VISUAL ACUITY AND PERCEPTION

Theory of Architecture 01 Part 2

Ar. Diane A. Jose

PERCEPTION
Theory of Architecture 01 Part 2

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Is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world.

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Is a tendency to perceive or notice some aspects of the available sensory data and ignore others. According to Vernon, 1955 perceptual set works in two ways: (1) The perceiver has certain expectations and focuses attention on particular aspects of the sensory data: This he calls a Selector.

(2) The perceiver knows how to classify, understand and name selected data and what inferences to draw from it. This he calls an 'Interpreter'.
Ar. Diane A. Jose

It has been found that a number of variables, or factors, influence perceptual set, and set in turn influences perception. The factors include: Expectations Emotion Motivation Culture
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WATCH THIS
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Can you read this text when it is upside down?

A. Gestalt Laws of Grouping 1. Proximity 2. Similarity 3. Continuity 4. Closure 5. Common Fate 6. Simplicity B. Figure and Ground
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The law of proximity states that the closer objects are to one another, the more likely we are to mentally group them together. In the illustration below, we perceive as groups the boxes that are closest to one another. Note that we do not see the second and third boxes from the left as a pair, because they are spaced farther apart.

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The law of similarity leads us to link together parts of the visual field that are similar in color, lightness, texture, shape, or any other quality. That is why, in the following illustration, we perceive rows of objects instead of columns or other arrangements.

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The law of continuity leads us to see a line as continuing in a particular direction, rather than making an abrupt turn. In the drawing on the left below, we see a straight line with a curved line running through it. Notice that we do not see the drawing as consisting of the two pieces in the drawing on the right.

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According to the law of closure, we prefer complete forms to incomplete forms. Thus, in the drawing below, we mentally close the gaps and perceive a picture of a duck. This tendency allows us to perceive whole objects from incomplete and imperfect forms.

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The law of common fate leads us to group together objects that move in the same direction. In the following illustration, imagine that three of the balls are moving in one direction, and two of the balls are moving in the opposite direction. If you saw these in actual motion, you would mentally group the balls that moved in the same direction. Because of this principle, we often see flocks of birds or schools of fish as one unit.

Ar. Diane A. Jose

Central to the approach of Gestalt psychologists is the law of prgnanz, or simplicity. This general notion, which encompasses all other Gestalt laws, states that people intuitively prefer the simplest, most stable of possible organizations. For example, look at the illustration below. You could perceive this in a variety of ways: as three overlapping disks; as one whole disk and two partial disks with slices cut out of their right sides; or even as a top view of three-dimensional, cylindrical objects. The law of simplicity states that you will see the illustration as three overlapping disks, because that is the simplest interpretation.

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The term figure-ground perception is used to describe the tendency of the visual system to simplify a scene into the main object that we are looking at (the figure) and everything else that forms the background (or ground).

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The concept of figure-ground perception is often illustrated with the classic "faces or vases" illusion, also known as the Rubin vase. Depending upon whether you see the black or the white as the figure, you may see either two faces in profile (meaning you perceive the black color as the figure) or a vase in the center (meaning you see the white color as the figure).

Ar. Diane A. Jose

VISUAL ACUITY and PERCEPTION

Theory of Architecture 01 - Continuation

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Various kinds of information are fed into the sensory system through receptors, which can be classified into two groups:

Exteroceptors receive information about state of the world outside the body and so include the eyes, ears, and touch receptors in the skin.
Interoceptors inform the individual about the bodys internal state, for example its state of hunger or the fullness of the bladder.
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A specific subgroup of intereceptors which is of direct interest to ergonomists is the proprioceptors which are concerned with motor functions.

These give information about the position of the body or parts of it in space and basically form two groups:
Kinesthetic Receptors in the muscles and tendons that supply information about the muscle and joint activity; and the Vestibular System in the ears which informs the individual about the bodys orientation in space.

Ar. Diane A. Jose

Sensation usually refers to the immediate, relatively unprocessed result of stimulation of sensory receptors in the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, or skin. Perception, on the other hand, better describes ones ultimate experience of the world and typically involves further processing of sensory input.

Ar. Diane A. Jose

VISUAL ACUITY
Theory of Architecture 01 - Continuation

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Did you know that among the five (5) senses of human, our brain dedicated 30% attention or activity to our sense of sight?
(Source: National Geographic. Test your Brain)

Trivia
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Of all the senses, vision has been the most thoroughly studied, which is useful because it is probably the system that is most overload at work. In essence, the system consists of two (2) eyes, each connected to the visual cortex of the brain by an optic nerve.
Ar. Diane A. Jose

The two (2) nerves meet at the optic chiasma at the base of the brain to the eye from which it originated. In fact, fibers from the left-hand side of each terminate in the left visual cortex and those from the right-hand side of each eye terminate in the right visual cortex.
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The effects of this crossing of fibers may prove to be important when information is presented in very short period of time or when extremely fast responses are required.

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The eye is a complex biological device. The functioning of a camera is often compared with the workings of the eye, mostly since both focus light from external objects in the field of view onto a lightsensitive medium. In the case of the camera, this medium is film or an electronic sensor; in the case of the eye, it is an array of visual receptors. With this simple geometrical similarity, based on the laws of optics, the eye functions as a transducer (an electrical device that converts one form of energy into another), as does a camera.

Light entering the eye is refracted as it passes through the cornea. It then passes through the pupil (controlled by the iris) and is further refracted by the lens. The cornea and lens act together as a compound lens to project an inverted image onto the retina.

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The visual system is the part of the central nervous system which enables organisms to process visual detail, as well as enabling several non-image forming photoresponse functions. It interprets information from visible light to build a representation of the surrounding world.

The visual system accomplishes a number of complex tasks, including the reception of light and the formation of monocular representations;
The construction of a binocular perception from a pair of two dimensional projections;

The identification and categorization of visual objects; assessing distances to and between objects; and guiding body movements in relation to visual objects.

Ar. Diane A. Jose

The psychological manifestation of visual information is known as visual perception, a lack of which is called blindness. Non-image forming visual functions, independent of visual perception, include the pupillary light reflex (PLR) and circadian photoentrainment.

Ar. Diane A. Jose

Perceiving the spatial relationships between a series of objects in the visual field is normally accomplished by one or both of the processes.

Visual cues are provided by different objects in the visual field and proprioceptive feedback comes from accommodation and convergence of the eyes.

Ar. Diane A. Jose

Close one eye and look around you. Notice the richness of depth that you experience. How does this sharp sense of threedimensionality emerge from input to a single two-dimensional retina? The answer lies in monocular cues, or cues to depth that are effective when viewed with only one eye.

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Two kinds of Visual Cues:

Binocular images received by the two eyes

Monocular images received by one eye

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The process by which we can see fine details: to recognize the presence of an object in the visual field; to localize and to distinguish between two close objects in space and so on. Three (3) Kinds of Acuity:

Line Acuity the ability to see two spots or lines known thickness. Space Acuity the ability to see two spots or line as being separate. In other words, to see a space between the lines. Vernier Acuity the ability to detect discontinuity in a line when part of it is slightly displaced.
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Sometimes our sensation deceives our perception. What we see sometime is not the true image or object. We tend to fully trust our vision in perceiving information, then later on we realized what we see is not what we saw.

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IUMBINC TQ GQNGLUSIQN

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The first half of the February is often the fastest freezing and most frigid time of the year.

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Thank You!

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