ame.
;. P-Q3

In this less a00ressi/e continuation6 in which nothin0 is immediatel% attem(ted a0ainst $lack3s centre6 >hite (re(ares 0raduall% for a 2in03s side attack6 as in this 0ame with 2t54B5 $152tC. $ut $lack should o'tain time for o(erations in the centre.
;. ... Kt-QR4 10. B-B2 P-B4 11. QKt-Q2 Kt-B3 12. P-QR4

In man% /ariations of the Ru% Lo(e;6 this ad/ance is

alwa%s 0ood6 if $lack cannot a/oid e1chan0in0 the (awn6 'ecause the >hite 4ueen3s Rook6 which onl% 0ets into (la% with difficult%6 can either 'e e1chan0ed or hold the Rook3s file. In an% case the $lack 2ni0ht3s (awn is weak for the end50ame. If6 as in the (resent 0ame. $lack can (la% *52t56 *5R@ is useless and e/en dou'tful6 as the Rook3s (awn itself ma% 'ecome weak in the end5 0ame.
12. ... B-Kt2

!his causes the loss of the 0ame. In the Ru% Lo(e; the $isho( is nearl% alwa%s needed on the dia0onal 4$152RE6 to (re/ent a 2ni0ht from settlin0 at >hite3s 2$56 which otherwise cannot 'e re(elled e1ce(t '% *522tC6 a most undesira'le consummation. !he (ro(er continuation would ha/e 'een *52t56 $52C6 45$B and *54@6 ca(turin0 the 4ueen3s file. &om(are note to mo/e 1C in the ne1t 0ame.
13. Kt-B1 Q-B2 14. Kt-Kt3 P-Kt3

Di"#r"$ %%-. ere is the weakness. >hite first (ro/ides a0ainst $lack3s *54@6 and then starts a shar( attack on the 2in03s side.
15. B-Kt5 QR-Q1

*54@ at once is not feasi'le6 'ecause of $12t.

16. PxP PxP 17. Q-B1

!his 'rin0s the 4 awa% from her file6 which $lack could now secure '% *54@6 followed '% *1*.

17. ... KR-K1

!he (ro(er continuation is the one outlined in the note a'o/e.

18. P-R3

>hite has now am(le leisure to (re(are the ad/ance of his 2$*.
18. ... R-R1 1;. RxR RxR 20. Kt-R2 B-QB1 21. P-KB4 Kt-K1 22. P-B5 BxB 23. QxB Q-K2

$lack seeks sal/ation in e1chan0es6 which >hite6 of course6 tries to a/oid6 ha/in0 0ood (ros(ects of dri/in0 home his attack. is (ieces are concentrated on the 2in03s side6 whilst the $lack forces are scattered6 and una'le to 0et 'ack in time for the defence. -oreo/er6 it is likel% that the weakness at $lack3s 2RC and 2$C will (ro/e fatal as the $lack 2$ is e1chan0ed.
24. Q-R6 Q-B1 25. Q-B1 Q-Kt2

26. R-B1 P-Kt4

>hite was threatenin0 to (la% 2t52t@ with *1* and 2t5RE.

27. Kt-Kt4 Kt-B3 28. KtxKtc' QxKt

#ne of the attackin0 2ni0hts is eliminated. $ut there is another6 which forces the entr% at 2$E and 22tE.
2;. P-R4

to 0ain access for the >hite 4ueen at 2RE. If $lack6 ca(tures there followsJ C9. 2t5R56 4541H C1. 45RE6 45$1H CB. 2t5$Ech6 an instructi/e e1am(le of the weakness created '% *522tC.
2;. ... P-R3 30. Kt-R5 Q-Q1 31. P-B6

)ll this is eas% to understand.

31. ... K-R2 32. PxP B-Kt5 33. Kt-Kt7 K-Kt3 34. B-Q1 Q-Q2

35. Kt-B5 BxKt 36. PxBc' Res&!%s.

!he conclusion mi0ht 'eJ 25RBH C8. $5R56 *1*H C7. 41*6 R522t1H
3;. B-Kt6c'= PxB> 40. Q-R4 0ate.

!AME No. %' White: Tei5h$"nn. (4"56: S5h4e5hter. R8@ Lo=eA 1see =. '-3. -o/e 157 as in Game No. 1B.

Di"#r"$ %%..

;. P-Q3 Kt-QR4 10. B-B2 P-B4 11. QKt-Q2 Q-B2

Su((ortin06 as it does6 the 2*6 this is not a lost mo/e6 althou0h >hite has not (la%ed *54@. It (re(ares $lack3s *54@ (after 2t5 $C)6 the 2* 'ein0 full% (rotected a0ainst >hite3s dou'le attack '% *1*.
12. Kt-B1 Kt-B3 13. Kt-K3 B-Kt2

!he lo0ical mo/e would ha/e 'een $52C6 to enforce *54@. $lack is then /er% well de/elo(ed6 whilst >hite la'ours under a somewhat unde/elo(ed 4ueen3s side. )n attem(t to e1ert (ressure in the centre with *54@ in order to (re/ent $lack3s *54@ would 'e 'elated. $lack would 0ain the ad/anta0e '%J l@. ... 2*1*H 15. *1*6 *1*H 1E. 2t1*6 2t12tH 18. 412t6 2t52t5O Nor would $52t5 'efore 2t52C 'e more successfulH after $52CH 1@. 2t52C6 4R541H 15. *54@6 $*1*H 1E. *1*6 *1*H 18. 2t1*6 2t12tH 17. 412t6 45$@6 $lack has the 'etter chances in the end5 0ame. !he mo/e in the te1t is not 0ood 'ecause6 as we saw 'efore6 the $isho( is wanted on the other dia0onal to co/er the sGuare at 2$@.
14. Kt-B5 KR-K1

15. B-Kt5 Kt-Q2

E/en now it was desira'le to aim at *54@6 therefore 4R541 was (refera'le.
16. B-Kt3

!he (osition of the >hite (ieces (oints to a dan0erous menace to the o((osin0 2in03s side.
16. ... Kt-B1 17. B-Q5<<

!he 'e0innin0 of a 'rilliant com'ination. $12t is threatened6 and $lack must first co/er his $ at 2B.
17. ... Kt-Kt3 18. BxB KKtxB

42t1$ is not feasi'le6 'ecause of $1$ and 2t14*.

1;. BxPc'<< KxB 20. Kt-Kt5c'

Di"#r"$ %%/. 4uite a num'er of charmin0 com'inations are hidden in this (osition. If 252tC or 2t16 then B1. 2t12t*O If 25$C >hite can ca(ture the R* first with check.
20. ... K-Kt1 21. Q-R5 KtxKt 22. QxRPc' K-B1 23. QxKtc' K-Kt1 24. Q-Kt6<<<

!he (oint. !his (re/ents *52tC6 which would allow

$lack to 'rin0 u( his 4 for the defence at 2tB. Now nothin0 can 'e done a0ainst the threatenin0 R52C5 $C or RC.
24. ... Q-Q2 25. R-K 3 Res&!%s

) wonderful 0ame in which !eichmann6 the 0reat <ud0e of (osition6 (ro/es himself also a master in hand5to5hand fi0htin06 in the wild chaos of sacrificial com'inations. !AME No. %* White: S=ie4$"nn. (4"56: T"rr"s5h. R8@ Lo=eA 1see =. *%3.
1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. B-K+5 P-QR3 4. B-R4 Kt-B3 5. Castles Kt-P 6. P-Q4

Di"#r"$ %&0. In a 0ame 'etween Ri0a and $erlin *1* was tried for the first time6 a 'old /enture which antici(ates >hite3s desire to o(en the 2in03s file. )fter 8. R521 $lack can defend the 2t '% *54@6 'ut after 7. 2t1* >hite threatens a0ain to win the 2t '% *52$C6 'esides attackin0 the 42t a second time. owe/er6 $lack has a sur(risin0 answer in readiness. e initiates a /iolent counter attack which kee(s >hite 'us% until $lack6 '% castlin06 esca(es the dan0ers of the dou'le (in. (&om(are Game No. 18.)
6. ... P-QKt4

7. B-Kt3 P-Q4 8. P-QR4

!his 0i/es $lack an o((ortunit% of dis(osin0 of his 42t '% e1chan0in0 it6 there'% ena'lin0 him to round off his (awn (osition '% *54$@6 at the same time threatenin0 to cut off the $isho( '% *5$5. 7. *1* followed '% *5$C is the natural continuation6 as shown in the first (art of this 'ook6 'ecause the $isho(6 retreatin0 to $B6 can o(erate on a useful dia0onal.
8. ... QKtxP<

4R52t1 would not 'e so 0ood6 'ecause >hite o'tains an o(en file for his Rook. !he mo/e in the te1t is an a'solutel% /alid defence6 as was (ro/ed '% Schlechter in his match a0ainst Lasker.
;. KtxKt PxKt 10. Kt-B3

*1* and *5$C seems a more natural continuation.

10. ... KtxKt

Not *12t6 on account of $1*.

11. PxKt P-QB4 12. RPxP B-K2

in order to castle in re(l% to $5R@.

13. Q-B3

ere >hite should ha/e 0ot 'ack his second (awn '% *14*. If then 1C. ... *5$5H 1@. $5R@6 &astlesH 15. *1*6 $1*6 >hite (la%s *54$C6 (ro/idin0 a retreat for his R or $. )fter the mo/e in the te1t this manoeu/re 'ecomes im(ossi'le6 'ecause the $ after *5$C can 'e attacked twice 'ut has lost the su((ort of the 4ueen.
13. ... B-K3 14. RxP Castles 15. PxP P-B5 16. B-R2

Now the $isho( is hemmed in (ermanentl%H in other words6 $lack is a (iece u( and must win easil%. !herefore 1E. $5R@ was com(ulsor% in order to 0et at an% rate three (awns for the (iece6 thusJ 1E. ... $54BH 18. 41*6 R1RH 17. *1R6 $1$H 19. 41*.
16. ... RxR 17. PxR Q-R4 18. B-Kt1 P-B6 1;. Q-Kt3

>hite tries to work u( an attack on the 2in03s side

while $lack is still occu(ied on the other win0.

1;. ... R-B1 20. P-B4 B-KB4 21. R-K1 B-B3 22. K-R1

In order to answer $14* '% BC. $52C and *5R86 BB. ... 41* is not feasi'le 'ecause of 41*.
22. ... P-R3 23. P-R3 R-Kt1 24. B-K3 QxP 25. R-Q1 Q-R8 26. Q-K1

Di"#r"$ %&%. !he seGuel forms an instructi/e e1am(le of how su(erior de/elo(ment can afford winnin0 chances e/en when there is no immediate (ros(ect of material 0ain. !he o((osin0 (ieces are 0raduall% constricted until the defendin0 lines are weakened '% com(ulsor% (awn mo/es. In the (resent (osition $lack Guietl% sets to work to 'rin0 his $isho(s to 'ear on the >hite 2in0.
26. ... B-K5 27. K-R2 B-K2 28. Q-B1

to free his 0ame somewhat with *5$56 which $lack (re/ents at once.
28. ... P-B4 2;. R-K1 B-R5

$ein0 (ro'a'l% short of time6 $lack makes a few irrele/ant mo/es. If his aim was not the o(enin0 of the 22t file 'ut the su'seGuent sacrifice of the 4ueen6 he mi0ht ha/e (la%ed 452t8 at once6 followed '% 452t@.
30. P-Kt3 B-K2 31. B-B2 B-Q3 32. R-B1 K-R2 33. R-K1 R-Kt3 34. R-B1 B-R6 35. R-K1 Q-Kt7 36. Q-K2 R-Kt5 37. R-Kt1 R-Kt3

#therwise >hite mi0ht em'ark u(on a counter attack6 'e0innin0 with *52t@. Now this is im(ossi'le on account of R52tC.
38. R-K1 Q-Kt4

3;. Q-R5

)fter the e1chan0e of 4ueens6 $lack would win easil% '% R52t8. C9. $5RB also fails on account of 414H @9. R146 R52t8H @1. $52tC6 $54EOH @B. R5256 $1*6 and the (assed (awn costs a Rook. >ith the te1t mo/e6 >hite (ro/okes the sacrifice of the 4ueen at 2t 76 a((arentl% not seein0 the fine continuation at $lack3s dis(osal on the fort%5first mo/e.
3;. ... QxB< 40. RxQ RxR 41. P-Kt4

&om(ulsor%. $52t1 would 'e followed '% R54$76 etc.

41. ... B-B8<< Res&!%s.

!here mi0ht follow @B. 252tC6 *52tCH @C. 45R@6 $1*chH @@. 21$6 *5 2t@ch6 and so on. @l. ... $54C would ha/e 0i/en >hite a little res(ite6 thou0h his 0ame would still ha/e 'een ho(eless after *1* and R5 27. !AME No. %+ White: A4Be5hin. (4"56: Nie$Ao;its5h. R8@ Lo=eA 1see =. *%3.

1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. B-Kt5 P-QR3 4. B-R4 Kt-B3 5. Castles KtxP 6. P-Q4 P-QKt4 7. B-Kt3 P-Q4 8. PxP B-K3 ;. P-B3 B-K2 10. R-K1

Di"#r"$ %&&. !his is one of the most im(ortant (ositions in the Ru% Lo(e;. $lack has the 'etter de/elo(ment6 'ut his centre is less secure. >hilst >hite has a (awn secured in the centre6 $lack has a 2ni0ht there which will soon 'e dri/en awa%. >hite3s 4@6 the 'asis of his centre6 is entirel% in his hands6 while $lack3s 4@ is e1(osed to a stead% (ressure '% the >hite (ieces. "inall% $lack3s 4 2t is unfa/oura'l% (laced6 o'structin0 as it does the 4$* and (re/entin0 it from fallin0 into line with its fellows. In *etro0rad6 19996 Lasker tried the followin0 new defenceJ 2t5$@ followed '% $52t56 0i/in0 u( the mo/es 0ained 'efore in order to relie/e the (ressure on

the $lack 4* and to e1chan0e the same ultimatel% at 45. !he /arious (ossi'ilities of the (osition ha/e 'een discussed in connection with ,ia0. BB. It ma% 'e added that after 19. ... &astlesH 42t54B is surel% a 'etter mo/e than the usual 2t54@6 as the 4ueen3s side should 'e de/elo(ed 'efore undertakin0 an attack (11. ... 454BNH 1B. 2t1$6 followed '% R12t). "or a lon0 time it was thou0ht that after 2t54@ $lack had to e1chan0e 2ni0hts6 which ena'les >hite to make the (awn at 4$8 ='ackward= '% $52C. "or $lack must first (la% *52RC to 0uard his 2t a0ainst the threat of *5$C and *52R@. owe/er6 a sensational inno/ation which refutes the 2t3s mo/e was introduced in $reslau in 191B. It is the followin0 sacrificeJ 19. ... &astlesH 11. 2t5 4@6 2t12*OH 1B. *5$C6 $54COOH 1C. *12t6 $52t5OOH 1@. 454B6 45R5 with an o/er(owerin0 attack.
10. ... Kt-B4 11. B-B2 B-Kt5 12. Q Kt-Q2 Castles 13. Kt-Kt3 Kt-K5

ere Lasker (la%ed 2t52C a0ainst :anowski (*aris6 191B)6 'ut it (ro/ed to 'e inferior6 'ecause 1@. 454C disor0anises $lack3s 2in03s side forci'l%. !he mo/e in the te1t is not reall% a (awn sacrifice. )fter 1@. $12t6 *1$H 15. 4146 4R14H 1E. 22t54@6

2t12tH 18. 2t12t6 R54@6 >hite cannot (la% 17. R1*6 'ecause of *54$@H 19. 2t5$B6 $5$@ or 19. 2t5 $C6 R547chH B9. 2t5216 $5$@H B1. R52B6 $54EH BB. R52C6 $5 2t@.
14. B-B4 P-B4 15. PxP e.p. KtxP3B34 16. Q-Q3 Kt-K5:

!his loses the 4$*6 and weakens the 4*. $lack mi0ht ha/e tried $12tH 18. 41$6 $54C. It would then ha/e 'een (ossi'le to su((ort the 4* '% *5$C after mo/in0 the 2t awa%. If $lack was an1ious to (reser/e his two $isho(s he would e/en ha/e risked *52tC. )fter 18. $5RE6 R5$B6 the $isho( could ha/e 'een dri/en awa% a0ain '% the 22t from 2t1 or 2t5. !he o(en file offered some com(ensation and chances of counter attack.
17. BxP Q-Q2

Not 41$ 'ecause of 41*ch.

18. Kt-K5 KtxKt 1;. BxKt B-R5

R1* is 'ad 'ecause of B9. R12t6 $52$@H B1. 452tC.

20. B-Kt3 BxB

21. RPxB B-B4

Now R1*O was feasi'le with a le/el 0ame afterJ BB. R12t6 $5$@O BC. 21R6 $1RH B@. 4 an%6 45$@ch6 followed '% $1$. )fter missin0 this chance6 $lack soon loses the 0ame.
22. Q-Q4 KR-Q1 23. QR-Q1 Q-QB2 24. Kt-Q2 KtxKBP

) last and des(erate attem(t. $lack o'tains Rook and (awn a0ainst two minor (ieces6 'ut has no time to initiate an attack with the Rooks. !he wisest (lan was to 0i/e u( the *6 with a /iew to effectin0 the e1chan0e of the minor (ieces6 'ecause an endin0 with 4ueen and Rooks 0enerall% (roduces a draw. $lack could not (la% 2t12t* instead of the mo/e in the te1t 'ecause of B5. $52tCO.
25. BxB KtxR 26. RxKt QxKtP 27. B-K6c' K-R1 28. BxP QR-B1 2;. Kt-K4 Q-R5 30. P-QKt3 R-B3

>hite now o'tains a (assed (awn6 and a s(eed% win.

31. Q-B2 Q-R4 32. Q-B3 QxQ 33. PxQ P-Kt3 34. R-Q2 R-Kt3 35. P-QB4 PxP 36. PxP R-Kt8c' 37. K-B2 P-QR4 38. P-B5 R-QB8 3;. P-B6 K-Kt2 40. B-B4< RxB 41. RxR RxP 42. R-Q7c' K-R3 43. K-Kt3 R-B5 44. Kt-B2 K-Kt4

-ate was threatened '%J @5. 2t52t@ch6 25R@H @E. R5 45ch6 *52t@H @8. R54E and R5RE mate (or if R12tch6 *1R mate).
45. R-Q5c' K-B3 46. RxP Res&!%s

!AME No. %, White: Y"tes. (4"56: !8ns7er#. R8@ Lo=eA.

1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. B-Kt5 P-QR3 4. B-R4 Kt-B3 5. Castles KtxP 6. P-Q4 P-QKt4 7. B-Kt3 P-Q4 8. PxP B-K3 ;. P-QB3 B-K2 10. B-K3

in order to e1chan0e the $lack 2ni0ht if (la%ed to $@.

10. ... Castles 11. QKt-Q2

If 454C6 then 2t5R@H 1B. 42t54B6 *54$@.

11. ... KtxKt

!his furthers >hite3s de/elo(ment6 and should not 'e (la%ed unless there is no other mo/e a/aila'le. !o

'e considered are *5 $@ and $522t5. )n ar0ument a0ainst *5$@ is that >hite can de(ri/e $lack3s weak centre (awn of one (rotectin0 (iece (1B. *1* e.(.6 2t1* ($C)H 1C. 2t52t5)6 and e1(erience has shown that >hite o'tains the su(erior 0ame.
12. QxKt Kt-R4 13. B-B2 Kt-B5

) /er% dan0erous manoeu/re6 as >hite can e/ade the e1chan0e of his $isho( and the $lack 2t does not 0et 'ack in time for the defence of the 2 side6 where >hite3s attack 'ecomes /irulent. e should ha/e (la%ed *54$@ followed '% 2t5$C.
14. Q-Q3 P-Kt3 15. B-R6 KtxKtP 16. Q-K2 R-K1 17. Kt-Q4

$lack had (ro'a'l% antici(ated that >hite would 'e content with re0ainin0 his (awn '% $1*6 'ut6 with fine (ositional insi0ht6 he retains his $isho( for the comin0 onslau0ht and s(eedil% concentrates his forces on the 2 sideH whilst $lack6 who has won a (awn at the e1(ense of se/eral mo/es6 cannot mo'ilise an eGui/alent num'er of (ieces in time for the defence.

17. ... Kt-B5 18. P-B4 B-Q2

>hite was threatenin0 19. 2t5$E6 B9. 2t1$6 B1. $5 2t56 BB. $5$EH 17. ... 454B is not sufficient6 as 19. *5 $5 would follow. Neither can 17. ... $54$@ 'e (la%ed 'ecause of 19. $52t56 45$1H B9. $5$E. *refera'le to the te1t mo/e seems $52$1 (19. $52t56 45$1H B9. $5 $E6 $52tB)6 as then the $lack (ieces ha/e more freedom of action.
1;. QR-K1 P-QB4 20. P-K6

) 'rilliant sacrifice to which no satisfactor% re(l% can 'e found. "or instance6 B9. ... *12tH B1. 452t@6 2t52E6 BB. R12t6 *1RH BC. *5$56 $1*H B@. *1$6 *1*6 B5. $1*6 etc.H or B@. ... R5 2$1H B5. *1*ch6 R1*H BE. 452E6 4521H B8. $1*6 etc.H or BC. ... *5 2t@H B@. *1*ch6 21*H B5. 45R5ch6 252t1H BE. *5$E6 $1*H B8. $1*6 etc.H or B1. ... $5$@H BB. *1*ch6 21*H BC. $1*ch6 *1$H B@. *5$56 etc. !here are man% /ariations6 all leadin0 to a s(eed% end.

Di"#r"$ %&'.
20. ... B-KB3 21. P-Kt4 P-Kt 22. P-B5 P-Q6 23. BxP BxKP

If *12* then B@. *12t*6 2t52@H B5. R12t6 $1RH BE. 45R56 45$CH B8. R146 $1RH B7. *1*ch6 25R1H B9. 45 $86 etc.H or BE. ... $1*H B8. $5$76 etc.
24. PxB Q-Kt3c' 25. K-R1 Res&!%s

!AME No. %White: (er4in. (4"56: Ri#". R8@ Lo=eA. -o/e 15E as in Game No. 1E.

Di"#r"$ %&*.
6. ... PxP

&om(are note to mo/e No. E in Game 1@.

7. R-K1 P-Q4 8. KtxP B-Q3

!his is the ke% to the /ariation. $lack threatens to

o'tain a draw '% (er(etual check throu0h $1*ch6 followed '% 45R5ch and 41*ch. !his is not 0ood enou0h a0ainst a weaker o((onent in a tournament6 and a stron0 (la%er cannot afford to (la% the Ri0a defence. $ut that is not a (oint a0ainst the /ariation. !o (ro/e it unsound6 >hite has to find a win.
;. KtxKt BxPc' 10. K-R1<

)fter 19. 25$1 $lack has a tremendous attack6 and dri/es it home 'efore >hite can mana0e to 'rin0 his e1tra (iece into (la%. ) 0ame -aroc;%5$er0er (.ienna6 1997) is an illustration of this. It continued in this wa%J 19. 25$16 45R5H 11. $52C6 &astlesH 1B. 2t5 4@6 $52t5H 1C. 2t52$C6 45R@. Now >hite has no satisfactor% continuation. 1@. 2t54B o'structs the 4ueen6 and it is difficult to 'rin0 the Rooks into concerted action. 1@. 2t5$C6 4R541H 15. 454C6 $12tH 1E. *1$6 41*H 18. 2t12t6 *12tH 17. 45$C6 45 REchH 19. 252B6 452t5chH B9. 25$16 R54@H B1. $5 2tC6 R52R@H BB. *5$C6 *1*H Resi0ns.
10. ... Q-R5

It now looks as if >hite were lost. $ut a fine sacrifice forces the e1chan0e of all $lack3s attackin0 (ieces6 and sa/es the situation.
11. RxKtc' PxR

12. Q-Q8c' QxQ 13. KtxQc' KxKt 14. KxB ...

Di"#r"$ %&+. )fter the terri'le slau0hter6 the (osition is somewhat clearer. $lack has a Rook and two (awns for two minor (ieces6 a sli0ht ad/anta0e for the end50ame6 'ut as %et there is no thou0ht of an end50ame. >hite6 in (ossession of two $isho(s6 with an o(en 4ueen3s file on which the $lack 2in0 stands6 has 0ood attackin0 chances6 and most masters would think the (osition

fa/oura'le for >hite.

14. ... B-K3

*52$@ is a (lausi'le mo/e6 'ut is followed '% a (rett% mate '% 15. $52t5. !he mo/e in the te1t threatens to eliminate the 2$ '%
P-QB4= P-QKt4. 15. B-K3 P-KB4 16. Kt-B3 K-K2 17. P-KKt4

!arrasch recommends 18. R5416 threatenin0 2t5 45ch. If *5$C6 >hite could (la% 17. $52tE6 there'% (ermanentl% (re/entin0 $lack from contestin0 the 4ueen3s file6 and then tr% to e1chan0e $lack3s $ '% 2t52B54@. >ith two $isho(s6 >hite would then ha/e winnin0 chances. ) su'tle idea underlies >hite3s mo/e of *522t@. e wishes to take ad/anta0e of the fact that $lack has e1chan0ed the 2$ '% (la%in0 *52t56 thus holdin0 all the four (awns on the 2in03s side. $ut $lack finds a sur(risin0 re(l%6 which seems to refute >hite3s (lan. &a(a'lanca (la%ed a0ainst Ed. Lasker (New +ork6 1915)6 18. *5 22t@6 *522tCH 17. 252tC6 *52R@H 19. *1$*6 *5R5chH B9. 25RB6 *1*H B1. 2t52B6 *52t@H BB.

$52tC6 $1$H BC. R*1$6 2R522t1H B@. R5416 4R5 41H B5. R1R6 21RH BE. 2t52@6 winnin0 a (awn.
17. ... P-KKt3 18. P-Kt5 QR-KKt1<<

$lack offers the e1chan0e in order to 0et rid of >hite3s 4$. If >hite acce(ts the sacrifice6 he loses his 22t*6 and $lack retains three (assed (awns for the (iece6 at least an eGui/alent for the end50ame. >hite should decline the dou'tful 0ift and meet the threat of *5RC and *522t@ with 19. R522t1.
1;. B-Q4 P-R3 20. B-B6c' K-B2 21. BxR RxB 22. R-Q1

in order to (la% BC. $548 in answer to *5$@. !his e1(lains >hite3s check at mo/e B9.
22. ... PxPc' 23. K-Kt2 K-B3<

If now B@. 2t545ch6 $lack would assail the >hite 2in0 with 252@H B5. 2t1*6 $5$55285$E. !he $lack (halan1 of (awns 'ecomes menacin0.
24. B-Kt3 BxB

25. RPxB K-K3 26. P-Kt4 R-R2

$lack need no lon0er fear to e1chan0e Rooks6 for he would then threaten the 4ueen3s side (awns with his 2in0 whilst the (assed (awns ke(t the >hite forces occu(ied.
27. Kt-K2 R-Q2 28. Kt-Q4c' K-B3 2;. P-QB3 P-B3

!he aim of this mo/e is not clear. $lack should ado(t a forward (olic% with *52t56 *5$56 R5RB6 etc.
30. R-KR1 P-Kt5 31. R-R8

Now none of the (awns can ad/anceJ *5$5 would 'e answered '% CB. R5276 R52BH CC. R1R6 21RH C@. 2t5 2tC and one of the (awns is lost.
31. ... R-K2 32. Kt-K2 R-Q2 33. Kt-Q4 R-K2 34. R-B8c' K-Kt2 35. R-Q8 P-B5

36. R-Q6 K-B2 37. Kt-B2 R-K3 38. R-Q7c' R-K2 3;. R-Q6 R-K3 40. R-Q1

>hite tries to win at all costs55and loses. $% a forci'le ad/ance on the 4ueen3s side6 he creates new chances6 'ut also new weaknesses.
40. ... K-B3 41. P-B4 R-K2 42. R-Q4 K-Kt4 43. R-Q6 P-K6< 44. P-B3

*1* fails on account of *5$Ech and R5RB.

44. ... P-K7 45. Kt-K1 P-Kt6 46. P-Kt5

!oo late.
46. ... R-R2 47. PxBP PxP

48. R-K6 R-R7c' 4;. K-Kt1 R-B7 50. Kt-B2 RxP 51. RxKP R-Q6 52. Kt-K1 R-Kt6 53. R-Q2 P-B6 54. Kt-Q3 P-R4 Res&!%s

!he R* cannot 'e (re/ented from (ushin0 on to RE6 after which a mate is threatened '% the $lac2Ron the ei0hth rank. R541 would then 'e com(ulsor%. $ut that lets the $lack Rook in on the se/enth (2R5 R86 followed '% *5$8ch). !AME No. %.. E$"n8e4 L"s6er. C"="74"n5". R8@ Lo=eA 1see =. '-3
1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. B-Kt5 P-QR3 4. BxKtQ PxB 5. P-Q4 PxP

>orth% of consideration isJ 5. ... $522t5H E*1*6

414chH 8. 2146 &astles chH 7. 252B6 R521H 9. *5 2RC6 $12tchH 19. 21$6 *5$CH with a 0ood 0ame. In this o(enin0 $lack is <ustified in assumin0 the initiati/e6 as the e1chan0e6 which has o(ened a dia0onal for his 4$6 has furthered his de/elo(ment. If he does not do so6 and confines himself to defendin0 tamel%6 the chances are that he will lose on account of >hite3s ma<orit% of (awns on the 2in03s side.
6. QxP QxQ

&om(ulsor%. If $52C instead6 8. $5$@ attacks 4$8. $54C in re(l% to that would 'e inferior. $% e1chan0in0 $isho(s >hite would render the $lack 4* ='ackward6= and on the o(en file its ca(ture would 'e ine/ita'le.
7. KtxQ B-Q3 8. Kt-QB3 Kt-K2

$lack (re(ares to castle on the 2in03s side. It is more usual6 and (ro'a'l% stron0er6 to castle on the 4ueen3s side6 as the 2in0 then (rotects the 4$*6 which in the (resent case would 'e weak if $lack3s 2$ were to 'e e1chan0ed.
;. Castles Castles. 10. P-B4 R-K1

Di"#r"$ %&,. $lack allows his o((onent too much latitude on the 2in03s win0. e should (re/ent >hite3s *5$56 which o'structs his 4$6 '% *52$@. )fter *525 the 0ame would 'e eGualised '% $5$@6 $12t6 and $52C. ) draw would then 'e (racticall% certain6 with the $isho(s of o((osite colours. $lack (ro'a'l% thou0ht >hite would not risk weakenin0 his 2* '% *5$5. $ut with unfailin0 <ud0ment Lasker foresees that6 in conseGuence of the 0reater mo'ilit% of his (ieces6 his attack will 'e successful 'efore a counter attack on the weak 2* can 'e instituted.

11. Kt-Kt3 P-B3

E/en now *52$@ was im(erati/e6 thou0h it would kee( the $isho( from that sGuare. !he continuation could ha/e 'een 1B. *5256 $5 2t5H 1C. 2t52B (or R@)6 2t54@6 and the $isho( is safe.
12. P-B5<<

!his mo/e has a twofold aim. It shuts in the $isho(6 and allows
B-B4= exc'a%!&%! t'e Black QB. 12. ... P-QKt3

!he dia0onal 4R152R7 is the onl% one in which the $isho( has an% (ros(ects of action. owe/er6 as soon as he relinGuishes his (resent dia0onal6 a >hite 2ni0ht settles at 2E and the $lack Rooks are /er% much ham(ered.
13. B-B4 B-Kt2

$lack should ha/e e1chan0ed the $isho(s. Now he 0ets a weak (awn at 4C. $efore (la%in0 $52tB6 *5$@ should 'e (la%ed to (re/ent the 2ni0ht 0ettin0 from 2tC54@52E.
14. BxB PxB 15. Kt-Q4 QR-Q1

16. Kt-K6 R-Q2 17. QR-Q1 Kt-B1 18. R-B2 P-QKt4 1;. KR-Q2

!his holds $lack3s 2t at $1. >hite3s ne1t mo/e (re/ents the $isho( 0ettin0 into action '% *5$@. )fter de(ri/in0 all the $lack (ieces of their mo'ilit%6 >hite turns his attention to a determined assault on the $lack 2in0.
1;. ... QR-K2 20. P-QKt4 K-B2 21. P-QR3 B-R1 22. K-B2 R-R2 23. P-Kt4 P-R3 24. R-Q3 P-QR4 25. P-KR4 PxP 26. PxP R3R24-K2

!here are no (ros(ects on the Rook3s file6 and $lack is restricted to kee(in0 his (ieces mutuall% (rotected. e cannot (re/ent >hite from (enetratin0 the 2in03s side.

27. K-B3 R-Kt1 28. K-B4 P-Kt3 2;. R-Kt3 P-Kt4c' 30. K-B3

If $lack ca(tures the (awn6 he would lose it a0ain forthwith throu0h >hite3s R5RC6 and the (awn at RC would also 'e ca(tured.
30. ... Kt-Kt3 31. PxP RPxP 32. R-R3 R-Q2 33. K-Kt3

Di"#r"$ %&-. !he >hite 2in0 lea/es the dia0onal 'ecause $lack3s *5 $@ would interfere with the com'ination '% which >hite intends to annihilate $lack3s 0ame in a few mo/es.
33. ... K-K1 34. QR-KR1 B-Kt2 35. P-K5<<

) 'eautiful final stroke.

35. ... QPxP

36. Kt-K4<< Kt-Q4 37. Kt3K64-B5 B-B1

$lack dares not mo/e the Rook on account of 2t1$ and 2t54Ech.
38. KtxR BxKt 3;. R-R7c' R-B1 40. R-R1 K-Q1 41. R-R8c' B-B1 42. Kt-B5 Res&!%s

-ate in two is threatened. $lack3s onl% mo/e is 2t5 2B6 after which he is hel(less6 and >hite can ca(ture the (awns one '% one at his leisure (R5$86 etc.). In this 0ame6 so 'eautifull% en0ineered '% >hite6 we ha/e a further e1am(le of Lasker3s remarka'le 0ras( of (osition. !AME No. %/ White: E<8"r< L"s6er. (4"56: J"no;s6i. Fo8r ni#hts' !"$e.
1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. Kt-B3 Kt-B3 4. B-Kt5 B-Kt5

$52BH 5 &astles6 *54CH would lead into the Ru% Lo(e;.

5. Castles Castles 6. P-Q3 P-Q 3

It is6 of course6 'etter to castle 'efore (la%in0 *54C6 as the o((onent could at once (la% 2t545 and utilise the (in to initiate an immediate attack6 e.0. 5. &astles6 *54CH E. 2t5456 $5$@H 8. *54@6 *1*H 7. $5 2t5.
7. B-Kt5

Di"#r"$ %&.. !he (osition is not unlike that in ,ia0ram 996 and the same remarks a((l% to it. ere $52C is inad/isa'le6 'ecause *54@6 threatenin0 to fork two (ieces6 forces the e1chan0e of $lack3s centre (awn. )fter 8. ... $52t5H 7. 2t5456 2t545H 9. $5$@6 $5$@6 on the other hand6 we 0et the (osition discussed on (. 1156 in which >hite o'tains the ad/anta0e '% 454B. Instead of 9. ... $5 $@6 $lack should (la% 454B with a similar threat. $ut he has not the coo(eration of his 2in03s $isho( for the attack6 and >hite <ust mana0es to esca(e with a draw6 e.0. 9. ... 454BH 19. 2t12tch6 *12tH 11. $1*6 *5 2RC($12tH 1B. *1$6 45RE fails on account of 25R1 and R522t1)H 1B. *5$C6 2t12tchH 1C. *12t6 $52R@H 1@. 25 R16 25RB (,ia0ram 1B9)H 15. R522t1.

Di"#r"$ %&/. !his is the sa/in0 clause. If now $lack had his $ at $@6 as >hite has in the corres(ondin0 attack6 >hite would first ha/e to (rotect his $* with 15 452B6 and would 'e lost after R522t1H 1E. R522t16 R52tCH as 18. $5R@ fails 'ecause of 45REH 17. $522tC6 R5 $CH and on the other hand6 after 18. R1R6 *1R $lack (la%s R52$16 attackin0 the $* a second time. >ith the $lack $isho( at 2t56 howe/er6 $lack does not succeed. !he continuation could 'e l5. ... R5 22t1H 1E. R52tC6 R52tCH 18.
B-R4= w&t' a p)o#a#le d)aw.

!his line of (la% is most difficult for 'oth sides6 and it has 'een a/oided so far in tournaments. In ,ia0ram 1B7 the fa/ourite continuation for man% %ears wasJ 8. ... $12tH 7. *1$6 2t52B. !he o(enin0 of the 22t file '% 9. $122t is not to 'e feared6 'ecause of the reasons 0i/en when discussin0 ,ia0ram 99. $ut >hite o'tains the ad/anta0e with 9. 2t5R@6 (re(arin0 the o(enin0 of the 2$ file '% *5$@ and *1*. 9. ... 2t5 2tC6 in order to retake with the $* after 19. 2t12t and to o(en the file for $lack3s Rooks6 is not a sufficient re(l%6 'ecause after 11. *5 $@ and *1* >hite has a clear ad/anta0e6 ha/in0 an e1tra (awn in effect for the end50ame. "or the three $lack (awns on the 2in03s side are held '% the two ad/erse (awns6 which the% cannot (ass. !he attem(t to e1(el the trou'lesome $isho( after 9. ... 2t521 '% *52$C6 and then (la% for a centre '% *5$C6 2t5$B and *54@ fails on account of the witherin0 attack which >hite o'tains on the 2$ file6 e.0. 9. ... 2t521H 19. $54$@6 25R1H 11. *5$@6 *52$CH 1B. 45R56 *1$H 1C. *1*6 etc. In conseGuence the defence '% 8. ... $12t and 2t52B has 'een a'andoned. In the (resent 0ame $lack re/erts to a /er% old defence6 com(risin0 the mo/esJ $12t6 452B6 2t5415

2C. It had 'een a'andoned 'ecause >hite6 '% (la%in0 R5216 *54@6 and e/entuall% $5$1 and $5 RC6 forces the e1chan0e of $lack3s centre (awn6 and o'tains an ad/anta0e6 on well5known 0rounds. ere $lack stren0thens the defence '% inter(olatin0 *5 2RCO6 after which >hite must come to a decision as to maintainin0 the (in. If he decides to do so the >hite $isho( will no lon0er 'e a'le to threaten the $lack 4ueen from 4RC.
7. ... BxKt 8. PxB P-KR3 ;. B-KR4

If the $ retreats to $1 or 2C6 $lack can ado(t the defence 2t52B5 2tC. !hen 2t5R@ would 'e inferior6 'ecause $lack can sim(l% (la% *522t@. In this case the ad/ance of the (awns is <ustified6 'ecause $lack can 'rin0 his 42t to 22tC and ha/e (racticall% one (iece more on the 2in03s side6 and 0ood (ros(ects for the attack which he can o(en with 25RB6 R522t16 2t52tC5$5.
;. ... Q-K2

*522t@ would 'e (remature. >hite would win at once '% 19. 2t12t*6 *12tH 11. $1*6 as he can attack the 2ni0ht a second time '% *52$@ and *1* 'efore $lack can either (rotect it sufficientl% or relie/e the

=(in.=
10. Q-Q2 Kt-Q1 11. P-Q4 B-Kt5 12. Q-K3 BxKt 13. QxB Kt-K3

It would 'e wron0 to (la% for the 0ain of a (awn with *522t@ and *1*6 e.0. 1C. ... *522t@H 1@. $52tC6 *1*H 15. R521O6 *1*H 1E. *5256 etc.
14. BxKt

$lack3s threat was to de/elo( an attack6 similar to that descri'ed at mo/e 96 with *522t@ and 2t5$5.
14. ... QxB 15. QxQ PxQ 16. B-B4

in order to e1chan0e the 2ni0ht6 which is 0enerall% su(erior to a $isho( in an end50ame6 as mentioned 'efore.
16. ... PxP 17. BxKt PxB 18. PxP

Di"#r"$ %'0. In the end50ame thus 'rou0ht a'out the >hite Rooks ha/e more freedom6 as the% can 'e mo'ilised easil% on the third rank to act on either win0. $lack3s (awns6 howe/er6 are stron0er6 'ein0 easil% (rotected '% the 2in06 whilst >hite3s weak (awns at 4RB and 4$B are at too 0reat a distance from the 2in0H therefore >hite must see to it that $lack does not o(en files for his Rooks on the 4ueen3s side.
18. ... QR-B1 1;. QR-Kt1 P-Kt3

20. KR-Q1 KR-Q1 21. R-Kt3

>hite must now allow $lack to occu(% the 4$ or 4 file. )fter B1. *545 $lack would sim(l% (la% *1*H BB. *1*6 *5$C6 with a certain draw.
21. ... P-Q4 22. R-Kt3c'

*52$C was the correct mo/e here6 in /iew of su'seGuent threats of mate.
22. ... K-B2 23. PxP RxP 24. R-QR3 P-QR4 25. P-KB4:

) mistake under time (ressure6 costin0 a (awn. 4R5 4C was the mo/e.
25. ... P-QB4 26. R-QB3 QR-Q1 27. R-Kt1 RxP 28. RxKtP RxP 2;. P-KR3 R-Q7

30. R-Kt5

Not R1*6 on account of R5$86 and the 22t* cannot 'e sa/ed. C9. ... R5($5)$8
31. R-KKt3 P-B4 32. P-B4 P-B5 33. R-KKt4 P-R4 34. R-Kt5 RxP 35. P-R4

-ate was threatened in a few mo/es throu0h R54$85 $7 and R(R8)5R7. C5. ... R5($8)2t8 If now R5$86 >hite would win the 2$* or o'tain a (er(etual check (CE. R542t8ch6 followed '% R5 42t752$7). )fter the mo/e in the te1t6 >hite can still draw6 as he wins 'ack his (awn.
36. RxR RxR 37. RxRP:

!his careless mo/e now loses the 0ame. #f course >hite should ha/e taken the $*. If then *5R56 R5R5 held the (awn from 'ehind6 also after C8. ... 25$CH

C7. R14R*6 *52@6 a draw would ha/e 'een the result6 as the >hite $* would soon ha/e 'ecome threatenin06 e.0. C9. R5R76 25$@H @9. *5$56 *525H @1. *5$E6 R54$8H @B. R54$76 252t5H @C. *5$86 21*H @@. 25RB6 *52EH @5. R5$76 R1*H @E. R1*ch6 252t@H @8. R52@6 R5$EH @7. 252tC6 etc.H or @@. R5276 R1*H @5. R1*6 252tEH @E. R5216 R5$8H @8. 25R16 R1*H @7. R5 2Cch6 and so on.
37. ... P-R5 38. RxP P-R6 Res&!%s.

)fter R5R5 there follows *5R8 and R52t7ch6 or (if @9. 25R B) *5$E. !AME No. &0 White: E<8"r< L"s6er. (4"56: En#48n<. Fo8r !"$e.
1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. Kt-B3 Kt-B3 4. B-Kt5 Kt-Q5 5. KtxP

ni#hts'

$lack can now 0et >hite3s 2* '% (la%in0 452B6 and

moreo/er e1chan0e >hite3s /alua'le $isho(. Instead of the mo/e in the te1t it is ad/isa'le to retire the $isho( to R@ or $@6 or else to (la% 5. 2t12t6 *12tH E. *5256 *12tH 8. *12t. $lack would then (la% 41* and not *14*ch6 as the latter mo/e allows >hite to de/elo( Guickl%6 and $lack has no time to castle55e.0. 7. $1*6 41*H 9. &astles6 $52BH 19. $5$C6 followed '% R521.
5. ... Q-K2 6. Kt-B3 KtxP:

Di"#r"$ %'%.

ere 2t1$ was essential6 followed '% 41*6 freein0 the $isho(. )fter 8. 2t12t6 41*chH 7. 452B6 414chH 9. 2146 2t54@ (19. *5$@6 *54RC)6 $lack com(letes his de/elo(ment a little later (19. R5216 *52$CH 11. 25 $1ch6 25$B)6 'ut after the e1chan0e of 4ueens there is not much to fear from an immediate attack6 and the /alue of the two $isho(s soon asserts itself. In a match 0ame Ed. Lasker5 &ole (London6 191C) the continuation was 1B. *54@6 *54RCH 1C. 2t5 $C6 2t12tH 1@. *12t6 *5 4@. ere the dou'led (awn is a disad/anta0e6 in that the (awn at $B is immo'ile6 and constantl% lia'le to 'e attacked '% $5$@. *54C was the 'etter mo/e.
7. Castles KtxKt

Now 2t1$ was no lon0er (ossi'le. )fter 2t142t there would 'e threats of 2t1$* as well as of R521 and *54C. !he 0ame is almost lost for $lack at this sta0e6 as the 2in0 cannot esca(e the im(endin0 attack on the 2 file '% castlin0.
8. QPxKt KtxKtc' ;. QxKt Q-B4 10. R-K1c' B-K2 11. B-Q3

(re/ents castlin06 as 452@ would win a (iece.

11. ... P-Q4

12. B-K3

>hite has the de/elo(ment of the $ 0ratis6 as $lack must lose time with the 4ueen.
12. ... Q-Q3 13. B-KB4 Q-KB3 14. QxP<<

$lack 'ein0 'ehind with his de/elo(ment is alread% threatened '% sacrificial com'inations. If he takes the $isho( he loses '% 15. $52t5ch6 25$1H 1E. 45 47chO6 $14H 18. R527 mate6 or l5. ... *5$CH
16. BxPc'= a%d so o%. 14. ... P-B3 15. Q-K4 B-K3 16. R-K3 B-QB4

ere $lack mi0ht ha/e castled on the 4ueen3s side6 'ut R541 would ha/e had much the same seGuel as in the actual 0ame.
17. B-K5 Q-R3 18. R-Kt3 B-KB1

) sorr% retreat. $ut after 45486 which ma% ha/e 'een $lack3s ori0inal intention6 >hite (la%s R52$16 threatenin0 $52$@.

1;. R-Q1

!his mo/e com(letes >hite3s de/elo(ment6 and onl% seems to 0i/e $lack a chance of castlin0. owe/er6 $lack has no satisfactor% continuation.
1;. ... Castles: 20. QxPc' PxQ 21. B-R6 ?ate

!AME No. &% White: E<8"r< L"s6er. (4"56: A4Be5hin. Three ni#hts' De>en5e.
1. P-K4 P-K4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. Kt-B3 B-Kt5 4. Kt-Q5

,e/elo(in0 another (iece '% $52t5 or $@ would 'e more in accordance with (rinci(le.
4. ... B-K2

!here was a threat of 2t1$ and 2t1*. If $lack (la%s *54C6 the $ must retire all the same after 5. $52t5. It seems 'est to retire the $ to 2B rather than to $@ or R@6 'ecause there remains the threat of a (in su'seGuentl% '% $522t56 which mi0ht 'ecome

serious with the 2ni0ht at 45.

5. B-B4 Kt-B3 6. P-Q3 P-Q3 7. KtxB QxKt 8. P-B3 P-KR3

!he 22t is to su((ort the ad/ance of *54@ su'seGuentl%6 and that is wh% $lack does not want to allow it to 'e (inned. !his is sound strate0%6 since >hite has e1chan0ed his 42t6 which from $C (re/ents *54@ in the ordinar% wa%.
;. B-K3 Castles 10. Q-Q2 B-K3 11. B-Kt3

!he first mistake. $542t5 should 'e (la%ed to retard *54@.

11. ... BxB 12. PxB P-Q4

Di"#r"$ %'&.
13. PxP

!he second mistake. Anim(ortant as it seems6 it leads to the loss of the 0ame. >hite did not defend the (awn '% 45$B6 'ecause it would ha/e (ro/ed 19. 454B to ha/e 'een a lost mo/e. $ut 0i/in0 u( the centre is a far 0reater e/il. $lack now commands his 45 and 2$56 and this ena'les him to start an attack to which there is no defence. !he 0ame shows conclusi/el% how im(ortant it is to maintain the centre.

13. ... KtxP 14. Castles KR P-B4 15. P-QKt4 P-QKt3 16. Q-K2

to (re/ent *5256 which would now 'e countered '% *1* and 45$@. owe/er6 as *525 cannot 'e (re/ented (ermanentl%6 and the 4 must mo/e in an% case6 45$B would ha/e 'een the 'etter mo/e6 as there the 4ueen cannot 'e molested '% a Rook.
16. ... Q-Q3 17. P-Kt5 QKt-K2 18. B-Q2 Kt-Kt3 1;. R-R4 QR-K1<

$lack3s 0ame is 'eautifull% de/elo(ed6 whilst >hite cannot make a com'ined effort. !he $lack Rooks are (articularl% well (laced6 and threaten to take an effecti/e (art in the attack in /arious wa%s. )ll this is the outcome of >hite losin0 the centre.
20. P-KKt3

!hou0h this (re/ents 2t(4 @)5$56 it weakens 2$C6 which is all the more serious as $lack threatens to o(en the file '% *5$5.

20. ... Q-Q2

If now >hite refrains from takin0 the (awn6 $lack (la%s *54R@O
21. RxP P-K5 22. Kt-Q4 PxP 23. QxP Kt-K4 24. Q-K2 P-B5

)ll the a/enues of attack are now o(en6 and >hite3s 0ame colla(ses Guickl%.
25. Q-R5 Kt-KB 3 26. Q-B5 Kt-B6c' 27. K-R1 QxQ 28. KtxQ KtxB 2;. R-Q1 Kt3B34-K5 30. KtxP KtxBPc' 31. K-Kt2 P-B6c' Res&!%s.

!AME No. && White: For#"5A. (4"56: T"rt"6o;er. Fren5h De>en5e 1see =. *.3.

1. P-K4 P-K3 2. P-Q4 P-Q4 3. Kt-QB3 Kt-KB3 4. B-Kt5 B-K2 5. P-K5 Kt-K5

22t54B is 'etter6 'ecause it would su((ort the ad/ance of *54$@ and also 'e of use e/entuall% in an attack on >hite3s centre '% *52$C. !he te1t mo/e allows the e1chan0e of two minor (ieces6 which can onl% 'e to >hite3s ad/anta0e6 as $lack cannot 0et his 4$ into (la%6 and is for a lon0 time (racticall% a (iece down.
6. KtxKt BxB

)fter *12t the (awn would 'e /er% weak6 and could hardl% 'e held for lon0.
7. KtxB QxKt 8. P-KKt3

!o 'e a'le to (la% *52$@ 'efore de/elo(in0 the 2t (see (. @9).

8. ... P-QB4 ;. P-QB3 Kt-B3 10. P-KB4 Q-K2

11. Q-Q2 B-Q2 12. Kt-B3 Castles KR 13. B-Q3 P-B5 14. B-B2 P-QKt4 15. Castles KR P-Kt2 16. Q R-K1 P-QR4

Di"#r"$ %''. So far the 0ame is eas% to understand in the li0ht of the remarks made on (a0e @@6 when treatin0 of the o(enin0s. !he continuation shows in an instructi/e

fashion that >hite3s attack is the more effecti/e6 'ein0 directed a0ainst the 2in03s side.
17. P-B5< KPxP

!his sacrifice of a (awn in con<unction with a second sacrifice on the ne1t mo/e6 (roduces a com'ination of rare 'eaut%.
18. P-Kt4<< PxP

If $lack did not ca(ture >hite would. In either case the stormin0 of the (osition '% (awns achie/es its o'<ect and the lines of attack are free for the (ieces.
1;. Kt-Kt5 P-Kt3

Now that >hite has made an o(enin0 for himself at 2$E6 the rest is eas%. 19. ... *5RC is of no a/ail. !he seGuel mi0ht ha/e 'eenJ B9 2t5R 86 2R541H B1 2t5 $Ech6 after which >hite wins after either *12tH BB 41*6 or 25R1 2t1*.
20. R-B6 K-Kt2

$lack 0ets no 'reathin0 s(ace. If *5RC6 then B1 $1*.

21. QR-KB1 B-K1 22. Q-B4 Kt-Q1 23. P-K6 R-R3 24. Q-K5 K-R3

25. QR-B5

el(O
25. ... BPxP 26. Kt-B7c' QxKt 27. R-R5c' K-Kt2 28. RxKtP 0ate

!AME No. &' White: Y"tes. (4"56: Esser. Fren5h De>en5e.

1. P-K4 P-K3 2. P-Q4 P-Q4 3. Kt-QB3 Kt-KB3 4. B-Kt5 PxP 5. BxKt PxB

If the 4ueen reca(tures6 >hite o'tains too 0reat an ad/anta0e in de/elo(ment6 and therefore $lack su'mits to the dou'lin0 of his (awns. It is dou'tful if this means a handica(6 althou0h the 2in03s side 0ets 'roken u(. "or $lack kee(s his two $isho(s6 a (owerful wea(on6 unless >hite succeeds in de/elo(in0 swiftl% an attack on the 2in03s side. !he (resent 0ame is instructi/e and shows the chances afforded to 'oth sides '% the (osition 'rou0ht a'out

'% the e1chan0e at 2$E.

6. KtxP P-KB4

)s the 2$ o'tains a lon0 dia0onal at 2tB6 this ad/ance is <ustified. #therwise there would 'e stron0 o'<ections to it6 as the (awn is likel% to 'e su'<ected to attack6 and a(art from that6 it 0i/es u( command of $lack3s 2@.
7. Kt-QB3

2t52tC would seem more natural6 firstl%6 'ecause $lack has weaknesses on the 2 side6 and >hite will need his (ieces for attack in that Guarter6 and secondl%6 'ecause the 4* ou0ht to 'e su((orted '% *5$C6 as $lack will attack it '% $52tB.
7. ... B-Kt2 8. Kt-B3 Castles ;. B-B4

If now the 2ni0ht were at 2tC6 >hite could (la% *5 $C and $4C. !his is the (ro(er (lace for the $6 which mi0ht o'tain an o(en dia0onal after *522t@.
;. ... Kt-B3 10. Kt-K2 Kt-R4 11. B-Q3 P-B4

12. P-B3 P-QB5

*52tC seems (refera'le6 as the te1t mo/e releases the hold on >hite3s 4@. !he isolated (awn resultin0 after 1C. *1* is not to 'e feared6 as the $ at 2tB would ha/e 0reater efficienc% (4R5 2t1)6 and >hite would not 'e so firml% esta'lished in the centre.
13. B-B2 P-Kt4 14. Q-Q2

!here now ensues an interestin0 stru00le. >hite 'uilds u( an attack with 4 and 'oth 2ni0hts and e/entuall% the $ (*522t@). If $lack can mana0e to (la% his 2in0 into safet% at R1 in time6 and then occu(ies the 2t file with his Rooks6 he would ha/e the 'etter of it6 his (ieces ha/in0 '% far the 0reater ran0e of action.
14. ... B-Kt2 15. Q-B4 Q-B3 K-R1 a%d KR-Kt1 0&!'t #e co%s&de)ed. 16. Kt-Kt3 B-KR3 17. Q-B7 Q-Q1 18. Q-K5

>hite 0ains a mo/e '% attackin0 the 2ni0ht3s *awn.

It ma% seem far fetched if I now (oint out that this could not ha/e ha((ened if from the first $lack had 0i/en (reference to the (awn formation at 42tC and $@ instead of 2t@ and $56 thou0h the whole 0ame would almost certainl% ha/e taken a different course. Still6 when ad/ancin0 a (awn into an un(rotected (osition there alwa%s is the risk of its 'ecomin0 the o'<ect of an attack at an o((ortune moment6 and whene/er the (lan of de/elo(ment does not necessitate such mo/es the% are 'est a/oided.
18. ... B-Q4 1;. Kt-R5 Kt-B3: 20. Q-Kt3c'::

Di"#r"$ %'*. !he last mo/es ha/e decided the 0ame. $oth (la%ers ha/e o/erlooked that B9. 45$E would ha/e won a (awn at least (4146 B1. 2t14ch with 2t1$ and $1*). B9. ... $12t leads to an immediate loss '% B1. 41$6 $12tH BB. 41$ followed '% *522t@O with an o/erwhelmin0 attack. Instead of 19. ... 2t5$C6 $lack should ha/e (la%ed *5 $C6 followed '% 25R1 and the occu(ation of the 2t file '% the Rooks. >hite3s last mo/e allows him to de this with e/en 0reater effect.
20. ... K-R1

21. Q-R3 R-KKt1

$lack has now a (re(onderance of material on the field of 'attle6 and it can 'e concluded off5hand that >hite6 not 'ein0 a'le to 'rin0 his Rooks into (la%6 must lose.
22. Kt-Kt3 Q-B3 23. K-B1

252B is a shade 'etter. $ut there is no lon0er an% adeGuate defence.

23. ... R-Kt5 24. R-K1 QR-KKt1 25. Kt-K5

$lack was threatenin0 $12t6 followed '% R5R5 and *5$5

25. ... KtxKt 26. PxKt Q-Kt4 27. Q-R5 BxPc' 28. K-Kt1 RxKt:

414 and $525ch was sim(le and effecti/e.

2;. RPxR BxR 30. QxQ BxQ

31. KxB R-Q1 32. P-B4

R541 is much more (romisin06 althou0h it means the loss of a (awn (R1R and $5$76 etc.). >ith $isho(s of different colour the 0ame is not eas% to win e/en now.
32. ... R-Q7 33. PxB RxB 34. R-Q1 RxKtP 35. R-Q7 K-Kt2 36. RxRP R-QB7

e could ha/e (la%ed *52t5 at once.

37. R-R5 R-QKt7 38. P-R4

R5RC would onl% ha/e drawn out the a0on% a little lon0er.
38. ... P-Kt5 Res&!%s.

!AME No. &* White: At6ins. (4"56: ("rr@. Fren5h De>en5e.

1. P-K4 P-K3

2. P-Q4 P-Q4 3. Kt-QB3 Kt-KB3 4. B-Kt5 B-K2 5. P-K5 KKt-Q2 6. BxB QxB

Di"#r"$ %'+.
7. Kt-Kt5

!he intention is to stren0then the centre '% *54$C. !hou0h it takes a num'er of mo/es to 'rin0 the 2ni0ht into (la% a0ain6 %et most of the tournament

0ames in this /ariation ha/e 'een won '% >hite6 mostl% throu0h a 2in03s side attack on the lines set out in the notes to Game No. BB. In/esti0ations '% )la(in tend to show that this is due to the fact that $lack in all cases de/oted his attention to 4ueen3s side o(erations (<ust as in Game No. BB) when he could ha/e utilised >hite3s 'ackward de/elo(ment6 '% himself startin0 a counter attack on the 2in03s side. e can then either aim at the >hite centre at once with *52$C6 or else (la% *52$@ and (re(are the ad/ance of the 22t* '% 2t5$C5415$B. !hese /arious lines of (la% are still under discussion. Sim(le de/elo(ment is (ro'a'l% (refera'le to the mo/e in the te1t6 e.0. 8. $54C6 &astlesH 7. *5$@6 *5 4$@H 9. 2t5$C.
7. ... K-Q1

!here can 'e no ad/anta0e in forfeitin0 the o(tion of castlin0 unless there 'e no other wa% of 0ettin0 the 2in0 into safet% and of 'rin0in0 the Rooks into concerted action. It is o'/ious that otherwise the free de/elo(ment of (ieces is hindered6 and the 2in0 is in a((recia'le dan0er6 for it is easier to o(en files in the centre than on the win0s where the (awns ha/e not ad/anced %et. !herefore 2t52tC is the onl% mo/e worth considerin0.
8. P-QB3 P-KB3

;. PxP

>ith the $lack 2in0 remainin0 in the centre6 >hite has no further interest in the maintenance of his (awn at 25. #n the contrar% he will tr% to clear the centre.
;. ... PxP 10. Q-Q2 P-B3 11. Kt-QR3 Kt-B1

)t this earl% sta0e it is clear that $lack will ha/e to contend with difficulties in tr%in0 to com(lete his de/elo(ment. !he usual wa% (*54$@) is 'arred on account of the dan0ers to $lack3s 2in0 with which a clearance in the centre is frau0ht.
12. Kt-B3 B-Q2 13. P-KKt3<

)s $lack can force this ad/ance at an% time '% (la%in0 R522t16 >hite decides to de/elo( his 2$ at 2tB6 there'% co/erin0 his 2$C and 2RC. !he weakness of the latter sGuares would not 'e of an% 0reat moment if >hite were to castle on the 4ueen3s win0. $ut as *54$@ is necessar% in order to 'reak u( the centre6 castlin0 2R is the ri0ht course.
13. ... B-K1

14. B-Kt2 QKt-Q2 15. P-B4 PxP 16. KtxP Kt-QKt3 17. KtxKt PxKt 18. Castles KR Kt-Kt3 1;. KR-K1 B-Q2 20. Q-B3 R-K1 21. Kt-Q2 Q-B1 22. P-QR4<

>hite wishes to 0et rid of the (awn at $lack3s 2tC6 in order to 'reak in with his 2ni0ht at $5. $lack has no means of (re/entin0 this6 and soon succum's to the o/erwhelmin0 arra% of >hite forces.
22. ... Kt-K2 23. P-R5 P-QKt4 24. Kt-Kt3 Kt-Q4 25. BxKt KPxB 26. RxRc' BxR 27. Kt-B5 Q-B2 28. R-K1 K-B2

2;. Q-K3 B-Q2 30. Q-B4c' Res&!%s.

If 25416 C1. 2t1*ch followed '% 2t54Ech. If 25$1 >hite wins '%
31. Q-Q6 a%d R-K7.

!AME NO. &+ White: E$"n8e4 L"s6er. (4"56: T"rr"s5h. Fren5h De>en5e.
1. P-K4 P-K3 2. P-Q4 P-Q4 3. Kt-QB3 Kt-KB3 4. B-Kt5 B-Kt5

Di"#r"$ %',. !his line of defence6 called the -c&utcheon /ariation6 was recommended for man% %ears '% !arrasch as 'ein0 the stron0est. !he most o'/ious continuation 5. *525 leads to com(lications6 and the final /erdict has not %et 'een reached. )fter 5. ... *52RC6 the 'est continuation is thou0ht to 'eJ E. *12t6 *1$H 8. *1*6 R5 2t1H 7. *5 2R@6 *1*H 9. 45R56 45$CH 19. 41R*6 41*. >hite has an eas% de/elo(ment6 whilst $lack6 as in most /ariations in the "rench defence6 finds it difficult to 'rin0 his 4$ into (la%. )fter *52RC6 it is not ad/isa'le to retire the $isho(H E. $5R@6 *522t@H

8. $52tC6 for here the $isho( is out of (la%6 and $lack3s 2in03s 2ni0ht 'ein0 free can (la% to 25 for concerted action with $lack3s 2$. Lasker3s continuation in the (resent instance is at once sim(le and effecti/e. It leads to an entirel% different s%stem of de/elo(ment.
5. PxP QxP

If $lack reca(tures with the (awn6 he must lose a mo/e with the $isho( in order to a/oid 0ettin0 an isolated dou'led (awn after E. 45$C. !he dou'led (awn which $lack ma% 0et after the mo/e in the te1t would not 'e isolated6 and therefore not necessaril% weak. It could 'ecome a weakness if $lack were to castle on the 2in03s side. $ut otherwise it mi0ht e/en 'ecome a source of stren0th6 su((ortin06 as it would6 an ad/ance of $lack3s 2* a0ainst the >hite centre.
6. Kt-B3 P-B4:

$lack should retain the o(tion of castlin0 4R6 in case >hite e1chan0es at his 2$EH *542tC and $52tB would ha/e 'een 'etter.
7. BxKt PxB 8. Q-Q2 BxKt ;. QxB Kt-Q2 10. R-Q1 R-KKt1

11. PxP QxP 12. Q-Q2 Q-Kt3

0uardin0 a0ainst the mate at 41 'efore mo/in0 the 2t. $ut this would ha/e 'een 'etter effected '% 45 2B. )fter 452tC the 2ni0ht cannot mo/e %et 'ecause of $52t5ch.

Di"#r"$ %'-.
13. P-B3 P-QR3 14. Q-B2 P-B4 15. P-KKt3 Kt-B4

16. B-Kt2 Q-B2

$lack wishes to (ush on the 2*. >hite6 howe/er6 (re/ents this at once.
17. Q-K2 P-Kt4 18. Castles B-Kt2

!he $lack (osition has an% num'er of weaknesses. !he 2in0 cannot castle into safet%H the (awn (osition is full of holes6 and o(en to attack. >hite takes full ad/anta0e of this and wins in masterl% fashion with a few strokes.
1;. P-B4 P-Kt5 20. Q-Q2 R-Kt1

Now >hite cannot ca(ture the 2t* 'ecause of $12t. $ut he does not want the (awn6 he wants the 2in0.
21. Q-R6 BxKt 22. BxB Q-K4 23. KR-K1 QxP 24. Q-B4 QR-B1 25. Q-Q6 P-B3

-ate in two was threatened ($5$Ech6 etc.).

26. B-R5c' R-Kt3

27. BxRc' PxB 28. RxPc' Res&!%s.

!AME No. &, White: C"="74"n5". (4"56: (4"n5o Fren5h De>en5e.

1. P-K4 P-K3 2. P-Q4 P-Q4 3. Kt-QB3 PxP 4. KtxP Kt-Q2 5. Kt-KB3 KKt-B3 6. KtxKtc' KtxKt 7. Kt-K5

!his crosses $lack3s (lan of de/elo(in0 the 4$ at 2tB.

7. ... B-Q3 8. Q-B3 P-B3

9. $52t5ch6 *5$CH 19. 2t1* was threatened.

;. P-B3 Castles 10. B-KKt5 B-K2 11. B-Q3

>hate/er $lack (la%s now6 he must create some

weakness in order to (ro/ide a0ainst >hite3s 45RC6 $12t6 41R*6 and >hite3s attack must succeed. !he whole of $lack3s (lan is thus frustrated6 as the onl% reason for a'andonin0 the centre '% *1* was the occu(ation of the lon0 dia0onal '% the 4$. Now the 4ueen3s side (ieces cannot 0et into (la% without much difficult%6 and '% the time the% ha/e succeeded it is too late.

Di"#r"$ %'..
11. ... Kt-K1

Intendin0 to interce(t the dia0onal of the >hite 2$

'% *52$@. If $lack (la%s *522tC with the same intention6 >hite (la%s *52R@55 and *1*6 and 'rin0s the Rook into (la%.
12. Q-R3 P-KB4

*52RC would lead to an immediate disasterJ 1C. $1*6 *1$H 1@. 41R*6 *52$@H 15. *522t@. !he mo/e in the te1t a/oids the immediate attack on the 2in06 'ut the 2in03s *awn is now ='ackward6= and >hite immediatel% fastens on this weakness.
13. BxB QxB 14. Castles KR R-B3 15. KR-K1 Kt-Q3 16. R-K2 B-Q2 17. QR-K1 R-K1 18. P-QB4 Kt-B2 1;. P-Q5 KtxKt 20. RxKt P-KKt3 21. BxP was t')eate%ed. 21. Q-R4 K-Kt2 22. Q-Q4 P-B4 23. Q-B3 P-Kt3

24. PxP B-B1 25. B-K2

!he $isho( now settles at 456 and whether $lack takes the (awn or not6 he is (aral%sed either '% the (awn itself6 or the (in of the $isho( if the (awn is taken.
25. ... BxP 26. B-B3 K-B2 27. B-Q5 Q-Q3 28. Q-K3 R-K2 2;. Q-R6 K-Kt1 30. P-KR4

!he decidin0 manoeu/re6 tearin0 u( the chain of (awns in front of the 2.

30. ... P-QR3 31. P-R5 P-B5 32. PxP PxP 33. RxB Res&!%s.

)fter R1R6 C@. R1R6 R1RH C5. 41*ch wins a (iece. ) 'eautifull% concise 0ame. !AME NO. &-

White: Nie$Ao;its5h. (4"56: T"rr"s5h. Fren5h De>en5e. %. P) * P)C(* !his o(enin0 is called the Sicilian ,efence. >hite6 howe/er6 ado(ts a continuation which leads into a /ariation of the "rench ,efence.
2. P-QB3 P-K3 3. P-Q4 P-Q4 4. P-K5 Kt-QB3 5. Kt-B3 Q-Kt3 6. B-Q3 PxP

$lack seeks to demonstrate that >hite3s 4* is weak. !he (resent 0ame6 howe/er6 seems to (ro/e that >hite is a'le to 0uard it adeGuatel%6 thus (ermanentl% su((ortin0 the 2* too. It would therefore a((ear to 'e 'etter to attack the 2* itself6 and to (la% *5$C on the fifth mo/e. Now $54B would 'e 'etter than the te1t mo/e. )s >hite cannot 0i/e further su((ort to his 4@6 he would ha/e to (la% *1*6 and the (rotection of the 25 would ha/e to 'e undertaken '% (ieces6 which is not desira'le.
7. PxP B-Q2

Not 2t1*6 7. 2t12t6 412t6 'ecause of $52t5ch.

8. B-K2

!he $ cannot 0o to $B on account of 2t52t5 and $5 2t@.

8. ... KKt-K2 ;. P-QKt3 Kt-B4 10. B-Kt2

Now >hite3s centre is safe from further attacks. !rue6 >hite has forfeited castlin06 'ut as he dominates the 2in03s side6 where $lack cannot undertake an%thin06 there is no harm in *52tC6 (re(arator% to =artificial castlin0.=
10. ... B-Kt5c' 11. K-B1 B-K2

,irected a0ainst 1B. *52t@6 dri/in0 off the 2t. Now 2t5R5 would follow.
12. P-Kt3 P-QR4

Di"#r"$ %'/. !his manoeu/re is unwiseH >hite counters with 1C. *5 4R@6 a mo/e which was necessar% in an% case6 in order to de/elo( the 42t /ia RC6 this 'ein0 the 2ni0ht3s onl% chance of 0ettin0 into (la%6 'ecause6 as lon0 as the 4* is attacked three times the lines of $ and 4 must not 'e interru(ted. !hat is a weakness in >hite3s 0ame6 and it was necessar% for $lack to (re/ent his 2t 'ein0 dri/en off '% *522t@. *52R@ was the correct mo/e. !hen >hite also had to (la% *52R@ to (re/ent *522t@556 in which case $lack could ha/e (la%ed lC. ... *522tC6 and ha/e 'rou0ht his Rooks into concerted action. *522tC would ha/e 'een necessar% 'efore castlin06 'ecause

>hite3s $54C would ha/e attacked the 22t. !he latter could not then ca(ture the 4ueen3s *awn on account of a disco/ered check6 e.0. lB. ... &astlesH 1C $54C6 2t1*NH 1@ 2t12t6 2t12tH 15 $12t6 41$NH 1E $5R8ch6 and 414. In ,ia0ram 1C9 $lack3s *54R@ is not onl% a lost mo/e6 'ut moreo/er allows a >hite (iece to settle (ermanentl% at 42t5. It also (re/ents the 2ni0ht from (la%in0 to 4R@6 from where >hite3s *54R@ could 'e answered '% 2t52tE e/entuall%.
13. P-QR4 R-QB1 14. B-Kt5 Kt-Kt5

)ll these skirmishes onl% result in the e1chan0e of (ieces6 and as lon0 as $lack3s 2Ris out of (la% this can onl% 'e of ad/anta0e to >hite.
15. Kt-B3 Kt-QR3

!his is in order to dri/e off the $. $lack should ha/e e1chan0ed his own inacti/e 4$6 as the >hite $ mi0ht 'ecome effecti/e on the ,ia0onal 42t152R86 whilst $lack3s 4$ has no future.
16. K-Kt2 Kt-B2 17. B-K2 B-Kt5

$lack cannot %et castle6 'ecause of 17. $54C 2t52RC6

19. $54$1).
18. Kt-R2 Kt-QR3 1;. B-Q3 Kt-K2 20. R-QB1 Kt-B3 21. KtxB QKtxKt 22. B-Kt1

>hite3s last ei0ht mo/es com(leted his de/elo(ment6 and his $isho(s lie in wait for the attack on the $lack 2in0. -eanwhile $lack has effected nothin0. #n the contrar%6 he

Di"#r"$ %*0. has e1chan0ed his /alua'le 2$6 and also allowed his 22t to 'e dri/en off. is 2in03s side is 'are6 and castlin0 would 'e frau0ht with dan0er. If $lack castles now6 >hite (la%s 2t52t56 and $lack must weaken his (osition '% *5RC or *52tC6 and >hite would ad/ance his 2t* or R* and force an e1chan0e6 o(enin0 a file for his Rook. In conseGuence $lack decides to forfeit castlin0 and to 'rin0 his 2R to 'ear on the 2$ file. "or this also $lack must first (la% *5RC6 and >hite o'tains an o(en file '% *52t@52t5. !he seGuel is shown here.
22. ... P-R3 23. P-Kt4 Kt-K2 24. RxRc' BxR 25. Kt-K1

>hite waits first6 to see whether $lack is 0oin0 to castle6 and meanwhile tries to e1chan0e $lack3s 42t6 which commands his 4$B and 4C.
25. ... R-B1 26. Kt-Q3 P-B3 27. KtxKt QxKt 28. PxP RxP 2;. B-B1 Kt-B3

30. P-Kt5 PxP 31. BxP R-B1 32. B-K3 Q-K2 33. Q-Kt4

!his (ro/ides a0ainst $lack attem(tin0 to free his $isho( '% *5 2@. $lack3s $54B is countered '% $5 2tEch. >hite new wins sur(risin0l% Guickl%6 throu0h the 0reater mo'ilit% of his (ieces.
33. ... Q-B3 34. R-Kt1 R-R1 35. K-R1 R-R5

ere $lack could ha/e held out a little lon0er '% defendin0 his 2t*J C5. ... 25$1H CE. R52tC6 R5R5H C8. 45416 252t1H C7. $52t56 41* (R1*6 C9. 45R5)H C9. R54C6 41*H @9. $1R6 41$.
36. Q-Kt3 RxP

&om(ulsor%. $52t5 was threatened6 and after R5R16 41*6 4146 R146 the R* wins easil%.
37. BxR KtxB 38. QxP Q-B6c' 3;. Q-Kt2 QxQc'

40. RxQ KtxP 41. P-R4 Res&!%s.

!AME No. &. White: A4"=in. (4"56: R87instein. Si5i4i"n De>en5e.

1. P-K4 P-QB4

)t first 0lance this mo/e would seem to lose time6 as it does nothin0 towards the main o'<ect of o(enin0 strate0%6 namel%6 the de/elo(ment of (ieces. $ut we shall find that it does contri'ute to that aim6 althou0h indirectl%. "or one thin0 it could6 '% a trans(osition of mo/es6 lead into an o(enin0 in which *54$@ is (la%ed in an% caseH in other o(enin0s it is of use6 in that it acts from the first a0ainst the formation of a stron0 white centre. &oncurrentl% it (re(ares the o(enin0 of a file for the Rooks.
2. Kt-KB3 Kt-KB3:

$lack should not (la% 2t52$C as lon0 as >hite3s *5 25 means the clear 0ain of a mo/e. !here are (lent% of de/elo(in0 mo/es to choose from. !wo s%stems of de/elo(ment can 'e followed '% $lack accordin0 to whether the 2$ is to de/elo( at 2B or 2tB. In the first case (com(are Game No. B9) *52C is (la%ed. In the second case6 the o(enin0

mi0ht take this courseJ B. ... 2t54$CH C. *54@6 *1*H @. 2t1*6 2t5$CH 5. 2t54$C6 *54C (not *522tC at once6 'ecause >hite would e1chan0e 2ni0hts and dri/e off the 22t '% *525)H E. $52C6 *522tC6 and $52tB. >hite3s (osition is su(erior6 as he has a (awn in the centre in con<unction with 0reater mo'ilit%. $lack will find it difficult to 'rin0 his 4$ into (la%. Ne/ertheless his (osition is com(act and difficult to 0et at.
3. P-K5

Andou'tedl% Ru'instein had taken this mo/e into account when (la%in0 B. ... 2t52$C. is idea was to (ro/oke the ad/ance of the 2*. !he (awn at 25 is weaker than at 2@6 (articularl% as $lack3s 4$* (re/ents its natural su((ort '% *54@. -oreo/er $lack3s 4@ is free from interference '% >hite. >hite refutes this ultra su'tilt% '% sim(le and strai0ht5 forward (la%6 and he 0ets such an ad/anta0e in de/elo(ment that his attack succeeds 'efore $lack is a'le to demonstrate an% weakness in >hite3s 0ame.
3. ... Kt-Q4 4. Kt-B3 KtxKt 5. QPxKt Kt-B3 6. B-QB4 P-Q3

)fter E ... *52C6 8. $5$@ would restrain the 4*.

7. B-B4 PxP

)t this earl% sta0e $lack has no satisfactor% means of de/elo(ment. !he 4* is attacked three times6 and therefore the 2* cannot mo/e6 nor can the 2$ 'e de/elo(ed at 2tB. $52t56 in order to (la% $12t and *1*6 is refuted '% $1*ch. !he mo/e in the te1t which 'rin0s a'out the e1chan0e of 4ueens6 'ut de/elo(s another >hite (iece at the same time6 is more or less forced. It is instructi/e to watch how >hite3s ad/anta0e in de/elo(ment soon materialises.
8. KtxP QxQc' ;. RxQ KtxKt 10. BxKt P-QR3

>hite3s threat of $52t5ch could not 'e (arried '% $5 4B 'ecause of

11. BxPc'.

Di"#r"$ %*%.
11. B-B7 B-Kt5 12. P-B3 QR-B1 13. B-Kt6 B-B4 14. B-Kt3 P-K4 15. B-R4c' K-K2 16. P-QB4

ere >hite could ha/e won a (awn at once '% R545. If then 252C6

17. P-QB4. 16. ... P-B3 17. K-B2 K-B2 18. B-Q7< BxB 1;. RxBc' B-K2 20. KR-Q1<

!he (awns can wait. B9. R1* would not ha/e 'een (rofita'le 'ecause of R542t1.
20. ... K-K3 21. RxP B-Q3

$lack mi0ht ha/e resi0ned here. It is onl% a Guestion of time.

22. B-R7 R-B3

#therwise there follows R52tE.

23. RxP P-QR4 24. R-Kt7 R-R1 25. R-Q5 P-R4 26. P-QR4 P-R5 27. P-QKt3 R3R14-QB1 28. R-Kt5 Res&!%s.

!AME No. &/ White: Tei5h$"nn. (4"56: S=ie4$"nn. Si5i4i"n De>en5e 1see =. &%+3.
1. P-K4 P-QB4 2. Kt-QB3 P-K3 3. KKt-K2

!his comes to the same as 2t5$C6 as after *54@6 *1* the 2ni0ht reca(tures. If6 howe/er6 $lack (la%s *54@ there is a certain ad/anta0e for >hite to ha/e the 2t at 2B6 e.0. C. ... *54@H @. *1*6 *1*H 5. *54@. If now $lack does not e1chan0e (awns6 >hite is a'le to 'rin0 his 2$ to 'ear on the centre after *522tC and $52tB.
3. ... Kt-QB3

>hite can e1chan0e this 2ni0ht later on6 and thus make *525 (ossi'le as soon as he should deem it ad/isa'le to dri/e the $lack 2ni0ht from his 2$C6 where the same is 'ound to de/elo( sooner or later. It is (erha(s wise to (re/ent *525 '% 45$B instead of the mo/e in the te1t. !his is an old defence6 introduced '% *aulsen. !hou0h it retards the de/elo(ment of $lack3s minor (ieces6 it (roduces a stron0 defensi/e (osition6 and the o(enin0 of the 4$ file 0i/es attackin0 chances on the 4ueen3s side. !he defence mi0ht run like thisJ C. ... *54RCH @. *54@6

*1*H 5. 2t1*6 45$BH E. $52C6 2t52$CH 8. $52B6 $5 2BH 7. &astles6 *542t@ followed '% $52tB6 *54C6 42t54B6 etc.
4. P-Q4 PxP 5. KtxP P-QR3 6. KtxKt KtPxKt 7. B-Q3 P-Q4 8. Castles Kt-B3 ;. B-KB4 B-Kt5

Di"#r"$ %*&.

)s >hite can force $lack to (la% *52tC6 a weakenin0 mo/e6 '% *525 and 452t@6 $lack should ha/e (la%ed *5 2tC at once6 so as to ha/e 2t5R@ in answer to *5256 thus kee(in0 one (iece for the defence of the 2in03s side. !he latter is in <eo(ard% after the mo/e in the te1t6 and >hite3s attack succeeds.
10. P-K5 Kt-Q2 11. Q-Kt4 P-Kt3 12. KR-K1 P-QB4

#f course $lack must not acce(t the sacrifice of the e1chan0e '% (la%in0 *545. )fter 1C 2t52@6 $1RH 1@ 2t54Ech6 25$1H 15 R 1 $6 $lack is in a matin0 net6 from which there is no esca(e6 as he has no time to collect sufficient forces for the defence. !he mo/e in the te1t does not stem the tide either6 and >hite Guickl% forces the win '% a 'eautiful com'ination.
13. P-QR3 B-R4 14. B-KKt5 Q-Kt3 Q-B2 leads to t'e sa0e co%cl1s&o%. 15. P-Kt4< PxP 16. KtxP PxKt 17. P-K6

!he o'<ect of >hite3s fifteenth mo/e is re/ealed. >ithout it the R at 21 would now 'e attacked.
17. ... P-B4

2t5$@ fails on account of 17. *1*ch6 21*H 19. R5 28ch6 followed '%
Q-KB4. 18. PxKt do1#le c' KxP 1;. BxPc' Res&!%s.

!AME No. '0 White: T"rr"s5h. (4"56: S=ie4$"nn. Si5i4i"n De>en5e.

1. P-K4 P-QB4 2. Kt-QB3 Kt-QB3 3. P-KKt3

S(eed% de/elo(ment '% 2t5$C and *54@ is more desira'le6 as otherwise $lack ma% ha/e time to 0et a firm footin0 at his 45.
3. ... P-KKt3 4. B-Kt2 B-Kt2

!he $lack $isho( is the more effecti/e6 as the line of the >hite $isho( is masked '% the 2*. Small as this

ad/anta0e would seem6 it 'ecomes serious later on. It is another confirmation of the doctrine that the /alue of each manoeu/re in the o(enin0 de(ends on the measure of mo'ilit% it affords for the (ieces.
5. KKt-K2 Kt-B3 6. P-Q3

ere >hite could still o'tain a freer 0ame with *5 4@. *erha(s he was afraid of losin0 a (awn after E. ... *1*H 8. 2t1*6 2t1*. $ut there is nothin0 in it6 e.0. 7. 22t12t6 2t12tH 9. 2t146 2t14H 19. 2t1$*O (2t12t*N $12tH 11. $1$6 R542t1)6 212t (2t1$*NH 11. 2t1R6 2t1RH 1B. 2t1*6 2t1*H 1C. 2t1*)6 212t. !here was nothin0 else to 'e feared after *54@.
6. ... P-Q3 7. Castles B-Q2

in order to (la% 45$1 and $5RE and to e1chan0e $isho(s6 after which there would 'e weak (oints at >hite3s 2RC and 2$C.
8. P-KR3 Castles ;. B-K3 P-KR3

$lack also (re/ents an e1chan0e of $isho(s.

10. Q-Q2 K-R2

11. P-B4 Kt-K1

!he (osition has now 'ecome e1ceedin0l% difficult. In order to make the most of the fa/oura'le de/elo(ment of his 2$6 $lack must ad/ance on the 4ueen3s side. $ut in mo/in0 his 2in03s side (ieces o/er to the 4ueen3s side6 $lack must (roceed waril%6 as >hite mi0ht 0et chances of an attack with o/erwhelmin0 forces on the 2in03s side.
12. P-KKt4 Kt-B2 13. Kt-Kt3

ere it was necessar% to (la% R5$B in order to (la% the 4R to 2$1 'efore $lack could mana0e to dri/e the 2t to 41 '% *542t@55.
13. ... P-QKt4 14. Kt-Q1:

It would still ha/e 'een 'etter to (la% 4R521 and to lea/e the 4ueen3s side to itself as lon0 as (ossi'le after *52t56 15. 2t5 416 in order to start an assault on the 2in03s side with *5$56 *5 2R@ and *52t5. )fter the te1t mo/e the 4ueen3s Rook remains shut in.
14. ... QR-Kt1 15. Kt-K2

in order to (la% *5$C and *54@. !he whole (lan6 howe/er6 is inconseGuent6 as he has started an attack on the 2in03s side. Now he suddenl% o(ens u( files on the 4ueen3s side where $lack has assem'led su(erior forces. !he result is that >hite 0ets into trou'le on 'oth win0s6 for as soon as he 0i/es u( his 2in03s side attack6 the ad/anced (awns there6 as one knows6 are onl% a source of weakness.
15. ... P-Kt5 16. P-B3 PxP 17. PxP Q-B1 18. P-Q4 PxP 1;. PxP Q-R3 20. R-B1 Kt-Kt4 21. P-Q5

Di"#r"$ %*'. !his shuts in the >hite 2$ alto0ether6 and at the same time o(ens the dia0onal of $lack3s 2$. !herefore6 on (rinci(le alone the mo/e is Guestiona'le. In effect it 0i/es $lack an o((ortunit% for a 'eautiful winnin0 com'ination. #nl% *525 was worth considerin06 as then the o((osin0 $isho( would ha/e 'een shut in and >hite3s own dia0onal o(ened.
21. ... Kt-Kt5<< 22. QxKt Kt-Q5 23. QxKt BxQ

24. KtxB

)lthou0h three minor (ieces are 0enerall% an eGui/alent for the 4ueen6 in this case the >hite 0ame colla(ses Guickl%. !he ad/anced (awns ha/e (roduced too man% weak (oints which afford an entr% for the $lack forces.
24. ... KR-B1 25. RxR RxR 26. R-B2 Q-R6 27. R-K2

$5R5 was threatened. $ut the te1t mo/e is of no a/ail either. $lack winds u( the 0ame with another fine com'ination.
27. ... R-B8< 28. BxR QxB

If R5216 45$@.
2;. Kt-B3 QxKtc' 30. K-B2 B-Kt4 Res&!%s.

!AME No. '% White: John. (4"56: J"no;s6i Si5i4i"n De>en5e.

1. P-K4 P-QB4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. P-Q4 PxP 4. KtxP Kt-B3

!he aim of this mo/e is to (ro/oke 2t5$C6 and incidentall% to (re/ent *54$@. !he latter mo/e would 0i/e >hite command of his 45 and not onl% (re/ent $lack3s *54@ 'ut also immo'ilise $lack3s 2* unless his 4* is to remain ='ackward.=
5. QKt-B3 P-KKt3

)s shown on (. B1E6 *54C must 'e (la%ed first. In an% case $lack must 'e war% of (la%in0 *522tC. If6 for instance6 after *54C >hite (la%s E. $54$@6 and $lack re(lies with *522tC6 there follows 8. 2t12t6 *12tH 7. *525O6 2t52t5 (*1*N6 9. $1*ch)H 9. *5 2E6 *52$@6 with ad/anta0e to >hite (see 0ame in the match Schlechter5Lasker).
6. KtxKt KtPxKt 7. P-K5 Kt-Kt1 8. B-QB4 P-Q4 ;. PxP= e.p. PxP 10. Q-B3

Di"#r"$ %**. >hite has now three (ieces in action and $lack none. $lack3s 0ame is ho(eless alread%H his $B cannot 'e co/ered '% 454B 'ecause ofJ 11. $1*ch6 41$H 1B. 41*ch6 and after 452Bch there followsJ 11. $52C6 $5 2tBH 1B. &astles 4R6 and 1C. 2R5216 with an o/erwhelmin0 attack.
10. ... Q-Q2 11. Kt-Q5

In /iew of the fact that his 0ame is so much more de/elo(ed6 and that the o((osin0 2in0 will hardl% 'e

a'le to esca(e from the centre of the 'oard6 >hite decides to sacrifice a 2ni0ht in order to o(en the files in the centre for his Rooks6 instead of followin0 the sim(le line indicated in the (re/ious note.
11. ... PxKt 12. BxP Q-K2c' 13. B-K3 R-Kt1 14. Castles KR

&astles 4R is stron0er still6 as the 4R 0ets into action at once.

14. ... B-KKt2 15. B-KB4 R-Kt3 16. B-B6c' RxB

If $54B6 the continuation mi0ht ha/e 'eenJ 18. $1$6 41$H 17. 4R5 416 452tBH 19. 2R521ch6 2t52BH B9. R12tch6 21RH B1. $1*ch6 etc.H or 17. ... 45$1H 19. $1*6 etc. )fter 18. R521 $lack could ha/e held out a little lon0er with $5 $C. )fter the te1t mo/e6 howe/er6 $lack3s 0ame colla(ses Guickl% 'efore the concentrated onslau0ht of the >hite forces.
17. QxRc' Q-Q2

18. Q R-K1c' Kt-K2 1;. RxKtc'< KxR 20. R-K1c' K-B1 21. BxPc' K-Kt1 22. R-K8c' B-B1 23. RxBc' K-Kt2 24. Q-B3c' Res&!%s.

!AME No. '& White: E<. L"s6er. (4"56: Mieses. Centre Co8nter De>en5e.
1. P-K4 P-Q4 2. PxP Kt-KB3

!his is to tem(t >hite to (la% *54$@6 a weak mo/e (see (. C5). $% (la%in0 *54$C $lack would o'tain '% far the 'etter 0ame in e1chan0e for the (awn.
3. P-Q4 QxP

2t1* can also 'e (la%ed. In either case >hite wins a mo/e '% dri/in0 off the $lack (iece '% 2t54$C or *5 4$@. "urthermore6 >hite has a (awn in the centre. $lack3s (lan in retakin0 with the 4ueen mi0ht 'e to castle earl% on the 4ueen3s side and attack >hite3s centre (awn '% *52@6 and >hite must 'e on the

alert a0ainst this (lan6 thou0h it will not 'e eas% for $lack to (ut the same into e1ecution6 'ecause of the e1(osed (osition of his 4ueen. )fter @. 2t54$C6 45 4R@ is the onl% mo/e which 'rin0s the 4ueen into momentar% securit%6 and e/en then $lack must (ro/ide for a retreat6 as after >hite3s $54B there would 'e a threat of an ad/anta0eous =disco/er%= '% the 2t. *54$C (ro/ides such a retreat6 'ut it 'ars the 42t from its natural de/elo(ment at $C6 where the 2t could e1ert further (ressure on >hite3s 4@. !he 4$6 too6 is difficult to 0et into (la% and easil% 'ecomes an o'<ect of attack6 as in the (resent 0ame.
4. Kt-QB3 Q-QR4 5. Kt-B3 B-B4

$52t5 would onl% hel( >hite3s intentions to attack on the 2in03s side in the a'sence of $lack3s 4ueen6 e.0. E. *52RC6 $5R@H 8. *5 22t@6 $52tCH 7. 2t525 (threatenin0 2t5$@)6 *5$CH 9. *52R@6 4 2t5 4BH 19. 2t5$@6 45$BH 11. *5R56 $525H 1B. 2t1$6 2t12tH 1C. 45$C and $5$@ with the su(erior 0ame.

Di"#r"$ %*+.
6. Kt-K5< Kt-K5

*5$C was ur0ent here6 to (ro/ide a0ainst 2t5$@ and 45$C. Now the 0ame is as 0ood as lost. >hite o'tains a /iolent attack with su(erior forces6 and 'rin0s it home 'efore $lack has time to com(lete his de/elo(ment.
7. Q-B3 Kt-Q3

If 2t12t6 $54B.
8. B-Q2 P-K3

;. P-KKt4 B-Kt3

$lack had to 0uard his 2$B 'ecause of 2t52t56 2t12t6 41*ch.

10. P-KR4 Q-Kt3 11. Castles P-KB3

&om(ulsor%. 2t5$C is refuted '% 1B. 2t12t6 412tH 1C. 4146 *14H 1@. $52tB and *5R5. #n the other hand6 the answer to 11. ... 41* would 'e 1B. $52$@6 45$@H 1C. *5R56 *5$CH 1@. *1$6 *12tH 15. $5 22t5 followed '% R12t and R547 or 45$8 mate.
12. KtxB PxKt 13. B-Q3 QxP

25$B or *52$@ were also una/ailin0 in conseGuence of $lack3s (oor de/elo(ment.

14. BxPc' K-Q2 15. B-K3 Q-Kt5 16. P-R3 Q-B5 17. QxKtP Q-B3 18. B-K4 Res&!%s.

!AME No. '' White: ("r"sA. (4"56: Mieses. Centre Co8nter De>en5e.

1. P-K4 P-Q 4 2. PxP QxP 3. Kt-QB3 Q-QR4 4. Kt-B3

It is 'etter to ad/ance the 4* at once and so threaten $54B6 after which $lack is almost under com(ulsion to (ro/ide a retreat for his 4 '% *54$C6 thus 'lockin0 his 42t.
4. ... Kt-QB3 5. B-K2 B-B4 6. P-Q3

)lread% now the mistake of ha/in0 allowed $lack to de/elo( his 4ueen3s side unmolested is a((arent. *5 4@ is now im(ossi'le6 for $lack would castle on the 4ueen3s side and kee( the initiati/e '% e1ertin0 a (ermanent (ressure on >hite3s 4* '% *52@. >hite must %ield u( the centre to $lack.
6. ... P-K4 7. B-Q2 Castles 8. P-QR3 Q-B4

!he 4ueen must esca(e from >hite3s threat of *5 42t@.

;. Castles Kt-B3 10. P-QKt4 Q-K2 11. P-Kt5

!his ad/ance is somewhat (ur(oseless6 as the >hite (ieces are not read% for an attack on $lack3s 2in0. It is difficult6 thou0h6 to find a sensi'le (lan6 as the >hite (ieces ha/e so little mo'ilit%. It would (erha(s 'e 'est to (la% R5216 $5$16 and 2t52@.
11. ... Kt-Q5 12. R-K1 Q-B4 13. B-KB1 B-Q3 14. Q-Kt1:

Di"#r"$ %*,. !he (ur(ose of this mo/e is not clear. !he ad/ance of the 2t* could onl% 'e condoned '% a desire to o'tain an o(en file6 and it seems illo0ical to (rotect it now. If >hite wanted to esca(e the (innin0 of his 22t he need not ha/e mo/ed the 4ueen. 2t12t would ha/e effected this and (re/ented the 2in03s side from 'ein0 laid 'are. >hite3s 0ame would still ha/e 'een 'ad6 (articularl% as the e1chan0e at 4@ o(ens the dia0onal for the $lack 2$6 'ut the mo/e in the te1t has e/en a worse effect. -ieses concludes the 0ame with an ele0ant sacrifice.

14. ... KtxKtc' 15. PxKt P-K5< 16. QPxP BxPc' 17. KxB QxPc' 18. B-Kt2 RxB 1;. R-K2 RxR 20. KtxR QxKt 21. PxB Q-K4c' 22. K-R1 R-K1

$lack has wrou0ht fearful ha/oc in the >hite ranks6 and the defenceless 2in0 cannot withstand the onslau0ht of the three >hite (ieces for lon0.
23. P-QB4 Kt-R4 24. K-Kt1 Q-Q5c' 25. K-R2 R-K7

threatenin0 45R5ch6 45$8ch6 and mate at 2t8 or R8.

26. Q-R1 Q-K4c' 27. P-B4 QxPc' 28. K-Kt1 Q-Q5c' Res&!%s.

!AME NO. '* White: E$. L"s6er. (4"56: Nie$Ao;its5h. C"ro) "nn De>en5e 15o$="re =. +03.
1. P-K4 P-QB3 2. P-Q4 P-Q4 3. Kt-QB3 PxP 4. KtxP Kt-B3 5. KtxKt KtPxKt 6. B-K2 B-B4 7. B-B3 Q-R4c' 8. P-B3 P-KR4<

) dee( conce(tion. If >hite acce(ts the (roffered sacrifice of a (awn6 he loses time6 as he must retire his $ 'efore 'rin0in0 out his 2t6 and6 moreo/er6 the 2R file 'ein0 o(en6 he can onl% castle on the 4 side. $ut there the $lack 4ueen is read% for the attack. If he refuses the sacrifice6 the te1t mo/e is still of /alue6 as e/en then it is hardl% ad/isa'le for >hite to castle on the 2 side6 whilst $lack can (la% $5RC as soon as it mi0ht 'e desira'le to e1chan0e >hite3s 4$.
;. BxP Kt-Q2 10. B-Kt4 BxB

11. QxB Castles 12. Kt-K2 P-K3 13. B-B4 Q-QKt4<

$lack is the first to com(lete his de/elo(ment6 and he assumes the offensi/e.
14. Castles QR<

!his is much stron0er than the alternati/e *542tC6 which would fatall% distur' the (awn skeleton6 (articularl% as castlin0 is onl% (ossi'le on the 4 side. )lthou0h $lack can now 0ain two (awns6 >hite o'tains an attack and $lack onl% <ust mana0es to esca(e with a draw.
14. ... Kt-Kt3 15. Kt-Kt3

intendin0 452B in answer to 2t5$5. )0ain *542tC is not to 'e thou0ht of6 and R54B also fails 'ecause of 2t5$5H 1E. R5$B6 2t1*.
15. ... Q-Q4 16. K-Kt1 QxKtP 17. QR-Kt1 QxBP 18. Kt-K4 Q-R5 1;. Q-B3 Kt-B5<

Di"#r"$ %*-. >hilst $lack was 'us% ca(turin0 two (awns '% mo/in0 the 4ueen four times6 >hite was concentratin0 the whole of his forces6 and now threatens to win 'ack the (awn with R52t@. !he mo/e in the te1t antici(ates the threat6 for now the answer to B9. R52t@ would 'e 45R@H B1. 2t1*N6 45$@chH BB. 2t52@NN 2t548ch6 winnin0 the 4.
20. K-R1 P-KB4 21. Kt-Kt5 B-Q3 22. B-B1 R-Q2

23. R-Kt2 B-B2

intendin0 to 0et rid of the awkward >hite 2ni0ht '% 2t54C525.

24. KR-Kt Kt-Q3 25. Q-K2 Kt-K5 26. Kt-B3 Q-R6 27. P-R3

>hite a((ears to 'e in =time= difficulties6 or else he remains (assi/e6 in order to 0i/e $lack an o((ortunit% for makin0 the risk% attem(t to hold the e1tra (awn '% *5$C and *52@.
27. ... P-R3 28. B-K3 KR-Q1 2;. K-R2 R-R1

If $lack wants to (la% for a win6 he must (la% *5$C. In /iew of the fa/oura'le (osition of the >hite (ieces6 he (refers to risk nothin0 and to a/oid the weakenin0 of (osition which follows u(on (racticall% e/er% (awn mo/e.
30. K-R1 KR-Q1 31. K-R2 R-K1 32. R-Kt8 RxR

33. RxRc' R-Q1 34. R-Kt7 R-Q2 35. R-Kt8c'

)s lon0 as $lack (la%s steadil%6 >hite cannot ho(e for more than a draw.
35. ... R-Q1 36. R-Kt7 R-B1 37. P-B4 Kt-B3

In order to dri/e off the RookH >hite now enforces the draw '% a fine com'ination.
38. B-Kt5< Kt-R4 3;. RxP< RxR 40. QxPc' R-Q2

Not 252t1 on account of @1. 4527ch6 25RBH @B. 41R6 412tH @C. 41$6 threatenin0 $528.
41. Kt-K5< *)aw.

"or after $12t there follows @B. 4527ch6 25$BH @C. 41$ch6 with (er(etual check. $oth (la%ers ha/e shown a dee( (ositional insi0ht6 and the 0ame shows in an interestin0 manner how a (re(onderance of material can 'e counter'alanced '%

the 0reater mo'ilit% of the (ieces. !AME NO. '+ White: Reti. (4"56: T"rt"6o;er. C"ro) "nn De>en5e.
1. P-K4 P-QB3 2. P-Q4 P-Q4 3. Kt-QB3 PxP 4. KtxP Kt-KB3 5. Q-Q3

>hite wishes to castle as soon as (ossi'le on the 4ueen3s side6 in order to o(erate on the 4ueen3s file with the hel( of the Rook.
5. ... P-K4

ere $lack loses two mo/es in 'rin0in0 >hite3s centre (awn awa%. !he manoeu/re therefore is not sound. 42t54B6 2t12t6 and 2t5$C6 or an% other de/elo(in0 mo/es would 'e (refera'le.
6. PxP Q-R4c' 7. B-Q2 QxP 8. Castles<

Di"#r"$ %*.. >hite (re(ares a ma0nificent matin0 com'ination6 which can onl% 'e made (ossi'le at such an earl% sta0e6 when the o((onent has utterl% ne0lected his de/elo(ment.
8. ... KtxKt ;. Q-Q8c'<< KxQ 10. B-Kt5 do1#le c' K-B2 11. B-Q8 0ate

) 'eautiful mate. If 11. ... 25216 11. R547 mate.

!AME NO. ', White: For#"5A. (4"56: E. Cohn. C8een's !"$7it.

1. P-Q4 P-Q4 2. Kt-KB3 P-K3 3. P-B4 PxP 4. Kt-B3 Kt-KB3 5. B-Kt5 B-K2 6. P-K4 P-KR3

!hrou0h C. ... *1* $lack3s de/elo(ment is one mo/e 'ehind6 and such (awn mo/es should at an% cost 'e a/oided as do not contri'ute to the mo'ilisation of the (ieces. &astles6 *542tC6 $52tB6 and 42t54 B was the (ro(er course.
7. BxKt

!his is 'etter than to withdraw the $isho(H $lack3s last mo/e was clearl% loss of time.
7.. ... BxB 8. BxP Kt-Q2 ;. Castles Castles

Di"#r"$ %*/. !here seems to 'e nothin0 alarmin0 a'out the (osition6 %et on closer in/esti0ation a num'er of /ital failin0s can 'e discerned in $lack3s cam(. !he a'sence of a (awn in the centre and the unsatisfactor% de/elo(ment ha/e a far5reachin0 influence. >hite will 'e a'le to 'rin0 his forces to the 2in03s side '% wa% of 2@6 which is made accessi'le '% the disa((earance of $lack3s 4*6 'efore $lack has time to 'rin0 his 4$ to 'ear on >hite3s 2@ '% *5 42tC and $52tB. >hite3s immediate threat (after *5 25) is 452B52@ and $54C. If $lack does not wish to risk *522tC6 he must defend himself with R5216 2t5 $1. In the meantime >hite can (la% R541 and threaten

*5456 o(enin0 the 4ueen3s file. !his a0ain necessitates *5$C6 which (ost(ones the efficienc% of the 4$ at 2tB until >hite3s 42t and 4R ha/e 'een 'rou0ht u( for the attack. !he 0ame de/elo(s on these lines6 and (ro/ides an e1cellent e1am(le of the ad/anta0e of the command of the centre.
10. P-K5 B-K2 11. Q-K2 R-K1 12. QR-Q1 P-QB3 13. Q-K4 Q-B2

(re(arin0 *542tC.
14. KR-K1 Kt-B1 15. Q-Kt4 P-QKt3 16. Q-R5 B-Kt2 17. R-K4 B-Kt5

$lack cannot %et (la% *54$@6 as R5$@ is threatened with an attack on 2$8. !he $isho( which o'structs the 4 would ha/e no mo/e6 sa/e the sorr% retreat to 416 and >hite would win s(eedil%J 18. ... *5 4$@H 17. R5$@6 $541H 19. *5456 *1*H B9. 2t1*6 $12tH B1. $1$6 attackin0 R and *.
18. R-Kt4 BxKt

1;. PxB K-R1

41* was threatened.

20. Kt-Kt5 R-K2 21. Kt-K4

E/en the 2ni0ht is 'rou0ht in /ia 2@.

21. ... R-Q1 22. R-Q3 P-QB4 23. Kt-B6

threatenin0 41*ch and R52t7 mate. $lack cannot ca(ture the 2t 'ecause of 41*ch and mate at 2t8. $ut the mate cannot 'e dela%ed much lon0er in /iew of the concentration of su(erior forces for the attack.
23. ... Kt-Kt3 24. R-R3 Res&!%s

!here is no answer to 452t5 and R1*. !AME NO. 'White: M"rsh"44. (4"56: C"="74"n5". C8een's !"$7it De54ine< 1see =. +&3.
1. P-Q4 P-Q4 2. P-QB4 P-K3 3. Kt-QB3 Kt-KB3

4. B-Kt5 B-K2 5. P-K3 Kt-K5

Di"#r"$ %+0. Lasker has (la%ed this mo/e successfull% in his match a0ainst -arshallH 'ut it has not come into 0eneral use. >hite should 0et the 'etter 0ame '% E. $1$6 41$H 8. 45 $B6 2t12tH 7. 412t or 8. *1*6 2t12tH 7. *12t6 *1*H 9. 452tC6 in the first case 'ecause the $lack 4$ is out of (la%6 in the second case 'ecause of the o(en 2t file. 8. 2t12t is 'ad6 'ecause *12t (re/ents the natural de/elo(ment of the 22t at $C6 and $lack can o'tain an attack after castlin0 '% *52$@55.

6. BxB QxB 7. B-Q3

!his also is a 0ood mo/e6 as it furthers de/elo(ment.

7. ... KtxKt 8. PxKt PxP

Gi/in0 u( the centre (awn in this case is not a0ainst the s(irit of the o(enin06 as it o(ens the onl% dia0onal on which the $lack 4$ can o(erate.
;. BxP P-QKt3 10. Q-B3 P-QB3 11. Kt-K2 B-Kt2 12. Castles KR Castles 13. P-QR4

!his mo/e can onl% 'e 0ood if >hite intends to o(erate on the 4ueen3s side6 (ossi'l% '% 2R52t1 and *5R5. $ut the (osition of the >hite 4ueen makes the ado(tion of a different (lan com(ulsor%. "or one thin06 it is rational to concentrate forces where the 4ueen can take her share6 therefore6 in this case6 on the 2in03s side. #n the other hand6 the manoeu/re referred to could not 'e (ut into e1ecution here 'ecause $lack can (re/ent *5 R5 '% *54$@ and 2t5

$C. ) fairl% o'/ious course was to (la% *52@6 takin0 (ossession of the centre. *54$@ would then 'e answered '% *5456 after which the >hite Rooks would 'e /er% effecti/e at 41 and 21. In this 0ame >hite does initiate a 2in03s side attack su'seGuentl%6 and thus 1C. ... *54R@ is clearl% a lost mo/e.
13. ... P-QB4 14. Q-Kt3 Kt-B3 15. Kt-B4 QR-B1

!he tem(tin0 mo/e of *52@ cannot 'e (la%ed 'ecause of 1E. 2t5456 4541H 18. *1$*6 2t5R@H 17. 2R541. !he mo/e in the te1t threatens *1*6 2t1* and R1$.
16. B-R2 KR-Q1 17. KR-K1 Kt-R4

!his threatens $5$C attackin0 the R*. >hite decides to %ield the same at once6 thinkin0 Guite ri0htl% that a direct attack must ha/e 0ood chances6 as $lack 0ets two (ieces out of (la% in ca(turin0 the (awn.
18. QR-Q1 B-B 3 1;. Q-Kt4

$lack cannot take the (awn %et6 'ecause of 2t1* and $1*ch.

1;. ... P-B5 20. P-Q5:

Di"#r"$ %+%. !here is no need to (la% for /iolent com(lications. !he lo0ical course was to o(en the wa% to the 2in03s side for the Rooks '% *5 2@. !he continuation could ha/e 'eenJ B9. *52@6 $1R*H B1. 2t5R56 *52tCH BB. *5256 $1RH BC. R1$ followed '% 2t5$E6 with a stron0 attackH also after B1. ... *5$C6 BB. R54B6 >hite3s attackin0 chances are 0ood. )fter the mo/e in the te1t6 $lack could 0et an ad/anta0e '% sim(l% e1chan0in0J B9. ... *1*H B1. 2t1*6 $12tH BB. R1$6 R1RH BC. 41Rch6 R541H B@. 452$56 *5

2tCH B5. 45$B6 45RE. In takin0 the R*6 howe/er6 $lack incurs 0ra/e risks.
20. ... BxRP 21. R-Q2 P-K4 22. Kt-R5 P-Kt3 23. P-Q6 Q-K3 24. Q-Kt5 K-R1

$lack finds the weaknesses at his 2$C and 2RC /er% trou'lesome. R1* would lose at once6 'ecause of B5. R1R6 41RH BE. 45REO
25. Kt-B6 RxP 26. RxR QxR 27. B-Kt1 Q-R4 wo1ld 'a6e #ee% a%swe)ed #@ K-Kt2. 27. ... Kt-B3

$lack must tr% to 'rin0 'ack his minor (ieces for the defence. If he succeeds in doin0 that in time6 the end50ame is easil% won on the 4ueen3s side.
28. B-B5 R-Q1

Not *1$ 'ecause of 45RE.

2;. P-KR4

>hite3s attackin0 resources seem ine1hausti'le. $% e1chan0in0 4ueens he could ha/e 0ot his (awn 'ack in this wa%J B9. $5486 45 $1 (R 1$N6 C9. 45RE)H C9. $12t6 $1$H C1. 414*6 454CH CB. 2t5 486414H CC. 2t146 $521H C@. 2t14$*. $ut e/en then $lack would maintain a su(eriorit% in the end50ame owin0 to the freedom of his (assed (awn6 and 'ecause he can (ost his Rook at the se/enth after *542t@. !his e1(lains wh% -arshall (refers not to win 'ack his (awn6 'ut to enter u(on a /iolent attack with a dou'tful issue. owe/er6 &a(a'lanca finds the ri0ht mo/e in all the ensuin0 com(lications6 and finall% wins the 0ame.

Di"#r"$ %+&.
2;. ... Kt-K2 30. Kt-K4 Q-B2 31. Q-B6c' K-Kt1 32. B-K6

!his is now com(ulsor%. If >hite loses time in withdrawin0 the $6 $lack consolidates his (osition '%J 2t54@ and 452B.
32. ... PxB

R5$1 is refuted '% CC. 2t52t5O6 *1$H C@. 41R6 etc.

33. QxKPc'

$etter than 2t52t56 for after 2t54@6 C@. 41*ch6 the $lack 2in0 finds a safe retreat at 2tB.
33. ... K-B1 34. Kt-Kt5 Kt-Kt1 35. P-B4

in order to o(en the file for the Rook.

35. ... R-K1 36. PxP R-K2 37. R-B1c' K-Kt2 38. P-R5 B-K1 3;. P-R6c' K-R1

2t1* fails on account of 45$Ech.

40. Q-Q6

>hite takes all (ossi'le ad/anta0e from the (osition6 'ut cannot 'rin0 home his attack6 as $lack has concentrated his forces for the defence. $lack must still 'e careful to a/oid a mate6 e.0. 414NH @1. *146 R1*H @B. R5$8 or @l. ... R54BH @B. R5$7.
40. ... Q-B4 41. Q-Q4

ere >hite could ha/e tried 414 and R5$7. !here was then a (ermanent threat of R1$6 e.0. @1. 4146 *14H @B. R5$76 R1*H @C. 2t5$C6 R52BH @@. 2t52t56 etc. It seems as if $lack would ha/e to 0i/e u( the (iece a0ain '% @C. ... R5R@ in order to win. >hite6 howe/er6 would then ha/e drawin0 chances6 which would ha/e 'een a fittin0 conclusion to this wonderful 0ame.
41. ... RxP 42. Q-Q7 R-K2 Res&!%s

!AME No. '. White: Rot4e;i. (4"56: Tei5h$"nn. C8een's !"$7it De54ine<.
1. P-Q4 P-Q 4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-KB3 3. P-B4 P-K3 4. Kt-B3 QKt-Q2 5. B-Kt5 B-K2

&a(a'lanca tried 5. ... $52t5H a0ainst Ed. Lasker in New +ork6 1915. !he continuation wasJ E. *52C6 *5 $@H 8. $54C6 45R@H 7. 452tC.

!he correct mo/e is here 7. &astles. If $lack wins the (awn '% $12tH 9. *1$6 4*1*H 19. $1*6 41$*6 >hite o'tains a stron0 attack6 e.0.6 11. R5$16 45R@H 1B. $12t6 *1$ (2t1$H 1C. *1*)H 1C. *5456 with this (ossi'le continuation lC. ... 2t52tC6 1@. *1*6 *1*H 15.
Q-Q6= w&t' a st)o%! attack. 6. P-K3 Castles 7. Q-B2 P-B4

>hite intends to castle on the 4ueen3s side6 and to follow this u( with a storm '% the 2in03s side (awns. )lthou0h Ru'instein has on man% occasions 'een successful with this form of attack6 it is o(en to criticism. "or6 where 2in0s ha/e castled on different win0s6 the attack on the 2in0 which has castled on the 4 side should 'e more successful.

Di"#r"$ %+'. !his is much stron0er than *54 2tC and $52tB6 as then the $lack 4ueen cannot (artici(ate in the attack Guickl% enou0h. )s (ointed out 'efore6 s(eed is the first consideration for the attack6 whene/er the 2in0s ha/e castled on different win0s. )n interestin0 counter(art to the (resent 0ame is found in a 0ame won '% Ru'instein from !eichmann (-atch6 .ienna6 1997) 8. ... *5 42tCH 7. *1*6 *1*H 9. $54C6 $52tBH 19. &astles 4R6 *5$@H 11. *5 2R@6 *5$5N (the onl% ho(e la% in the o(enin0 of the 4$ file)H 1B. $5$56 R521H 1C. $122t6 2t1$H 1@. *5 22t@6 $54CH 15. *52t56 2t5 25H 1E. *5R56 452BH 18. 4R52t16 *54RCH 17. $1*chO6 21$H 19. *5 2tEch6 25

2t1H B9. 2t12t6 *12tH B1. *5RE6 *5$C1 BB. *1*6 *12tH BC R5R7ch6 21*H B@. R5R8ch6 and $lack resi0ned a few mo/es later.
8. Castles Q-R4 ;. PxQP

>hite loses time in the centre. It was im(erati/e to (roceed at once with *522t@ followed '% $12t6 *5 2t5 and *52R@.
;. ... KPxP 10. PxP KtxP 11. Kt-Q4 B-K3 12. K-Kt1

It would 'e too risk% to lea/e 'oth 2in0 and 4ueen on the 4$ file.
12. ... QR-B1 13. B-Q3 P-KR3

!he threat wasJ $12t and $1*ch. ad >hite (la%ed *522t@ and *52R@ instead of effectin0 e1chan0es in the centre6 $lack would not ha/e 'een a'le to afford this weakenin0 mo/e. $ut now $lack wins the 0ame on the other win06 'efore >hite is a'le to make use of the weakness thus created.

14. BxKt BxB 15. B-B5 KR-Q1 16. BxB PxB 17. Q-Kt6

!he 4ueen must lea/e the 4$ file without dela%6 as 2t525 is threatened. $lack3s 0ame is alread% su(eriorH with the e1ce(tion of the 4ueen6 >hite has no (iece a/aila'le for the attack on the o((osin0 2in0.
17. ... R-Q3 18. R-QB1 R-R3

Now >hite must a0ain (ro/ide a0ainst $lack3s 2t5 256 as >hite3s 42t is needed for the defence of 4RB.
1;. P-B3 R-Q1

$lack intends to mo/e his $ and then to ad/ance his 2* with an attack on the 4ueen. !he o'<ect of the te1t mo/e is to (re/ent >hite from sa/in0 himself '% an attack on the Rook (45$5).
20. R-B2 BxKt

$% this e1chan0e $lack achie/es his o'<ect of dri/in0 off the 2ni0ht '% *5456 'ut >hite has time to 0i/e his R* further (rotection '% *542tC6 !his6 $lack

would ha/e (re/ented '% (la%in0 $52t@ instead of the te1t mo/e6 e.0. B1. *5$@6 *52@H BB. 45$56 *12tH BC. *1*6 $5$CH B@. *12t6 *5456 etc.
21. PxB P-K4 22. Q-Kt4 PxP 23. QxP Kt-K3 24. Q-K5

!his dela%s the fatal ad/ance of the 4* for one mo/e. B@. ... *542t@
25. P-QKt3 P-Q5 26. Kt-K4 P-Q6 27. R-Q2 Kt-Q5 28. R-QB1 Kt-B7 2;. Q-Kt2 Kt-R6c'

C9. 25R1 2t5$8ch C1. 252t1 2t5REch CB. 25R1 2t5 $8ch
33. K-Kt1

Di"#r"$ %+*. $lack does not (la% for a draw6 'ut onl% wishes to 0ain time.
33. ... R-QB3

!he intention is to dou'le Rooks and to force an entr% at $8. *5 2t5 would not 'e 0ood. !he >hite Rook would no lon0er 'e attacked6 and the 2ni0ht could attack the 4*.
34. R3B14-Q1 KR-QB1

Now that the >hite Rook has left the 4$ file6 one Rook would 'e sufficient to force an entr% at $86 and

2t5REch followed '% *52t5 could ha/e 'een (la%ed at once6 e.0. C@. ... 2t5REchH C5. 25R16 *52t5 ((re/entin0 *542t@)H CE. 2t5$B6R5$8H C8. R1R6 *1RH C7. R5 4$16 452tCH C9. 2t52@6 R547 followed '% R1Rch6 4545ch and *5$7 mate.
35. RxP Kt-R6c' 36. K-R1 P-Kt5 37. R-Q7 Q-K4<<

If 4146 $lack mates in three.

38. R-Q8c' RxR 3;. RxRc' K-R2 40. R-Q1 QxQc'

&uriousl% enou0h there is nothin0 'etter. 45$B onl% leads to the e1chan0e of 4ueens and the same end5 0ame6 which6 howe/er6 is an eas% win for $lack6 as the (ermanent matin0 threat kee(s the >hite Rook tied to the first rank6 whilst the $lack 2in0 threatens to ca(ture all the >hite (awns. If 45$B >hite forces the e1chan0e of 4ueens with the followin0 com'inationJ @1. 454B6 R5$8H @B. 45 4C6 R5$7chH @C. 252tB6 with a threat of 2t5$Ech and 45R8 mate. $lack therefore would ha/e to (la% 45 $8ch6 etc.6 as in the 0ame.

41. KxQ R-B7c' 42. K-R1 RxP 43. R-R1 P-Kt4 44. Kt-B6c' K-Kt2 45. Kt-K4 K-Kt3 46. Kt-Q6 P-QR4

>e ha/e now a (osition with a forced mo/e. If the >hite 2ni0ht mo/es6 there follows 25$@5$56 etc. !herefore >hite 0i/es u( his R * /oluntaril%.
47. R-QB1 RxP 48. Kt-B4 Kt-Kt4

Now 2t5$E and R1* mate are threatened.

4;. Kt-K5c' K-Kt2 50. Kt-Kt4 R-K7 51. R-B5 R-K8c' 52. K-Kt2 Kt-R6 53. R-B7c' K-B1 54. R-B1 R-K7c' 55. K-R1 Kt-B7c' 56. K-Kt1 Kt-R6c'

$lack a0ain a((ears to 'e short of time.

57. K-R1 Kt-Kt4 58. R-B5 R-K8c' 5;. K-Kt2 Kt-R6 60. R-B1 R-K7c'

Now6 after the si1tieth mo/e $lack has a0ain (lent% of time6 and can (re(are the final com'ination at leisure.
61. K-R1 R-K3 62. R-R1 K-Kt2 63. R-QB1 K-Kt3 64. R-B6 RxR 65. Kt-K5c' K-B4 66. KtxR P-R4 67. Kt-Q4c' K-K4 68. Kt-K2 Kt-B7c' 6;. K-Kt2 Kt-Q5 Res&!%s.

!AME NO. '/. White: Rot4e;i. (4"56: R87instein C8een's !"$7it

De54ine<.
1. P-Q4 P-Q4 2. Kt-KB3 P-K3 3. P-K3 P-QB4 4. P-B4 Kt-QB3 5. Kt-B3 Kt-B3 6. QPxP BxP 7. P-QR3 P-QR3 8. P-QKt4 B-Q3 ;. B-Kt2 Castles

Di"#r"$ %++.
10. Q-Q2

>hite cannot win the 4* '% 19. *1*6 *1*H 11. 2t1*6 2t12tH 1B. 412t6 'ecause $1*ch wins the 4ueen. !he te1t mo/e is (la%ed with the intention of 'rin0in0 u( the 4R for the attack on the 4*. owe/er6 it would ha/e 'een more correct to fi1 the o'<ect of attack first '% *1*6 as $lack could now cross >hite3s intentions '% (la%in0 *1*6 after which he would sooner or later 0ain a mo/e '% occu(%in0 the 4 file with a Rook6 and forcin0 the >hite 4ueen to retreat.

10. ... Q-K2<

$lack offers to 0i/e u( his 4ueen3s *awn. If >hite acce(ts the sacrifice6 $lack3s attack on the 4ueen3s file will 'ecome deadl%6 as >hite must lose a mo/e in 'rin0in0 his 4ueen out of the line of action of the hostile Rook. !he >hite 2in0 has then no time to 0et into safet%6 e.0. 11. *1*6 *1*H 1B. 2t1*6 2t12tH 1C. 412t6 R5 41H 1@. 452tC6 $52C followed '% 2t1*6 etc.
11. B-Q3:

ere a0ain *1* (followed '% $52B6 R5416 &astles) would ha/e a/oided the loss of a mo/e6 as indicated in m% note to mo/e 19. Now >hite loses %et another mo/e6 as $lack e1chan0es (awns and the $isho( has taken two mo/es to reach $@6 as a0ainst one onl% in the case of the $lack 2$. !he loss of two mo/es in the o(enin0 sta0es should 'e fatal6 and of this Ru'instein 0i/es a strikin0 e1am(le in the (resent 0ame.
11. ... PxP 12. BxP P-QKt4 13. B-Q3 R-Q1 14. Q-K2 B-Kt2 15. Castles KR Kt-K4

!he ad/anta0e which $lack o'tains '% his last mo/e is 0enerall% 0ained '% >hite in this o(enin0 (com(are ,ia0. CE). $ut in the 0ame >hite has lost two mo/es and $lack has assumed the offensi/e6 ha/in0 moreo/er a Rook actin0 on the 4 file.
16. KtxKt BxKt 17. P-B4

$lack3s threat wasJ $1*ch followed '% 454Cch and 41$. If >hite re(liesJ 18. 2R541 the answer is 45$B attackin0 'oth the R* and the 2t. !he te1t mo/e is unsatisfactor%6 as it will 'e necessar% to ad/ance the 2* to 2@ or 256 where it will 'lock the dia0onal of one of the $isho(s.
17. ... B-B2 18. P-K4 QR-B1 1;. P-K5 B-Kt3c' 20. K-R1 Kt-Kt5<<

Di"#r"$ %+,. !he 'e0innin0 of ma0nificent sacrifices. B1. 412t cannot 'e (la%ed 'ecause of R1$ and R5486 etc.
21. B-K4 Q-R5 22. P-Kt3

)fter *5RC $lack wins also in fine st%leJ R12tOOH BC. 412t6 414H B@. *146 $1$H B5. $1R6 R54E threatenin0 R5R E mateH or6 BC. $1R6 $1$H B@. 41$6 452tEH B5. *12t6 45R5 mate.
22. ... RxKt<<

23. PxQ R-Q7<< 24. QxR BxBc' 25. Q-Kt2 R-R6

and mate at R8. !AME NO. *0 White: R87instein. (4"56: C"="74"n5". C8een's !"$7it De54ine<.
1. P-Q4 P-Q4 2. Kt-KB3 P-QB4 3. P-B4 P-K3 4. PxQP KPxP 5. Kt-B3 Kt-QB3 6. P-KKt3 B-K3 7. B-Kt2 B-K2 8. Castles R-B1

!his mo/e is not satisfactor% at this <uncture. It rather hel(s a com'ination which is freGuentl% resorted to in similar (ositions6 namel%6 the e1chan0e of the $lack 4$ and su'seGuent (ressure on the 2* '% the >hite 2$ on the dia0onal 2RC5 4$7. 7. ... 2t5$C should ha/e 'een (la%ed6 after

Di"#r"$ %+-. which >hite could hardl% 'e said to (ossess an% ad/anta0e6 e.0. 9. $52t56 2t5256 or 9. $52C6 2t522t56 or 9. *54RC6 or 9. *1*6 $1*H 19. $52t56 $52B. )fter 9. *1*6 howe/er6 it would 'e weak to reca(ture with the 4ueen. In a 0ame E. &ohn5Ed. Lasker (match 1999) there followedJ 9. ... 45R@H 19. 2t522t56 41*H 11. $5 2C6 45 R@H 1B. 452tC6 after which $lack had to 0i/e u( a (awn alread%J &astles 4RH 1C. 2t1$6 *12tH 1@. $5RC6 etc.
;. PxP BxP 10. Kt-KKt5 Kt-B3

11. KtxB PxKt 12. B-R3 Q-K2 13. B-Kt5

*52@ is stron0er here6 in order to (la% $52t5 after *1*. lC. ...
P-Q5 wo1ld t'e% #e )e 1ted #@ Kt-Q5. 13. ... Castles 14. BxKt QxB

)fter this >hite 0ains a (awn '% a com(licated and well5timed com'ination. &a(a'lanca did not consider the su'tle re(l% on Ru'instein3s se/enteenth mo/e. #therwise he would ha/e reca(tured with the (awn. owe/er6 in that case too6 >hite3s chances are 0ood in the end50ame which ensues afterJ 15. 2t1*6 *12tH 1E. 41*ch6 25R1H 18. $1R. !he Rooks would soon 'ecome effecti/e in /iew of the o(en 2 side.
15. KtxP Q-R3

$1*ch fails 'ecause of 1E. 252tB6 45$BH 18. 2t5$@O

16. K-Kt2 QR-Q1 17. Q-B1

Di"#r"$ %+..
17. ... PxKt

If R12t6 >hite e1chan0es 4ueens and (la%s $1*ch.

18. QxB Q-Q7 1;. Q-Kt5 Kt-Q5 20. Q-Q3

>ith an e1tra (awn >hite forces the e1chan0e of 4ueens. $lack cannot (re/ent it6 as B9. ... 412t* loses the 2ni0ht on account of B1. 2R52t16 and B9. ... 452t5 loses the 4* '% B1. 2R541 and $52Ech.

20. ... QxQ 21. PxQ KR-K1 22. B-Kt4

2R521 would not (re/ent the entr% of the $lack RookJ 2t5$8H BC. R1Rch6 R1RH B@. R54$16 R528H B5. $52t@6 R548. $lack would win the (awn 'ack and mi0ht e/en succeed in the end50ame with a 2ni0ht a0ainst a $isho(.
22. ... R-Q3 23. KR-K1 RxR 24. RxR R-QKt3

$lack should first (la% his 2in0 to 2$C6 and kee( the Rook awa% from his 25. Not that the 4* is of (aramount im(ortanceH the 42t* full% makes u( for its loss. $ut as (la%ed the 2ni0ht is dri/en from his dominatin0 (osition6 and the 'adl% (laced $isho( 0ets into (la%. No dou't e/en after the te1t mo/e the endin0 is most difficult6 and it reGuires Ru'instein3s full (owers to 'rin0 it to a successful issue.
25. R-K5 RxP 26. RxP Kt-B3 27. B-K6c' K-B1 28. R-B5c' K-K1

2;. B-B7c' K-Q2 30. B-B4 P-QR3

$lack3s onl% chance is his e1tra (awn on the 4 side. !o e1chan0e the 2t for the $ '% C9. ... 254CH C1. R5$ 86 2t52@H CB. R122t*6 2t1$ would take too much time where time is all5im(ortant. >hite would clear the 2 side in the meantime6 (ush on his 2R*6 and ultimatel% 0i/e u( his R for $lack3s remainin0 *6 as soon as the latter runs into 4ueen6 after which the three (assed (awns win easil% a0ainst the Rook. Generall% s(eakin0 it is wise6 in R endin0s like the (resent one6 to ad/ance (awns on the side where there is an e1tra (awn6 in order to 0et a (assed (awn as soon as (ossi'le. !hen the hostile Rook has to look after that (awn lest it should Gueen6 and the 0reater mo'ilit% of one3s own Rook often sa/es the 0ame e/en when o((osed '% a (re(onderance of (awns.
31. R-B7c' K-Q3 32. RxKKtP P-Kt4 33. B-Kt8 P-QR4 34. RxP P-R5 35. P-R4 P-Kt5 36. R-R6c' K-B4

37. R-R5c' K-Kt3 38. B-Q5 P-Kt6

R1* is tem(tin0 'ut una/ailin06 as >hite (la%s $5$@ followed '% R52t5ch and *5R55E6 etc. )fter the te1t mo/e >hite has a (ro'lem5 like continuation6 which he has worked out with 0reat accurac%.
3;. PxP P-R6 40. BxKt

If now *5R86 >hite sim(l% (la%s @1. R52t5ch6 25RCH @B. R52t75R7.
40. ... RxKtP 41. B-Q5 P-R7 42. R-R6c' Res&!%s.

)s the R holds the R*6 e.0. 25R@H @C. $5$@ followed '% R5REch or
42. ... K-R2> 43. R-R8= etc.

!AME NO. *% White: Nie$Ao;its5h. (4"56: T"rr"s5h. C8een's !"$7it De54ine<.

1. P-Q4 P-Q4 2. Kt-KB3 P-QB4

3. P-B4 P-K3 4. P-K3 Kt-KB3 5. B-Q3 Kt-B3 6. Castles B-Q3 7. P-QKt3 Castles 8. B-Kt2 P-QKt3 ;. QKt-Q2 B-Kt2 10. R-B1 Q-K2 11. PxQP

!he most natural mo/e to which the de/elo(ment of the 42t at 4B instead of $C would seem to lead is 2t525 followed '% *5$@. )fter 11. 2t525 $lack could not %et attem(t 11. ... *14*H 1B. 2*1*6 $5 RE6 weakenin0 the 4*6 'ecause of 1C. $1$6 41$H 1@. *1*6 2t12tH
15. PxKt= KtxP> 16. Kt-B4 a%d Kt-Q6. 11. ... KPxP 12. Kt-R4

In order to (ro/oke $lack3s weakenin0 mo/eJ *52tC6 which mi0ht 0i/e >hite chances of attack on the lon0 dia0onal 4R152R76 >hite 0i/es u( two clear mo/es. $lack is a'le to 0et considera'l% ahead in his

de/elo(ment6 much to >hite3s disad/anta0e.

12. ... P-Kt3 13. KKt-B3 QR-Q s,

Not 2t525 %et6 on account of 1@. *1*6 *1*NH 15. $12t6 *1$H 1E. 2t1*.
14. PxP

>hite3s (osition is uncomforta'le6 and a satisfactor% continuation is hard to find. *ossi'l% (assi/e resistance mi0ht ha/e 'een the 'est (lan6 thusJ 45 2B6 2R5416 2t5$152tC. !he te1t mo/e is a (reliminar% to o(erations on the 4ueen3s side6 'ut allows $lack too much sco(e in the centre.
14. ... PxP 15. B-Kt5

>hite wishes to 0et rid of the $lack 2ni0ht which su((orts the ad/ance of *545.
15. ... Kt-K5 16. BxKt BxB 17. Q-B2

>hite has no idea of the threatened disaster6 or he would ha/e (la%ed *522tC. E/en then6 howe/er6 $lack has the 'etter 0ame with two $isho(s6 and the

4 and 2t 'etter (laced.

17. ... KtxKt

!he 'e0innin0 of a 'rilliant matin0 com'ination.

18. KtxKt P-Q5<

$lack would ha/e (la%ed the same mo/e if >hite had retaken with the 4ueen.
1;. PxP

*52@ was com(arati/el% the 'est mo/e6 althou0h $lack3s attack would ha/e 'ecome o/erwhelmin0 after *5$@6 e.0. B9. *5$C6 $5$56 etc.

Di"#r"$ %+/.
1;. ... BxPc'<< 20. KxB Q-R5c' 21. K-Kt1 BxP<

Emanuel Lasker won a cele'rated 0ame from $auer ()msterdam6 1779) with a similar sacrifice of two $isho(s6 and /er% likel% this is the reason wh% !arrasch3s 'eautiful 0ame onl% earned him the second 'rillianc% (ri;e at *etro0rad (191@).
22. P-B3

If 21$6 then 452t5chH BC. 25R16 R54@H B@. 41*6 R5 R@chH B5. 41R6 414chH BE. 252tB6 452t@ch and 412t.
22. ... KR-K1

Not 452tE6 'ecause of 2t52@.

23. Kt-K4 Q-R8c' 24. K-B2 BxR 25. P-Q5 P-B4 26. Q-B3 Q-Kt7c' 27. K-K3 RxKtc'< 28. PxR P-B5c'

>ith 452tEch $lack mates two mo/es earlier.

2;. KxP R-B1c' 30. K-K5 Q-R7c' 31. K-K6 R-K1c' Res&!%s.

If 25486 $52t@ mate6 if 25$E6 45R5 mate. K"##!N#!EJ Emanuel Lasker5$auerJ 1. *52$@6 *5 4@H B. *52C6 2t52$CH C. *542tC6 *52CH @. $52tB6 $5 2BH 5. $54C6 *542tCH E. 2t54$C6 $5 2tBH 8. 2t5$C6 42t54BH 7. &astles6 &astlesH 9. 2t52B6 *5$@H 19. 2t5

2tC6 45$BH 11. 2t5256 2t12tH 1B. $12t6 45$CH 1C. 452B6 *54RCH 1@. 2t5R56 2t12tH 15. $1*chOO6 21$H 1E. 412tch6 252t1H 18. $1*O6 21$H 17. 452t@ch6 25 RBH 19. R5$C6 *52@H B9. R5RCch6 45RCH B1. R146 21RH BB. 45486 and >hite won.L !AME No. *& White: C"="74"n5". (4"56: A4Be5hin. C8een's !"$7it De54ine< 1see ==. +- "n< +.3.
1. P-Q4 P-Q4 2. P-QB4 P-QB3 3. P-K3 Kt-B3 4. Kt-KB3 P-K3 5. QKt-Q2 QKt-Q2 6. B-Q3 B-K2 7. Castles Castles 8. Q-B2

Di"#r"$ %,0. $lack3s difficult% is the de/elo(ment of his 4$6 (articularl% after >hite3s last mo/e6 which (re/ents *5 2@. If now 45$B >hite (la%s 9. *52@ and either the 4ueen or the 2ni0ht 'ear on 256 e.0. 9. ... *12*H 19. 2t1*6 *52@H 11. 42t52t56 $54CH 1B. *5$56 etc. $lack therefore must de/elo( his 4$ at 2tB with *5 42tC6 $52tB and *5$@. a/in0 mo/ed the 4$* twice6 $lack is a mo/e 'ehind the de/elo(ment usual in this o(enin0. owe/er6 it would ha/e 'een the lesser e/il. In the (resent 0ame the $isho( does not 0et into (la% in time.

8. ... PxP ;. KtxP P-B4 10. QKt-K5 PxP 11. PxP Kt-Kt3 12. Kt-Kt5

If $lack ca(tures the (awn6 >hite 0ains time '% threatenin0 the 4ueen6 and 'rin0s all his forces into (la%6 whilst the $lack 4ueen3s side remains unde/elo(ed6 e.0.J 1B. ... 41*H 1C. R5416 45$@H 1@. 2t52t@6 *52tCH 15. $52C6 45R@H 1E. R5$16 with a stron0 attack. $lack of course need not take the (awn6 'ut the mo/e in the te1t is a /alua'le one ne/ertheless6 as the threat 45$C5RC (ro/okes a weakenin0 (awn mo/e.
12. ... P-Kt3 13. KKt-B3 K-Kt2

(re/entin0 the entr% of the $ at RE.

14. B-KKt5 QKt-Q4 15. QR-B1 B-Q2 16. Q-Q2 Kt-Kt1

It should 'e noted how the weakness at 2RC acts to the detriment of $lack3s 0ame. !he te1t mo/e co/ers

the weak sGuare6 'ut at the same time 'rin0s the 2t out of (la%. >hite in conseGuence 0ets the u((er5 hand on the 4ueen3s side6 and the 2ni0ht cannot return in time.
17. BxB QxB

It would 'e no use takin0 with the 22t6 as the threat 2t52t@ and 45RE must 'e 0uarded a0ainst. If the other 2t ca(tures there followsJ 17. $52@6 R52t1H 19. R5$C and 2R5$1.
18. B-K4 B-Kt4

!his dri/es the Rook to a 'etter sGuare6 'ut alread% now there is no satisfactor% mo/e. It would (erha(s ha/e 'een 'est to (arr% the threat of $12t and R5$8 '% (la%in0 454C6 althou0h the (awn would ha/e to reca(ture after 19. $12t6 'ecause of B9. R5$5 and 2R5$1. !he chance of 'earin0 on the 4* throu0h the o(en file6 which was (ro'a'l% $lack3s intention all alon06 would then 'e lost. )fter the te1t mo/e6 howe/er6 >hite takes (ossession of the se/enth rank6 and $lack3s 0ame colla(ses Guickl%.
1;. KR-K1 Q-Q3 20. BxKt PxB 21. Q-R5 P-QR3 22. Q-B7 QxQ

23. RxQ P-R3 Kt-Kt5 a%d Kt-K6c' was t')eate%ed. 24. RxP QR-B1 25. P-QKt3 R-B7 26. P-QR4 B-K7 27. Kt-R4< P-KR4

!he 2t* cannot 'e sa/ed.

28. KKtxP R-K1 2;. RxPc' Res&!%s.

!AME No. *' White: C"="74"n5". (4"56: (ernstein. C8een's !"$7it De54ine<.
1. P-Q4 P-Q4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-KB3 3. P-B4 P-K3 4. Kt-B3 QKt-Q2 5. B-Kt5 B-K2 6. P-K3 P-B3 7. B-Q3 PxP

$efore initiatin0 this manoeu/re6 which aims at the

de/elo(ment of the 4ueen3s win06 $lack should castle6 as otherwise the 2in0 is e1(osed to dan0erous and immediate attacks in the centre.
8. BxBP P-Kt4 ;. B-Q3 P-QR3

!he s%stem of o(enin0 chosen '% $lack has 'een tried freGuentl% of late. It seems to 'e somewhat artificial6 as the 4$ *awn takes two mo/es to 0et to his fourth. #n the other hand the (awn formation at 4RC6 42t@6 and 4$@ is attained6 whilst it can 'e (re/ented in other /ariations6 e.0. E. ... &astlesH 8. $5 4C6 *1*H
8. BxP= P-QR3> ; P-QR4. 10. P-K4 P-K4

Di"#r"$ %,%. $lack3s onl% (lausi'le mo/e here seems to 'e *5$@6 and man% critics ha/e remarked that after 11. *5256 *1*OH 1B. 2t52@ (if *12t6 *12t) 2t12tH 1C. $12t6 R542t1H 1@. $1$6 41$H 15. 41*6 45$@H the 0ame would ha/e 'een e/en. owe/er6 this is not the case6 for on the 15th mo/e >hite does not ca(ture the (awn with the 4 'ut with the 2t and $lack has no satisfactor% continuation. If he had castled he could (la% l5. ... $52tB which now is not a/aila'le 'ecause ofJ 1E. 2t5$E6 $12tH 18. $1$6 with an o/erwhelmin0 ad/anta0e in (osition for >hite. >hite3s refutation of the te1t mo/e is a'o/e criticism.

11. PxP Kt-Kt5 12. B-KB4 B-B4

If 45$B6 >hite would (la% R5$16 after which $lack could not reca(ture the 2* %et6 as the 4$* is en (rise. 1C. ... 22t1*H 1@. 2t12t6 2t12tH 15. 2t5456 454CH 1E. $12t6 41$H 19. R1*6 etc.
13. Castles Q-B2 14. R-B1 P-B3

)0ain 2t1* is not feasi'le on account of the loss of the 4$*6 as can 'e easil% seen.
15. B-Kt3 PxP

$lack3s 0ame cannot 'e sa/ed. If l5. ... 2t(2t5)12* there follows 1E. 2t12t6 2t12tH 18. 2t5456 454CH 17. $12t6 *1$H 19. R1$6 or 1E. ... *12tH 18. 45R5ch6 *52tC6 17. 45RE.
16. P-Kt4<

Now >hite initiates a 'rilliant attack6 dri/in0 it home without 0i/in0 $lack a moment3s rest. If $lack takes the (awn6 >hite (la%s 2t54@6 with man% threats6 e.0. *5$@H 17. 2t5456 454CH 19. 2t52E6 or l8. ... 2t(2t5)5$CH 17. 2t52E6 etc.
16. ... B-R2

17. BxKtP

!he sacrifice is fairl% o'/ious6 as >hite o'tains three (awns for the (iece6 and moreo/er dri/es the 2in0 into the field of 'attle. owe/er6 this does not detract from the 'eaut% of the 0ame6 which is full of 'rilliant (hases.
17. ... RPxB 18. KtxKtP Q-Q1

#r 452tCH 19. 2t54Ech6 252BH B9. 2t5$5ch6 followed '% 454E.

1;. Kt-Q6c' K-B1 20. RxP Kt-Kt3

!he threat wasJ B1. 45456 2t5RCH BB. 2t1$6 R12tH BC. R54E6 etc. B9. ... 2t(4B)5$C is of no a/ail 'ecause of B1. 452tC6 2t5RCH BB. 2t1*6 or B1. ... 454BH BB. 2R5$16 etc.
21. B-R4 Q-Q2 22. KtxB< QxR

Not R12t 'ecause of BC. 414. Now $lack is a whole Rook ahead. $ut it is as much out of (la% as his 4ueen3s side (ieces. !he 2in0 is dri/en into a matin0 net '% the concentration of su(erior >hite forces6 and onl% esca(es '% 0i/in0 u( the e1tra (iece.

23. Q-Q8c' Q-K1 24. B-K7c' K-B2 25. Kt-Q6c' K-Kt3 26. Kt-R4c' K-R4

If 25RC there follows mate in three '% B8. 2t(4E)5 $5chH B7. 2t52tCchH B9. $52t5 mate.
27. KtxQ RxQ 28. KtxPc' K-R3 2;. Kt3Kt74-B5c' K-R4 30. P-KR3<

!his threatens C1. *12tch6 21*H CB. *5$Cch6 followed '% *52tC or 2t@ mate. If $lack (la%s C9. 4R522t16 >hite wins as followsJ C1. *12tch6 R1*H CB. *5$C6 2t5$1chH CC. 25RB6 2t1$H C@. *1Rch6 21*H C5. 2t12t6 2 1 2tH CE. R5$8. If C9. ... 2t5RCH C1. 2t52t8 mate.
30. ... Kt-B1 31. PxKtc' KxP 32. BxR RxB 33. P-Kt3 R-Q7 34. K-Kt2 R-K7

35. P-R4 Kt-Kt3 36. Kt-K3c' K-R4 37. P-R5 Kt-Q2 38. Kt3R44-B5 Kt-B3 3;. P-Kt5 B-Q5 40. K-B3 R-R7 41. P-R6 B-R2 42. R-B1 R-Kt7 43. P-Kt4c' K-Kt4 44. R-B7 RxPc' 45. KxR KtxKtPc' 46. K-B3 Res&!%s.

!AME NO. ** White: D8s Choti$irs6i. (4"56: Vi<$"r. C8een's P";n !"$e.
1. P-Q4 P-Q4 2. Kt-KB3 P-QB4 3. P-B3 P-K3 4. B-B4

>e ha/e seen on (a0e 55 that $lack can hardl%

de/elo( his 4$ without disad/anta0e. >hite6 howe/er6 has no difficult% in doin0 so6 as his 4* is (rotected6 and after $lack3s 452tC he has onl% to look after his 2t*. e could (la% 45$16 which mi0ht 'rin0 the 4 into effecti/e action on the dia0onal to RE. !he aim of the te1t mo/e is the earl% occu(ation of 25. $ut6 as the (resent 0ame shows6 this cannot 'e effected. $lack must not waste time with 452tC6 'ut (la% $54C at once.
4. ... Kt-QB3 5. P-K3 Kt-B3 6. QKt-Q2 B-Q3 7. B-Kt3 Castles 8. Kt-K5 BxKt< ;. PxB Kt-Q2

Now >hite has no means of maintainin0 his centre. >hether he su((orts the (awn with 2t5$C or *5 2$@6 $lack forces matters with *5$C.

Di"#r"$ %,&. Now that the idea underl%in0 >hite3s o(enin0 strate0% has (ro/ed im(ractica'le6 he has difficult% in formulatin0 a (lan. -akin0 the 'est of a 'ad <o'6 he a'andons his 2* in e1chan0e for $lack3s 2R*. $ut $lack o'tains a (owerful (awn centre6 a tellin0 ad/anta0e.
10. B-Q3 KKtxP 11. BxKt KtxB 12. BxPc' KxB 13. Q-R5c' K-Kt1

14. QxKt P-B3 15. Q-R5 Q-Kt3

$lack wishes to (ro/oke the ad/ance of the 42t* and 4$* in order to o'tain a (assed (awn (1E. *5 42tC6 *52@H 18. &astles 2R6 45R@H 17. *54$@6 *5 45). In order to a/oid this continuation6 >hite takes his chance of castlin0 on the 4ueen3s side. !his turns out to $lack3s ad/anta0e. Indeed it is a fore0one conclusion. In the ensuin0 dou'le assault '% (awns6 $lack is se/eral mo/es ahead6 as the >hite (awns concerned in the attack are still on their ori0inal sGuares.
16. Castles QR P-K4 17. P-KKt4 P-Q5 18. P-QB4 B-Q2 1;. P-Kt5 PxKtP 20. QxP RxP 21. PxP BPxP<

"inel% (la%ed. $lack 0i/es u( his 2* in order to 0et his 4R into (la% with the 0ain of a mo/e.
22. QxP R-K1 23. Q-Kt3 QR-K7

24. KR-K1

2R52t1 would also 'e of no a/ail 'ecause of 452RC6 B5. 454C6 45 2$C threatenin0 $5$@. !he mo/e in the te1t (uts an end to the a0on%.
24. ... RxKt<< Res&!%s.

"or after B5. R1R6 R1RH BE. 21R6 41*chH B8. 254C6 $5$@chH B7. R5 2@6 45$EchH B9. 252B6 414H $lack remains with an e1tra (iece. !AME No. *+ White: R87instein. (4"56: S=ie4$"nn. Irre#84"r O=enin#.
1. P-Q4 P-QB4

>ith this mo/e $lack tries to a/oid well5trodden (aths of tournament (ractice. >hite can6 at will6 lead into a (eaceful 4ueen3s Gam'it '% B. *52C or into a Sicilian ,efence '% *52@. It is more usual6 howe/er6 to (la% *5456 which 'locks u( the $lack centre to some e1tent. If B. *1*6 $lack re0ains his (awn after *52C without an% disad/anta0e.
2. P-Q5 P-Q3 3. P-QB4

&ou(led with @. *52@6 this mo/e is of dou'tful /alue6 as $lack 0ains command of >hite3s 4@. It is ad/isa'le to kee( the 4$* 'ack6 thus retainin0 the o(tion of dri/in0 off a hostile (iece from 4@ '% *5 4$C. -oreo/er6 the >hite 2$ is hemmed in '% the (awn at 4$@.
3. ... P-KKt3 4. P-K4 B-Kt2 5. B-Q3 P-K3

!he de/elo(ment of the 22t is not desira'le at $C6 where it would 'lock the lon0 dia0onal. "rom 2B6 howe/er6 it commands 2$@6 where it can take u( a stron0 (osition after the e1chan0e of (awns in the centre6 or else it can su((ort the ad/ance of the 2$*.
6. Kt-QB3 Kt-K2 7. KKt-K2

2t5$C would ha/e 'een sli0htl% 'etter6 'ecause the $lack 42t mi0ht (la% to his 2@.
7. ... PxP 8. KPxP Kt-Q2 ;. P-B4

!his mo/e weakens the 2in03s (osition6 and would

'e <ustified onl% if there was a (ossi'ilit% of o(enin0 the file for the Rook '% *5$5. $ut $lack has too stron0 a hold on his 2$@. !he te1t mo/e aims at (re/entin0 the e1chan0e of >hite3s 2$ throu0h $lack3s 2t52@. It would ha/e 'een 'etter to withdraw the $ to $B.
;. ... Kt-KB3 10. Kt-Kt3 P-KR4<

Now >hite cannot enforce *5$56 as $lack can attack the 2ni0ht '% *5R5. >hite cannot (re/ent this with *52R@6 as the $lack 2ni0ht would take u( a commandin0 (osition at 2t5. $lack3s 0ame is su(erior. e can concentrate all his minor (ieces on the 2in03s win06 while >hite3s 4$ is ineffecti/e on account of the ill5 considered ad/ance of the 2$*.

Di"#r"$ %,'.
11. Castles P-R5 12. KKt-K4 KtxKt 13. BxKt

>hite has to ca(ture with the $6 in order to e1chan0e the $lack 2ni0ht if it should (la% to $@. )fter 1C. 2t12t6 $545chH 1@. 25 R16 2t5$@H >hite3s 2ni0ht would not 'e a'le to mo/e from 2@ on account of the threatJ 2t52tEch. Sooner or later6 $lack would 0et a decidin0 ad/anta0e '% enforcin0 the e1chan0e of >hite3s 2ni0ht6 e.0. 15. 45216 45

2BH 1E. R542t16 $54BH 18. *542tC6 &astles 4RH 17. $52tB6 412tH 19. $146 2t52tEchH B9. 412t6 *14H B1. *52RC6 $1*H BB. *1$6 R1*chH BC. 252tB6 R5 R8chH B@. 21*6 R1$H or B1. $1$6 R1*ch6 followed '% *1$ and 4R5R1.
13. ... B-Q5c' 14. K-R1 Kt-B4 15. BxKt BxB

>hite is hel(less a0ainst the two (owerful $isho(s.

16. R-K1c' K-B1

$lack forfeits his chance of castlin06 not a 0reat loss under the circumstances. In an% case his 2R is needed on the Rook3s file6 and $lack would onl% ha/e castled on the 4ueen3s side if at all.
17. Q-B3

ere *52RC was essential in order to (re/ent the further ad/ance of the 2R*. !he weakness at 2tC would not ha/e 'een so serious in the a'sence of a $lack 2ni0ht. Now $lack forces the ad/ance of >hite3s 22t*6 and the $isho(s 'ecome immediatel% effecti/e.
17. ... P-R6 18. P-KKt3

not *522t@ on account of 45R5.

18. ... Q-Q2 1;. B-Q2 B-Kt5 20. Q-B1

If 454C6 $lack (la%s 45$@ and >hite cannot e1chan0e 4ueens 'ecause of $5$E mate.
20. ... Q-B4

threatenin0 45$8.
21. QR-B1 K-Kt2 22. B-K3 B-B3

$lack must not e1chan0e his /alua'le $isho(.

23. P-Kt3 KR-K1 24. B-B2

!here is no answer to $lack3s threat of dou'lin0 the Rooks on the 2 file. If >hite (la%s 45$B6 $lack3s 4ueen effects an entr% at 4E6 after which he would dou'le his Rooks6 and >hite3s $isho( cannot 'e defended. )fter the te1t mo/e6 $lack forces the e1chan0e of his two Rooks for the 4ueen. Generall% s(eakin06 this is no disad/anta0e6 'ut in conseGuence of the e1(osed (osition of the >hite 2in06 it means a s(eed% loss for >hite.

24. ... B-B6c' 25. K-Kt1 B-Kt7 26. RxR BxQ 27. RxR Q-Q6<

If now R1$ $lack (la%s 45$E.

28. R-K8

In order to (la% R52C if $lack (la%s $12t.

28. ... Q-B6< 2;. KxB Q-R8c' 30. B-Kt1 Q-Kt7c' 31. K-K1 QxBc' 32. K-Q2 QxPc' Res&!%s

for the (awn Gueens. !AME NO. *, White: !. A. Tho$"s. (4"56: E<. L"s6er. Irre#84"r O=enin# 15o$="re !"$e No. *+3.
1. P-Q4 P-QB4 2. P-Q5 P-Q3 3. P-QB4 P-KKt3

4. Kt-QB3 B-Kt2 5. B-Q2

!his is not necessar%. $lack could hardl% e1chan0e his $ for the 2tH the weakness at his 2$C and 2RC would 'ecome too serious a disad/anta0e.
5. ... P-K3 6. P-K4 PxP 7. KtxP<

In /iew of the fact that $lack3s (osition after $* or 2*1* would 'e /er% (romisin06 as all his (ieces would 'e eas% to 'rin0 into (la%6 >hite decides u(on the sacrifice of a (awn6 in order to further his own de/elo(ment.
7. ... BxP 8. R-Kt1 B-Kt2 ;. Q-R4c' Kt-B3 10. KKt-B3

2t52tE6 R52t sGH 11. $5R5 leads to nothin06 as $lack (la%s 1B.
QK2. 10. ... P-KR3

If $lack (la%s 22t52B at once6 his (osition 'ecomes somewhat cram(ed after 11. $52t56 &astlesH 1B. 2t5 $Ech6 25R1H 1C. 4541.
11. B-Q3 Kt-K2 12. Castles Castles 13. Q-B2 P-Kt3

!his allows the de/elo(ment of the 4$.

14. B-B3 KtxKt 15. KPxKt Kt-K4

Di"#r"$ %,*.

2t52B should ha/e 'een (la%ed here in order to (la% $1$H 18. 41$6 $52t5 with 2t5$@6 in answer to 1E. 45 2tB. $lack is still o(en to attack in conseGuence of his 'roken 2in03s side6 'ut there is no demonstra'le ad/anta0e for >hite. !he te1t mo/e is a mistake6 and 0i/es >hite chances of a decisi/e attack.
16. KtxKt BxKt 17. BxB PxB 18. BxP< Q-Kt4

#f course not *1$6 on account of 19. 41*ch6 25R1H B9. 41*ch6 25 2t1H B1. R52tC6 etc. 17. ... *5$@ fails 'ecause of 19. R52tC.
1;. B-K4 P-B4 20. P-B4<<

!his ele0ant continuation decides the 0ame. If *1*6 >hite sim(l% (la%s B1. $54C6 and $lack can hardl% ho(e to sa/e the end50ame6 as his (awns are 'roken u(. If the 4ueen retreats6 howe/er6 there followsJ B1. *1*6 and >hite o'tains two (assed (awns for the $ and has the su(erior (osition.
20. ... Q-Kt2 21. PxP PAB 22. RxRc' QxR

23. R-KB1 Q-Kt2 24. QxP Q-Kt5 25. R-B4 Q-Q8c' 26. K-B2 Q-Q5c' 27. QxQ PxQ 28. P-K6 B-R3 2;. RxP R-B1c'

If 25$16 C9. *54E.

30. K-K3 R-B3 31. K-K4 R-B7 32. P-Q6 R-K7c'

e mi0ht (la% 25456 after which $52tBch has (oints.

33. K-Q3 Res&!%s.

!AME No. *White: T"rt"6o;er. (4"56: AsAt"4os. D8t5h O=enin#.

1. P-KB4 P-Q4

It has 'een tried to refute >hite3s non5de/elo(in0 first mo/e '% a (awn sacrificeJ 1. ... *52@H which leads to a ra(id mo'ilisation of the $lack forces after B. *1*6 *54CH C. *1*6 $1*. $ut this attack55called the

"rom Gam'it55does not seem to (re/ail a0ainst the 'est defence. In a match 0ame6 !artakower5 S(ielmann (.ienna6 191C)6 >hite won as followsJ @. 2t52$C6 *522t@H 5. *54@6 *52t5H E. 2t5256 2t5 4$CH 8. 2t12t6 *12tH 7. *522tC6 *52R@H 9. $52tB6 *5R5H 19. 454C6 $54BH 11. 2t5 $C6 R52t1H 1B. &astles6 *1*H 1C. *1*6 *54$@H 1@. $5$@6 $1$H 15. R1$6 452t@H 1E. 2t52@6 45RCH 18. 2t1*6 2t5$CH 17. 2t1$6 2t12tH 19. 452@ch6 2541H B9. R1$*6 R521H B1. 41*6 452EchH BB. 25$16 Resi0ns. >hen $lack (la%s *52$@ in answer to 1. *54@ we ha/e the ,utch ,efence. )fter 1. *54@6 *52$@6 >hite can also sacrifice a (awn '% B. *52@6 and there'% o'tain a far more fa/oura'le (osition than $lack does in "rom3s 0am'it6 as he is a mo/e to the 0ood6 ha/in0 alread% ad/anced his 4*6 e.0. B. *52@6 *1*H C. 2t54$C6 2t52$CH @. *5$C or @. $52t5 and then *5$C. If $lack ca(tures the 2$*6 >hite o'tains a (owerful attack. ) drastic e1am(le is found in the followin0 little 0ame6 (la%ed '% two students in an academic tournament at *etro0radJ @. *5$C6 *1*H 5. 2t1*6 *52CH E. $522t56 $52BH 8. $54C6 &astlesH 7. &astles6 *542tCH 9. 2t5256 $52tBH 19. $12t6 $1$H 11. $1*ch6 21$H 1B. 45R5ch6 252t1H 1C. 2t52tE6 R5 21H 1@. 45R7ch6 25$BH 15. 2t525ch6 252BH 1E. 41*chOO6 $14H 18. R5 $8ch6 254CH 17. 2t52t5ch6 25

4@H 19. *5$@ch6 2525H B9. R521 mate. $lack3s 'est answer is to (la% *54@ after >hite3s @. *5 2$C (5. $52t56 $5$@). If @. $52t56 it is not %et (ossi'le to (la% *54@ 'ecause of the threatJ $12t6 45 R5ch6 and 414*. In that case $lack must first (la% *54$C6 after which >hite a0ain o'tains a stron0 attack '% *52$C. $lack can a/oid the attacks which follow after 1. *5 4@6 *52$@H B. *52@6 '% (la%in0 *52C on his first mo/e6 and then lead into the ,utch defence with *5 2$@ on his second mo/e. e must6 howe/er6 reckon with ha/in0 to (la% the "rench defence which >hite can 'rin0 a'out with B. *52@.
2. P-K3 P-K3 3. Kt-KB3 P-QB4 4. P-QKt3 Kt-QB3 5. B-Kt5 Kt-B3

$lack should ha/e (la%ed $54B here6 as >hite can e1chan0e at $E6 lea/in0 $lack with a dou'led (awn. !his in itself is not a draw'ack6 'ut in the (resent (osition it is serious6 as $lack will ha/e difficult% in findin0 a (lace for his 4$. "or there is no (ros(ect of enforcin0 *52@6 as >hite commands that sGuare in sufficient force.

6. B-Kt2 B-K2 7. Castles Castles 8. BxQKt PxB ;. Kt-K5 Q-B2 10. P-Q3 P-QR4

$lack3s attem(t of ca(turin0 his 2@ '% (la%in0 2t5 4B and *5$C6 >hite would cross at once with 452t@. >ith the te1t mo/e $lack 'e0ins o(erations on the 4 side6 which is Guite correct6 as >hite has the u((er hand on the other win0.
11. Q-K2

>hite should ha/e (re/ented the further ad/ance of the $lack R* '% 11. *54R@. !his would ha/e 'een sound (olic% in an% case6 as the R file could not ha/e 'een forced o(en for the $lack Rooks.
11. ... P-R5 12. Kt-Q2 PxP

*remature. !he ca(ture is onl% of /alue if the file can 'e held. !o that end it is first necessar% to (la% $5 2tB and to occu(% the R file with Rooks and 4ueen. )fter the e1chan0e of Rooks6 $lack is at a disad/anta0e for the end50ame 'ecause of the inefficienc% of the 4$.

Di"#r"$ %,+. If instead of the te1t mo/e $lack had dri/en off the $isho( to $1 with *5RE (1C. $5$CN6 *545OH 1@. *1*6 2t5 4@) he could ha/e enforced his *52@6 'ut in the lon0 run >hite would ha/e ca(tured the 4R*6 and remained with a (assed (awn on the R file6 a (owerful wea(on for the end50ame6 e.0. lB. ... *5REH 1C. $5$16 2t54BH 1@. 2t12t6 $12tH 15. *52@6 *52$CH 1E. *5$@6 followed '% 2t52t1.
13. RPxP RxR 14. RxR B-Kt2

15. P-KKt4

!he $lack (ieces 'ein0 cut off from the 2 side6 >hite is free to attack.
15. ... R-R1 16. RxRc' BxR 17. P-Kt5 Kt-Q2 18. Q Kt-B3 KtxKt 1;. BxKt Q-R4 20. P-B4

in order to (re/ent the release of the $ '% the (awn sacrifice *5$5 and *5$@.
20. ... B-Kt2 21. K-B2 K-B1 22. P-R4 B-R3 23. P-R5 B-Kt2 24. P-R6 P-Kt3

$% ad/ancin0 his R* >hite has weakened $lack3s 2$C6 with the constant threat of esta'lishin0 his 2t there and of ca(turin0 the R*.
25. K-B1

!his mo/e is su(erfluous and (ro'a'l% dictated '% time (ressure. !he (ro(er (lan isJ 4542tB with the threat of $5$8 or 2t7 and 45R7ch.
25. ... Q-R6 26. Q-QKt2

!he end50ame is a clear win for >hite. e (la%s his 2t to 22t@6 threatenin0 to reach $E or 25. !he effect is twofold.

Di"#r"$ %,,. $lack must kee( his $ at 2B and his 2 must remain near the 2$*. >hite3s 2in0 marches to 42tE and

ca(tures the 4$ (awns6 Gueenin0 his 42t*. $lack cannot (re/ent the >hite 2in0 from doin0 this '% $5 416 as >hite6 '% attackin0 $lack3s 4$@ with his $6 could at an% time force the $ 'ack to his 2B. !he remainder of the 0ame needs no comment.
26. ... QxQ 27. BxQ B-Q3 28. Kt-R2 K-K1 2;. Kt-Kt4 B-K2 30. B-K5 K-Q2 31. K-K2 K-K1 32. K-Q2 K-Q2 33. K-B2 K-K1 34. K-Kt2 K-Q2 35. K-R3 K-K1 36. K-R4 K-Q2 37. B-Kt8 K-B1 38. B-R7 K-Q2 3;. B-Kt6 P-Q5 40. P-K4 K-K1 41. P-K5 K-Q2

42. Kt-B2 Res&!%s.

'ecause there follows 2t52@ and $1*. !AME No. *. White: (4"5678rne. (4"56: Nie$Ao;its5h. Irre#84"r O=enin#.
1. P-K3 P-Q3

It is due to this re(l% of $lack3s that the o(enin0 is irre0ular. "or had he (la%ed *54@ a (eaceful 4* 0ame would ha/e resulted6 or after >hite3s B. *52$@ a ,utch o(enin0.
2. P-KB4 P-K4 3. PxP PxP

$lack has the su(erior (ositionH he has a (awn in the centre and his (ieces are more free.
4. Kt-QB3 B-Q3

)s was seen on a former occasion6 it is a shade 'etter to de/elo( the 2ni0hts 'efore the $isho(s6 as the choice of mo/es for the latter is less limited. !he alternati/e mi0ht ha/e 'een 5. 2t5$C6
B-KKt5> 6. B-K2= Kt-B3. 5. P-K4

Now >hite has also a (awn in the centre6 'ut he is a

mo/e 'ehind in his de/elo(ment.

5. ... B-K3 6. Kt-B3 P-KB3 7. P-Q3 Kt-K2 8. B-K3 P-QB4 ;. Q-Q2 QKt-B3 10. B-K2 Kt-Q5 11. Castles KR Castles 12. Kt-Q1 KKt-B3 13. P-B3

Now $lack has 0ained an ad/anta0e from the command of his 45. !he ad/ance of >hite3s 4$*6 which was necessitated '% the dominatin0 (osition of the $lack 2ni0ht6 has left >hite with a ='ackward= (awn at 4C.
13. ... KtxBc' 14. QxKt R-K1

If now a 0eneral e1chan0e takes (lace after *54@6 the 2* is lost throu0h $54@.
15. Kt-R4

>hite3s counter attack on the 2in03s side 'ecomes

threatenin06 and $lack must continue his o(erations on the 4ueen3s win0 with the 0reatest care6 as he ma% 'e called u(on at an% time to concentrate his (ieces for the defence of the 2in03s win0.
15. ... B-KB1 16. Kt-B5 K-R1 17. P-KKt4 Q-Q2 18. Kt-B2 P-QR4

$lack wishes to o(en u( files on the 4ueen3s side.

1;. P-QR3

"reein0 the 4R.

1;. ... P-QKt4 20. QR-Q1 QR-Kt1 21. R-Q2 P-Kt5 22. RPxP RPxP 23. P-B4 R-R1 24. Q-B3 R-R7

$efore tr%in0 to (ush home his ad/anta0e on the 4ueen3s side6 which is made (ossi'le '% the weakness of >hite3s 4*6 $lack should look after his 2in03s side6 where >hite has collected an alarmin0

arra% of forces. )fter the te1t mo/e the Rook is Guite out of (la%.
25. P-Kt5 P-Kt3:

Di"#r"$ %,-. $lack should sim(l% (la% *1* with the followin0 continuationJ BE. $1*6 2t545H B8. 2t12t6 412tH B7. $5 2C6 454C. )fter the mo/e in the te1t6 >hite3s attack is o/erwhelmin0.
26. Kt-Kt4<

>hite o'tains a Rook and two (awns for his two 2ni0htsH this is in itself an eGui/alent of material. In

the (resent instance the e1chan0e is of decisi/e ad/anta0e for >hite6 as $lack must lose se/eral mo/es to 'rin0 u( his Rook for the defence of his un0uarded 2in0.
26. ... PxKt 27. KtxBP Kt-Q5

If *1*6 >hite wins '% B7. 45R56 45$BH B9. *52tE6 41*chH C9. 414 and 2t1R.
28. Q-B2 Q-B3 2;. KtxR QxKt 30. BxKt KPxB 31. PxP B-Q2 32. R-K1 Q-B2 33. Q-R4< R-R1

Not $1* 'ecause of C@. R52$B6 followed '% 2R52$ sG.

34. R-KB2 B-B3 35. Q-Kt4

!he threat is to o(en the Rook3s file '% *52tE with an attack on the 2in0 '% the Rooks.
35. ... R-K1

36. RxR QxR

$1R in order to (la% 45R@ mi0ht 'e 'etter. >ith the 4ueens off the 'oard6 $lack has winnin0 chances on account of his two $isho(s. $ut then >hite mi0ht e/ade the e1chan0e and (roceed to sei;e the 2in03s file with the Rook after C8. 45$@.
37. R-K2 Q-Q2 38. R-K6 B-R1

in order to (la% 4542tB or RB.

3;. P-Kt6< PxP

If 4542tB6 @9. R527O6 if 45RB6 @9. 45R@. >hite wins in either case.
40. RxP Q-KR2 41. Q-Kt3

!hreatens 4525ch.
41. ... Q-R4 42. R-Kt4< Res&!%s.

TA(LE OF OPENIN!S ). 2ING3S *)>N G)-ES

a. 1. P-K4 P-K4

2. P-KB4 PxP 2. ... B-B4 2. ... P-Q4 2. P-Q4 PxP 3. QxP

3. Kt-KB3 P-QB4 3. ... Kt-QB3 3. B-QB4 3. P-QB3 PxP 3. ... P-Q4 2. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 3. P-Q4 PxP 4. KtxP 4. B-QB4 4. P-B3 3. B-B4 B-B4 4. P-Q3 4. P-B3 3. ... Kt-B3 3. Kt-B3 Kt-B3 3. ... B-Kt5 3. B-Kt5 P-Q3 4. P-Q4 3. ... Kt-B3 4. Castle P-Q3

4. ... KtxP K2 5. ... KtxP 4. BxKt QPxB 5. KtxP 5. P-Q4 2. ... P-Q3 3. P-Q4 QKt-Q2 2. Kt-QB3 Kt-KB3 3. P-B4 P-Q4 #. 1. P-K4 P-K3 2. P-Q4 P-Q4 3. P-K5 3. Kt-QB3 Kt-KB3 4. P-K5 4. B-Kt5 B-K2 4. ... B-Kt5 3. ... PxP 1. P-K4 P-Q4 2. PxP QxP 3. ... P-QR3 4. B-R4 Kt-B3 5. Castle B-

1. P-K4 P-QB3 2. P-Q4 P-Q4 1. P-K4 P-QB4

$. 4AEEN3S *)>N G)-ES

a. 1. P-Q4 P-Q4 2. P-QB4 PxP

2. ... P-K3 3. KtQB3 KtKB3 3. ... PQB4 4. PK3

4. Kt-KB3 Kt-QB3 5. PxQP 2. ... P--K4 2. ... B-B4 2. ... P-QB3 2. Kt-KB3 P-K3 3. P-B4 PxP 3. ... P-QB4 3. ... Kt-KB3 2. ... P-QB4 3. P-B4 P-K3 4. P-K3

4. Kt-B3 Kt-QB3 QKt3 3. P-B3 2. ... Kt-KB3 #. 1. P-Q4 P-QB4 1. P-Q4 Kt-KB3 2. Kt-KB3 P-Q3 1. P-Q4 P-KB4 3. P-K3 P-K3 4. B-Q3 Kt-KB3 5. P-

&. IRREGAL)R #*ENINGS

1. P-QB4

1. P-KB4 P-Q4 1. ... P-K4 1. P-K3 P-Q3