Indefinite Integral Table www.et.byu.

edu/~jww8 © 2002 by Jon Wittwer

Note: u, v, and w are functions of x. a, c, n, are constants. All 1 n–2 2 1 2
∫ csc x dx = – -----------
- csc n – 2x cot x + ------------ ∫ csc n – 2x dx ∫ 2c. ∫ -----------------------------
n
trigonometric functions use radians. A constant must be added 4. 1. a + bx dx = ------ ( a + bx ) 3 / 2 dx = – ------------------ b 2 – 4ac = 0
to the result of every integration. n–1 n–1 3b ax 2 + bx + c 2ax + b

∫ csc 2
–1 –1
2. ∫ x a + bx dx = -----------2 ( 3bx – 2a ) ( a + bx ) 3 / 2
5. x dx = x csc x + ln x + x – 1 2
General and Basic Integrals
Integrals Involving a 2 ± b 2 x 2
1. ∫ af ( x ) dx = a ∫ f ( x ) dx 15b
1 1 –1
Combined Trig Functions 2x n ( a + bx ) 3 / 2 2an
3. ∫ x n a + bx dx = ---------------------------------- – ------------------------ ∫ x n – 1 a + bx dx - dx = ------ tan bx
1. ∫ -------------------- ------ ( a > 0, b > 0 )
2. ∫ ( u ± v ) dx = ∫ u dx ± ∫ v dx
1. ∫ sin x cos x dx = ( sin x ) ⁄ 2 a2 + b2x2 ab
2 a
b ( 2n + 3 ) b ( 2n + 3 )
3. ∫ u dv = uv – ∫ v du
dx = ------ tanh ------ = --------- ln  ---------------
1 - 1 –1 1 a + bx
cos ( a – b ) x cos ( a + b ) x bx
2. ∫ sin ax cos bx dx = – ----------------------------- – ----------------------------- 4. ∫
x
------------------
-
2
-------
- ( bx – 2a ) a + bx 2. ∫ --------------------
g′ ( x ) 2(a – b) 2(a + b) a + bx
dx =
3b 2 a 2 – b 2 x2 ab a 2ab  a – bx 
5. ∫ ------------ dx = ln g ( x )
g(x) for ( a > 0, b > 0 )
3. ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x 4. ∫ csc x cot x dx = – csc x xn 2x n a + bx 2an xn – 1
5. ∫ ------------------- dx = ---------------------------- – ------------------------ ∫ ------------------- dx
{ [ g ( x) ]r + 1 } ⁄ ( r + 1 ) r ≠ 1 b ( 2n + 1 ) b ( 2n + 1 ) a + bx
a 2 + b 2 x 2 dx = --- a 2 + b 2 x 2 + ------ ln  ------ + 1 + ---------
x a2 bx b 2 x 2
∫
m+1 n–1 a + bx
6. ∫ [ g ( x ) ] r g′ ( x ) dx =  m sin n x cos x n – 1
5a. ∫ sin x cos x dx = -------------------------------------- + ------------- ∫ sin x cos x dx
m n–2 3.
2 2b  a a2 
-
 ln g ( x ) r = 1 m+n m+n  1 a + bx – a
 ------- ln --------------------------------- for ( a > 0 )
4. ∫ -------------------------- dx = --- ln  ------ + 1 + ---------
sin x cos x m – 1
m–1 n+1 1 1 bx b 2 x-2
xn + 1  a
7. ∫ x n dx = ------------ ∫ sin x cos x dx = – -------------------------------------- + ------------- ∫ sin x cos x dx b a a2 
m n m–2 n
( n ≠ –1 ) 1
6. ∫ ---------------------- dx = 
a + bx + a
a2 + b2x2
n+1 m+n m+n
 ---------
–1
x a + bx 2
 - tan a-------------- + bx
- for ( a < 0 ) x a2
5. ∫ a 2 – b 2 x 2 dx = --- a 2 – b 2 x 2 + ------ sin ------
–1
bx
6. ∫ ------------------------------------------ dx = ----------------------- ln tan ---  cx + tan ---
dx 1 1 1 –1
8. ∫ ----- = ∫ x –1 dx = ln x (x ≠ 0) b
–a
x a sin cx + b cos cx c a2 + b2 2 a  –a 2 2b a
1 1 –1bx
dx
9. ∫ ----n- = ∫ x –n dx =
x1 – n
------------ ( n ≠ 1 ) 1 a + bx b ( 2n – 3 ) 1 6. ∫ ------------------------- dx = --- sin ------
7. ∫ ------------------------ dx = – ------------------------------
a ( n – 1 )x n – 1 2a ( n – 1 ) ∫ x n – 1 a + bx
x 1–n Integrals Involving e x e ax – ----------------------- ------------------------------ dx 2
a –b x 2 2 b a
x n a + bx
a x ) dx = 1 F (u)
SIN ∫ F ( e
a∫ u
--
- ----------- d u , u = ea x a + bx 1
8. ∫ ------------------- dx = 2 a + bx + a ∫ ---------------------- dx Integrals Involving 2ax – x 2
1
1. ∫ sin x dx = – cos x 2. ∫ sin ax dx
= – --- cos ax
1. ∫ e x dx = e x 2. ∫ e ax dx = --- e ax
1
3. ∫ xe x dx = xe x – e x
x x a + bx x–a –1
2ax – x 2 dx = ----------- 2ax – x 2 + ----- cos  1 – ---
a2 x
∫
a 1.
a a + bx ( a + bx ) 3 /2b ( 2n – 5 ) a + bx 2 2  a
9. ∫ ------------------
a ( n – 1 )x n – 1 2a ( n – 1 ) ∫ x n – 1
1 1 1 1 sin 2ax
3. ∫ sin x dx = x – sin 2x 4. ∫ sin ax dx = x – --- ----------------- - dx = – ------------------------------ – ----------------------- ------------------- dx
2 2
--
- --
- --
- e ax xn
4. ∫ xe dx = -----2- ( ax – 1 ) 5. ∫ x e dx = x n e x – n ∫ x n – 1 e x dx
–1
2 4 2 4 a
2. ∫ x 2ax – x 2 dx = ---------------------------------- 2ax – x 2 + ----- cos  1 – ---
a x n x 2x 2 – ax – 3a 2 a3 x
1--- 3 3--- 3 a 1 2 –1
c ( ax + b ) 6 2  a
5. ∫ sin x dx = – sin x cos x – sin x cos x + --- x 10. ∫ --------------------------------------- dx = ---------- tanh -----------------------
4
d x x--- ----- 1- a ( cx + d )
4 8 8 6. ∫ ------------------
- = – ln ( a + be cx ) ax + b cx + d ac –1
2ax – x 2 + a cos  1 – ---
2ax – x 2 x
a + be cx a ac 3. ∫ ------------------------ dx =
1 n–1 n–1
6. ∫ sin x dx = – --- sin x cos x + ------------ ∫ sin x dx
n n–2
x  a
n n a + ex ax a – b
7. ∫ -------------x dx = ------ – ------------ ln ( b + e x ) Integrals Involving a 2 – x 2 a2 – x2 –1
- dx = – ---------------------------- – cos  1 – ---
b+e b b 2ax – x 2 2 2ax – x 2 x
7. ∫ x sin x dx = sin x – x cos x 4. ∫ -----------------------
a + be x + ce 2x ax a – bd + cd 2 ∫F( a 2 – x 2 ) dx = a ∫ F ( a cos u ) cos u du, x = a sin u x2 x  a
sin ax- x-----------------
cos ax- 8. ∫ -------------------------------- - dx = ------ + ce x – ------------------------------ ln ( d + e x ) 1 1
8. ∫ x sin ax dx = ------------- d+e x d d 1. ∫ --------------- dx = ------ ln x-----------
+a –1
5. ∫ ------------------------ dx = cos  1 – ---
2
– - 1 x
a a2 – x2 2a x – a
a
x 1 ex + 1 2ax – x 2  a
9. ∫ x sin x dx = – x cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x
2 2 9. ∫ -------------------
- dx = – --- ------------- –1
( e x – 1 )2
a 2 – x 2 dx = --- a 2 – x 2 + ----- sin  ---
2
2 ex – 1 x a x
∫
–1
6. ∫ ------------------------ dx = – 2ax – x 2 + a cos  1 – ---
2. x x
2 2  a
10. ∫ x sin x dx = – x cos x + n ∫ x  a
n n n–1
cos x d x 2 1 1 + e ax + 1
10. ∫ 1 + e ax dx = --- 1 + e a x + --- ln -----------------------------
a a 1
2ax – x 2
1 + e ax – 1 3. ∫ x a 2 – x 2 dx = – --- ( a 2 – x 2 ) 3 / 2
∫ sin
–1 –1 –1
7. ∫ ------------------------ dx = – --------------- 2ax – x 2 + -------- cos  1 – ---
11. x dx = x sin x + 1 – x 2 3 x2 x + 3a 3a 2 x
1 2 x
11. ∫ -------------------- dx = --- ln ( e x + a 2 – a ) – --- 2ax – x 2 2 2  a
1 a 4 –1 x
∫ sin ax dx = x ( sin ax ) + --a- 1 – a 2 x 2 a – x dx = --- ( 2x 2 – a 2 ) a 2 – x 2 + ----- sin  ---
–1 –1 x
12. ex + a2 a a 4. ∫ x 2 2 2
8 8  a 1 2ax – x 2
1--- 8. ∫ --------------------------- dx = – ------------------------
dx
13. ∫ ---------------
- = – cot ax Integrals Involving a x xn a2 – x2 a + a2 – x2 x 2ax – x 2 ax
sin ax
2 a 5. ∫ -------------------- dx = a 2 – x 2 – a ln ----------------------------
-
ax xnax n x 1 x–a
1. ∫ a x dx = -------- 2. ∫ x n a x dx = ---------- – -------- ∫ x n – 1 a x dx x 9. ∫ ------------------------------ dx = ------------------------------
sin ( a + b )x sin ( a – b )x ln a ln a ln a ( 2ax – x ) 2 3/2
14. ∫ sin ax sin bx dx = – ---------------------------- + ---------------------------- –1 a 2 2ax – x 2
- dx = – --- a 2 – x 2 – sin  ---
a2 – x2 1 x
2(a + b) 2(a – b) n
xn – 3 6. ∫ -------------------
x 2 2n – 4
3. ∫ ------------------ dx = --------------- x n – 2 x 3 + 1 – --------------- ∫ ------------------ dx x2 x  a
π ax Miscellaneous Integrals
15. ∫ ----------------------- dx = --- tan  --- – ------
1 1 x3 + 1 2n – 1 2n – 1 x 3 + 1
–1
1 + sin ax a 4 2  7. ∫ -------------------- dx = sin  ---
1 x a+x 2a + x a 2 –1 x
1. ∫ x ------------ dx = – --------------- a 2 – x 2 + ----- sin ---
xn xn – 3 n – 3 xn – 4  a
4. ∫ ------------------ dx = ------------ x 4 + 1 – ------------ ∫ ------------------ dx a2 – x2 a–x 2 2 a
x4 + 1 n–1 n – 1 x4 + 1
COS x x dx = 2--- ln ( x 3 / 2 + x 3 – a )
1. ∫ cos x dx = sin x
1
2. ∫ cos ax dx
= --- sin ax
8. ∫ -------------------- dx = – a 2 – x 2 2. ∫ -------------
x3 – a 3
a Integrals Involving ln ( x ) a2 – x2
∫ F ( ln x ) dx = ∫ F ( u )e du, u = ln x x
–1
9. ∫ -------------------- dx = – --- a 2 – x 2 + ----- sin  --- ∫
u 2 2
1 1 1 1 sin 2ax x x a x 3. ------------ dx = x 2 + ax – a ln ( x + a + x )
3. ∫ cos x dx = --- x + --- sin 2x 4. ∫ cos ax dx = --- x + --- -----------------
2 2
2 4 2 4 a 2 2  a x+a
1 3 3
1. ∫ ln x dx = – x + x ln x 2. ∫ ln ax dx = – x + x ln ax a2 – x2
1 + x2 1 2x + 1 + x-4
5. ∫ cos x dx = --- cos x sin x + --- cos x sin x + --- x
4 3
3. ∫ ( ln x ) n dx = x ( ln x ) n – n ∫ ( ln x ) n – 1 dx
1 1 + a2 – x2
10. ∫ ----------------------- dx = – --- ln a---------------------------- 4. ∫ ------------------------------------- dx = ------- ln ----------------------------------
4 8 8 - ( 1 – x2) 1 + x4 2 1 – x2
x a 2 – x2 a x
1 n–1 1 1
6. ∫ cos x dx = --- cos x sin x + ------------ ∫ cos x dx
n n–1 n–2
4. ∫ --- dx = ln x 5. ∫ ----------- dx = ln ln x 1 1
n n x x ln x 11. ∫ ------------------------
- -------
dx = – 2 a – x- 2 2
x2 a 2 – x 2 a x
7. ∫ x cos x dx = cos x + x sin x 1 1
6. ∫ x n ln x dx = ------------ x n + 1 ln x – -------------------2 x n + 1
( n + 1) 3a 4 –1 x
12. ∫ ( a 2 – x 2 ) 3 / 2 dx = – --- ( 2x 2 – 5a 2 ) a 2 – x 2 + -------- sin  --- 
n+1 x
cos ax x sin ax
8. ∫ x cos ax dx = --------------
- + ----------------- ax 8 8  a
e
a2 a 7. ∫ e ax sin bx dx = --------------- - ( a sin bx – b cos bx )
a2 + b 2 1 x DERIVATIVES
9. ∫ x 2 cos x dx = x 2 sin x + 2 x cos x – 2 sin x 13. ∫ -------------------------
- dx = ------------------------
-
e ax ( a 2 – x2 ) 3 / 2 a 2 a 2 – x2
8. ∫ e cos bx d x = ---------------
ax - ( a cos b x – b sin bx ) dw dw du du dx –1
------ =  ------ = ----------------
1
10. ∫ x cos x dx = x sin x – n ∫ x ------- = ------- ------ : Chain Rule
n n n–1
sin x dx a2 + b2  du
dx du dx dx dx ⁄ du
Integrals Involving x 2 ± a 2 x2 ± a2
∫ cos
–1 –1
11. x dx = x cos x – 1 – x 2 Hyperbolic Functions d du d d du dv
–1 ------ f ( u ) = ------ ------ f ( u ) ------ ( u + v ) = ------ + ------
Note: ln x + x 2 + a 2 = sinh  --- ,
e x – e–x e x + e –x sinh x x
Note: sinh x = ----------------- , cosh x = ----------------- , tanh x = -------------- dx dx du dx dx dx
1  a
∫ cos
–1 –1
12. ax dx = x ( cos ax ) – --- 1 – a 2 x 2 2 2 cosh x
d-  --
u-
= ----2  v ------ – u ------
a d- dv du 1 du dv
1 1 –1 –1 ----- ( uv ) = u ------ + v ------ -----
1. ∫ sinh x dx = cosh x 2. ∫ sinh x dx = --- sinh 2x – --- x ln x + x 2 – a 2 = cosh  ---  , ln -----------------------------
x a + x 2 + a 2 = sinh  -- a- dx  v  v  dx dx
2
dx 1 dx dx dx
13. ∫ ----------------
- = --- tan ax 4 2  a x  x
cos ax
2 a d du dv
1 1 ------ ( u v ) = vu v – 1 ------ + u v ln u ------
3. ∫ cosh x dx = sinh x 4. ∫ cosh x dx = --- sinh 2x + --- x
2
∫F( x 2 + a 2 ) dx = a ∫ F ( a sec u ) sec u du, x = a tan u
2
sin ( a + b )x sin ( a – b )x 4 2 dx dx dx
14. ∫ cos ax cos bx dx = ---------------------------- + ----------------------------
2 (a + b ) 2(a – b) d 1 d
1 1
5. ∫ tanh x dx = ln ( cosh x ) ∫F( x 2 – a 2 ) dx = a ∫ F ( a tan u ) sec u tan u du, x = a sec u ------ ln x = ---
dx x
------ e x = e x
dx
ax
15. ∫ ------------------------ dx = --- tan ------
∫ coth x dx = ln sinh x
–1
- dx = --- tan  ---
6. 1 1 x 1 1
1 + cos ax a 2 1. ∫ --------------- 2. ∫ --------------- x–a
dx = ------ ln -----------
- d d du
------ ( u n ) = nu n – 1 ------
x 2 + a2 a  a x2 – a2 2a x + a ------ a x = a x ln a
dx dx dx
∫ sech x dx = tan ( sinh x ) ∫ sech x dx
–1 2
7. 8. = tanh x
sin x x 1 d ( log au )
TAN tan x = ----------- 3. ∫ ---------------
- dx = --- ln x 2 + a 2 1 du
cos x 9. ∫ sech x tanh x dx = – sech x x 2 + a2 2 --------------------- = ( log ae ) --- ------
dx u dx
1 10. ∫ csch x coth x dx = – csch x x a2
1. ∫ tan x dx = – ln cos x 2. ∫ tan ax dx = – --- ln ( cos ax )
a 4. ∫ x ± a dx = --- x 2 ± a 2 ± ----- ln x + x 2 ± a 2
2 2
2 2
d ( sin x ) ⁄ dx = cos x d ( cos x ) ⁄ dx = – sin x
2 2
1 d ( tan x ) ⁄ dx = sec x d ( cot x ) ⁄ dx = – csc x
3. ∫ tan
2
x dx = tan x – x 4. ∫ tan
2 1
ax dx = – x + --- tan ax
11. ∫ csch x dx= ln tanh --- x
2 1
5. ∫ x x 2 ± a 2 dx = --- ( x 2 ± a 2 ) 3 / 2 d ( sec x ) ⁄ dx = sec x tan x d ( csc x ) ⁄ dx = – csc x cot x
a 3
e ax
12. ∫ e ax sinh bx dx = ---------------
- ( a sinh bx – b cosh bx ) d ( sin u )
–1
π π
----------------------- = ------------------ ------ for  – --- ≤ sin –1u ≤ ---
1 a4 1 du
∫ tan
x dx = ------------ tan x – ∫ tan x dx
n n–1 n–2 x
5.
n–1
a2 – b2 6. ∫ x 2 x 2 ± a 2 dx = --- ( 2x 2 ± a 2 ) x 2 ± a 2 – ----- ln x + x 2 ± a 2 dx  2 2
8 8 1 – u 2 dx
eax
1 13. ∫ e cosh bx dx = ---------------
ax - ( a cosh bx – b sinh bx )
6. ∫ tan x dx = x tan x – --- ln ( x 2 + 1 )
–1 –1 –1 –1
a2 – b2 x2 + a2
7. ∫ -------------------- dx = x 2 + a 2 – a sinh  ---
a d ( cos u ) – 1 du
2  x ------------------------ = ------------------ ------ for ( 0 ≤ cos – 1u ≤ π )
x dx 1 – u 2 dx
1 1 1 Integrals Involving a + bx
7. ∫ ----------------------- dx = --- x + --- ln ( cos ax + sin ax ) x2 – a2 –1
d ( tan u )
–1
π π
8. ∫ -------------------- dx = x 2 – a 2 – a sec --x- ----------------------- = --------------2 ------ for  – --- < tan –1u < ---
1 + tan ax 2 a 1 1 du
∫ F ( a + bx ) dx = --b- ∫ F ( u ) du, u = a + bx x a dx 1 + u dx  2 2
cos x 1 x2 ± a2 x2 ± a 2 d ( cot u )
–1
COT cot x = ----------- = ----------- 1 1
1. ∫ --------------- dx = --- ln a + bx 9. ∫ -------------------
- dx = – -------------------- + ln x + x 2 ± a 2 – 1 du
----------------------- = --------------2 ------ for ( 0 < cot –1u < π )
sin x tan x a + bx b x2 x dx 1 + u dx
1 1
∫ cot x dx 2. ∫ cot ax dx = --- ln ( sin ax ) 10. ∫ -------------------- dx = ln x + x 2 ± a 2
1 –1 –1
1. = ln sin x d ( sec u ) π π
2. ∫ ----------------------2 dx = ----------------------- = --------------------- ------  0 ≤ sec u < ---  – π ≤ sec u < – ---
----------------------- 1 du –1 –1
a ( a + bx ) b ( a + bx ) x2 ± a2
1
dx u u 2 – 1 dx  2  2
∫ cot x dx 4. ∫ cot ax dx = – x – --- cot ax
2 2
3. = – cot x – x 3. ∫
1 –1
- (n ≠ 1 ) 1 x2 ± a 2
− -------------------
---------------------
- ----------------------------------------------- 11. ∫ ------------------------- dx = +
–1
dx = - ( csc u ) π π
= --------------------- ------  0 < csc u ≤ ---  – π < csc u ≤ – ---
a ( a + bx ) n ( n – 1 )b ( a + bx ) n – 1 d----------------------- – 1 du –1 –1
x2 x 2 ± a 2 a2x
1 dx u u 2 – 1 dx  2  2
∫ cot x dx = – -----------
- cot n – 1x – ∫ cot n – 2x dx
n
5. x 1
4. ∫ --------------- dx = -----2 [ a + bx – a ln a + bx ] –1
12. ∫ ----------------------- dx = – --- sinh  ---
n–1 1 1 a
a + bx b d ( sinh x ) ⁄ dx = cosh x d ( cosh x ) ⁄ dx = sinh x
x x2 + a 2 a  x
1
6. ∫ cot x dx = x cot x + --- ln ( x 2 + 1 )
–1 –1 2 2
x 1 a d ( tanh x ) ⁄ dx = sech x d ( coth x ) ⁄ dx = – csch x
2 5. ∫ ----------------------2 dx = -----2 --------------- + ln a + bx 1 1 –1
( a + bx ) b a + bx 13. ∫ ----------------------- dx = --- sec --x- d ( sech x ) ⁄ dx = – sech x tanh x
x x2 – a2 a a
1 x a + 2bx - d ( csch x ) ⁄ dx = – csch x coth x
SEC sec x = ----------- 6. ∫ ----------------------3 dx = – ------------------------------ x
cos x ( a + bx ) 2b 2 ( a + bx ) 2 14. ∫ -------------------- dx = x 2 ± a 2 d 1 du
------ sinh –1u = ------------------ ------
x2 ± a2
1. ∫ sec x dx = ln sec x + tan x x2 1 1
7. ∫ --------------- dx = -----3 --- ( a + bx ) 2 – 2a ( a + bx ) + a 2 ln a + bx x2 x 2
dx u 2 + 1 dx
1 a + bx b 2 15. ∫ -------------------- dx = --- x 2 ± a 2 + − a----- ln x + x 2 ± a 2 d 1 du
------ cosh –1u = ------------------ ------ for u > 1 and cosh –1u ≥ 0
2. ∫ sec ax dx = --a- ln ( sec ax + tan ax ) x2 1 a2
x2 ± a2 2 2
dx u 2 – 1 dx
8. ∫ ----------------------2 dx = -----3 a + bx – --------------- – 2a ln a + bx 16.
( a + bx )
∫ sec x dx d
2
b a + bx x 3a 4 1 du
3. = tan x ------ tanh –1u = --------------2 ------ for – 1 < u < 1
( a + bx ) n + 1 ∫ ( x 2 ± a 2 ) 3 / 2 dx = --8- ( 2x 2 ± 5a2 ) x 2 ± a2 + ------- 8
- ln x + x 2 ± a 2 dx 1 – u dx
1 1 9. ∫ ( a + bx ) n dx = ---------------------------- ( n ≠ – 1 )
∫ sec x dx
3
4. = --- sec x tan x + --- ln sec x + tan x b ( n + 1) 1 x
2 2 17. ∫ -------------------------
- d x = ± -------------------------
1 1 ( x2 ± a2 ) 3 / 2 a2 x2 ± a2
1 n–2
5. ∫ sec x dx = ------------ sec x tan x + ------------ ∫ sec x dx
n n–2 n–2 10. ∫ ----------------------- dx = --- ln --------------
x -
n–1 n–1 x ( a + bx ) a a + bx
1 1 b Integrals Involving ax 2 + bx + c
∫ sec 11. ∫ ------------------------
–1 –1
6. x dx = x sec x – ln x + x 2 – 1 - dx = – ------ + -----2 ln a--------------
+ bx
- –1
x 2 ( a + bx ) ax a 1
- dx = ---------- tan  x a---
1
x 1. ∫ ----------------
ax 2 + c ac  c
1 1 1 1
CSC csc x = ---------- 12. ∫ -------------------------2 dx = ----------------------- + -----2 ln --------------
x
-
x ( a + bx ) a ( a + bx ) a
dx = ------------------------ tan  ------------------------
–1
sin x a + bx 1 2 2ax + b
2a. ∫ -----------------------------
ax 2 + bx + c  4ac – b 2
1. ∫ csc x dx = – ln csc x + cot x
Integrals Involving a + bx
4ac – b 2
1 for 4ac – b 2 > 0
2. ∫ csc ax dx = --- ln ( csc ax – cot ax ) 2
a ∫ F ( a + bx ) dx = --b- ∫ uF ( u ) du, u = a + bx 1
2b. ∫ -----------------------------
1 2ax + b – b 2 – 4ac-
dx = ------------------------ ln -------------------------------------------------
ax 2 + bx + c
∫ csc x dx
2 b 2 – 4ac 2ax + b + b 2 – 4ac
3. = – cot x n
∫ F ( n a + bx ) dx = --b- ∫ u n – 1 F ( u ) du, u = n a + bx for b 2 – 4ac > 0