Bai Giang Thong Tin Ve Tinh-2012!08!24

Mt h thng truyn tin s dng b chuyn tip t trn v tinh nhn to ca qu t c gi l h thng truyn tin v tinh (satellite communication system) m ta vn quen gi l thng tin v tinh. Thut ng v tinh nhn to c dng phn bit vi cc v tinh thin to v y gi tt l v tinh (k hiu l SL - Satellite). Cng ngh truyn tin v tinh c bt ngun t hai cng ngh pht trin mnh trong th chin II, l cng ngh viba v cng ngh tn la. Nhng thp k trong thi k chin tranh lnh sau nh th chin, mt cuc chy ua tuy khng n o nhng rt quyt lit gia mt s cng quc cng nghip nhm tranh ginh mi trng khng gian v tr. Hin nay c hng trm v tinh vin thng trn bu tri phc v nhiu dch v vin thng khc nhau, tuy vy nhn li qu trnh pht trin c th ghi nhn cc du mc u tin sau: Ngy 04/10/1957, Lin X (c) phng thnh cng ln qu o v tinh nhn to SPUTNIK v ngy c xem l bt u ca k nguyn thng tin v tinh. Mt nm sau (thng 12/1958), tp on NASA ca M phng ln qu o v tinh SCORE v pht i li chc mng Noel ca tng thng M Eisenhower. Tip theo cc v tinh ECHO (1960) COURIER (1960), TELSTAR v RELAY (1962), SYNCOM (1963), INTELSAT-1 (1965), MOLNYA (1965) c tip tc phng ln qu o. Cc v tinh u tin ca Lin X (c) v M l cc v tinh khng a tnh, mang tnh nghin cu. V tinh SYNCOM-1 (14/2/1963) v tip theo l v tinh SYNCOM-2 l v tinh i tnh c phng ln qu o nhm phc v i hi th dc th thao OLYMPIC Tokyo. C th ni rng cc dch v vin thng c thc hin qua cc v tinh c bt u pht trin t gia nhng nm 60 ca th k XX. V cng t y, cc cng ngh v ti v tinh (Satelitte Payload), k thut truyn dn, k thut ngten, kh nng b phng cng khng ngng pht trin lm cho cng ngh truyn tin v tinh ngy cng hon thin. Cc h thng thng tin v tinh khng nhng phc v cc mc ch chuyn dng, quc phng an ninh m c th cung cp rng ri cc dch v vin thng cng cng. V d, cc h thng truyn tin c th phc v truyn hnh 24/24 gi trn ton th gii hoc h thng nh v ton cu GPS (Global positioning System) c th cung cos thng tin cho ngnh o to hng (hng khng, hng hi) bt k u, bt k lc no.
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Bi ging: Thng tin v tinh Phm Vn Ngc
1963 AT&T Americal Telephone & Telegraph ln u tin th nghim lin lc v tuyn bng v tinh chuyn tip tch cc Telstar1 vi qu o elip (vi cn im 935km v vin im 5632 km) c nghing 450 so vi mt phng xch o. 1963 V tinh a tnh u tin c tn l SYNCOM c a ln qu o. 1965 phng v tinh a tnh INTELSAT I v thnh lp t chc INTELSAT, m u cho k nguyn thng tin quy m ton cu bng v tinh. 1965 Lin x a vo khai thc h v tinh vin thng MOLNYA c qu o elip dt (550 40000km) nghing 630 so vi mt phng xch o vi 3 v tinh cch u nhau trn cng qu o ph ton b Lin x c. (Do phn ln Lin x v cao v im phng nm xa xch o) 1975 Lin x ch to thnh cng tn la Proton sc a v tinh ln qy o a tnh. Qu trnh pht trin v tinh thng tin Nhng v tinh u tin ch c kh nng cung cp mt dung lng thp vi gi thu tng i cao nh: + V tinh Intelsat I c dung lng 480 knh thoi vi gi thu l 32500$ 1 knh/nm do chi ph phng v tinh v tui th ca v tinh cn thp (1.5 nm) Vi s tin b ca tn la y v Anten a bp sng ph hp vi hnh dng vng phc v v cng vi k thut s dng li tn s n cho php v tinh pht tn hiu mnh v tit kim di tn hn. + Nh v tinh Intelsat VI c 80000 knh thoi vi gi thu l 380$ 1 knh/nm - Hin nay khai thc n th h v tinh Intelsat VII v VIII. V nhiu cc v tinh thng mai khc dng cho truyn hnh v kt ni mng d liu Internet trn ton th gii. Hin nay trn qu o c trn 2000 v tinh trong vng trn xch o chung cho tt c cc nc trn ton th gii, do m s lng v tinh a tnh l c hn. Hai v tinh a tnh ln cn nhau phi cch nhau xa sng ca chng khng b can nhiu ln nhau. Thng thng l 1 cung 30 vi knh bng C (6/4), v cung 20 vi knh bng Ku (14/11) cho thng tin v cung 60 cho bng Ku (14/11) dng cho truyn hnh n tn nh (DTH - Direct To Home) v vic phn b tn s lm sao cho 2 v tinh ln cn pht tn s xa nhau: Khi c th b tr: 200 v tinh cho bng C, v 400 v tinh cho bng Ku
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Vit Nam ngy 19-04-2008 phng v tinh Vinasat1 ln qu o. Ngy 16/5/2012 (theo gi Vit Nam), ti bi phng Kouru (Guyana Nam M), Vinasat-2 c phng thnh cng ln qu o bng tn la Arian 5 Hnh 1.1 M t ta cc v tinh a tnh trn qu o ang hot ng bng tn C.
Kinh
Hnh 1.1 M hnh v tinh a tnh

Thng tin v tinh tuy ra i mun so vi nhiu phng tin truyn thng khc nhng n c pht trin nhanh chng nh c nhiu u im li th, l: Vng ph sng ca v tinh kh rng, ch cn ba v tinh a tnh c th ph sng ton cu. Thit b pht sng dng trong h thng truyn tin ch cn cng sut b. Vic lp t hoc di chuyn cc thnh phn trong h thng truyn tin t trn mt t tng i nhanh chng, d dng v khng ph thuc vo cu hnh mng cng nh h thng truyn dn. H thng truyn tin v tinh c th phc v nhiu dch v khc nhau: thoi v phi thoi, thm d a cht, nh v ton cu, quan st mc tiu, thm d d bo kh tng, phc v cc mc ch quc phng an ninh, v.v Thng tin v tinh rt n nh. c nhiu trng hp bo to, ng t, trong lc cc phng tin truyn thng khc khng th hot ng th duy nht ch c h thng truyn tin v tinh hot ng.
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Cc thit b in t t trn v tinh c th tn dng nng lng mt tri cung cp hu nh c ngy ln m. Tuy vy, thng tin v tinh cng c mt s nhc im, l: Kinh ph ban u phng mt v tinh vo qu o l kh ln v cng ngh phng cng nh vic sn xut thit b khng phi nc no cng lm c. Bc x ca sng v tuyn thng tin v tinh b tn hao trong mi trng truyn sng, c bit l nhng vng my m, nhiu ma. Nu mun dng anten b, trng lng thit b nh th tn hao vo gi thnh s gia tng. Cng trng ti im thu trn mt t ph thuc vo khong cch truyn sng v gc phng v gia anten thu-pht. iu c ngha l ph thuc vo ta ca v tinh so vi vng c ph sng.
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V tinh
Tri t V tinh
V tinh
V tinh qu o a tnh
Hnh 1.2 M t ba v tinh trn qu o a tnh ph sng ton cu Tn hiu ca tuyn ln v tuyn xung trong h thng truyn tin phi chu mt thi gian tr ng k (khong 0.25s vi v tinh a tnh) do trong qu trnh x l phi tnh n.

Cu trc mt h thng truyn tin v tinh gm 2 phn on: phn on khng gian (Space Segment) v phn on mt t (Ground Segment). Phn khng gian
Tuyn ln
Trm K (TT&C)
Tuyn xung
Cc trm pht Phn mt t
Cc trm thu
TT&C: Tracking Lemetry and Command Hnh 1.3 Cu trc tng qut mt h thng thng tin v tinh
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1.3.1 Phn on khng gian Phn on khng gian ca mt h thng truyn tin v tinh bao gm v tinh cng cc thit b t trong v tinh v h thng cc trang thit b t trn mt t kim tra theo di v iu khin hnh trnh ca v tinh (c h thng bm, o c v iu khin). Bn thn v tinh bao gm hai phn: Phn ti hu ch (Payload) v phn thn nn v tinh (Platform). Phn ti hu ch bao gm h thng cc anten thu/pht v tt c cc thit b in t phc v cho vic truyn dn v x l tn hiu qua v tinh. Phn thn nn v tinh bao gm cc h thng phc v cho phn ti v tinh hot ng, v d cu trc v v khung v tinh, ngun cung cp in, h thng iu khin nhit , iu khin hng chuyn ng v qu o, bm, o c, v.v Cc sng v tuyn c truyn t trm mt t ln v tinh c gi l tuyn ln (Uplink). V tinh thu cc sng t tuyn ln, x l, bin i tn s, khuch i v truyn cc sng v tuyn tr v cc trm mt t theo tuyn xung (Downlink). Cht lng ca mt lin lc qua sng v tuyn c xc nh bi t s nng lng sng mang theo trn nng lng tp nhiu C/N ca ton tuyn, trong bao gm c k thut iu ch v m ha c s dng. Cc b pht p (Transponder) c t trong v tinh thu tn hiu t tuyn ln, bin i tn s, khuch i cng sut v truyn tr li theo tuyn xung. Hnh 1.4 m t s khi mt b pht p n gin. y khng c nhim v gii iu ch v x l tn hiu thu c. N ch ng vai tr nh mt b chuyn i tn s sang tn s tng xung, b khuch i cng sut c h s khuch i cng sut ln. B khuch i cng sut trong b pht p thng dng hai loi: Khuch i dng n sng chy TWTA (Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier) v khuch i dng bn dn SSPA (Solid State Power Amplifier). Cng sut bo ha ti u ra ca TWTA thng t 20W n 40W. Trong cc v tinh loi mi c trang b cc b pht p c a chm tia (Multibean satellite transponder) v cc b pht p ti sinh (regenerative transponder). Do hn ch v kch thc v trng lng cho nn cc anten thu/pht ca b pht p thng c kch thc nh, v vy tng ch ca anten v tinh c gii hn.
Hnh 1.4 S b pht p n gin
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Trong :
LNA b khuch i tp m thp LO b dao ng ni (tn s fo) D/C b i tn xung (Down convert) HPA l b khuch i cng sut cao
V tinh trong trng hp ny ng vai tr mt trm trung chuyn tn hiu gia cc trm mt t v c xem nh mt im nt ca mng vi hai chc nng chnh sau y: 1. Khuch i cc sng mang thu c t tuyn ln s dng cho vic truyn li trn tuyn xung. Cng sut u vo ca my thu v tinh c yu cu t 100pW n 1nW, cn cng sut ti u ra ca b khuch i cng sut pht cho tuyn xung c yu cu t 10W ti 100W. Nh vy tng ch anten ca b pht p v tinh c yu cu t 100dB ti 130dB. Nng lng sng mang trong bng tn c bc x n cc vng ph sng trn b mt qu t theo cc nc EIRP tng ng ph sng. 2. Thay i tn s sng mang (gia thu v pht) nhm trnh mt phn cng sut pht tc ng tr li pha u vo u thu. Kh nng lc ca b cc b lc u vo i vi tn s sng mang tuyn xung, c tnh n tng ch thp ca anten, cn m bo s cch bit khong 150dB. Ngoi hai nhim v ch yu trn, thng thng cc v tinh cn c mt s chc nng khc. V d, i vi v tinh c nhiu bp sng hoc bp sng qut th b pht p v tinh phi c kh nng to tuyn sng mang n cc vng hoc m ph sng yu cu. Trng hp i vi v tinh ti sinh th b pht p cn c chc nng iu ch v gii iu ch. Phn ti ca v tinh vin thng c c trng bi cc thng s k thut sau: Di tn cng tc S lng b pht p rng di thng ca mi b pht p Phn cc sng ca tuyn ln v tuyn xung Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng (EIRP: Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) hoc mt thng lng cng sut to ra ti bin ca vng ph sng phc v Mt thng lng cng sut bo ha ti anten thu ca v tinh (SDP: Saturated Power Density) H s phm cht (G/T) ca my thu v tinh ti bin vng ph sng hoc gi tr cc i
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Vng ph sng yu cu Cng sut u ra ca b khuch i cng sut pht Cu hnh d phng cho my thu v b khuch i cng sut pht. Bng tn phn b cho b pht p v tinh c th t vi trm MHz ln n vi chc GHz. Bng tn ny thng c chia thnh cc bng tn con (theo phn nh ca ITU). Hu ht cc b pht p thng c thit k vi di thng 36MHz, 54MHz, 72MHz, trong di thng 36MHz l chun c dng ph bin cho dch v truyn hnh bng C (6/4 GHz). Hin nay mt s loi b pht p c x l tn hiu c a vo s dng v nh vy c th ci thin c cht lng tn hiu. 1.3.2 Phn on mt t Phn on mt t bao gm tt c cc trm mt t ca h thng v chng thng c kt ni vi cc thit b ca ngi s dng thng qua cc mng mt t hoc trong trng hp s dng cc trm VSAT (Very Small Aperture Ternimal: Thit b u cui c khu rt nh), cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh S-PCN (Satellite- Personal Communication Network: Mng thng tin c nhn v tinh) th v tinh c th lin lc trc tip vi thit b u cui ca ngi s dng.
Gc ngng Dn ng v bm v tinh Cc tn hiu bng c s (t ngi s dng) Cc tn hiu bng c s (ti ngi s dng)
B phn tuyn B khuch i cng sut (HPA) iu ch IF
B khuch i tp m thp (LNA)
Gii iu ch IF
Hinh 1.5 S khi chc nng trm mt t. Cc trm mt t c phn loi ty thuc vo kch c trm v loi hnh dch v. C th c cc trm mt t va thu va pht sng nhng cng c loi trm mt t ch lm mt nhim v thu sng, v d trm TVRO (television receiver only: Ch dng thu sng truyn hnh). Cc trm mt t ln c trang b anten c ng knh ln t 15 n 30m, trong khi cc trm mt t loi nh ch dng anten ng knh c 60cm, hoc thm ch nh hn (Cc trm di ng, cc my cm tay).
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Vng ph sng kh rng, c th s dng 3 v tinh a tnh c th ph sng ton cu Tnh qung b rng ln cho mi loi a hnh C di thng rng (6/4 14/12 30/20 GHz...) Kh nng a truy cp. H thng v tinh c th phc v nhiu dch v khc nhau nh: thoi, phi thoi, thm d a cht, nh v ton cu, quan st mc tiu, tham V tinh d d bo kh tng, phc v mc ch quc phng, an ninh Hnh 1.6 M hnh 3 v tinh trn qu o a tnh ph sng ton b tri t Thit b pht sng dng trong h thng truyn tin v tinh ch cn cng sut b Hiu qu kinh t cao trong thng tin c ly ln Lp t hoc di chuyn cc thnh phn trong h thng truyn tin v tinh t trn mt t tng i nhanh chng, d dng v khng ph thuc vo cu hnh mng nh cc h thng truyn dn Intelsat vi 2 trm mt t 2 b i ty dng c th truyn thng tin cho nhau Nhanh chng v d cu hnh li khi cn thit nh l truyn hnh s phn gii cao HDTV High Difinition Television, pht thanh s, dch v ISDN, DTH Direct To Home thng qua v tinh VSAT Thng tin v tinh rt n nh. Trong trng hp bo to, ng t cc h thng truyn dn khc khng th suy tr n nh trong khi ch c h thng truyn dn v tinh hot ng Cc thit b t trn v tinh c th tn dng nng lng mt tri cung cp in nng c ngy v m. Tri t V tinh 50/40 V tinh
V tinh qu o a tnh
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Khng c nh (v tinh lun di chuyn vi v tr tng i so vi mt t vi khong cach xp x 75km) Khong cch truyn dn xa, do suy hao ln v c nh hng ca tp m ln. (do khong cch t v tinh ti trm mt t khong 36000km vi tr vo khong 0.25s cho c ng ln v ng xung) do qu trnh x l cn tnh ton n tr Gi thnh lp t h thng rt cao, chi ph phng v tinh tn km v vn cn ri ro (10triu USD anten 30m. 5 7tr USD/anten 18m. 500 50000USD/anten t 0.6 3.5m Bc x ca sng v tuyn thng tin v tinh b tn hao trong mi trng truyn sng, c bit l nhng vng my m, nhiu ma. Cng trng ti im thu trn mt t ph thuc vo khong cch truyn sng v gc phng v gia anten thu v pht (ph thuc ta v tinh vi vng ph sng). Thi gian s dng hn ch, kh bo dng, sa cha v nng cp (trc y t 3 5 nm, nay tng ln khong 15 20 nm)
Hin nay cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh lm vic nhiu bng tn khc nhau, ph thuc vo dng dich dch v. Lc u lin minh vin thng Quc t (ITU) phn nh ph tn cho cc dch v di ng v tinh l t bng tn L n bng tn S. Cc h thng v tinh v cc yu cu dch v ngy cng gia tng do yu cu v bng tn cng gia tng. Tn s lm vic ca h thng di ng v tinh hin c th t cn trn bng tn Ka v i khi n bng tn V, W, Cc bng tn s c la chn s ph bin nht trong cc bng tn c la chn s dng ph bin nht trong cc h thng thngb tin di ng v tinh l bng tn C v K Bng 1.1 lit k cc bng tn c th cng vi k hu tn gi theo khuyn ngh ca ITU trong c cc bng cc bng tn c phn nh cho cc h thng thng tin v tinh. Bng C v Ku, Ka dng cho truyn d liu v truyn hnh Bng X, Q dng trong qun s (chnh ph) Bng L dng trong thng tin di ng v tinh, bng S dng trong pht thanh
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Bng 1.1 Phn nh bng tn cho cc h thng thng tin v tinh

P L S C X Ku Ka Q V W
225 390 390 1550 1550 3900 3900 8500 8500 1090 1090 17250 17250 36000 66000 46000 46000 56000 56000 - 10000
Tuyn xung 3,4 3,7 FS S 300 500 300 75 4,2 4,5 4,8 5,925
Tuyn ln 6,425 7,075 6/4 - GHz bng C 500 650 rng bng (M Hz)
7,25 FSS chnh ph 500

FSS quc t 10,7 10,95 11,2 11,45 11,7
7,75
7,9
8,4 FSS chnh ph 500 8/7 - G H z bng X
12,2 FSS
12,7 BS S 500 500 21,2
13,2
14,0
250 250 250 250 17,7 FSS 2500
500
14,5 14,8 17,3 17,8 18,1 BS S 14/11 FS S G Hz FS S bng K u 500 300 500 300 30,0 FSS 31,0 30/20-G Hz bng K u 1000 FSS chnh ph
20,2
27,0
1000 FSS chnh ph
3000
K hoch phn nh tn s s dng trong thng tin v tinh

Cc v tinh u tin c phng ln qu o ch yu phc v th nghim. n cui nm 60 ca th k 20 cc v tinh mi c cung cp nhng dch v vin thng cng cng. Dch v c pht trin nhanh chng u tin l cung cp cc ng kt ni in thoi v truyn hnh gia cc chu lc. Cc ng kt ni b
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sung cho cc ng cp ngm i dng lm gia tng ng k dung lng truyn tin. Cc dch v truyn hnh u tin TVRO s dng k thut a truy cp phn chia theo tn s/iu tn/mi sng mang ring cho mi knh (FDMA/FM/SCPC Frequency Division Multiple Access /Frequency Modulation /Channel Per Carrier) a dch v truyn hnh n cc vng thn ho lnh, ni m cc mng mt t trc cha ph sng n. Cc tn hiu truyn hnh cht lng qung b c chuyn chuyn tip qua v tinh nh cc b pht b pht p n (di thng 36 MHz), mi b pht p s dung cho mt tn hiu TV (n knh) qua trnh thc hin bng cch iu ch tn hiu di thng 4.5 MHz (NTSC), 5.5 MHz (PAL) hoc 6.5 MHz (SECAM) vo mt sng mang FM/6GHz. tn hiu hnh hp gm c tn hiu video en trng, cc chuyn tip qua cng mt b pht p bng cch iu tn tn hiu vo sng mang ph c s iu ch vi tn s sng mang my pht. Theo l thuyt, di thng qua tn hiu FM/6GHz c th tnh c theo nguyn tc carrson. lch nh (d tn nh) ca tn hiu video hn hp l 10.5 MHz cn di tn nh ca sng mng ph l 2 MHz Nh vy di tn ton b l F = 12.5 MHz di thng tin hiu bng c s xp x 6.8MHz. Nh vy di thng knh truyn s l : BT = 2x(F + B) =1 x (12.5 +6.8) = 38.6 MHz Di thng ny c b pht p c di thng 36 MHz chp nhn
Tn hiu video hn hp vo (di thng 4.5, 5.5, 6.5 MHz) My pht FM Fc = 6GHz ( F)video = 10.5MHz ( F)c = 2MHz Ti v tinh
Tn hiu Audio vo (di thng 15kHz)
Hinh 1.7 M t tuyn truyn hnh qung b qua v tinh Bng 1.2 : Phn nh bng tn dung cho dch v v tinh c nh v dch v qung b qua v tinh ti 31GHz

FS
2.655 -2.690
Ch R2
Phm Vn Ngc
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Bi ging: Thng tin v tinh
FS BS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FI BS BS FS BS FS BS FS FS FS,FL FS 12.500 12.750 12.700 12.750 14000 12.500 17.300 18.100 10.700 11.700 7.900 8.400 5.725 5.850 5.850 7.075 2.655 -2.690
2.690 2.535 2.500 2.690
Ch R2
3.400 4.200 4.500 4.800
Ch R2, R3
7.250 7.750
Ch R1
10.700 11.700 Ch R1 11.700 12.500 11.700 12.200 11.700 12.300 12.100 12.750 12.500 12.750 12.500 12.750 Ch R2 Ch R3 Ch R2 Ch R2 Ch R1, Ch R3 Ch R3 Ch R2 Ch R2
17.700 21.200 FS 27.000 27.500 27.500 31.00 FS dch v v tnh c nh BS Dch v v tinh qung b FL Tuyn cung cp cho dch v v tinh qung v tinh qung b Vng 1(R1), Vng 2 (R2),Vng3 (R3). Ch R1, Ch R3
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Bng tn 3.400 7.075 GHz ; y l bng tn c s dng nhiu nht so vi cc bng tn khc. Cng v vy m vic sp xp v tr trn qu o l tng i kh. Mt khc, do sn c mt thi trng rng ln cho bng tn ny cho nn c nhiu nh sn xut ch to cc thit b tiu chun, gi thnh canh tranh.suy hao truyn sng trong tng khi quyn ca bng tn ny c ln hn so vi bng tn 2.5 2.7 GHz nhng nu tnh ton hp l s m bo c dch v thng tin cht lng cao cho tt c cc vng trn th gii. Lu rng, bng tn ny s, bng tn ny s c can nhiu vi cc h thng viba mt t s dng cng bng tn. K thut TDMA/PSK (Time Division Multiple Access/Phase Shift Keying) v CDMA/PSK(Code Division Mutiple Access/Phase Shift Keying) c a vo ng dng k tip sau . Cc mng truyn tin di ng v tinh (S-PCN: Satellite - Personel Communication Network) vi cc trm v tinh t bo u c nhn thu bao di ng. Tn s lm vic ca cc h thng thng tin v tinh c th t cn trn bng tn VHF cho n bng tn Ka v i khi n bng tn V, W cc bng tn hin ang c la chn s dung ph bin nht l bng tn C v bng tn K. Bng tn X c dnh ring cho mc ch chuyn dng. cc h thng thng tin v tinh khng gy cn nhiu ln nhau. Lin minh vin thng quc t (ITU) cng c cc khuyn ngh v phn nh tn s cho tuyn trn v tuyn xung ng vi cc vng a l trn qu t. Ba vng c phn nh l: vng R1 bao gm chu u, Lin X (c) v chu Phi; vng R2 bao gm Bc M v Nam M; vng R3 bao gm chu v chu c. Cc phn nh bng tn c gii thiu trong bng 1.2 ch l khuyn ngh trong thi k cc h thng thng tin v tinh bt u pht trin. Trong thc t s dng c s linh hot, ph thuc mt phn vo c tnh truyn sng v a l. Ti bng tn 2,5-2,7 GHz suy hao truyn sng trong tng kh quyn nh hn so vi cc tn s khc, song v bc sng tng i di cho n kch thc anten phi ln hn so vi cc bng tn khc. Bng tn cha c s dng rng ri cho nn t nh sn xut ch to cc thit b chun cho bng tn. Bng tn t r li th nhng yu cu khim tn nhng im khng tc nghn v khe qu o l lun lun c sn s dng Bng tn 3,400-7,075GHz;y l bng tn c s dng nhiu nht so vi cc bng tn khc cng v vy m vic sp xp cc khe qu o l tng i kh. Mt khc, do sn c mt th trng rng ln cho bng tn ny cho nn c nhiu nh sn xut ch to cc thit b tiu chun, gi thnh cnh tranh. Suy hao truyn sng trong
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tng kh quyn ca bng tn ny c ln hn so vi bng tn 2,5-2,7 GHz nhng nu tnh ton hp l s m bo c dch v thng tin cht lng cho tt c cc cng trn th gii. Lu rng, bng tn ny c can nhiu so vi cc h thng viba mt t s dng cng bng tn. Bng tn 10,7 14,5 GHz; bng tn cng ang c s dng rng ri. Cc angten ti cc bng tn ny c kch thc nh, c th lp t thun tin trn cc mi nh cao tng. Ni no khng c cc sng mang chung trong bng tn th h thng c th tn dng cng sut ln hn v khng c can nhiu. iu bt loij ch yu ca bng tn ny l suy hao truyn sng ln do ma, my m v hi nc. Bng tn trn 17GHz, c c tnh truyn sng ging bng tn 10,7-14,5 GHz v cng ang c pht trin. Tuy vy thit b v cng ngh s dng kh phc tp v t tin.

Tng quan
Cc v tinh a tnh c s dng cung cp cc dch v truyn tin c nh v di ng cng trn 20 nm nay. Qu o a tnh l mt dng qu o i ng b c chu k qu o l 23 gi 56 pht 4.1 giy. Chu k thi gian cn c gi l ngy thin vn v bng thi gian thc m qu t quay mt vng quanh trc ca n. Nh vy v tinh a tnh xem nh ng yn tng i so vi mi im trn qu t. qu o ca v tinh a tnh l trn v nm trn mt phng xch o. Ngoi tr cc vng cc, vi 3 v tinh a tnh c th ph sng ton cu. Hnh 1.2 m t 3 v tinh ph sng ton cu. Qu o ca cc v tinh a tnh c dng hnh trn, nm trn mt mt phng xch o v c cao mt t khong 35.786 km. H thng thng tin v tinh a tnh c nhim v u vit trong vic cung cp cc dch v truyn tin qung b v c nh. Thi gian tr truyn dn ca mt bc nhy n l khong 250 280 ms v nu tnh c qu trnh x l v m th c th n 300ms. iu i hi s dng mt s kiu trit hi m khi truyn tin thoi. Lin minh Vin thng Quc t (ITU) quy nh tr cc i cho thng tin in thoi l 400ms cho mt bc nhy n i vi thng tin v tinh a tnh. i vi thng tin v tinh di ng khi cn lin lc trc tip gia hai my di ng m khng s dng bc nhy kp (nh m t hnh 1.8) khi cn c b x l ring t pha v tinh cng vi cc chc nng gim st cuc gi hoc c th t on mt t. Vic ph sng lin tc theo vng hoc theo lc a c th c thc hin vi mt v tinh n v trong nhiu trng hp c th s dng mt v tinh th hai lm d
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tr m bo lin lc trong trng hp v tinh th nht gp s c. Hin nay c mt s h thng thng tin v tinh di ng s dng chm v tinh a tnh phc v cho cc dch v di ng ton cu hoc theo vng lc a.
Hinh 1.8 Thng tin v tinh qua mt bc nhy Trc y, khi m cc v tinh a tnh mi bt u a vo ng dng th vic lin lc gia v tinh v mt t phi thng qua cc trm mt t c ln. Nhng nm gn y, cung vi s tin b ca cng ngh ti v tinh, cng ngh ng ten, cng ngh xr l tn hiu, cc h thng thng tin v tinh cung cp cc vng ph sng a bp sng , bp sng nhy n cc thit b u cui di ng ca ngi s dng. iu dn n vic gim ng k yu cu v EIRP ca v tinh, gim quy m cc trm mt t v cc thit b di ng v tinh cm tay nh b ging nh cc my di ng mng t bo mt t cng xut hin trn th trng. Cc v tinh a tnh ngy nay c th cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau, bao gm c c nh v di ng c kh nng ph sng ton cu. Hin nay c ti hng trm v tinh ang hot ng trn qu o a tnh v c v tr ta ca chng c phn phi bi Lin minh Vin thng Quc t (ITU)

H thng thng tin v tinh a tnh INMARSAT, c xy dng nm 1979 vi mc ch ban u l phc v cng tc hng hi quc t (qun l c con tu trn bin v cu nn). Nm 1982, h thng c m rng sang cc dch v thng mi v tip sau l cc dch v truyn thng khc. INMARSAT c 64 thnh vin tham gia, tr s ca n t ti Lun n (Anh). H thng INMARSAT c 3 lnh vc phn chia phc v cho c v tinh a tnh sau y :
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1- Cc v tinh ph sng phc v cc vng ng i Ty Dng (AOR-E) v i Ty Dng (AOR-W), Thi Bnh Dng (POR) v n Dng (IOR); 2- H thng cc trm mt t (LES) cung cp kt ni vi cc mng mt t. hin nay INMARSAT c 40 trm ch mt t phn chia theo vng a l kt ni vi cc mng mt t; 3- Cc trm mt t di ng phc v cho ngi s dng c kh nng lin lc thng qua v tinh. Hin ti INMARSAT s dng 4 v tinh a tnh INMARSAT-3 ph sng v v tinh d phng bao gm 3 v tinh INMARSAT-3 v 3 v tinh INMARSAT-2. INMARSAT cng c 3 v tinh khc cho thu. H thng INMARSAT c nhng dch v ty chn v qua cc giai on pht trin nng cp nh sau: INMARSAT a vo s dng nm 1982, cung cp dch v thoi (300-3400 Hz), s dng sng mang iu ch tn s trn knh n (FM/SCPC). iu ch BPSK c dng truyn d liu tc 19,2 kbit/s v dch v fax tc 14,4 kbit/s. h thng cng c th tng tc truyn d liu ln n 64 kbit/s bng s dng iu ch QPSK (kha dch pha cu phng ) v s dng k thut ALOHA cho thit lp cuc gi. INMARSAT A pht di tn 1.636,5 1.645 MHz v thu di tn 1.535-1.543,5 MHz. knh thoi cch bit nhau mt khong 50 KHz, trong khi knh d liu c cch bit nhau 25 KHz. Cc thit b u cui INMARSAT-A khng cn c sn xut na. Bng 1.3: Vng ph sng v to cc v tinh IMARSAT
AOR-W
INMARSAT-3 F4 (540w)
INMARSAT-2 F2 (980W) INMARSAT-3 F2 (15.50W)
AOR-E
INMARSAT-3 F2 (15.50W)
INMARSAT-3 F5 (250E) INMARSAT-3 F4 (540W)
IOR POR
INMARSAT-3 F1 (640E) INMARSAT-3 F3 (980E)
INMARSAT-2 F3 (650E) INMARSAT-2 F1 (1790E)
INMARSAT-B c a co dch v nm 1993. Vi mc ch cung cp ty chn s ha cho cc dch v thoi ca INMARSAT-B. H thng kt hp hot ng thoi vi iu khin cng sut ti thiu ha cc yu cu v EIRP ca v tinh. Cc thit b u cui hot ng mc 33.29 hoc 25 dBW, vi gi tr t s G/T l -4dB/k.
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Tn hiu thoi c to ra khong 16kbit/s khi s dng m ha d on thch nghi APC (Adaptive Predictive Coding), v sau s dng m chp tc , tng tc knh ln 24kbit/s. Tn hiu c iu ch dng offset-QPSK (QPSK b). D liu c truyn tc nm trong khong 2.4 n 9.6 kbit/s v fax c truyn tc ln n 9.6 kbit/s s dng iu ch b offset-QPSK. Cc dch v d liu tc cao (HSD) ca INMARSAT-B cung cp truyn tin vi tc 64kbit/s cho cc ngi s dng trn mt t v trn bin cng nh kt ni vi mng ISDN thng qua cc trm ch mt t LES. Mt thit b u cui cn c mt knh thit lp mt cuc gi bng cch truyn mt tn hiu iu ch QPSK b p 24kbit/s khi s dng giao thc ALOHA. Cc knh c phn nh bng cch s dng mt knh BPSK TDM. H thng INMARSAT-B hot ng trong bng tn 1626,5-16465MHz cho ch pht v bng tn 1525,5-1545,5 cho ch thu. INMARSAT-C cung cp cc dch v tc d liu thp khong 600 bit/s, h thng s dng m chp tc , chiu di c nh l 7 truyn vi tc 1200bit/s. Tn hiu pht s dng iu ch BPSK trong mt di tn l 2.5 kHz. Cc thit b u cui gn nh s dng anten v hng v hot ng vi mt t s G/T l 23 dB/K., EIRP trong phm vi 11-16 dBW. Knh quay v s dng iu ch ALOHA BPSK khong 600 bit/s. Cc knh c phn chia theo tn hiu iu ch TDM BPSK. H thng INMARSAT-C hot ng trong di tn pht 1626,5-1645,5 MHz v di tn thu l 1530,0-1545,0 MHz, s dng bc nhy khong 5KHz. INMARSAT-M a vo dch v thng mi thng 12 nm 1992 vi s tuyn b u tin v in thoi v tinh di ng cm tay c nhn [t chc v tinh hng hi quc t]. H thng ny cung cp dch v in thoi 4.8kbit/s, s dng m ha kch thch a bng tn c ci tin (IMBE), v m chp tc tng tc truyn dn ln n 8 kbit/s. Ngoi ra, my fax 24kbit/s v cc dch v d liu (1.2-2.4 kbit/s) cng c d phng. INMARSAT-M l h thng phc v ch yu trong lnh vc hng hi v di dng mt t. Cc thit b u cui hng hi hot ng trn b hot ng vi EIRP l 27 hoc 21 dBW v mt t s G/T l -10dB/K, c thit b u cui hot ng vi EIRP l 25 hoc 19dBW v mt t s G/T l -12dB/K. Knh quay v s dng cc tn hiu iu ch BPSK ALOHA c chia khe khong 3kbit/s. Cc knh c phn nh theo tn hiu iu ch TDM BPSK. H thng INMARSAT-M hng hi hot ng trong di tn pht l 1626,5-1646,5 Mhz v di tn thu l 1525,52559,0 MHz vi mt khong gia cc knh l 10kHz. Ngoi cc h thng thng gp trn INMARSAT cn c INMARSAT MINIM (s dng cc loi u cui nh hn), INMARSAT-D (nh v hin th cc on tin nhn ln ti 128 k t), INMARSAT-E (dch v thng tin hng hi ton cu), MINI-
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MAERO (cung cp dch v thng tin hng khng), v mng truy cp ton cu GAN (Global Access Network) cung cp dch v ISDN di ng v cc dch v di ng IP (Mobile Internet Protocol- MIP). 1.7.1.3 H thng thng tin v tinh EUTELSAT T chc thng tin v tinh chu u EUTELSAT (European Telecommunication Satellite Organisation) c hai h thng thng tin v tinh EUTELRACS (chuyn dng) v EMSAT (thng mi). H thng EUTELRACS
H thng EUTELRACS l mt h thng thng tin qun l hm i, c s dng truyn tin, lin lc gia cc phng tin tu b, xe c di ng thn qua mt v tinh a tnh. u tin h thng l mt mng thng tin v tinh di ng thng mi sau pht trin thm nhin v truyn tin v theo di nh v cc phng tin vn chuyn di ng. EUTELRACS hot ng trong bng tn Ku v t chc mng theo kiu cu trc tp trung quanh mt mng ch tm c iu hnh bi t chc v tinh vin thng chu u (EUTELSAT). Mng ny gm c 5 phn t, l: trm ch mt t trung tm, phn on khng gian, trung tm qun l mng cung cp dch v (SNMC), thit b u cui truyn thng c nh v thit b u cui di ng.
Hinh 1.9 Cu trc mng EUTELRECS H thng EMSAT EUTELSAT c mt h thng cung cp dch v d liu v thoi di ng vi tn thng mi l EMSAT. Cc dch v c th l: thoi 4.8kbit/s, my fax nhm 3 tc 2,4 kbit/s, truyn d liu tc 2,4kbit/s, nhn tin 44bit/gi v xc nh v tr bng cch s dng mt card tch hp GSP. H thng lm vic bng tn L v s
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dng ti v tinh di ng chu u EMS (European Mobile Satellite) ca v tinh ITALSAT-F2. 1.7.1.4 H thng thng tin v tinh t bo chu , THUARAYA v cc h thng khc. Hin nay c kh nhiu h thng thng tin v tinh phc v cc dch v truyn thng di ng. Cc h thng phc v theo tng vng tp trung v cung cp dch v theo cc vng th gii, v d cc h thng c trin khai c (OPTUS) [NEW-90], Nht Bn(N-star) [FUR-96], Nam M (MSAT) [JOH-93], ng Nam (ACeS), n , Nam Phi v Trung ng (THURAYA). H thng v tinh t bo Chu (ACeS) cung cp cc dch v n cc khu vc c gii hn bi Nht Bn pha ng, Pa-ki-xtan pha Ty, bc Trung Quc pha bc v In-do-ne-xi-a pha nam [NGU-97]. Vng ny c ph sng bi tng cng ca 140 bp sng trong bng tn L cng vi mt bp vng ph sng n trong bng tn C. khu vc ny c khong 3 t dn c sinh sng v l mt vng m cc phng tin truyn thng mt t cha vi ti. Chu l mt vng c yu cu v truyn thng v tinh rt ln v vng ny rt thch hp cho v tinh a tnh. V tinh ACeS u tin l v tinh GARUDA-1 c phng ln qu o vo ngy 12-2-2000. V tinh ny thit k c thi gian hot ng c 12 nm v h tr t nht 11 nghn knh thoi tc thi vi d tr tuyn l 10dB. cung cp vng ph sng bng tn L, v tinh ny dng ngten pht v ngten thu ring, c hai u c ng knh l 12m. Ti v tinh lm nhim v chuyn mch v nh tuyn cc cuc gi, cho php thc hin c cc cuc gi di ng- i ng thc hin qua mt bc nhy. Mng ny bao gm mt trung tm iu khin mng NCC, trm iu khin v tinh (SCS), cc thit b u cui ca ngi dng v cc cng chnh vng. NCC v SCS c t o Batam Indonexia s dng ngten c ng knh 15,5m. trung tm NCC c chc nng iu khin mng. cc cng ra vo khu vc (cng chnh) c t Indonexia, philipin, i Loan v Thi Lan. Cng nh mng GSM, cc thu bao AceS c ng k vi mt cng ra vo a phng mnh v c th chuyn vng n cc cng khc. Cc cng chnh cung cp vic tnh cc v truy cp n mng li mt t. NCC v cng chnh hot ng trong bng tn C-/S tng ng di tn 64256725 MHz (tuyn mt t ln v tinh) v 3400-3700 MHz t v tinh xung mt t. Cc thit b u cui ca ngi s dng nh Fax, thoi v d kiu, hot ng trong cc bng tn L-/S, c th l cc di tn 1626,5-1660,5MHz (t mt t ln v tinh) v 1252,0-1559,0 MHz (t v tinh n mt t).
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Cc thit b u cui c th c phn loi thnh thit b u cui di ng, my di ng cm tay hoc thit b u cui c nh. Cc thit b u cui di ng v xch tay cho php lm vic song song vi mng GSM. Bi v khi giao din AceS c lp t v da vo GSM nn n cho php vic cung cp cc dch v gi nh GPRS hoc truyn d liu vi cng ngh GSM (EDGE) Cc v tinh GARUDA ang c phng n m rng vng ph sng sang Chu u v Trung . Mt h thng thng tin v tinh khc ph sng n th trng trung ng v trung l h thng THURAYA-1,n bt u hot ng vo nm 2001 vi mt thi gian hot ng l 12 nm. V tinh THURAYA-1 c ta 44 ng. C vng ph sng gii hn t -200 ty n 1000 ng v 600 Bc n -20 Nam. V tinh c th h tr n 13750 cuc gi ng thi v xc sut nghn cuc gi l 2%. V tinh THURAYA-2 ng vai tr nh l mt v tinh d phng. Cng ging nh ACeS, h thng THURAYA c thit k tng thch vi mng GSM cc thit b u cui cm tay. Tuyn di ng hot ng trong bng tn N-/S, c th trong di tn 1626,51660,5 MHz (cho cc tuyn ln ) v 1525,0 v 1559,0 MHz (cho tuyn xung) c tuyn cung cp lm vic bng tn C-/S, vi di tn 6425,0 6725,0 MHz (t di ln) v 3400,0-3625,0 MHz (t trn xung). ang truy cp s dng k thut PDMA/TDMA v QPSA c s dng iu ch cc tn hiu. magnj h tr cc dch v thoi, fax v d liu cc tc 4; 4,8 ;9,6 kbit/s;

Gi cc h thng thng tin v tinh tm thp loi nh little LEO satellite l bi v cc h thng ny ch cung cp cc dc v nhn tin, tc di ng bit thp v d th in t (e-mail), gim st t xa v ghi c c thng s o lng t xa trn phm vi ton cu vo vic s dng c v tinh hot ng qu o thp so vi tri t vo khong 700-2000km. cc dch v hot ng theo thi gian thc hoc l theo dng c nh v ph thuc vo kh nng vng ph sng ca mng. Mc ca vng ph sng ph thuc vo chm v tinh v kh nng ca mng mt t m chum v tinh h tr. V d mt v tinh ch c kh nng ghi nhn cc d liu khi n i ngang qua mt vng ph sng no , tng ng vi v tr ca mt cng chnh v tinh c ni vi mng mt t. Thut ng h thng loi nh (little LEO satellite) y s dng l c so snh vi cc h thng v tinh khng a tnh c dung cung cp c dch v mng
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thng tin v tinh c nhn (PCN) cho ngi s dng, n c cu trc c thit k phc tp hn nhiu. Bng tn lm vic ca cc h thng thng tin v tinh tm thp cng theo quy ch phn chia tn s ca Lin minh Vin thng Quc t (ITU) (xem phn nh tn s theo 3 vng ITU). Sau y s gii thiu mt s h thng v tinh tn thp loi nh in hnh ORBCOMM ORBCOMM l mt h thng v tinh tng thp loi nh (ca M) c bt u khai thc dch v vo ngy 30.11.1998, hin ti hot ng vi mt chm vi 36 v tinh v d kin pht trin ln 48 v tinh trong tng lai. Chm cc v tinh ny c sp xp nh sau: + Ba mt phng qu o c gc nghing 45 vi 8 v tinh trn mt mt phng v cao l 825km. + Hai mt phng qu o c gc nghing vi nhau mt gc 70 v 108 , trn mi mt phng c 2 v tinh , t cch nhau 180 v cao l 780km. + 8 v tinh t trn mt phng xch o
Hinh 1.10 Cu trc mng ORBCOMM H thng ORBCOMM cung cp tc truyn d liu cho ngi dng l 2,4 kbit/s cho tuyn ln v 4,8 kbit/s cho tuyn xung v c kh nng tng ln n 9,6kbit/s. c tuyn ln v xung u dng k thut kha dch pha vi phn i xng (SDPSK) v b lc cosin nng. Tuyn thu bao v tinh hot ng trong di bng tn t 148 149,9 MHz cho tuyn ln v 137 138 MHz cho tuyn xung.
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V tinh cng pht mt tn hiu dn ng vi tn s 400,1 MHz. ngoi tr cc v tinh, mng ORBCOMM cn bao gm : thit b truyn thng thu bao (SC); mt NCC v cc cng ra vo. NCC c t M v kin trc mng ORBCOMM c m t hnh 1.10.

E-SAT l mt h thng v tinh tm thp loi nh gm c 6 v tinh t trn cc qu o cc cao 800 km. Chm v tinh ny c trin khai trn hai mt phng v c trung tm iu khin t ti Guildford (Anh), cng chnh t ti Spitzbergen (Nauy). Cc thit b u cui E-SAT hot ng di tn 148-148,55 Mhz cho tuyn ln, phng thc a truy cp tri ph dy trc tuyn (DS-SSMA), tc d liu 800 bit/s. k thut BPSK c dng iu ch m tri ph vi cc k t v k thut MSK c iu ch sng mang. Cc thit b u cui c cng sut pht l 49w vi mc EIRP l 5,4dBW. Mi v tinh E-SAT c th h tr n 15 thit b u cui cng mt lc. Di tn 137,0725-137,9275MHz c dng cho tuyn xung. Mng cung cp cc dch v o xa, gim st v nh v.
H thng LEO ONE s dng mt chm v tinh 48 v tinh , b tr 6 v tinh trn mt mt phng qu o, cao 930km v gc nghing l 500 so vi ng xch o [GOL-99], LEO ONE c thit k hot ng ch c nh, tc d liu khong 24kbit/s, di tn tuyn ln l 137-138MHz v tc 2,4-9,6kbit/s, di tn tuyn xung l 149,5-150,05 MHz v di tn 400,15-401 MHz. Mi v tinh s c kh nng gii iu ch v gii m tt c cc gi tn hiu thu c v nh, sau s pht li hoc truyn trc tip n trm mt t cng chnh. Mi v tinh c 4 thit b pht sng v 15 thit b thu sng.

Nh phn tch cc phn trn, bt u t nm 1990 cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh nh du mt mc quan trng trong s pht trin truyn thng di ng, trong cc h thng v tinh khng a tnh. Nm 1990 cng nh du bc chuyn tip quan trng cuc cch mng truyn thng v tinh di ng, cng vi mt s xut cho h thng v tinh khng a tnh. Trong phn trc trnh by s pht trin ca nhng v tinh little LEO. Cng vo thi gian , mt h thng thng tin v tinh khng a tnh n c nhn
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thu bao nhm mc ch cung cp cc dch v thoi cng c nhng th nghim v cc mng truyn thng tin thng qua cc v tinh n c nhn thu bao c k hiu l S-PCN (Satellite Personal Communication Network). Mc ch ca mng S-PCN l cung cp cc dch v thoi v cc dch v tc d liu thp, tng t nh mng t bo mt t, s dng cc in thoi cm tay lin lc thng qua cc v tinh cc qu o tm thp (LEO) hoc l qu o tm trung (MEO). Cc v tinh qu o tm trung MEO c t cao 1000020000Km so vi mt t vi thi gian c chu k qu o l 6h. Cc v tinh trong qu o thp c gi l big LEO v c chu k qu o l 90. Nhng v tinh ny c trin khai cao 750-2000km. Cc v tinh qu o tm thp LEO c thi gian sng khong 5-7 nm, cc v tinh trn qu o tm trung MEO c thi gian sng khong 10-12 nm. Cc mng S-PCN hot ng trong bng tn L v bng tn S. Bng 1.5 lit k cc di tn c phn nh cho thng tin di ng s dng qu o tm thp LEO v tm trung MEO. Nhng S-PCN cung cp vng ph sng dch v ton cu bng cch s dng cc chm a v tinh. S lng cc v tinh trong mt chm l mt hm ca cao qu o v cc yu cu c tnh dch v. Hin nay c mt s mng S-PCN c th cung cp cc dch v thng tin di ng n cc my di ng cm tay phm vi ton cu v va c th s dng di ng v tinh va s dng di ng mt t. Trong cc mng , c nhiu mng ang trong thi k va khai thc va th nghim. Sau y s gii thiu mt s mng in hnh Bng 1.4: Phn nh tn s cho thng tin v tinh di ng bng tn L v S
1492 1525 1525 1530 1610 1626.5 1631.8 1626.5 1626.5 1631.5 1675 1710 1930 1970 1970 1980
Tuyn xung Tuyn xung Tuyn ln Tuyn xung Tuyn ln Tuyn ln Tuyn ln Tuyn ln
Vng 2 Vng 2/vng 3 Ton cu Ton cu Vng 2/vng 3 Vng 2 Vng 2 Vng 2
24
1980 2010 2120 2160 2160 2170 2170 2200 2483.5 2500 2500 2520 2670 2690
Tuyn ln Tuyn xung Tuyn xung Tuyn xung Tuyn xung Tuyn xung Tuyn ln
Ton cu Vng 2 Vng 2 Ton cu Ton cu Ton cu Ton cu
Hng Motorola (M) pht trin h thng IRIDIUM vo nm 1990. Vo ngy 01-11-1998 IRIDIUM tr thnh S-PCN u tin bc vo lnh vc dch v. hin c 88 v tinh c phng thnh cng trn qu o tm thp. c 3 loi dn phng khc nhau c s dng phng v tinh ln qu o. h thng b phng ca M phng c 55 v tinh, h thng ca Nga phng c 21 v tinh v ca Trung Quc phng c 14 v tinh. Khi u h S-PCN ca IRIDIUM s dng 77 v tinh, (v th tn ca n l IRUDIUM do s nguyn t ca nguyn t IRIDIUM l 77). Cc v tinh ny c phn b u trn 6 mt phng qu o cc, vi gc nghing l 86,40. Qu o v tinh c cao so vi mt t l 780km. mi v tinh c trng lng 689 kg v c thi gian sng khong t 5-8 nm. S kt ni vi mng mt t thng qua cc cng chnh t 11 quc gia v kt ni vi mng ton cu. cng chnh v cc tuyn iu khin hot ng trong bng tn Ka, tng ng vi di tn 19,4-19,6 GHz (tuyn xung) v di tn 29,1-29,3 GHz (tuyn ln). H thng IRIDIUM cung cp cc dch v thoi song cng, fax v d liu tc thp 2,4 kbit/s. tc d liu c th n 10 kbit/s. cc tn hiu c iu ch QPSK v s dng a truy nhp FDMA/TDMA. IRIDIUM do khng tm c khch hng cho mng ca mnh cho nn ngng cc dch v vo thng 3-2000. Tuy vy cc chm v tinh vn hot ng trn qu o, cc dch v vn c cung cp cho cc khch hng cng nghip, hng khng, hng hi v du kh hng th trng M .
25
Cng thi k vi IRIDIUM, mt h thng thng tin v tinh qu o tm thp khc do Qualcomm v Loran khi xng c tn l h thng GLOBANSTAR. Trong vng 4 nm t 1996-2000 h thng trin khai 48 v tinh trn 8 mt phng qu o c gc nghing 520 so vi mt phng xch o v cc qu o tm thp c cao so vi
mt t l 1414km. h thng GLOBALSTAR khng cung cp ph sng ton cu m ch gii hn trong vng gia v tuyn 700 Bc v Nam so vi qu o xch o. Cng ging nh IRDIUM, cc v tinh ca GLOBALSTAR l trong sut. tuyn ng truyn tin gia ngi s dng di ng v mng c nh ch c th c thit lp khi m c thit b u cui v cng chnh cng nhn thy v tinh. Bi v cc v tinh qu o tm thp ch cung cp mt vng ph sng nh cho nn h thng phi s dng nhiu cng chnh m bo dch v ton cu. vic kt ni vi mng mt t cng c thc hin thng qua nhiu cng chnh phn b trn ton cu. cng chnh bao gm trm chuyn mch v c t 3 n 4 anten cung cp kt ni cc mng di ng v c nh. Cc tuyn cng chnh l vic bng tn C, c th l di tn 6,875-7,055 GHz cho tuyn xung v di tn 5,091-5,520 GHz cho tuyn ln. Ngoi cng chnh, GLOBALSTAR cng t trung tm iu khin hot ng mt t (GOCC) v trung tm iu khin v tinh (SOCC). Cc cng chnh, GOCC, SOCC c kt ni vi nhau thng qua mng d liu GLOBALSTAR. Cc tuyn di ng n v tinh l vic bng tn S, di tn 1610-1626,5 MHz cho tuyn ln v di tn 2483,5-2500,7 MHz cho tuyn xung. rng bng tn c chia lm 13 knh FDM, mi knh c rng l 1,23 MHz, giao din khng gian ca GLOBALSTAR c xy dng trn c s gii php Cdmaone (IS-95), nh cp cc mc trc, dch v thoi ca GLOBALSTARD c cung cp thng qua mt b m ha/ gii m thoi codec thch nghi tc l 0,6-9,6 kbit/s (trung bnh 2,2 kbit/s). vic truyn d liu h tr thng qua knh thoi tc c s l 2,4 kbit/s. tn hiu c iu ch QPSK v a truy cp s dng k thut CDMA. Mi cng chnh c th truy cp n 128 knh CDMA, mi knh c ly t mt dng ca ma trn Walsh Hadamard 128x128 vi s dng c nh s t 0 n 127. Mt trong cc knh , ng vi hm Walsh 0 c s dng truyn tn hiu dn ng (pilot), bao gm tt c l s 0. Mt knh ng b c s dng cung cp cho c thit b u cui cc thng tin iu khin, v d nh nhn dng cng chnh, thi gian h thng m nh s knh uc gn. Cng ging nh IS-95, knh ng b lun truyn tc d liu l 1,2 kbit/s.
26
Cn li l 126 knh c ginh cho lu lng. h thng GLOBALSTAR h tr hai loi tc khc vi mng t bo : loi tc th nht l 2,4 v 4,8 kbit/s, loi tc th 2 l 2,4-4,8 hoc 9,6 kbit/s. d liu c nhm trong c khung c di l 20ms v sau chng c m ha bng b m ha xon tc v di rng buc l 9. c tc khng i l 9,6kbit/s cho loi tc th nht v c 19,2 kbit/s cho loi tc th 2, k thut an xen c s dng. tn hiu 9,6 kbit/s hoc 19,2 kbit/s sau c ghp knh vi cc bit iu khin cng sut c tc 50 kbit/s. m Walsh c gn cho knh lu lng ca ngi s dng sau tn hiu c tri trc khi c tri bi mt b to dy bi mt b to dy m gi ngu nhin PNc di l 288 chip tc l 1200 chip PN/s. dy PN bn ngoi c s dng nhn dng v tinh v c iu ch vi dy m gi ngu nhin bn trong ca knh I v knh Q, c di l 215 chip v tc chip l 1,2288 Mchip/s. hng truyn ngc li, knh lu lng h tr tc d liu 2,4;4,8 v 9,6 kbit/s. d liu c t chc trong cc khung 20 ms. Vi tc loi 1, d liu c gii m ha chp mt ln na tc v chiu di c nh l 9. Tn hiu sau c iu ch Walsh cho to dy 64 bit tng ng vi mt dng ca ma trn Walsh Hadamard 64x64 bit. Mi mt thit b di ng pht mt m Walsh khc nhau v iu cho php trm gc nhn dng c my pht. Sng mang c iu ch OffsetQPSK. iu i hi lch thi gian ca knh cu phng (Q) l mt na chip. Cp qun phng cu chui m gi ngu nhin PN sau c s dng tri tn hiu 1,2288 Mchip/s vi chu k l 215-1 chip. Tn hiu sau c qua b lc bng c s m bo cc thnh phn ca iu ch nm trong knh trc khi iu ch cc tn hiu cng pha v tn hiu qun phng trong CDMA. Ngoi mt s h thng S-PCN s dng cc v tinh qu o tm trung MEO v tm thp LEO nh nu trn, cng trong khong thi gian ny, c mt s h

thng S-PCN khc c xy dng cng vi cc v tinh c phng ln cc qu o tm thp. Cc h thng S-PCN , v d nh: NEW ICO, CONSTELLATION, ELLIPSO, v.v Cc bng 1.5, 1.6 v 1.7 nu mt s thng s so snh ch yu v s v tinh, qu o s dng cc c tnh k thut v dch v ca cc h thng .
cao qu o Loi qu o
780 LEO
1414 MEO
10390 LEO
2000 Lai/ghp
7605/8050 LEO/HEO
27
Trng lng phng S v tinh/qu o ISL OBP S bp sng vt
66 11 C C 48
48 6 Khng Khng 16

10 5 Khng Khng
11 11 Khng Khng 24
10/7 5/7 Khng Khng 61
Nm phng
1998, 2000, 2001 2.4kbps
2000
2004
2001
2000
Tc truyn d liu
0.6 9.6 kbps (thoi) 2.4kbps (d liu)
4 kbps (thoi) 2.4, 4.8, 9.6 kbps (d liu)
Dch v
Thoi, Fax, Thoi, Fax, d Thoi, Fax, Thoi, Fax, d Thoi, Fax, d d liu liu, SMS d liu, liu SMS, liu. Email Internet Ton cu Ton cu gii Ton cu hn v tuyn 700

Ph sng
Ton cu
Ton cu trn 500 v tuyn nam
Tn s ln di 1616 1626.5 1610 1625.5 ng (MHz) Tn s xung di 1616 1626.5 2483 2500 ng (MHz) a truy nhp iu ch tn hiu FDMA/TDMA QPSK CDMA QPSK
1985 2015
2843.5 2500
1610 1626.5 2483.5 2500 W-CDMA
2170 2200
1610 1625.5
FDMA/TDMA
CDMA
GMSK (tuyn ln), QPSK, O-QPSK BPSK/QPSK (tuyn xung)
28
Qu o ca hnh tinh l hnh trnh ca v tinh trong khng gian m trong v tinh c cn bng bi hai lc i nhau. Hai lc l lc hp dn ca qu t v lc ly tm c hnh thnh do cong ca hnh trnh v tinh (hnh 1.11). Qu o ca v tinh nm trn mt mt phng c dng hnh trn hoc elip. Nu qu o l trn th tm ca qu o trng vi tm ca tri t. Nu qu o l elip th c mt u elip nm xa qu t v u kia nm xa qu t nht. im xa nht trn qu o so vi qu t c gi l vin im (aprogee) v im gn nht c gi l cn im (perigee), hinh 1.12: V Lc hp dn = GMm/R2 V tinh khi lng m Khong cch r Tri t khi lng M Qu o v tinh Lc ly tm = (mV2)/2
Hnh 1.11 - M t cc lc tc ng ln chuyn ng ca v tinh trn qu o
Cc v tinh c s dng trong vin thng c phn thnh bn dng qu o sau y theo cao ca qu o v tinh so vi mt t: 1. Qu o a tnh, GEO(Geostationary Orbit ) 2. Qu o elip tm cao, HEO(hightly Eliptical Orbit) 3. Qu o mt t tm trung, MEO(Medium Earth Orbit) 4. Qu o mt t tm thp, LEO(Low Earth Orbit) Trong s cc qu o trn th qu o a tnh c s dng nhiu nht. Qu o i tnh (GEO) l mt dng c bit ca qu o ng b a tnh, c chu k qu o l 23 gi 56 pht 4,1 giy chnh bng thi gian m tri t quay mt vng quanh trc ca n. Nh vy, v tinh a tnh xem nh ng yn so vi mt v tr bt k trn tri t. Dng ca qu o a tnh l trn, nm trn mt phng xch o v c cao l khong 35,786 km. Qu o elip tm cao (HEO) l cc qu o dng elip v c chiu cao so vi mt t xp x v ln qu o a tnh cng xp vo loi qu o trn tm cao .
29
Qu o tm thp (LEO) l cc qu o c chu o c chiu cao so vi mt t khong 700 2000 km Qu o tm trung (MEO) l cc qu o c chiu cao so vi mt t nm gia qu o tm cao (HEO) v qu o tm thp (LEO)
Hnh 1.12 Qu o v tinh trong khng gian

Nghin cu s chuyn ng ca v tinh c quan h cht ch vi cc nh lut v chuyn ng ca vt th trong vt l v v tr ca v tinh trong khng gian. T xa xa, ngi Trung Quc nghin cu s chuyn ng ca mt trng quanh qu t v xy dng m lch. Nm 1609 v 1619 Johannes Kepler a ra ba nh lut v s chuyn ng ca cc hnh tinh quay quanh mt tri (mt tri l tm hp dn). Ba nh lut c th p dng cho s chuyn ng ca v tinh quanh qu t (qu t l tm hp dn) nh sau : nh lut Kepler thu nht (1602): Qu o ca hnh tinh (v tinh) dng elip nhn mt tri (tm hp dn l tri t) l mt trong hai tiu c ca elip. nh lut Kepler th hai(1603): Bn knh vc t ni hnh tinh (v tinh) vi h mt tri (tri t) qut nhng
30
vng c din tch bng nhau trong nhng thi gian bng nhau. nh lut Kepler th ba(1618): Bnh phng chu k qu o ca hnh tinh (v tinh) t l thun vi ly tha bc ba ca bn knh trc ln ca qu o elip. Nm 1618, Isaac Newton cng b ba nh lut c bn v chuyn ng l : nh lut Newton th nht : Mi vt gi nguyn trng thi ngh hoc chuyn ng thng u ca n cho n khi c lc tc dng buc n phi thay i trng thi . nh lut Newton th hai: o hm ca ng lng ca vt im theo thi gian t l vi lc tc dng . nh lut Newton th ba : Tc dng bao gi cng bng v ngc vi phn tc dng, ni mt cch khc cc lc tc dng ca hai vt i vi nhau bao gi cng bng v ngc chiu nhau . nh lut th hai ca Newton biu th khi nim v qun tnh . nh lut th hai ca Newton c th biu th khi nim v qun tnh . nh lut th hai ca Newton c th biu th bng biu thc ton hc :
F =m d 2r = mr dt 2
Trong F l vct ca tt c cc lc tc ng ln khi lng m; r l gia tc vc t ca khi lng . Ngoi ba nh lut c bn trn, Newton cng a ra bi ton hai vt th v pht biu nh lut hp dn v tr : Gia hai vt c khi lng m1v m2 cch nhau mt khong r, c cc lc ht tng h bng nhau tc dng, ln ny t l vi tch cc khi lng m1 v m2 v t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch gia chng :
r 1 r F = Gm1 m2 2 r r
Trong : F l lc vc t ln khi lng m1 do m2 theo hng t m1 n m2; G = 6.672x10-11 Nm/kg2 l mt hng s hp dn v tr;r l khong cch gia hai vt th v r r l vc t n v t m1 n m2 . Ba nh lut c bn v chuyn ng v nh lut hp dn v tr ca Newton c s dng xc nh gn ng chuyn ng theo qu o ca v tinh quanh mt t v chng minh s ng n ca ba nh lut ca Kepler .
r
31
Gc nhn c xc nh theo h ta vi anten trm mt t v v tinh dng truyn thng tin vi gia trm mt t v v tinh (n c ch ra bi gc phng v Az v gc ngng El)
Qu tch thin nh ng ti v tinh
V tinh Trm mt t
El Az
Trc Bc
Hnh chiu ca V tinh
Hng ng
ng hnh chiu ln mp
Hnh 1.13 Xc nh gc phng v Az v gc ngng El Gc phng v ( ) c xc nh theo hng ng t trc bc ti phn hnh chiu ca v tinh trn mt mt phng nm ngang ca trm mt t.
Gc ngng ( ) l gc c xc nh theo hng ln t mt phng nm ngang ca anten trm mt t hng ti v tinh.
im v tinh con l giao im ca b mt tri t vi ng thng ni tm tri t ti v tinh. (vi v tinh a tnh im v tinh con nm trn ng xch o)
Q P O Re B
R Lp T LS A I Is Ip h
Hnh 1.1 Hnh hc tri t v v tinh To ca v tinh: v v tinh l Ls, kinh v tinh l Is so vi ng kinh tuyn chun To ca im cn xt l P vi v Lp v kinh l Ip so vi ng kinh tuyn chun.
32
Hiu kinh gia v tinh v im P trn b mt tri t l I = I = |Ip - Is| (1-1) R l khong cch t im P ti v tinh S. r l khong cch t tm tri t ti v tinh, h l khong cch t v tinh S ti im v tinh con ( cao ca v tinh so vi b mt tri t) Re l bn knh tri t Re = 6370km
l gc tm, l gc gia im v tinh con v giao im ca im P = BOT

vi ng xch o (cung PB)
l gc tm gia im v tinh con v im P = POT

Xt tam gic OPS ta c:
R 2 = Re2 + r 2 2Rer cos( )
R = Re2 + r 2 2R e r cos( )
Trong tam gic cu TPB theo nh lut cosin ta c
(1 2)
cos( )=cos( )cos(Lp )+sin( )sin(L p )cos(PBT)

Xt tam gic BTA ta c
(1 3)
) sin(TBA ) sin(TAB = sin( ) sin(L s )
(1- 4)
= PBA = / 2 do ng kinh tuyn vung gc vi ng xch o (v ) Vi TAB = ( / 2) TBP Do TBA

Thay vo cng thc (1-4) ta c (1 - 5)
) cos(PBT) sin( / 2) sin( / 2 PBT = = sin( ) sin(Ls ) sin(Ls )

sin( )cos(PBT)=sin(L s ) hay cos(PBT)=sin(L s )/ sin( ) (1 6)
Trong tam gic vung TBA ta c
cos( )=cos(I)cos(L s )
Thay cng thc (1-6), (1-7) vo (1-3) ta c:
(1 - 7)
cos( )=cos(I)cos(L s )cos(L p ) + sin(L p ) sin (L s )
(1 8)
Gc ngng ( ) l gc c xc nh theo hng ln t mt phng nm ngang ca anten trm mt t hng ti v tinh.
33
V tinh (S)
V tr ng nm ngang
R El r
Trm mt t (P)
Re (O)Tm tri t
Hnh 1.15 Phng din hnh hc tnh ton gc ngng. Trong : - r l vector t tm tri t ti v tinh (khong cch t tm tri t ti v tinh) - R l vector t trm mt t ti v tinh (khong cch t trm mt t ti v tinh) - Re l vector t tm tri t ti trm mt t (l bn knh tri t) Khi 3 vector ny cng nm trong mt mt phng v to thnh mt tam gic.
Gc l gc tm gia trm mt t v v tinh, l vecto gia Re v r l gc (trong tam gic) c xc nh t vect Re v R.

Gc tm lin h vi v Lp (Le) v kinh ty Ip (Ie) ca trm mt t v v Ls v kinh ty Is ca v tinh bi cng thc sau:
cos( ) = cos( Lp ) cos( Ls ) cos( I s I p ) + sin( L p ) sin( Ls )
(1 9)
Theo cng thc (2) ta c khong cch t trm mt t ti v tinh nh sau: (theo nh l cosin trong tam gic)
R 2 2 Re e R = r 1 + 2 cos( ) r r
Gc ngng c xc nh t v tr mt phng nm ngang trm mt t hng ti v tinh lin h vi gc ti trm mt t ca tam gic SPO nh sau
El = 90 0
Theo quy lut hm sin trong tam gic ta c:
r R = sin( ) sin( )
Kt hp 3 phng trnh cui trn ta c phng trnh rt gn li nh sau:
34
cos(El ) = Cos(El)
r sin( ) R sin( )
Re Re 1 + r 2 r cos( )
2
1 2
(1 10)
Phng trnh (1 9) v (1 - 2) cho gc ngng (El) c tnh t cc h ta v tinh v trm mt t, bn knh qu o v tinh r v bn knh tri t Re. Thng thng Re = 6370 km.
Gc phng v ( ) c xc nh theo hng ng t trc bc ti phn hnh chiu ca v tinh trn mt mt phng nm ngang ca trm mt t.
T = I v cung PT = , p dng nh lut cosin ta c: Xt tam gic cu QPT, PQ

sin( ) sin( I ) = 0 sin(90 Ls ) sin( )
Hay = sin 1
cos Ls sin I sin
(1 13)
S Lp T LS A I Is R h
O Re
Ip
Hnh 1.16 Phng din hnh hc tnh ton gc phng v Biu thc trn cha tnh n v tr tng i ca v tinh so vi trm mt t. Bng 1.8: Lit k gc phng v Az so vi v tr tng i ca v tinh S
Bn cu Bc
S Ty Bc ca G S Ty Nam ca G
3600 3600
35
S ng Bc ca G S ng Nam ca G Bn cu Nam S Ty Bc ca G S Ty Nam ca G S ng Bc ca G S ng Nam ca G

im cc
1800 + 1800 + 1800 1800 -

im cc
Q E
Az
E c
Az
c S
(a) SSP pha ty nam ca ES Az = 360 0
G
(b) SSP pha ng nam ca ES Az =
im cc
P c E
G c
(d) SSP pha ng bc ca ES Az = 180 0
a
Az
(c) SSP pha ty bc ca ES Az = 180 0 +
Az
im cc
Hnh 1.17 Phng din hnh hc xc nh gc phng v
L gc gia phng ca tm tri t O v phng ca trm mt t hng ti v tinh.

S
36
V tinh
V tr ng nm ngang
R El r
Trm mt t E
Re Tm tri t
Hnh 1.18 Phng din hnh hc xc nh gc thin nh ti v tinh Trong tam gic OES ta c:
sin( ) = sin( )Re / R

Do = arcsin[R e sin( )/ R ] Nu bit gc ngng El ta c (1 14)
= / 2 El
sin( ) = Re sin(90 0 + El ) / r = Re cos( El ) / r
Do = arcsin[R e cos(El ) / r ]

(1 15)

iu kin cho mt v tinh cc nhn thy t mt trm mt t l El 0. T hnh di iu kin c php tha mn l Re + h Re/cos Cos Re/(Re + h ) (1 - 16)
T c th rt ra iu kin kh nng nhn thy v tinh l: (1 17)
37
V tinh
rs
R
im v tinh con
El
Trm mt t
Re
Re cos
O
Tm tri t
Hnh 1.19 Gc ngng ti thiu Theo quan im hnh hc th iu kin ti thiu m v tinh nhn thy t mt trm mt t l ng vi gc El =0 c mt gi tr ti thiu no , c gi l gc ngng ti thiu Elmin cho php cc yu t truyn sng. V d vic b che khut. Thng thng gc ngng ti thiu nm trong khong 5-7. T hnh 1.19 xt tam gic SEO gc tm cng c th biu th theo gi tr ca gc Elmin nh sau:
= cos-1 [(Re cos Elmin) (Re + h)] - Elmin
(1 18)
Trn mt qu o ng b a tnh, rt gn phng trnh cui ta c

81.3 0 cho tm nhn thy ca v tinh.

i vi cc qu o a tnh th gc nghing i = 0 , lch tm e = 0 v v tinh nm trong mt phng xch o. Ls = 0 . Mt khc, i vi cc v tinh a tnh th cao ca v tinh tnh t tm tri t. V tinh c kinh Is, trm mt t c v tr kinh Ie v v Le. Vi cao ca v tinh l r = Re + h 42,164 km. S dng cc thng s , gc tm theo biu thc (1 - 9) trong trng hp ny c th vit li nh sau : Cos = cos Le cos I (1 - 19)
38
Gc ngng theo biu thc (1 - 10) trong trng hp ny l : Cos(El) =

1 cos 2 Le cos 2 I
Re Re 1+ cos Le cos I R +h 2 R +h e e
2
(1 - 20)
Gc phng v Az theo biu thc (1 13) l :

= sin 1
2 2 1 cos ( L ) cos ( I ) e sin I
(1 - 21)
Khi p dng gii hn kh nng nhn thy, c ngha l El = 0, th lc gc tm c th tnh c t biu thc (1 - 13) v c gi tr l : Cos = Re /(Re + h ) = 0,151 Mt khc, theo hnh 1.19 c : Cos(Le)= Cos / Cos I (1 - 22)
Nh vy, trong trng hp nu nh v tinh v trm t cng nm trn mt kinh tuyn c ngha l I = 0 . Nh vy, v tuyn cc i Le max m v tinh nhn thy c th biu th bi biu thc sau Cos Le max = cos = 0.151 iu c ngha l Le max = 81.3

Trong hnh 1.19 ta s i xc inh khong cch t trm v tinh ti trm mt t Xt tam gic OES ta c
R 2 = Re + r 2 2 Re r cos
2
hoc R = Re 2 + r 2 2 Re r cos Trong :
(1 23)
R l khong cch t trm mt t ti v tinh Re l bn knh tri t = 6370km r = h + Re l khong cch t v tinh n tm tri t
l gc tm cos( ) = cos Ls cos Le cos( I s I e ) + sin Ls sin Le
Gc ngng (El): l gc hp thnh gia ng chn tri tnh t im t trm mt t v ng thng ni trm mt t vi v tinh.
39
Gc ngng nm trong mt phng cha 3 im l v tinh, trm mt t v tm tri t:

V tinh (S) V tr ng nm ngang
R El r
Trm mt t (E)
Re (O)Tm tri t
T hnh v ta c Cos El = (r/R)sin Hay El = arcos sin R

r
(1 - 24)
Gc phng v Az: L gc xc nh phung v ca trm mt t v c hp thnh bi phng Bc (ca qu t) vi giao tuyn ca mt phng cha v tinh v tm qu t. Gc phng v bin i t 0 n 360 v ph thuc vo v tr tng i ca v tinh v im xem xt. L gc QES
= sin 1
cos Ls sin I sin
(1 25)
Bng 1.9: Xc nh gc phng v

Quan h gia Az v Az = 1800 Az = Az = 1800 + Az = 3600
ng Nam ng Bc Ty Nam Ty - Bc

Thi gian truyn sng t trm mt t n v tinh c tnh theo cng thc:
= R/c
(1 26)
40
Trong :
l thi gian truyn sng
R l khong cch t trm mt t ti v tinh c l vn tc nh sng, c = 3x108 m/s Khi v tinh c s chuyn ng so vi tri t th khong cch R t v tinh n trm mt t cng c s thay i. S chuyn ng tng i ca n gy nn s tng gim tn s ti pha my thu. Hin tng ny c gi l hiu ng Doppler. Hiu ng Doppler xut hin c tuyn ln v tuyn xung dch tn s Doppler l f D so vi tn s f c xc nh l:
f D = Vr f / c = V D cos ( f / c)
(1 27)
Trong : f D l dch tn Doppler Vr l tc gc tng i ca v tinh VD = dR/dt l tc tc thi di chuyn ca v tinh V l vn tc ca v tinh
l gc gia phng ca im xem xt v tc V ca v tinh
f l tn s hot ng ca tuyn c l vn tc nh sng

Qu o v tinh truyn thng thng dng thng s dng qu o elip c gc nghing ln hoc qu o trn trn mt phng xch o (v tinh a tnh). Chu k ca cc qu o c quan h vi chu k quay ca qu t quanh trc ca n - Qu o elip c gc nghing khc 0. Qu o elip c tc ca v tinh khng phi l hng s. Tc bay ca v tinh c gi tr cc i cn im v c gi tr cc tiu vin im. Do v tinh vng vin im c thi gian ph sng ln hn nhiu so vi vng cn im v hiu ng s gia tng nu nh lch tm gia tng. V tinh vng vin im cng nhn thy cc trm mt t trong mt phn ln chu k ca qu o v iu cho php thit lp tuyn lin lc trong mt khong thi gian ln. Vi mt qu o c gc nghing khc khng th v tinh i qua nhng vng v hai pha ca xch o, c kh nng ph sng cc vng cc nu gc nghing ca qu o gn 900. V d v tinh MOLNYA: l v tinh truyn thng ca lin x c qu o nm v tuyn cao ca bc bn cu. Chu k ca qu o l 12 gi vi bn trc ln qu o
41
l 26556km, cn im l 1250km, vin im l 39150km, vi nghing 63.40 v lch tm l 0.6 0.7 V d v tinh TUNDRA: l v tinh c chu k qu o 24 gi. vi bn trc ln 42164km, cn im l 25231km, vin im l 46340km v lch tm 0.25 0.4 - Qu o v tinh a tnh Qu o v tinh a tnh dng trn (gc lch tm 00) v nm trn mt phng xch o (gc nghing i = 0). Tc gc ca v tinh ng bng tc gc ca tri t quay quanh trc ca n. Khi mt ngi ng trn mt t th v tinh c xem nh l ng yn trn bu tri, khng chuyn ng. Thng s v tinh a tnh: Bn trc ln qu o l 42164.2km, tc ca v tinh 3075m/s, cao v tinh (h) 35786.1km, bn knh tri t xch o (Re) 6378.1km Khong cch t v tinh ti trm mt t l
R = Re + r 2 2 Re r cos
2
Trong r = Re + h
cos = cos Le cos I
Trong Le l v ca trm mt t
I = Is Ie l hiu kinh tuyn tng i ca trm mt t v v tinh vi v
Ls = 0 - Ngoi ra cn c qu o thp, qu o tm trung v qu o tm cao

Vn a truy cp phn phi theo quan im tn s v thi gian: Cn gii quyt vn sao cho cc sng v tuyn pht t cc trm mt t ring l khng can nhiu ln nhau do trong thng tin v tinh phn lm 3 dng a truy cp l: FDMA, TDMA v CDMA. Trong
FDMA: L k thut c dng ph bin trong thng tin v tinh, trong FDMA th cc trm mt t ring l pht i cc sng mang vi tn s khc nhau v cc bng tn c bo v thch hp sao cho cc tn s sng mang ny khng chng
ln ln nhau.
42
B pht p
FDMA
Thi gian
fA
fB
fC
fD
Tn s
Hnh 1.20: a truy cp phn chia theo tn s trong TTVT
TDMA: Khi chng ta c 1 khung xc nh, 1 khung c ch ra theo thi gian cho mt trm mt t. Khi mi trm mt t s pht i mt sng mang trong khe thi gian c phn trong mt chu k thi gian c nh.
D TDMA B A f0 Tn s C Thi gian
Mt khung TDMA
Hnh 1.21 a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian trong TTVT TDMA cc sng mang pht t trm mt t cn c iu khin chnh xc sao cho sng mang ca chng nm trong khong thi gian c phn phi bng cch: -> Truyn tn hiu mt cch gin on -> D phng thi gian bo v Do s c mt trm chun pht i mt tn hiu chun
43
V tinh
Xung thng tin
A B N
Khung TDMA
A B A Cc trm thng tin Trm chun N
Hnh 1.22 Truy cp ca trm mt t ti v tinh thng qua k thut TDMA
CDMA: Khi mi tram mt t s pht i cng mt tn s sng mang. Cc sng mang ny trc c iu ch bng cch s dng mt mu bit c bit quy nh cho mi trm mt t trc khi pht tn hiu c iu ch.
Vn a truy cp phn phi theo quan im knh ta c:
a truy cp phn phi trc: L phng php truy nhp trong cc knh v
tinh c phn b c nh cho cc trm mt t khc nhau (khi c hoc khng c cuc gi)
a truy cp phn phi theo yu cu: L phng php truy nhp trong cc knh v tinh c sp xp li mi khi c yu cu thit lp knh c a ra t cc trm mt t lin quan.
=> a truy cp phn phi theo yu cu cho php s dng hiu qu dung lng knh ca v tinh. c bit cho mt trm mt t c dung lng knh nh s dng chung mt b pht p nh trong h thng Space h thng in thoi v tinh trn bin INMARSAT. Cng ngh TDMA l mt phng php thng tin rt tt cho php t c dung lng knh ln trong b pht p v tinh n.
44
Tng kh quyn l mt mi trng truyn sng c nh hng trc tip n sng truyn trong h thng thng tin v tinh. Trong tng kh quyn th cc tc ng r nt nht n knh truyn l cc nh hng ca tng i lu v ca tng in li.
Lp khng kh trn mt t di cng ca tng kh quyn c gi l tng i lu (troposphere).Tnh t mt t ln,tng i lu c cao 8 n 10 km cc v tuyn t Bc v Nam cc; 10 n 12 km cc v tuyn trung bnh v 16-18 km cc v tuyn gn xch o Cc thnh phn kh trong tng i lu (ch yu l oxy) khng bin i nhiu theo chiu cao n cng ging nh trn mt t ngoi tr ch c hi nc (H2O) l ph thuc nhiu vo cc kh tng thy vn v gim mnh theo chiu cao. Tnh cht quan trng ca tng i lu l s gim nhit theo chiu cao. Gradient trung bnh ca nhit theo chiu cao ca tng i lu l 60/Km ( na phn di ca tng i lu l 50/Km v phn na trn ca tng i lu l 70/Km). Gii hn ca tng i lu c xc nh khi khng c s thay i ca nhit theo chiu cao.

Dui gc vt l c th gii thch s hp th sng trong cc ht nc nh nh sau: - Do tc ng trng ca sng truyn lan, trong cc ht nc c tnh bn dn in s c dng in dch. Mt cc dng in dch c mt gi tr tung i no , bi v bit rng h s in mi ca nc c gi tr ln hn khong 80 ln h s in mi ca khng kh xung quanh. Mt dng in dch cng t l vi tn s, do n ch c gi tr ng xem xt di sng siu cao (sng cm v sng mm). Chnh s tn hao nng lng trong cc ht nc gy nn s hp th nng lng sng truyn lan. - S xut hin dng cc ht nc hoc my m chnh l nguyn nhn gy nn cc ngun bc x khuch tn hoc bc x th cp. Trong thc t s khuch tn nh vy to nn hiu ng hp th theo phng truyn lan ca sng mang nhng cng chnh s khuch tn li l bc x th cp theo phng truyn lan cn thit.
45
Kch thc ca cc ht nc trong my m c ng knh t 2 n 60 micron. Cc ht c kch thc ngng t ln hn chuyn ng ri xung mt t di dng ma. nhit khng kh dng, phn ln cc ht c kch thc t 5 n 15 micron, cn nhit m chng c kch thc t 2 n 5 micron. S lng cc ht trong 1 vo khong 5-100 trong sng m yu v vo khong 500-600 trong my m dy c. Mt c tnh quan trng cn c xem xt y i vi cc dng my m ni chung l s lng nc c ngng t, tnh theo n v g/m3. Vi my m yu tn nhn khong 1 km v i vi my m dy c tm nhn ch c th vi m. y cc dng ny, sng m c gi chung l my m. V bng 2.1 biu th lng nhng t (g/m3) v s lng ht nc i vi mt s dng my m khc nhau. Bng 2.1 Cc t tnh c bn ca my m
Yu Trung bnh Dy c
5 5 10
60 600 600
0.03 0.3 2.3
Cc ht nc trong my m to thnh ma c ng knh ln hn 60 micron v gii hn trn ca chng c th n 7 mm. Phn ln, trong thc t thng gp cc ht ma c kch thc t 0, 25 n 2 mm. Bng 2.2 trnh by s liu v kch thc cc ht ma v lng nc i vi mt s dng cng ma khc nhau. Lng nc trong kh quyn khi tri ma ni chung ln hn nhiu so vi trng hp my m. Lng nc trong khng kh m cng ln hn, nhit 250C lng nc trong tng kh quyn m bo ho l 23 g/m3, ln hn gp 5 ln lng nc khi ma ro. Trong di sng siu cao (cm v mm) th s hp th nng lng sng trong cc ht nc l do tn hao hit v qu trnh khuch tn. Cc tn hao khc nh phn x sng thng t gp trong cc vng ma. Trong thc t k thut ngi ta thng thit lp cc biu s liu thc nghim. Bng cc thc nghim, th h s hp th c thit lp ph thuc vo thong s cung ma. Gi tr tuyt i ca h s hp th t 2,64x10-2 (Km-1) trn mi mt mm lng nc ma trong mt gi, tng ng vi h s hp th 0,25 dB/km trn 1 mm/h. Nh vy, c c tin cy trong cc ng truyn sng trong di tn sng siu cao trong trng hp c ma hoc my m cn c cc s liu xc xut
46
thng k v kh tng thu vn ph thuc vo tng vng trong knh truyn sng c thc hin. Bng 2.2 - Mt s c tnh c bn ca ma
(mm/h)
(mm) Ma phn Ma nh Ma va Ma to Ma rt to Ma ro 0.25 1 4 15 40 100 0.1 0.22 0.5 0.75 1 1.5 2.5 530 450 400
0 12 14
0.092 0.144 0.28 0.83 1.9 5.4
Qua nhiu kho st thc nghim cng nhn thy rng sng v tuyn truyn trong vng c ma th i vi sng c di sng siu cao, nu tn s cng cao th hp th cng ln. i vi cc sng trong di quang th hp th trong my m li ln hn hp th sng trong ma. H s hp th i vi cc sng trong di tn s quang trong trng hp my m dy c c th t n hng trm dB/km. Gii thch cc hin tng trn bng phn tch phn t.

Cc sng v tuyn c bc sng ngn hn 1,5 cm (f > 20GHz) th s hp th ca sng n cc phn t kh trong tng i lu, Cc dng hp th c gi l hp th phn t v c quan st xem xt trong iu kin tri trong, khng ma v khng my m. Trong trng hp ny nng lng sng truyn lan b tiu hao do t nng vt th, ion ho hoc kch thch cc nguyn t, phn t kh di dng ho quang. Khi hp th, cc nguyn t v phn t chuyn t trng thi nng lng thp n trng thi nng lng cao. Do phn ln cc mc nng lng c tnh ri rc cho nn cc qu trnh chuyn ho cc mc nng lng cng c c tnh cng hng chn lc, v do hp th sng v tuyn trong trng hp ny cng c tnh chn lc. C ngha l s c nhng tn s m h s hp th s b hn mt cch t ngt ch khng tng theo quy lut. Trong s cc phn t kh trong tng i lu gy ra hp th sng v tuyn th ch yu l xy v hi nc. Qua nhiu nghin cu v thc nghim thy rng, trong
47
di sng cm v mm th xy v hi nc c nhng gi tr cng hng (hp th ln t xut) i vi cc bc sng nh sau:

= 1,35 cm - hp th trong hi nc
= 0,5 cm - hp th trong O2 = 0,25 cm - hp th trong O2 = 1,5 cm - hp th trong hi nc = 0,75 cm - hp th trong hi nc
H s suy hao 20

10 3 2 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 (a) Thng ging in ly (b) Suy hao do ma 0.5 1 2 3 10 (d) (a) Ca s tn s
(b)
(c)
20
30
Tn s GHz
(c) Cc cht kh trong kh quyn (d) Thng ging tng i
Hnh 2.1 M t gi tr h s hp th (dB/km) ph thuc vo tn s, trong di tn t 1 GHz (=30 cm) n 30 GHz (= 10 mm) Nu nh s hp th do xy l mt gi tr c tnh cht c nh, khng bin i bao nhiu th thng ngui ta quan tm n hi nc, v n thay i ph thuc vo m ca khng kh. Gi tr tuyt i ca m khi tin n bo ho (gi tr gii hn ca m) cn ph thuc vo nhit khng kh. Bng 3.3 m t gi tr tuyt i ca m t n bo ho tng ng vi cc nhit khc nhau. m khng kh ph thuc vo cc iu kin kh tng thu vn ca tng vng a l c th trn tri t. Khng kh nhit cao th lng nc trong khng kh m cn ln hn c lng nc so vi ma ro.
48
T th hnh 2.1 cng thy rng, trong tng i lu i vi di sng cm v mm, chng tn ti cc ca s nm gia cc nh cng hng. V d ca s gia cc nh : =0,5 cm v =1,35 cm, h s suy hao sng =0,86 cm t gi tr 0,05 dB/km, ca s trong k thut gi l ca s .
Cc thng s v c tnh tn hao hp th c biu th trong hnh 3.1 l c trng ca tng kh quyn chun. Tn hao hp th sng do xy v hi nc trong tng i lu l gi tr tng ca hai hp th: hp th xy v hp th do hi nc. dB Trong : l tng gi tr hp th; , l h s hp th (dB/km) v chiu cao , l h s hp th (dB/km) v chiu th biu thc (2.1) s c nhn vi (2.1)
tng ng ca xy trong tn i lu;
cao tng ng ca hi nc trong tng i lu. Cc gi tr c tnh theo chiu ng so vi mt nc bin. ng vi gc ngng mt h s

.

Mt hp th sng v tuyn quan trng trong tng kh quyn l hp th sng do ma. Lng ma trung bnh trn th gii l khng ng u theo vng a l. Cng tc kh tng thu vn thng a ra cc bn v d bo lng ma trung bnh (tnh theo mm/h) trong nm theo cc vng a l trn th gi. Cng c nhiu m hnh nghin cu a ra cc d n v tn hao sng v tuyn do hp th ca ma. Nhn chung cc phng php d on u tin hnh theo hai bc: bc th nht l d on phn b xc sut lng ma v bc th hai l tnh tn hao sng do ma a vo h s hp th c xc nh. H s tn hao sng do ma, R , c tnh t lng ma trung bnh, R0.01, theo biu thc sau:
R = k ( R0.01 ) dB/km
(2 - 2) l cc h s ph thuc vo tn
Trong : R0.01 l lng na trung bnh; k v s v s phn cc ca sng.
i vi sng c phn cc ng thng v phn cc trn th biu thc tnh h s k v s l: (2 - 3a) (2 - 3b)
49
Trong :
l gc ngng v
l gc nging phn cc so vi mt ngang ( s
c gi tr bng 450 nu l phn cc trn). Bng 2.3 Cc h s hi quy xc nh tn hao sng v tuyn do ma

1 2 4 6 7 10 12 15
0,00500387 0,0000154 0,0000650 0,000175 0,00301 0,101 0,0188 0,0367
0,0000352 0,0000138 0,0000591 0,00155 0,00265 0,00887 0,0168 0,0335
0,912 0,963 1,121 1,308 0,963 1,308 1,217 1,154
0,880 0,923 1,075 1,265 1,312 1,264 1,200 1,228
Tng cc tn hao sng v tuyn trong tng i lu theo cc phn tch trn c th c xc nh theo biu thc:
AT ( p) = AG + AR ( p ) + Ac2 ( p )
(2 - 4)
Trong AT(p) l tng tn hao ng vi xc xut cho; AR(p) l tn hao do ma ng vi xc xut cho; Ac(p) l tn hao do my m v l tn hao do hi nc v xy. Cc tham s trong biu thc trn ph thuc vo mi trng c th.
i vi di sng cc ngn v siu cao th tng in li c xem l trong sut. nh hng r nt nht ca tng in li i vi cc knh truyn thng tin v tinh l hiu ng Faraday v tr nhm, Cc hiu ng ca tn in li c nh hng kh ln n cc sng v tuyn c tn s n khong 10 GHz v c bit l i vi cc v tinh khng a tnh c tn s lm vic di 3 GHz. Cc phn t mang in (cc electron) trong tng in li s tc ng n sng v tuyn khi truyn xuyn qua tng in li v s gy nn hin tng quay i vi cc sng mang c phn cc ng thng v mt s tr thi gian ung truyn sng. Hin tng quay phn cc tuyn tnh c gi l quay Faraday v tr l tr nhm. Gi tr quay Faraday k hiu l , c xc nh bi biu thc:
50
rad
(2 - 5) ),
Trong =
l cng t trng trung bnh ca qu t (Wb/ el/m2 (gi tr cc in t tch in/ ) v f l tn s (GHz).
Hin tng quay Faraday c nhng nghin cu vi cc s liu d on kh chnh xc. Hin tng quay Faraday khng c nh hng ng k i vi phn cc trn, chnh v vy chng thng c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh- di ng. tr nhm, k hiu l thng c xc nh theo biu thc: s Trong f tnh theo Hz. Xem xt i gc truyn sng v tuyn, tng in li l mt tng m c cc tham s khng n nh. S khng n nh c v chiu cao ca tng in li. So vi mt t, dy cc tng in li, s xut hin cc tng in li theo phn lp v mt cu trc bn trong tng in li. Cc tham s cn ph thuc vo vng a l trn qu t, ma nm thng trong nm v chu k 11 nm hot tnh bc x mt tri. Cc s liu tham kho [ITU-99k]. Cc hin tng trn c gi chung l s bin ng khng bnh thng ca tng in ly. S bin ng ca tng in li cn ph thuc vo cc vng a l c th ca qu t.

(2 - 6)
Anten l mt thit b quan trng trong tuyn lin lc thng tin v tinh, n khng nhng c tc dng n cht lng ng truyn m cn c lin quan n quy m cc trm mt t v cc thit b thu pht t trn v tinh. Cc tham s phn tch sau y c quan h n phn tch tuyn lin lc thng tin v tinh. tng ch ca anten Theo l thuyt anten, tng ch ca mt anten G c biu th bi biu thc: G(Az, El) = D(Az, El) Trong : - G(Az, El) l tng ch ca anten theo gc phng v (Az, El); - l hiu sut anten; - D(Az, El)l th phng hng ca anten theo (Az, El); (2 7)
51
Vi cc anten sng siu cao, v d anten parabol s dng trong thng tin v tinh th tng ch cc i Gmax ca anten c th c xc nh theo biu thc:
G max = 4
Aeff
(2 - 2)
Trong : - l bc sng ( = c/f vi c =3.108 m/s l tc nh sng v f l tn s sng mang). - Aeff l din tch hiu dng ca anten ( Aeff = A vi knh anten). Nh vy, vi anten c hiu sut th (2 - 2) c th vit: (2 8a) hoc c th biu th di dng dB: (2 8b) Hiu sut l tch ca cc hiu sut thnh phn, bao gm hiu sut chiu sng, suy hao do trn cng nh cc suy hao khc. Thng thng hiu sut ca anten parabol t trong khong (55- 75%). th phng hng bc x ca anten th phng hng bc x ca anten biu th s bin i tng ch ca anten theo cc hng xem xt. th phng hng bc x ca anten thng c biu th theo to cc hoc to vung gc. Hnh 2.2a biu th th phng hng bc x ca mt anten parabol trong h to cc v hnh 2.2b, trong h to vung gc. Trong thc t thng s dng khi nim rng bp sng hoc gc na cng sut, tc gc gia hai vc-t m cng sut gim i mt na (3 dB) so vi mc cng sut cc i. Trn hnh 3.4 gc na cng sut hoc rng bp sng chnh c k hiu l vo t s . i vi anten parabol th rng bp sng chnh ph thuc . Ngoi bp sng chnh th phng hng bc x ca anten cn c , D l ng
th c cc bp sng ph. Nu bp sng ph cng gim th kh nng tp trung nng lng cho bp sng chnh cng ln v kh nng trnh can nhiu cho cc h thng khc cng cao.
52
Hnh 2.2 V d th phng hng bc x ca mt anten parabol a. Trong h to cc b. Trong h to vung gc ca mt (2 - 9)
Biu thc thng c s dng tnh ton rng bp sng anten parabol thng c s dng l: (0)
T cc biu hc (2 - 8) v (2 - 9) c th rt ra quan h gia tng ch cc i Gmax v rng bp sng: (2 - 10) Nu anten c gi tr hiu sut = 0,6 th s c: (2 - 11) Trong

c tnh theo n v .

Theo l thuyt v trung in t v truyn sng bit rng, sng in t bc x t mt anten pht gm c hai thnh phn in trng v t trng vung gc vi nhau; chng cng vung gc vi phng truyn lan. Phng ca vc t in trng v t trng c s bin i trong qu trnh truyn lan, hin tng c gi l s phn cc ca sng. Vic xc nh phn cc sng c quy c theo vc- t cng in trng . Phn cc c th l elip, trn hoc ng thng. Trong trng hp tng qut phn cc elip. Phn cc trn hoc phn cc ng thng l dng c bit ca phn cc elip. Hnh 2 -3 m t cc dng phn cc ca sng.
53
Trng ti mt im no trn phng truyn lan (z=const)

r r E x = i E 0 x cos t
Ey
r r E y = j E 0 y cos(t + )
Phung truyn lan Ex
Phn cc elip Nu = 90 (cc trc chnh elip nm

0
wt
Ey Ex
trn trc x v y).
|Eoy|
Phn cc trn ; = 900 =
|Eo| E wt
Ey Ex
Phn cc l ng thng hoc ; tgk =

Ey Ex
Ey E
k Ex
Hnh 2.3 M t cc dng phn cc ca sng S phn cc ca sng c c trng bi cc tham s sau y: - Chiu quay ca vc- t (thun chiu kim ng h). - T s trc k hiu AR (axial ratio); trn trc b ca elip. Trong trng hp phn cc l trn th - Gc nghing k ca elip (hnh 2.3). Hai sng l phn cc trc giao nhau nu nh cc vc- t in trng ca chng c biu th bi cc elip i nhau. C th l: - Hai phn cc trn trc giao nhau oc biu din bi mt vng trn quay theo chiu bn phi v mt vng trn quay theo chiu bn tri. , l t s trc ln dB. Khi elip v (so vi phng truyn lan) l quay phi
gim xung ch cn mt trc, tc AR l v cng th phn cc l ng thng.
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- Hai phn cc ng thng trc giao nhau c biu th bi hai vc- t vung gc nhau. Mt anten c thit k pht hoc thu sng ca mt phn cc c th v n c th hoc khng pht hoc khng thu cc dng sng phn cc trc giao, Tnh cht trc giao ny cho php hai tuyn lin lc c th dng thi c thit lp vi cng tn s nh l vic s dng li tn s bng phn cc trc giao. thc hin c iu ny c th v d s dng hai chn t trc giao nhau (l thuyt anten). Tuy nhin trong thc t cn tnh n s khng hon ho ca anten v s thay i phn cc ca sng trong mi trng truyn lan, Cc hiu ng s dn n s can nhiu ln nhau gia hai tuyn lin lc trc giao.

Cng sut bc x vi mt gc c ca mt anten pht v hng c cp in bi mt ngun tn s v tuyn, k hiu l PT c xc nh bi biu thc: PT/4 (W/rad khi). i vi hng bc x c tng ch l GT th lc anten s bc x mt cng sut trn n v gc c s l Tch s (W/rad khi).
c gi l cng sut bc x n hng tng ng, k hiu
l EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) v c s dng nhiu trong tnh ton cc tuyn lin lc thng tin v tinh. (W) (2 - 12)
Trong PT l cng sut u ra ca my pht a vo anten v GT l tng ch ca h thng anten v phi . H s tng ch ca anten ni ln vic tp trung cng sut bc x ca my
pht cung cp cho anten vo bp sng hp ca anten. Cng sut bc x ng hng l cng sut pht c bc x vi anten v hng, trong trng hp ny c th xem GT = 1 Nu nh anten c bp sng ca th phng hng cng hp th gi tr EIRP ca n cng ln, Vic pht sng vi bp sng hp ngoi mc ch tp trung nng lng bc x theo hng xc nh cn c tc dng hn ch nhiu v gim tn hao nng lng trong mi trng truyn sng. Biu thc EIRP theo (2 - 12) cng c th c biu th di dng dB l EIRP = PT + GT (dBW) Hoc: (2 - 13b) Hoc: (2 13a)
55
(2 13c) Trn mt din tch hiu dng A cch xa anten pht mt khong R tng ng vi gc y tnh t anten pht l th cng sut thu s l: (W) i lng th nguyn l W/ V d 2.1 Mt anten pht c cng sut bc x . Hy xc nh: a. Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng, tnh theo W, dBW, dBm. b. Mt cng sut ti im cch xa anten 10 km. c. Mt d cng sut cng ti im nhng anten v hng, Gii a. Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP tnh theo (2 - 13a), (2 13b) v (2 - 13c) s l: , h s tng ch ca anten . (2 - 14)
c gi l mt thng lng cng sut c
b. Mt cng sut ti im cch xa anten 10 km, tnh theo (2 - 14):
c. Mt cng sut ti im ca anten v hng:
V d 2.2 Mt anten pht c tr khng bc x , h s hng tnh . Hy xc nh:
tr khng tn hao ca anten
v cng sut my pht a vo anten
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a. Hiu sut anten. b. H s tng ch (dB) ca anten. c. Cng sut bc x theo W, dBW v dBm. d. Cng sut bc x ng hng. Gii a. Hiu sut ca anten, theo l thuyt anten:
b. H s tng ch ca anten, theo ( 2 - 2):
hoc
c. Cng sut bc x ca anten (cha c hng tnh):
hoc hoc d. Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng theo (2 - 12), (2 - 13)
hoc hoc

Mt din tch hiu dng A cch xa anten pht mt khong cch R, i din vi gc y vi anten pht, n s thu c cng sut l: (2 - 15) i lng = c gi l mt thng lng cng sut (W/
bc x ca anten. Hnh 2.4 m t mt thng lng cng sut ca anten v hng v anten c hng tnh.
57
GT = 1
Anten v hng Cng sut bc x/n v gc c = PT / 4
RT
GT RT
Tit din A gc c =A/R2 Anten hung tnh
Cng sut bc x/n v gc c = ( PT / 4 )GT Cng sut thu c trn tit din A l: = ( PT / 4 )GT ( A / R 2 ) = ( PT GT / 4R 2 ) A = A
Hnh 2.4 - Mt thng lng cng sut ca anten c hng tnh v anten v hng

Mt anten thu c din tch hiu dng ca anten l anten pht mt khong cch R, s thu c mt cng sut (W) Trong l mt thng lng cng sut pht l:
c t cch xa
(2 - 16)
(2 -17a) V l din tch hiu dng ca anten thu (2 17b) Nh vy cng sut thu c s l:
(W)
(2 -18)
Trong LFS = 4 R c gi l tn hao truyn sng khng gian t do (Free Space) v n c trng cho t s ca cng sut thu v cng sut pht trong mt tuyn lin lc gia hai anten v hng.
58
Gi tr tn hao
ph thuc vo tn s i vi mt tuyn lin lc gia
mt trm mt t vi mt v tinh a tnh c khong cch R = R0 = 35.786 km, bng cao ca v tinh. Trong trng hp khong cch R gia trm mt t v v tinh ln hn gi tr cao , tc
LFS = 4 R
th biu thc c nhn thm vi h s
, tc:
4 R0
R = L ( R ). R (2 -19) R FS 0 0 R0
Tn hao trong khng gian t do t l vi bnh phng khong cch
Bi v khong cch gia trm mt t v v tinh l kh ln cho nn tn hao khng gian t do trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh cng kh ln. V d 2.3. Cng sut thu tuyn ln trng hp tn hao khng gian t do - Cng sut my pht trm mt t - ng knh anten - Tn s pht cho tuyn ln - Khong cch gia trm mt t v v tinh a tnh R = 40000 km - rng bp sng ca anten thu v tinh - Trm mt t trung tm vng ph sng ca v tinh - Hiu sut ca anten v tinh v hiu sut ca anten trm mt t (20 dBW)
Kt qu tnh c: - tng ch ca anten trm mt t:
= 0, 6 ( .4.14.109 3.108 ) = 206340 = 53,1dB

2
- Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP ca trm mt t (tnh trn trc lin lc):
- Mt thng lng cng sut:
(W/ - Cng sut thu c (tnh theo dBW) ti anten v tinh:
59
tn hao khng gian t do + tng ch anten thu - Tn hao khng gian t do
- Tng ch ca anten thu v tinh
Vi
c th tnh c
v nh vy
G R max = (70 / 3dB ) 2 = 6650 = 38.2dB
Lu rng, tng ch ca anten khng ph thuc vo tn s khi vng ph sng ca anten v tinh c tn dng. - Cng sut thu c ca anten v tinh: tng ng 250 pW. V d 3.4. Cng sut thu tuyn xung trng hp tn hao khng gian t do - Cng sut pht t anten ca v tinh a tnh - Tn s pht tuyn xung - rng bp sng anten - ng knh anten thu ca trm mt t R=40.000 km - Hiu sut anten v tinh = 0,55 v hiu sut anten ca trm mt t = 0,6. Kt qu tnh ton: - Mt thng lng cng sut ti trm mt t: (W/ - tng ch ca anten vtinh ch pht cng ging nh ch v rng bp sng ca chng cng ging nhau. Do cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP ca v tinh c gi tr l: GHz W (10 dBW)
Nh vy mt thng lng cng sut l:
- Cng sut (tnh theo dBW) thu uc ti anten thu ca trm mt t s l:
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- tn hao khng gian t do+ tng ch anten thu Tn hao khng gian t do tng ch ca anten trm mt t l:
Nh vy cng sut thu c ti trm mt t s l: tng ng 25pW.

Tng kh quyn l mi trng truyn sng c nh hng trc tip n sng truyn trong h thng thng tin v tinh. Tc ng r nt nht n sng v tuyn truyn trong tng kh quyn l cc nh hng ca tng i lu v tng in li. Cc nh hng dn n tn hao v hp th sng, gi chung l tn hao kh quyn (Atmosphere loss) v nh vy, trong biu thc (2 - 13) khi xc nh cng sut gi tr tn hao bng gi tr tn hao tng cng L. (2 20) Trong : L l tn hao tng cng l tn hao trong khng gian t do l tn hao kh quyn
ti
im thu, trong trng hp c tnh n tn hao ca tng kh quyn chng ta s thay
Tp m (noise) l mt dng tn hiu khng cha ni dung thng tin c trn ln vo tn hiu hu ch, N lm gim chnh xc ca vic phc hi ni dung thng tin ti my thu. Ngun gy ra tp m c th l: - Tp m c pht ra t nhng ngun bc x t nhin trong vng thu sng ca anten. - Tp m c to ra bi cc thnh phn in t trong bn thn thit b. - Cc tn hiu t my pht khc m khng phi l htng tin cn truyn cng c coi l tp m, tp m ny c gi l nhiu (interference).

61
Cng sut tp m gy hi l nhng ngun cng sut tp m xut hin trong rng di tn ca tn hiu hu ch. Thng thng s xut hin c xem xt pha my thu. Dng tp m thng xut hin nhiu nht l tp m trng, c mt ph cng sut (W/Hz) v c mc ng u trong bng tn (hnh 2.6). Cng sut tp (Hz) c gi tr l: (2 - 21) m tng ng o c trong rng bng tn (W) N0(f) W/Hz
Tn s (Hz)
Hnh 2.6 M t mt ph ca tp m trng Trong thc t tp m trng khng phi c mt ph cng sut l hng s, tuy vy m hnh trn thch hp xem xt tp m trng trong rng bng tn c gii hn.

Anten thu thng c c trng bi tham s G/T, trong G l tng ch ca anten v T l nhit tp m hiu dng ca my thu. Nhit tp m hiu dng T bao gm nhit tp m tng ng ca anten v ng dy phi cng thm ton b nhit tp m ca my thu (hnh 3.7). Trong v d hnh 2 - 7, khi u vo my thu gm 5 khi con: anten, ng dy phi , tng th nht khuch i tp m thp LNA, tng th hai l b to sng dao ng ni (LO) v tng khuch i trung tn (IF). Bn thn mi mt tng c tp m ni b ca tng . Tp m h thng T l tp m ca tt c cc tng tnh t u vo n im xem xt. Tp m u vo my thu i lc c tnh t u vo ng dy phi .
62
Angten GA, TA
TR
Tng th nht LO G 2 T2
T0 LNA G1 T1
Tng khuch i IF G 3 T3
Hnh 2 - 7: M t cc tng u vo ca my thu Cng sut tp m nhit c to ra bi mt thit b c th c biu th bi biu thc: (W) Trong : J/K hoc (2 22) dBW/K/Hz l hng s
Boltzman; T l nhit tp m ca thit b (K ) v B l rng di tn (Hz). T biu thc (2 - 22) ta thy rng, cng sut tp m u ra ca chui cc khi ca my thu trn s l:
P0 = k (Tvao + T1 )G1G2G3 B + kT2G2G3 B + kT3G3 B (W) (2 - 23)
Trong
l nhit tp m tng ng ca anten v ng dy phi .
Nu im xem xt l u vo ca tng th nht LNA th biu thc trn l: (W) Rt ra nhit tp m tng ng ca T my thu l:
T = Tvao + T1 + T2 T + 3 = Tvao + TR (K) G1 G1G2
(2 - 24)
(2 - 25)
T nhn xt rng, c th ti u ho chui cc my thu gim tp m tng ng v y tng u tin ng vai tr quan trng nht. T biu thc (2 22) cng sut tp m ton b s l: N = kTB

(W)
(2 -26)
Trong cc biu thc trn th tp m do anten v phi c c trng n gin ho bi tham s i vi mt mng c tn hao vi suy hao l L(dB) th nhit tp m tng ng phn u ni s l:
63
Te = T0 (1 1/ L) (K)
(2 - 27)
Trong L l tn hao tnh theo t s cng sut u vo trn u ra v l nhit xung quanh thng c gi thit l 290K. T cc biu thc trn, c th rt ra:
Tvao = TA / L + T0 (1 1/ L ) (K)
hay
Tvao = TA / L + 290(1 1/ L) (K)
(2 - 28
Nhit tp m TA l do thu cc ngun tp m khng mong mun t khng gian v mt t khu vc gn anten. Cc ngun tp m khng mong mun thng c biu th di dng nhit tp m chi . Nh vy, nhit tp m ca anten TA s l s chng nhau .
ch
ca li anten v nhit chi

TA = 1 4
2 2
(G ( El , Az ), T
0 0
( EL, Az ))d
(K)
(2 29)
Trong Tch(El, Az) l nhit chi (K) ca mt vt th bc x theo hng (El, Az) v G ( El , Az ) v c trng cho li anten gc ngng El v gc phng v Az; d l gc y phn t theo hng . Nhit tp m ca anten ca mt trm mt t l do s hn hp ca hai ngun tp m: tp m v tr k hiu l v tp m do anten thu cc tn hiu khng mong mun t vng xung quanh anten, k hiu l Tmd Kt qu l:
TA = Tkg + Tmd
2 30)
Cc ngun tp m khng gia l mt tri, mt trng, hp th ca xy, ca hi nc v ma. Mt tri c nhit chi trn 10.000 K tn s di 10 GHz v do m anten cc trm mt t thng trnh hng v mt tri. Mt trng c nhit chi khong 200 K. Tp m nn v tr c gi tr khong 3 K v khng ph thuc vo tn s. Cc ngun quan trng nht ca tp m khng gian l hp th do cc cht kh v do ma trong tng kh quyn. Nh cp trong cc mc trc, vic tng gim nhit tp m c quan h vi tn s v gc ngng, Khi tnh ton trong iu kin tri trong, nhit tp m c gi tr khong 15-30 K tn s 4-11 GHz gc ngng l 100 Tp m t mt t l do vic thu cc tn hiu khng mong mun thng qua cc mi ph ca anten v mt phn t mi chnh ca anten. iu yu cu phi cn nhc, khi anten lm vic vi v tinh gc ngng nh (thp), nh hn 100. Nu gc
64
ngng ca anten tng th cng ca nhit mt t tc ng n nhit tp m anten cng s gim ng k. i vi cc h thng thng tin v tinh lm vic tn s trn 10 GHz th tc ng ca ma khng nhng lm suy gim tn hiu mong mun, m n cn lm gia tng nhit tp m ca anten. T biu thc (2.30) c th xc nh c suy gim do ma tc ng vo nhit anten.
TA = Tkg Amua
+ T0 (1
1 ) + Tmd Amua
(2 - 31)
Trong
=290 K.
Nhit tp m ca anten chu tc ng bi v tr ca v tinh, tn s cng tc v vng c ph sng bi anten v tinh. Cc vng ph sng trn mt t c nhit tp m cao hn so vi cc vng ph sng trn i dng. V d i vi v tinh a tnh th nhit chi trn Thi Bnh Dng l 110 K tn s 1 GHz, cao nht l 250 K tn s 51 Ghz. Cng tng t nh vy, nu chu Phi th nhit chi l 180 K tn 1 GHz v 260 K 51 GHz.

H s tp m F ca mt thit b c nh ngha l t s tn hiu /tp m u vo ca thit b trn t s tn hiu/ tp m u ra ca thit b .
F=
Biu thc (2 - 27) c th vit:
Svao Nvao
Sra N ra
(2 - 32)
F = 10 lg(1 + T0e )
dB
(2 - 33)
Trong Te l nhit tp m hiu dng ca thit b (K) v T0 l nhit i xung quanh (thng c gi thit l 290 K). Vi cc thit b hoc cc tng thit b u ni tip (nh hnh 2.7) th h s tp m ton b c xc nh bi biu thc: .. (2 - 34)
V d: Cc tng ca my thu nh m t hnh 3.11 v thng s ca cc tng c gi tr nh sau: dB; K; dBi; dB; K; K; dB; ; K; K;
65
Hy tnh nhit tp m tng ng T ca my thu v h s tp m ca my thu theo G/T p dng biu thc (2 -19) v xem u vo ca tang khuch i th nht l im tham chiu s c:
20 1000 1 T = 1,5 + 290(1 1,5 ) + 150 + 600 10 + 1000 = 260, 7 K
H s tp m:
Tng hp cc biu thc v cng sut thu c PR v tng tp m (2 - 21) s c quan h t s cng sut sng mang trn cng sut tp m.
C G 1 1 = PT GT R N T 4 R kB AP
2
(2 -35a)
Hoc biu th di dng dB:

C GR = 10 lg( PT GT ) 20 lg + 10 lg N 4 R T
10 lg( AP ) 10 lg(kB ) (dB) (2 - 35b)
Trong : N l cng sut tp m tng cng (W; dBW), v N0 l mt ph cng sut tp m (W/Hz; dBWHz-1) v c gi tr bng N-10lg(B) tnh v mt pha. 10lg(AP) l c trng cho tn hao kh quyn, dB. Biu thc trn c gi tr cho tnh ton c tuyn ln n v tinh v tuyn xung t v tinh n trm mt t. y, nu l tuyn ln th EIRP c tnh cho thit b u cui di ng v trm c nh mt t, cn
G T
c tnh cho anten v tinh. Nu l tuyn xung th

G T
EIRP c tnh cho v tinh cn
c tnh cho trm mt t v thit b u cui di
ng. Bng 2.3 sau y cho v d cc s liu tnh ton v d tr tuyn. Trong bng cc ch nghing l cc thng s tuyn bit. Bng 2.3: V d d tr tuyn Trm mt t Cng sut pht (W) ng knh anten (m) Hiu sut anten (%) rng bp sng 3dB (0) 10 2 55 1.9
66
H s tng ch pht (dB) EIRP pht (dBW) Tn hao ng ln Tn s pht (GHz) Khong cch truyn (km) Tn hao khng gian t do (dB) Tn hao kh quyn (dB) V tinh
28.6 38.6 6.0 38000 -199.6 0.3
Mt lu lng cng sut thu c (dBWm-2) -124 G/T (dBK-1) -1.0 150 rng di tn (kHz) C/N (dB) C/N mc tiu D tr tuyn

Cc thng s tuyn
14.54 8.0 6.2

Trong cc v d mc 2.3 l ch tnh ton sng trong khn gian t do. Trong thc t ng truyn cn phi tnh n cc tn hao khc, l cc dng tn hao: 1. Tn hao sng do hp th v nh hng ca tng kh quyn (nh phn tch trong mc 2.2) 2. Tn hao bn trong ni b thit b pht v thit b thu 3. Tn hao do s khng ng trc ca anten pht v anten thu 4. Tn hao do phn cc sng Nu tnh n cc tn hao th khi tnh ton, cng sut ti im thu PRX s c biu th theo biu thc:
P G PRX = TX T max LT LFTX 1 GR max (W) L L L L L FS A FRX POL R
(2-36)
Trong :
LT LFTX l tn hao pha ni b my pht. LT l tn hao do lch trc anten
pht v LFTX l tn hao do fid t my pht ti anten pht. LFSLA l tn hao trn ng truyn trong LFS l tn hao khng gian t do v LA l tn hao kh quyn.
L R .LFRX l tn hao pha ni b my thu. L R l tn hao do lch trc anten thu
v LFRX tn hao phi t anten thu ti my thu.
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LPOL l suy gim do phn cc ca anten thu

Hnh 2.8 m t ng truyn mt tuyn ln ca trm mt t n v tinh. Ga thit rng trm pht sng mt t c t bin ca vng phu sng 3 dB ca anten thu v tinh. PR LFRX GT max
R
PRx
RX
Trm mt t (ES) 3dB
(C/N0)u
GR max Vng ph sng ca anten v tinh
Bin ca vng ph sng (-3dB)
Hnh 2.8 M t ung truyn mt tuyn ln Cc thng s cho: - Tn s ng ln fu = 14 GHz. - Cc thng s i vi trm mt t (ES): + Cng sut ca b khuch i pht 100W: PT = 100W + Suy hao gia b khuch i pht v anten LFTX = 0,5 dB + ng knh anten: D = 4m + Hiu sut anten: = 0,6 + Sai s ln nht cho php ca anten pht trm mt t l 0,10 ; T = 0,10 - Khong cch gia v tinh v trm mt t R = 40000 km - S suy gim sng trong tng kh quyn ti tn s ny vi gc ngng l 100 l 0.3dB - Cc thng s i vi v tinh (SL) + Gc m na bp sng aten thu l 20 ; R = 20 + Hiu sut anten: = 0,55 + H s tp m kt ni my thu v anten thu: F = 3dB
68
+ Suy hao gia anten v my thu LFRX = 1 dB + Nhit tp m ca u ni T0 = 290 K + Nhit tp m ca anten TA = 290 K - Tnh ton EIRP ca trm mt t:
EIRPES =
vi W = 20dB
PTX GT max LT LFTX
(W)
(2 - 37)
LT (dB) = 12(T / 3dB ) 2 = 12(T Df u / 70c)2 =0,9 dB
(suy hao gia my pht v anten pht) Ta c: - Tnh ton suy hao ca tuyn ln: Lu = LFS.LA Vi
Do c: - T s G/T ca v tinh:
(G / T ) SL = GR max / ( L LFRX LPOL ).[TA /L FRX +T0 (1-1/L FRX ) + TR ]
R
(2 - 38)
vi:
L R (dB ) = 12( R / 3dB )2
Ti trm mt t, gn vng bin ca vng ph sng ca v tinh c:

L R = 3(dB)
TA = T0 = 290K
Do tnh c gi tr ca
l:
69
Lu rng, khi nhit ng nhit ca vic kt ni gia anten v my thu v tinh gn bng nhit tp m ca anten, y l trng hp thng thy trong thc t, th lc nhit tp m tng ng u vo my thu s l: T T0 + TR Do vy v tinh cn b tr my thu c khuch i tp m thp. - Tnh t s C/N0 ca ng ln: (Hz) Nh vy ta c: (2 39)
Trm mt t - ES GT max/LT
GR max/LR V tinh - SL L = LFSLA
Tx
PTX
LFTX
PT
LFRX
PR PRX
Rx
71.7 dBW +52.2 dBW 20 dBW 19.5 dBW -207.7 dBW
-100.8 dBW +35.2 dBW
Cu
PRX
-101.8 dBW
-136 dBW Nou = -201 dBW/Hz
Hnh 2.9 - M t mc cng sut tn hiu ca tuyn ln theo v d tnh ton

Nu tri ma th suy gim sng truyn trong tng kh quyn s ln hn so vi tri trong. suy gim do ma Arain gy ra cho sng truyn t trm mt t trong vng c kh hu n i c gi tr khong 10 dB. Ngoi ra hp th sng ca cc cht kh trong tng kh quyn cn tnh n c gi tr khong 0,3 dB. Nh vy, trong trng hp c ma th gi tr tn hao trong tng kh quyn LA phi tnh ton thm s l: LA 10 dB + 0,3 dB. Do tn hao ca tuyn ln Lu s l:
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Cc iu kin khc l khng i cho nn c:
Hnh 2.10 m t mt ng truyn tyn xung (t v tinh ti trm mt t). PTX

TX
LFTX
PT GR max
T
Trm mt t (ES)
3dB
GT max (C/N0)D Bin ca vng ph sng (-3dB) Vng ph sng ca anten v tinh
Hnh 2.10 - M t ng truyn tuyn xung Gi thit rng, trm mt t thu c t ti bin 3 dB ca vng ph sng ca anten thu v tinh. Cc thng s cho: - Tn s tuyn xung: fD = 12 GHz - i vi trm v tinh (SL)
Cng sut ca b khuch i pht Tn hao gia b khuch i v anten Gc m bp sng pht Hiu sut anten = 0,55
W dB
- Khong cch gia vtinh v trm mt t R = 40000 km - Tn hao kh quyn ngng l 100. - i vi trm mt t (ES) dB (gi tr c tnh vi tn s cho ng vi gc
H s tp m my thu F=2,2 dB
71
Tn hao gia anten thu v my thu Nhit ng nhit ca kt ni ng knh anten parabol thu Hiu sut anten = 0,6
= 290 K m
dB
khng thng hng (anten pht v thu) ln nht Nhit tp anten thu trm mt t l 650K
Tnh ton gi tr EIRP ca v tinh
EIRPSL =
Vi
PTX GT max LT LFTX
(W)
(2 - 40)
W = 10 dBW
LT = 3( dB )
Do c:
- Tnh ton tn hao tuyn xung (D):
vi:
Do c: - Tnh ton t s G/T ca trm mt t

(G / T ) ES = GR max / ( L LFRX LPOL ).[TA /L FRX +T0 (1-1/L FRX ) + TR ] (K ) ( 2 - 41)
R
-1
vi
L R (dB ) = 12( R / 3 dB ) 2 = 12(T Df u / 70c)2 = 0, 6dB
LFRX = 0,3dB
LPOL = 0dB
TA = 65K K
T0
290K
T tnh c:
72
- Tnh ton t s C/N0 ca tuyn xung (D) (C/N0)D = EIRPSL(1/LD)(G/T)ES(1/k) Thay cc gi tr vo c (theo n v dB): (Hz) (2 - 42)
V tinh - SL
GT max/LT L = LFSLA PT 44.2 dBW
GR max/LR Trm mt t - ES
Tx
PTX
LFTX
LFRX
PR PRX
Rx
+35.2 dBW 10 dBW 1 dBW 9 dBW
-206
dBW
-111 dBW CD +51.2 dBW = PRX -115 dBW Nou = -204.1 dBW/Hz (C/N0)D = -92.6dBHz
-162.2 dBW
Hnh 2.11 - M t s bin i mc cng sut tn hiu trn xung c tnh ton

Gi s suy gim do ma c gi tr Arain = 7 dB i vi trm mt t ng vi nhit bnh thng v tn s lm vic ca trm mt t l 12 GHz th s tn hao s tng 0,01% so vi gi tr trung bnh trong nm, n vy tn hao:
T c tn hao ca tuyn xung:
Nhit tp m anten nh bit, c xc nh nh sau: (K)
73
Cho Nh vy:
T c:
tnh ton t s
i vi tuyn xung s dng biu thc sau: (Hz)
Thay th vo s c:
Gi thit rng trm mt t pht TVRO (Television Receiver Only) truyn tn hiu n mt trm mt t khc thng qua mt v tinh a tnh vi cc thng s ca chng nh sau: - Trm mt t pht
Tn hiu u vo: -30 dBW = 1 mW Khuch i cng sut HPA Tng ch anten pht: : Tn hao thit b v anten pht:
- Tn hao ung truyn tuyn ln: dB dB dB
- V tinh (SL)
Khuch i b pht p: 82,5 dB Tng ch anten thu v tinh: Tng ch anten pht v tinh: Tn hao thit b: -3 dB
- Trm mt t thu dB dB
Tng ch anten thu:
dB
74
Khuch i tp m thp: GLNA = 50 dB Khuch i thu: GR =45 dB

Bng phng php tnh ton nh cc v d trnh by cc mc trc, kt qu cng sut trn ton tuyn (ln v xung) c m t hnh 2 - 12.
10 9 10 8 10 7 10 6 10 5 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10 10 11 10 12 10 13 10 14 10 15 10 16 10 17 10 18
1GW Anten pht ca trm mt t Tn hao dn sng B khuych i cng sut cao video in Driver
EIRP Tn hao dn sng v MUX EIRP TWTA Tn hao ng truyn t v tinh ti tri t Tng ch anten pht ca v tinh
Tn hao ng truyn t i tn tri t n ln v tinh
1nW Tn hiu ti v tinh
B khuych i thu
Khuych i IF v i tn xung B khuych i tp m thp Anten thu mt t Trm mt t thu tn hiu
1pW
Anten thu v tinh V tinh chuyn tip
Trm mt t pht tn hiu
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 dBW -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 -130 -140 -150 -160 -170 -180
Cng sut (W)
Hnh 2.12 - M t mc cng sut trn ton tuyn qua v tinh INTELSAT

Cht lng ca ng tryn gia mt my pht v mt my thu trong h thng thng tin v tinh c c trng bi t s cng sut tn hiu trn mt ph cng sut tp m C/N0. y l mt hm ph thuc vo cc thng s: cc c tnh ca cc thit b u cui c trang b trong tuyn, cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP ca my pht, h s tp m G/T ca my thu v cc c tnh ca mi trng truyn ln. Trong mt tuyn lin lc gia hai trm mt t thng qua v tinh th tuyn ln c c trng bi t s (C/N0)u v tuyn xung c c trng bi t s (C/N0)D. Cc tc ng ca tng kh quyn i vi tuyn ln v tuyn xung l khc nhau: v d ma s lm gim gi tr ca t s (C/N0)u do cng sut thu c Cu b gim trong
75
video out
lc ma s lm gim gi tr (C/N0)D do cng sut thu b gim v gi tr nhit tp m li tng ln. Gia s c th biu th bi : (2 - 43a) (2 - 43b) Cc suy hao kh quyn trong iu kin tng kh quyn bnh thng l c th d on c. Do vic chn lc cc thit b trong tuyn sao cho m bo hiu nng tuyn cao nh l mt yu t quan trng trong thit k tuyn.
76
Trm mt t ca h thng thng tin v tinh (ES-Earth Station) c hai chc nng ch yu, l: 1. Tip nhn cc tn hiu t cc mng mt t hoc trc tip t thit b u cui ca ngi s dng, x l cc tn hiu , bin i thnh sng mang v truyn ln v tinh theo tuyn ln vi cng sut v tn s thch hp. 2. Thu cc sng mang t tuyn xung ca v tinh, x l v chuyn chng thnh tn hiu bng c s cung cp cho cc mng mt t hoc trc tip n thit b u cui ca ngi s dng. Ngoi hai nhim v thu/pht nu trn, mt s trm mt t cn c trang b mt h thng ph iu khin hoc bm v tinh. Ph thuc vo yu cu c th m trm mt t c th c c h thng pht v thu hoc ch c h thng thu. V d h thng TVRO (Televison Receiver Only) ch c nhim v thu tn hiu truyn hnh v truyn cho trm mt t. Mt s trm mt t c th c trang b thm chuyn mch, ghp knh hoc cc giao din kt ni. Hnh 3 1 m t s khi chc nng ca mt trm mt t in hnh. Cu trc ca h thng gm nm phn h: 1. Phn h anten-phi 2. Phn h thu; 3. Phn h pht; 4. Phn h ghp knh v giao din; 5. Phn h bm v tinh v iu khin; Dui gc phn tch tn hiu, trm mt t bao gm nm phn h sau: 1. Phn h anten; 2. Phn h tn s v tuyn; 3. Phn h x l tn hiu trung gian; 4. Phn h ghp knh v giao din mng; 5. Phn h gim st, bm v iu khin v tinh.
77
Hnh 3.1 - S khi chc nng mt trm mt t in hnh Anten dng thu tn hiu t v tinh, c hng tnh cao ti v tinh. Kch c v phc tp ca anten ph thuc vo dch v cn cung cp cng sut do v tinh pht x H thng bm duy tr anten ch theo hng ti v tinh, bt chp s chuyn ng tng i ca v tr v trm mt t. Ch tiu cn thit cho h thng bm bin i theo c tnh ca chm anten v qu o ca v tinh. i vi anten nh th h thng bm khng cn thit. B chuyn mch s dng chuyn mch sang thit b d phng ti b pht. B khuch i cng sut cao c chc nng khuch i tn hiu li vo vi cng sut li ra ln a ti anten pht v tinh. B i tn thc hin i tn s sng mang bng tn c s thnh sng mang cao tn ng ln ph hp vi bng tn s dng trong tuyn ln trm mt t pht v ngc li B iu ch thc hin gii iu ch tn hiu li vo cc trm u cui bn ngoi kt ni vi trm pht tn hiu v tinh nhm iu ch thnh cc tn hiu ph hp vi loi iu ch s dng trong h thng v tinh.

Yu cu u tin ca anten trm mt t l c tng ch ln v bp sng nhn hng v pha v tinh. Trong nhiu trng hp anten thu v pht ca trm mt t thng c s dng chung v tn hiu ca hai ng thu/pht c tch bit nhau qua mt b chia (hoc cn gi b phn lung). C hai loi anten c s dng
78
ph bin nht cc trm mt t, l : anten parabol (i xng hoc khng i xng) v anten Cassegrain. 3.2.1.1. Anten gng Parabol Cu trc ca anten parabol gm hai b phn ch yu: gng phn x hoc cn gi l cho phn x hnh parabol v phn t tch cc c gi l b chiu x. Thc cht b chiu x l mt anten s cp (c th l mt dipol, dn dipol hoc anten loa), n bc x sng in t hng v cho parabol phn x (parabol reflector). Gng phn x l mt thit b th ng, n ch c nhim v phn x nng lng sng tp trung vo bp sng hp theo hng ngc li. Sng phn x theo hng ngc li l cc sng phng , c cc mt sng ng pha ti mt gng. iu c th thc hin c khi chn phng trnh mt cong ca gng sao cho cc tia bc x t ngun s cp t ti tiu im ca gng sau khi phn x v truyn ti ming gng c di ng i bng nhau (tc chiu di quang l nh nhau). iu kin ny ph hp vi gng parabol c b chiu x t ti tiu im. Thc vy, gi s c mt gng phn x parabol v b pht x pht sng hnh cu t ti tiu im F vi cc kch thc k hiu hnh 3.2. Bit rng, trong mt phng, ng parabol c phng trnh ton hc y = ax 2 v c nh ngha l qu tch ca cc im m tng khong cch t cc im n tiu im v n cc ng chun l mt hng s . Nh biu th hnh 3.2, th quan h l: FA + AA = FB + BB = FC + CC = k V: X l tiu c ca parabol ; k l hng s ; T s gia tiu c v ng knh ca ming gng (FX/WZ) c gi l t s khu , cn gi tt l khu (aperture) ca parabol. Thut ng ny cng c dng cc thu knh camera. Nng lng in t c phn x t gng v tp trung xung quanh trc X, Y c gi l bp sng chnh ca th phng hng, c mt s bp ph do giao thoa v thm thu (hnh 3 - 2c). (3 - 1)
79
Hnh 3 - 2 : M t kch thc hnh hc v th phng hng ca anten parabol rng ca bp sng chnh, tnh mc -3dB ca th phng hng ca anten c th tnh theo biu thc gn ng :
3 dB =
70 D
(3 - 2a)
Hoc :
3dB =
70c fD
(3 - 2b)
Trong :
3dB
l rng bp sng ng vi mc na cng sut (0) ; l bc sng cng tc (m); l tc truyn sng (c = 3.10 8 m/s) ; l ng knh ming anten (m); l tn s (Hz)
0 = 3dB / 2
c D f V
(3 - 3)
Trong 0 l gc m ng vi cng sut khng theo hng bc x chnh (0). Biu thc 3 - 2a, 3 - 2b v 3 - 3 chnh xc i vi anten parabol c khu ln (tc bp sng hp). Hiu sut ca anten parabol .
80
anten parabol, khng phi tt c cc nng lng bc x t ngun s cp (b chiu x) u c phn x t gng parabol. Mt s nng lng sng c hp th t gng v mt s nng lng khc s b nhiu x xung quanh mp gng. Hin tng gi l hin tng r r v trn. Do , nng lng bc x t b chiu x ch c phn x t gng khong 50% - 75% . Thm vo , b chiu x khng phi l mt ngun im , n c mt vng din tch hu hn no nm i din vi gng. Vng che khut to nn mt vng ti i din vi gng. Cng v cc l do m trong thc t hiu sut ca anten parabol t c khong 55% cng sut bc x t b chiu x. H s tng ch ca anten parabol. H s tng tch ca anten paranol G P , c th tnh theo biu thc gn ng:
D GP =
2
(3 - 4a)
Trong :
l hiu sut anten
D l ng knh ming parabol (m)

l bc sng cng tc (m)
Vi hiu sut ca anten l 55% ( =0,55), biu thc 3 - 4a c th vit :

GP =
5,4 D 2 f c2
(3 - 4b)
Trong : c = 3.10 8 m/s l tc truyn sng v f l tn s; hoc c th vit di dng dB :

G P (dB) = 20 lg f ( MHz) + 20 lg D(m) 42,2
(3 -4c)
Nu nh anten c hiu sut l 100% th cng thm 2,66dB vo biu thc (3 4c). T cc biu thc (3 - 4a, b, c) nhn thy rng, h s tng ch ca anten parabol t l thun vi bnh phng ng knh ming parabol. iu c ngha l, tn s cng cao v gng parabol cng ln th h s tng ch G P ca parabol cng ln. Hoc ni cch khc t s gia din tch hiu dng trn bc sng cng tc ca anten cng ln th h s tng ch ca anten cng ln. i vi anten parabol dng lm anten thu th khng phi ton b din tch b mt ca gng phn x c phn x sng, do vng din tch hiu dng phn x s b hn vng din tch thc t tnh ton. Din tch thc t thu ca anten parabol thu, AR , c th tnh theo biu thc :
81
AR = k R . AP
(3 - 5)
Trong :
AP l din tch thc t ( m 2 ) ;
kR l h s ph thuc vo hnh dng kch thc ca anten (kR = 0,55 vi anten c gng phn x parabol v b thu x l chn t na sng). Nh vy, h s tng ch ca anten parabol thu, G R , s l :
GR = 4 . AP
4 .k R . AP
(3 - 6a)
Thay th din tch ming parabol vo (3.6a) v hiu sut anten ly l 0,55 th lc h s tng ch ca anten parabol thu c th tnh theo biu thc gn ng:
D GT = 5,4
2
(3 - 6b)
Trong : D l ng knh ming parabol (m) ;

l bc sng (m) ;
H s k trong (3 - 5) c gi l hiu sut phn x hoc hiu sut khu , thng s v hiu sut khu kR c th lin quan n th phng hng ca b thu x v t s gia tiu c ca parabol v ng knh ming parabol. V d Mt anten parabol c ng knh ming parabol D = 2m , cng sut bc x ca b chiu x l 10W, tn s cng tc f = 6 GHz, hiu sut anten = 0,55 v hiu sut khu thu AR l 0,55. Hy xc nh: 1. rng bp sng chnh ( rng bp sng na cng sut). 2. H s tng ch ch pht 3. H s tng ch ch thu 4. Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng, EIRP. Bi gii 1. Theo biu thc (6.2b) rng bp sng chnh mc na cng sut l :
3dB =
70c 70.(3.10 8 ) = = 1,75 0 fD (6.10 9 ).2
2. H s tng ch ch pht, tnh theo (3 - 4c) :
82
G P = 20 lg f ( MHz ) + 20 lg D (m) 42,2 = 20 lg 6000 + 20 lg 2 42,2 = 39,4dB
3. H s tng ch ch thu, tnh theo (3 - 6b) v chuyn sang dB :

2 2 D 2 G R ( dB ) = 10 lg 5,4 = 10 lg 5,4 = 39,4dB 0,05
4. Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng, EIRP:

EIRP = G T (dB ) + PT (dBm) = 39,4 + 10 lg = 39,4 + 40dBm = 79,4dBm 10 0,001
B chiu x B chiu x anten parabol dng bc x nng lng sng in t t gng phn x cn c gi l anten s cp (primary antenna). Bi v b chiu x c t tiu im ca parabol cho nn bn thn n s to nn mt bng khut v trong k thut gi l hiu ng bng khut (shadow effect). Trong thit k c th c gng ti a sao cho bng khut theo hng bc x chnh l ti thiu. C ba dng s cp ca b chiu x i vi anten gng phn x parabol thng gp l : chiu x tm, chiu x dng anten loa v chiu x kiu Cassegrain . Hnh 3 - 3 m t mt s dng b chiu x ca anten parabol. rng bp sng ca b chiu x dng anten loa (xem mc anten loa) ni vi ng dn sng, trong mt phng E v trong mt phng H , c tnh theo biu thc gn ng sau :
E = H =
56 dE 56 dH
(3 - 7a) (3 - 7b)
Trong : - E l gc m na cng sut trong mt phng E ( 0 ) ; - H l gc m na cng sut trong mt phng H ( 0 ) ; - l bc sng cng tc (m) ; - d E l kch thc ming loa m rng mt phng E , (m) ; - d H l kch thc ming loa m rng mt phng H , (m) ;
83
Hnh 3.3 - M t mt s dng b chiu x ca anten parabol 3.2.1.2. Anten Cassegrain Anten Cassegrain l anten c gng phn x parabol v b chiu x theo kiu Cassegrain, tn mt nh thin vn hc vo cui th k 18 pht minh ra v c s dng u tin cc knh vin vng thin vn. Trong mt s ti liu anten Cassegrain cn c gi l anten gng kp. Hnh 3.4 m t b tr hnh hc ca mt anten Cassegrain. Cu to ca anten Cassegrain gm c: (1) gng phn x paraboloid, cn gi l gng chnh ; (2) gng phn x hyperboloid cn gi l gng ph v (3) b chiu x dng anten loa ni vi ng dn sng cp in . Tiu im ca gng ph hyperbol c b tr trng vi tiu im ca gng chnh parabol (im F1 ).
Hnh 3-4 - Anten Cassegrain v cc k hiu hnh hc Tiu c ca nhnh hyperbol th hai (nhnh o) nm nh paranol trn trc chnh ca gng (im F2 ). B chiu x c b tr sao cho tm loa nm gia nh parabol (im F2 ).
84
u im ca anten Cassegrain l rng bp sng chnh ca th phng hng trc nh hn so vi anten parabol n v kt cu b chiu x t ngay nh parabol nn rt tin li cho vic cp in. Tuy vy, anten Cassegrain cng c nhc im l gng hyperbol chim mt phn khng gian trc gng chnh parabol gty ra mt vng ti, m iu s dn n bin ca trng khng ng u , nh hng n h s nh hng ca anten. Anten Cassegrain cng c s dng thu cc tn hiu rt yu v trong trng hp ng truyn dn t anten my thu di th c th t b tin khuch i tp m thp (low noise preamplier) ngay b thu x.

Bit rng, cc thng s quan trng nht ca mt anten trm mt t l c tnh bc x ca bp sng chnh c trng bi tng ch G , rng bp sng 3dB v cch ly phn cc. tng ch ca anten c quan h trc tip vi cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng (EIRP) v t s G/T ca trm mt t. rng ca bp sng cng ng thi lin quan n h thng bm v tinh. Gi tr cch ly phn cc xc nh dung lng ca mt anten trong trng hp h thng s dng phn cc giao. Phn ln cng sut c bc x (hoc c thu) trong bp sng chnh. Trong thc t, c mt phn cng sut c phn tn cc bp sng ph. Cng sut bc x t cc bp sng s gy nhiu cho cc v tinh khc trn qu o (trng hp anten pht), hoc thu cc sng nhiu (trng hp anten thu). gii hn mc gy nhiu cho cc v tinh ln cn, Hip hi vin thng Quc t ITU cng c cc chun khuyn ngh v hn ch mc nhiu ca cc bp sng ph i vi cc loi anten pht trm mt t ng vi cc ng knh khc nhau [ CCIR-580]. V d, khuyn co cc nh sn xut anten sao cho gi tr tng ch bp sng ph ca anten trm mt t khng vt qu: Gbp ph ( )= 29 - 25lg( ) Trong l gc lch tng ng vi bp sng ph xem xt. Khuyn ngh cng nu ln mt s chi tit (hnh 3.5) [CCIR-39]: i vi mt anten c ng knh D ln hn 100 trong l bc sng
G ( ) = G max 2,5.10 3 (D / ) 2 vi 0 < < m (dB)
(3 - 8)
(3 - 9) dB
G ( ) = G1 = 2 + 15 lg(D / )
vi m < < r
Trong G1 l h s khuch i trong bp sng u tin.

G ( ) = 32 25 lg vi r < 48
0
dB
85
G ( ) = 10
vi 48 0 < 1800 dB ) (3 - 10)
m = ( 20 / D) (G max G1 )
r = 15,85( D / ) 0, 6 ()
Gmax dB G1
A B C
A: Bp sng chnh B: bp sng ph th nht C: Cc bp sng ph khc
00
480
1800
Hnh 3.5 - Tng ch ca anten trm mt t theo khuyn ngh ca ITU i vi mt anten c ng knh D b hn 100 :
G ( ) = G max 2,5.10 3 (D / ) 2 vi 0 < < m (dB)
G ( ) = G1 = 2 + 15 lg(D / )
vi m 100 / D (dB)
G ( ) = 52 10 log( D / ) 25 log vi 100 / D 48 0 (3 - 11) G ( ) = 10 10 log( D / )
vi 48 0 180 0 (dB)
hn ch hn na can nhiu gia v tinh ln cn, CCIR [CCIR-Rec 580] khuyn khch cc nh sn xut anten ch to cc anten sao cho h s khuch i G ca t nht 90% nh ca bp ph khng c vt qu :
G = 29 25 log
(3 - 12)
Trong l gc gia hng ang xt vi trc ca s vi 10 20 0 v cc vng trng to bi gc 30 so vi qu o a tnh. Khuyn ngh ny ph hp vi cc anten c D / > 100 . Vi cc anten c D / b hn 100 (v ln hn 35), h s khuch i G ca t nht 90% bp ph th hai phi khng vt qu:
G = 59 10 lg( D / ) 35 log
(3 - 13)
86
Dng cc gi lch vi hai mt phn x l cch tt nht c c c c tnh tt v tn s v tuyn (h s khuch i v kh nng cch ly phn cc) i vi bp sng chnh v mc bp ph thp [ANS-89], [CCIR-Rep 998]. Ngi ta cng c th thu nh mc ca bp ph bng cch kt hp cc mu bc x bi cc ngun ph [ARN-83], [BRU-89], [HAR-89], [SCH-89].

3.2.3.1. Tng quan Khi nim v nhit tp m ca anten c gii thiu trong chng 2. i vi anten trm mt t th ngun tp m xut pht t bu tri v t mt t [CCIRRep 868]. Cc tp m ny ph thuc vo tn s, gc ngng ca anten v cc iu kin kh quyn xung quanh anten (tri trong hoc tri ma, my m). Mt hin tng quan trng lm tng ng k nhit tp m ca anten xy ra trong thc t l trng hp giao hi gia mt tri, v tinh v anten trm mt t; tc trng hp chng nm v tr thng hng nhau. Vic tng nhit tp m ca anten lm gim ng k cht lng thu tn hiu ca trm mt t v i lc c th lm gin on lin lc. Hin tng c th xy ra mt ln trong ngy hoc trc v sau khi xy ra giao hi. 3.2.3.2. Nhit tp m ca mt tri Nhit tp m ca mt tri tng ln khi xy ra hin tng giao hi ph thuc vo nhit tp m ca mt tri trong bng tn xem xt. Bit rng, nhit chi ca mt im trn b mt ca mt tri bin i ph thuc vo bc sng, v tr ca n trong a mt tri v hot ng ca mt tri. Cng c nhiu m hnh nghin cu a ra xc nh nhit chi trung bnh ca mt tri ph thuc vo bc sng. Biu thc gn ng i vi nhit chi trung bnh ca mt tri (khng tnh nhng lc mt tri hot ng mnh) i vi bng tn C c th c biu th nh sau [RAU85].
TSUN = (1,96 10 5 / f )[1 + sin 2 {[log 6( f 0,1)] / 2,3}) / 2,3] (K)
(3 - 14)
Trong f l tn s hot ng tnh bng GHz. Cc biu thc trn cho php ta tnh c cc gi tr nhit chi trung bnh trn b mt mt tri vi gi thit l nhit ny khng thay i. Trn thc t nhit ny thay i rt ln t im ny n im kia v xy ra rt ln min tn s thp. Ti 4 GHz, nhit thay i t 25000 K n 70000 K. Ti 12 GHz, nhit trung tm ca mt tri (im lnh) khong 12000 K v nhit trung bnh ca ton b a mt tri c 16000 K n 19000 K. S bin i ca nhit sng ca mt tri l mt hm ca bc sng i vi vng tn s v tuyn [BOI-83].
87
Trong khong thi gian mt tri hot ng mnh, ngi ta quan st c nhit chi ca mt tri ln ng k, c bit l ti vng tn s thp - hn 50% trong khong 1% thi gian trong bng C [CCIR-Rep 390]. Ti tn s 12GHz, nhit chi ca mt tri c th t n 28000 K hoc hn na. ng knh biu kin ca mt tri cng ph thuc vo bc sng bc x ca nh sng mt tri bin i t l nghch vi tn s, c bit ln i vi cc tn s di 10 GHz . Trong bng tn Ku, ng knh biu kin ca mt tri ch nhnh hn ng knh ca a mt tri trong vng nh sng nhn thy, tc l khong 0,5 0 . S gia tng nhit tp m ca anten trong trng hp mt tri, v tinh v anten trm mt t giao hi (thng hng) c xc nh bng cch ly tch phn ca tch s gi tr nhit chi TSUN ( , ) v tng ch ca anten G ( , ) . Cc hm ny c biu th trong h ta cu ( , ) theo gc c nhn t mt tri [HO-61] :
T A = 1 4
Sun Disk
SUN
( , )G ( , ) sin d
(3 - 16)
C mt nh gi gn ng khc l xc nh vic gia tng nhit anten ch tp trung trong bp sng bc x ca anten vi nhit chi trung bnh ca mt tri. Gi tr nhit tp m trong trng hp ny s gia tng t l vi t s gc nhn thy mt tri v rng tng ng ca bp sng anten, c , nu nh rng ny ln hn ng knh biu kin ca mt tri. Trong trng hp ngc li, gi tr gia tng nhit tp m ca anten s bng nhit tp m ca mt tri.
T A= TSUN (0,5 c ) 2 nu c > 0,5 0 (K)
(3 - 17a) (3 - 17b)
T A max = TSUN
nu c < 0,5 0 (K)
ung knh biu kin ca mt tri c ly l 0,5 0 . rng tng ng c ca chm sng c th c ly bng 3dB . Sng in t pht ra t mt tri c phn cc ngu nhin. Cc anten ca trm mt t hot ng ch ti s dng tn s bng cch dng phn cc trc giao thng c trang b cc b tch phn cc m bo sng n c phn cc ph hp ti u vo my thu tng ng cn c cch ly. Vi nhng iu kin nh vy, cng sut tp m thu c t mt tri s lm cho tng nhit tp m ca anten gim i mt na (i vi mi phn cc). V vy nu s dng b tch phn cc th tng nhit tp m anten c tnh nh sau:
T A max = 0,5T A max unpol (K)
(3 -18)
88
Vi T A max unpol c tnh theo cng thc (3 - 17). Biu thc (3 - 17) cho thy mt anten c ng knh b (ti mt bc sng xc nh), gi tr nhit tp m tng ln nh hn i vi cc anten c ng knh ln. V d, trong bng K u ( f = 12 Ghz) mt anten c ng knh 1,2 m c trang b b tch phn cc ( 3dB = 0,35 0 ) chu mt tng nhit ln n 8000K. Trong chng 2, khi tnh ton d tr tuyn trong iu kin thi tit bnh thng (tri trong) c mt khong d tr M 1 i vi t s sng mang/tp m ( C / N 0 ) m bo yu cu cht lng dch v (theo s phn trm cho trc). Trong iu kin tri ma th phi chp nhn gim cc ch tiu cht lng ni chung vi mt s phn trm no . Gi tr gim i ny ca cht lng c xem nh l mt khong d tr M 2 cng thm vo t s C / N 0 trong iu kin thi tit bnh thng. Khong d tr M 1 + M 2 (tnh bng dB) c lin quan n h s phm cht
G / T ca trm mt t, cho php mt gi tr gia tng nhit tp m cho php T
trong nhit tp m ca mt t. Vi khong d tr M = M 1 + M 2 gi tr tng nhit tp m c th tnh theo biu thc:

T = T (10 0 ,1M 1) L FRX
(K)
(3 - 19)
Trong M l khong d tr tnh theo dB: T l nhit tp m h thng khi tri trong v LFRX l tn hao do kt ni gia anten v my thu. Trong trng hp nhit tp m ca anten c mt s gia tng T A th t s nng lng sng mang trn tp m cng s gim i mt i lng (C / N ) hoc
(C / N 0 ) tng ng: (C / N ) = (C / N 0 ) = T / T = 10 log[TL FRX /(TL FRX + T A )]
(3 - 20)
Trong T l nhit tp m ca h thng khi tri quang v LFRX l tn tht do kt ni gia giao tip anten v u vo my thu. 3.2.3.3. Vng can nhiu do mt tri Vng can nhiu do mt tri c nh ngha l vng tri cha trung tm mt tri m tng nhit tp m ca anten, T , gy ra bi mt tri vt qu gii hn cho php. S thay i nhit tp m ca anten khi c s chuyn ng biu kin ca mt tri qua bp sng ca anten, nh m t hnh 3 - 6 nhn thy rng:
89
Khi mt tri cch xa trc ca anten, nhit tp m anten chnh bng gi tr danh nh ca n khi tri quang (cht lng dch v ln hn gi tr danh
nh v cn c khong d tr M 1 .
Khi mt tri n gn chm sng ca anten th nhit tp m ca anten tng ln v ko theo nhit tp m ca h thng cng tng ln. u tin
l khong d tr M 1 b cho tng nhit ca h thng v cht lng danh nh vn c m bo.
Khi nhit trong h thng vt qu khong d tr M 1 , cht lng dch

v s gim xung di ch tiu danh nh. Nhng chng no cht lng vn ln hn gi tr tng ng vi hot ng gim cp v tng thi gian tch lu vn b hn s phn trm thi gian i vi ch gim cp th hot ng ca h thng vn c m bo. tng nhit h thng c php tng ng vi khong d tr M 2 .
Khi tng tng nhit anten ln n mc m ch tiu cht lng khng

cn nm trong khong gim cp na ( TA = TAall , l mt hm ca
M 1 + M 2 ), th s xy ra gin on dch v. V tr ca trung tm mt tri i
vi trc ca chm sng v th c nh ngha bng mt na gc phng to ca vng can nhiu (hnh 6.6).
Trong khi i ngang qua vng can nhiu, tng ca nhit tp m vt

qu gi tr cc i cho php TAall v dch v b gin on.
Hnh 3.6 - S thay i nhit tp m ca anten theo s chuyn ng biu kin ca mt tri
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Khi mt tri cch xa vng can nhiu, dch v c ti thit lp khi cht lng dch v tr nn ln hn ch tiu ch gim cp.
Gc ca vng can nhiu ph thuc vo bn knh ca anten trm mt t v t s gia nhit tp m cho php ca anten trn s gia tng cc i ca nhit tp m anten trong thi gian mt tri, v tinh v anten trm mt t giao hi. V d: Cho h thng my thu c c trng bi : Nhit h thng T = 400K Tng d tr M = M 1 + M 2 = 5dB Tn hao kt ni LFRX = 0,5dB
S gia tng nhit cho php ca anten tnh theo biu thc (3 -19) c gi tr l 970K.

Bit rng, phng ca mt im bt k trn b mt qu t hng v v tinh c xc nh bi hai gc, l gc phng v v gc ngng. y cng chnh l hai gc nh v ca anten trm mt t i vi v tinh. Trong chng 2 c nhng gii thiu chi tit v cc tnh ton v gc phng v v gc ngng i vi v tinh a tnh. Cc gc c tnh ton theo cc gi tr ca v Le v kinh tng i I ca trm mt t ( I l gi tr tuyt i ca hiu s gia kinh ca v tinh v kinh ca trm mt t). Gc phng v Az (azimuth angle) l gc m anten trm mt t cn phi quay quanh trc thng ng, theo hng chiu kim ng h tnh t im gc l cc Bc, n trc ca anten nm trong mt phng ng c cha phng ca v tinh. Mt phng qua cc im: tm qu t, trm mt t v v tinh (hnh 3 - 7a). Gc phng v Az c gi tr trong khong t 0 n 3600 . Gc ngng El (elevation angle) l gc anten cn phi quay trong mt phng ng c cha v tinh, tnh t mt phng nm ngang cho n khi nhn thy v tinh (hnh 3 - 7b). th 3 - 8 cng m t cc gi tr ca cc gc ngng El tng ng theo cc gi tr v v ca trm mt t v kinh tng i ca v tinh. Trong th c tham s a l mt gi tr trung gian tnh ton vi:
= arcsin(
sin I cos Ls ) sin
(3 - 20)
I = |Is Ie| hiu 2 kinh , Ls l v ca v tinh, l gc tm gia v tinh v
trm mt t
91
: M t gc phng v (Az) v gc ngng (El) V tinh pha ng trm mt t V tinh pha ty trm mt t Az = 3600 Az = 1800 +
Trm mt t Bc bn cu Trm mt t Nam bn cu
Az = Az = 1800 -
i vi trm mt t c nh lm vic vi mt v tinh a tnh ring bit th vic nh v anten trm mt t tng i n gin. Trong nhiu trng hp, trm mt t c nhu cu cung cp nh v bp sng c th thit lp tuyn lin lc vi cc v tinh a tnh khc nhau hoc vi cc v tinh khng a tnh. Trong cc trng hp cn c h thng iu khin anten bm v tinh.

3.2.5.1. Tng quan Bm v tinh l gi cho trc bp sng chnh ca anten trm mt t ng theo hng ca v tinh d cho c s chuyn ng no ca v tinh hoc ca trm mt t. C th c mt s dng (kiu) bm v tinh v mi kiu c c trng bi sai s bm (sai s gc nh v). Vic chn s dng kiu bm no ph thuc vo rng bp sng ca anten trm mt t v bin chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh. Theo l thuyt anten, rng bp sng 3dB i vi anten phn x gng parabol ng vi cc bc sng cng tc khc nhau ph thuc vo ng knh D ca ming parabol theo biu thc:
3 dB = 70 D
(0)
(3 21)
trong : 3dB l rng bp sng ( 0 )ng vi mc na cng sut

l bc sng cng tc (m)
D l ng knh ca gng phn x parabol
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Nu nh gc lch nh v so vi phng trc tng ch cc i c gi tr l th s c gi tr mt mt tng ch tng ng l G c xc nh theo biu thc:

G ( ) = 12( / 3dB ) 2 (dB)
(3 - 22)
Vic la chn quyt nh kiu lp t anten hoc th tc bm tu thuc vo rng bp sng ca anten trm mt t cng vi gi tr bin ca chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh.

S chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh
S chuyn ng biu kin (apparent movement) ca v tinh c gii thiu trong chng 2 v qu o v tinh. i vi cc v tinh c qu o elip nghing th s chuyn ng s lm thay i gi tr gc ngng ca anten v s thay i ph thuc vo dng qu o, s v tinh s dng trong h thng v phm vi ca vng dch v. i vi v tinh a tnh th chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh nm trong ca s dnh cho trm mt t (station-keeping window) theo s chnh xc ca kch thc ca s (v d 0,10 theo hng Bc-Nam v ng-Ty). Ti mt thi im, v tinh c th nm mt v tr no trong ca s ch c trm iu khin v tinh mi xc nh c v tr . 3.2.5.3. Anten trm mt t c t c nh khng dng h thng bm Trong nhiu trng hp anten trm mt t khng cn c h thng bm m khi rng bp sng ca anten rng so vi ca s ca v tinh a tnh dnh cho trm mt t, hoc nu l v tinh c qu o elip nghing th l trng hp khi m rng bp sng vt qu kh nhiu gc y i vi chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh. Vic la chn tu thuc vo tuyn lin lc gia trm mt t v v tinh trong gii hn li cho php. Trong trng hp vic nh v anten trm mt t hng v v tinh a tnh th gc lch nh v cc i c th c gim thiu theo rng ca s cho v rng ca bp sng anten ( 3dB ), hoc theo t s / D xc nh vic nh v tr khi m v tinh nm v tr gia ca s. Vic iu chnh th anten c th da vo cc biu thc tnh ton gc phng v v gc ngng ca anten i vi v tinh. Vic iu chnh tnh sau c th da vo vic d tm tn hiu dn ng (beacon signal) ng vi mc thu cc i. Tn hiu dn ng c pht t v tinh. 3.2.5.4. Anten trm mt t c s dng h thng bm Nhim v ca h thng bm l phc v iu chnh anten trm mt t sao cho hng bp sng chnh hng ng vo v tinh. C th c nhiu h thng bm hot ng theo cc phng php khc nhau. Sau y l mt s h thng bm thng gp:
93
- H thng bm v tinh theo chng trnh: Trong trng hp ny cc gi tr ca gc phng v v gc ngng ca anten c tnh ton trc vi cc thng s cho theo chng trnh lp sn. Anten c iu chnh theo cc gi tr tnh ton gc phng v v gc ngng ng vi mi thi im cho. Cc thng s tnh ton c lu gi trc trong b nh trong c tnh n s chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh. Sai s nh v trong trng hp ny ph thuc vo chnh xc tham s cho. H thng bm v tinh theo chng trnh lp sn thng c s dng vi cc v tinh qu o, anten trm mt t c t s / D ln (tc bp sng chnh ca anten c rng kh ln) v cc h thng khng yu cu nh v tht chnh xc. Nu nh h thng c yu cu chnh xc nh v cao (trng hp t s / D nh) th vic bm theo chng trnh ch s dng iu chnh s b anten hng vo vng khng gian v tinh xut hin c th thu c tn hiu dn ng pht t v tinh. H thng bm theo chng trnh i lc cng c s dng i vi v tinh a tnh nu nh h thng c gi tr t s / D ln, cn trong trng hp nu t s / D nh th thng anten c lp t c nh v s dng tn hiu dn ng iu chnh anten. - Cng c trng hp h thng c gi tr t s / D trung bnh th c th s dng mt my tnh tnh ton iu khin bm v tinh vi cc thng s thng xuyn c cp nht (thng l vi ngy mt ln) - Trong nhiu trng hp khi m gi tr t s / D nh, tc anten c rng bp sng nh hoc trm mt t di ng th vic bm v tinh thng da vo tn hiu dn ng c pht t v tinh. chnh xc nh v trong trng hp ny ph thuc vo phng php c s dng nh hng sng dn ng thu c t v tinh v cc sai s truyn sng.
Bm v tinh bao gm vic gi trc ca anten theo hng ti v tinh bt chp s chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh trn qu o. Vic la chn kiu bm ph thuc vo rng bp sng ca anten trm mt t v chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh trn qu o. Do c tnh sai li ca suy hao tng ch ca anten i vi lch trc so vi hng c tng ch cc i l:
LT = 12 3 dB
2
[dB]
94
V do chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh so vi v tr qu o thc ca n l

0.10 bc nam v ng ty
1. Bm v tinh c lp trnh Vi vic bm c lp trnh, s ch hng ca anten t c nh cung cp cho h thng iu khin hng anten cc gi tr gc phng v v gc ngng tng ng ti mi thi im. Cc gc phng v v gc ngng ny c tnh ton trc khi c cc thi im k tip nhau c tnh n chuyn ng biu kin d on trc ca v tinh, v cc gi tr ny c lu tr trong mt b nh. Khi vic chnh hng c thc hin theo mt vng m m khng cn xc nh sai li ch hng gia hng thc ca v tinh v hng nhm ti mi thi im. Vic bm c lp trnh c s dng ch yu cho cc v tinh ang trn qu o vi cc anten trm mt t c t s / D ln, do vy c bp sng chnh tng i ln v khng yu cu chnh xc cao 2. Bm v tinh dng cho my tnh H thng ny l mt bin th ca trng hp trc v rt thch hp bm cc v tinh a tnh vi cc anten c mt gi tr / D trung bnh Vi kiu bm pha ny, mt my tnh nm trong h thng ch hng dng nh gi cc tham s iu khin s nh hng anten. thay i gc bm ca anten ti v tinh, vic ny c thc hin sau 2 n 3 ngy 3. Bm theo vng khp kn t ng Vi cc anten c mt gi tr t s / D nh, v do vy c rng chm ca anten nh so vi i lng biu kin ca chuyn ng v tinh chnh xc ph thuc vo phng php c s dng xc nh hng i ti ca tn hiu pha v tuyn, lch gi hng i ti vi hng thc t ca v tinh v chnh xc ca h thng iu khin phn hi. Ngoi mt mc chnh xc c th rt cao sai li bm c th nh hn 0,0050 C hai k thut c s dng bm theo hi ng v tuyn bm bng vic tch bin lin tip v bm n xung. 4. Tch bin lin tip Cc h thng bm bng tch bin lin tip li dng cc bin thin mc tn hiu thu do kt qa chuyn dch iu khin c ca trc ch hng ca anten. Nhng bin thin mc tn hiu to ra theo cch nh vy cho php hng ca tng ch cc i
95
Phn h tn s v tuyn ca trm mt t trong trng hp tng qut bao gm hai phn: phn thu v phn pht. Phn thu bao gm: b khuch i tp m thp, b chuyn i tn s xung v thit b nh tuyn cc sng mang thu c n cc knh gii iu ch tng ng. Phn pht bao gm: thit b ghp cc sng mang c pht, cc b chuyn i tn s v cc b khuch i cng sut. Tu thuc vo cu hnh trm mt t m c th c trm mt t lm nhim v c pht v thu hoc c th trm mt t ch lm nhim v thu (v d trm TVROTelevision Receiver Only).
H s phm cht G/T v nhit tp m ca my thu
Mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng nh gi cht lng thit b thu ca trm mt t l t s gia li (h s khuch i) G v nhit tp m T ca thit b thu (t s G / T ) hoc cn gi l h s phm cht ca thit b thu. Gi tr nhit tp m ca thit b thu ( T ) c xc nh bi biu thc:
T = (TA / LLRX ) + T0 (1 1 / LFRX ) + TR
(3 - 23)
Trong : T l nhit tp m ca h thng

T A l nhit tp m ca anten LFRX l tn hao kt ni gia giao din anten v u vo thit b thu
T0 l nhit vt l ca mi trng kt ni TR l nhit tp m tng ng ca my thu.
Khi nim v nhit tp m ca anten c gii thiu trong chng 2. ng vi mt gi tr tp m cho th nhit tp m ca h thng ( T ) s c gim thiu khi gim thiu suy hao kt ni gia giao din anten v u vo thit b thu cng vi s gii hn nhit tp m tham chiu u my thu. L thuyt v my thu cng chng minh rng, nhit tp m tng ng ca my thu ph thuc ch yu vo tng u tin ca my thu (cn c h s tp m b v h s tng ch ln). Cng v l do m trong phn ln cc thit b thu, tng u tin thng l tng khuch i tp m thp LNA (Low Noise Amplifier).
96
n khi trung tn T anten n LNA fi L1 a) hoc b) B chia fi

B dao ng ni
IFA
TLNA, GLNA TA
LF
Hnh 3.8 - M t cc tng u vo my thu a) Chuyn i tn s theo khi, b) Chuyn i tn s theo tng sng mang Trong s hnh 3.8 c ghi cc tham s nhit tp m T v li G ng vi phn t tng ng. H thng c th theo ng (a) s dng b trn tn chung hoc i theo ng (b) chuyn i tn s theo tng sng mang. C th c nhiu kiu tp m thp (LNA) khc nhau, sau y s gii thiu mt s kiu LNA thng gp.

B khuch i tham s
Hnh 3.9 m t s khi chc nng mt b khuch i tham s (parametric amplifier), mt kiu khuch i tp m thp. B khuch i tham s l b khuch i lm vic theo nguyn l phn x theo tn hiu (cng sut) c khuch i l do s phn x ca tn hiu t mt phn t tch cc (active element). nh tuyn gia tn hiu n v tn hiu phn x c thc hin bi vng nh tuyn (Circulator). Phn t tch cc y l mt it c in dung bin i (cn gi l it varicap) v n lm vic nh mt tr khng m i vi tn hiu n. it varicap c ba ng tn hiu kt ni Tn hiu c tn s FS , l tn hiu thu c, tn hiu c tn s l F p l ca b to sng bm (pump oscillator) v Fi l tn hiu tn s nh (image frequency). Khi m F p > FS v Fi = F p Fs , th theo cc biu thc chng minh ca Manley Rowe, c s khuch i xut hin ti tn s Fs v cng sut cung cp cho mch ngoi s l
PS = PP ( F S / FP ) , trong Ps v PP l cng sut ti u ra ca it in dung ng vi
cc tn s FS v FP . y c xem nh l mt s chuyn i t cng sut bm sang cng sut tn hiu. Vng nh tuyn c nhim v nh tuyn tn hiu thu c t anten (cng 1) sang it in dung (cng 2) v it in dung (cng 2) sang u ra (cng 2) sau khi tn hiu c khuch i.
97
Vng nh tuyn FS FS
B to sng bm FP B lc FP
iu chun FS Fi Diode in dung bin i iu chun
S khi chc nng b khuch i tham s
u im ca it varicap l n cho php thc hin khuch i vi mt tr khng m v l thuyt l khng c cc phn t in tr tp m. Nu nh Bs v Bi l rng di tn ca cc mch c iu chun ng vi tn s ca tn hiu ( Fs ) v tn s nh ( Fi ) th khuch i cng sut G v rng di tn B c quan h theo biu tha gn ng sau :
B Q = 2[(1 / Bs ) + (1 / BS )]
(3 - 24)
Trong Q l h s phm cht ca mch. Trong mt s trng hp, b khuch i tham s c th c lm lnh gim thiu nhit tp m. 3.3.2.3. B khuch i dng transistor B khuch i tp m thp, trong nhiu trng hp c th ng transistor vi mch khuch i ging khuch i thng thng. B khuch i transistor v l thuyt chnh l mt mng bn cc, tn hiu u ra c khuch i. Phn t tch cc y chnh l transistor c h s khuch i ln hn mt, nhng transistor cng gy ra tp m (tp m shot v tp m nhit). C th chn s dng loi transistor thch hp c tp m thp. S xut hin mt s loi transistor mi, v d cc transistor in t chuyn ng cao (HMET-high mobility electron transistors) c th s dng cho cc mch khuch i tp m thp cc my thu tn s cao n 20GHz 3.3.2.4. B khuch i c lm lnh Cc b khuch i tham s hoc cc b khuch i transistor nu c lm lnh th nhit tp m s c gim thiu ng k. Bng cch s dng kh him Helium ho lng c th lm lnh thit b n vi chc Kelvin. Nhc im ca h thng c s dng hn hp lm lnh l thit b phc tp, gi thnh cao v phi bo
98
dng. Bng 3.1 lit k mt s gi tr hiu nng v nhit tp m v li mt s b khuch i tp m thp c lm lnh ng vi cc di tn cng tc khc nhau. Bng 3.1 : M t hiu nng b khuch i tp m thp

Tham s Lm lnh Tham s (peltier) Bao quanh Tham s FET lm lnh kh ho lng FET
20 4 12 20 4 12 20 20 4 12 20
<100K 35K 85K 150K 55K 150K 200K 75K 70K 120K 350K 13K
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.75 1 0.5
30dB 30dB 30dB 30dB 30dB 30dB 30dB 45dB 60dB 60dB 22dB 30dB
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 3 7 2 2
Hn hp sinh hn
T bng 3.1 nhn thy rng, li G ph thuc vo s tng c s dng v mi tng t trong khong 10-25 dB ph thuc vo cng ngh s dng v yu cu v rng gii tn. Di tn ca b khuch i thng s dng l nm trong khong t vi trm MHz n 2 Ghz v n c quan h vi nhit tp m, s n nh h s khuch i v t s sng ng. Trong thc t s dng iu quan trng nht l vic kim tra cc bin i ca nhit tp m v li trong bng tn cng tc vi cc gii hn cho php. iu c thc hin vi t s sng ng SWR (Standing Wave Ratio) v ni ln s phi hp tr khng ca anten v u v b khuch i. Gi tr SWR c th gim thiu nu s dng b cch ly (isolator) t u vo b khuch i tp m thp. 3.3.2.5. B phn phi sng mang v chuyn i tn s Mt khi vic khuch i tp m thp c thc hin th cng c ngha l cc sng mang thu c trong di tn cng s c chuyn i sang trung tn (IF) v ti tn s trung tn cc cng vic nh lc, x l tn hiu s c n gin hn (xem l thuyt v my thu). Vic chuyn i sang trung tn c th thc hin theo c gi cho ton b tn s trong gii tn (ng a hnh 3.8) hoc c th chuyn i theo tng sng mang mt (ng b hnh 3.8).
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Vic chuyn i theo c gi cho ton b tn s trong bng tn thng c s dng cho cc thit b thu trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh c cc sng mang n knh SCPC (single channel per carriers). Vic phn b cc sng mang n cc gii iu ch khc nhau c thc hin trung tn (v d 140 MHz) v vic la chn mt tn s mang c th (c bng tn hp v d 30 kHz) c thc hin b gii iu ch. Vic chuyn i cho c gi cho ton b tn s trong bng tn cng thng c s dng vi cc thit b thu tn hiu truyn hnh hoc d liu dng anten loi kch thc nh. Trong trng hp ny, b i tn thng c kt hp vi b khuch i tp m thp (LNA) v c t ngay tiu im ca anten. Tn s u ra ca b i tn trong trng hp ny l khong 1GHz (900-1700 MHz) v nh vy c th gim c tn hao trn ng phi dng cp ng trc gia b i tn v thit b thu trong trng hp thit b thu t xa anten. Vic chuyn i tn s theo tng sng mang mt yu cu thit b chuyn i tng sng mang sang trung tn tng ng vi vic iu chun c thc hin ti b i tn cng vi b to sng ni b c iu khin. iu cho php chun ho thit b trung tn v nh vy gi thnh s gim v vic bo dng cng n gin hn. Cc tn s trung tn thng c s dng l 70 MHz hoc 140 MHz. Khi m trm mt t cn phi gii iu ch ng thi mt vi sng mang th lc cn phi c s phn phi cng sut ti u ra ca b khuch i tp m thp LNA theo cc knh tng ng. Vic phn phi do b chia (splitter) m nhim. 3.3.3 Phn pht 3.3.3.1. Cng sut pht Hnh 3.10 m t s khi chc nng ca phn pht in hnh ca mt trm mt t. Tn hiu bng c s dng FDM hoc PCM/TDM qua b iu ch trung tn IF, chuyn i trung tn IF thnh cao tn RF, khuch i cng sut (HPA) v cung cp cho anten pht (tuyn ln). Cng sut pht PT trong cc biu thc tnh ton v cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP cc chng mc trc l cng sut a vo anten pht. Nu gi PHPA l cng sut u ra ca b khuch i cng sut HPA (High Power Amplifier) th gia chng c quan h :
PT = PHPA .(1 / LFTX ).(1/ LMC )
(3 25)
Trong : LFTX l tn hao kt ni gia u ra my pht v anten ;
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LMC l tn hao a sng mang (multi-carrier) ph thuc vo s sng mang c ghp.
B khuch i cng sut pht thng c s dng trong cc trm mt t l cc b khuch i dng n in t klyston hoc n sng chy TWT (Travelling Wave Tube) trong trng hp cng sut ra yu cu ln, hoc c th dng bn dn transistor trong trng hp yu cu cng sut ra b. B khuch i cng sut ra c ni trn l bao gm c tin khuch i v trong mt s trng hp bao gm c h thng thit b lm lnh i km.
K cng sut HPA
n v tinh
Tn hiu iu ch bng c s
Lc BPF
Trn tn
Lc BPF
Hnh 3.10 - M t s khi chc nng phn pht
B khuch i cng sut dng n klyston

Nguyn l chung v hot ng ca cc n in t l ging nhau, l dng mt nng lng nh (nng lng ca tn hiu) iu khin hoc chuyn ho mt nng lng ln (dng do chm tia in t pht ra t ca-tt) theo quy lut ca tn hiu. Phng php iu khin v chuyn ho nng lng i vi mi n c khc nhau. Dng ln cc in t bc x t ca-tt c t nng, chng c hi t gia tc v hng v a-nt. H thng cu trc mt s ti liu cn gi l "sng in t" (electron gun).
u vo sng in t u ra sng in t
Chm tia in t
Sng in t
L vo
Cc l trung gian
L ra
B gom chm tia in t
Nam chm tp trung chm tia in t
Hnh 3.11 - M t cu trc n Klyston
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n klyston, b phn chuyn i nng lng gm mt lot cc hc cng hng sng viba (microwave resonant cavity) m bp tia cc in t s i qua. Sng in t ca tn hiu mc thp kch thch hc u tin to nn mt s iu ch tc vi chm tia in t. Sng iu ch li kch thch hc th hai lm gia tng iu ch. Qu trnh c lp li cc hc tip theo v nng lng tn hiu c khuch i. Sng tn s v tuyn c mc cng sut ln c to ra u ra ca hc cui cng. Cng sut nhn c u ra ca n khuch i klyston c th t t vi trm W (800W) n vi kW (5kW). rng di thng ca n khuch i klyston c b gii hn do sng tn hiu phi qua cc hc cng hng. rng di thng c gi tr l 40-80 MHz i vi bng tn C (6 GHz) v c gi tr l 80-100 MHz i vi bng tn Ku (14 Ghz).
B khuch i cng sut dng n sng chy TWT B phn ch yu ca b khuch i cng sut dng n sng chy TWT l n TWT. Cu trc ca n gm ca-tt, cc li iu khin, cun dy sng chy v cc ant (hnh 3.12).
Hnh 3.12 - M t cu trc n sng chy TWT Cc in t bc x t ca-tt c t nng chuyn ng hng v a-nt (cc dng). Cc li c nhim v hi t v gia tc chm tia in t. H thng cc b phn ny to ra chm tia mnh, mt ln, tc cao v cng do c ti liu cn gi l sng in t (electron gun). Cun ay xon c c u vo l tn hiu vo v u ra l tn hiu ra (cng sut ra ca b khuch i). Dng nng lng ln ca chm tia i qua gia cun dy c lm chm v chuyn ho nng lng (theo quy lut in t). Sng tn hiu trong cun dy c gia tng nng lng v l sng chy-
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cng v vy m n c gi l n sng chy TWT. Nng lng tn hiu c gia tng (khuch i) c ly ra u ra ca cun dy. Cc a-nt va lm nhim v gia tc, hng chm tia v thu nhn nng lng d tha. Cng sut ra ca n khuch i TWT c th t c trong khong t vi chc W n vi kW. rng di thng c gi tr khong 600 MHz i vi bng tn C (6 GHz) v c gi tr khong 3 GHz bng tn Ka (30 Ghz). Cc b khuch i cng sut ca trm mt t thng c yu cu cng sut ra ln do thng s dng cc n klyston hoc n TWT. Vic la chn s dng loi n no l ph thuc vo yu cu ca cng sut ra, rng di thng v gi thnh. C mt vn cn lu khi s dng b khuch i klyston hoc TWT l : in p cung cp cho cc cc kh ln (c th xp x hoc ln hn 10 kV); in nng cung cp cho n (bao gm c si t) l kh ln. Cng v vy m nhit lng ta ra ca h thng l kh ln, h thng cn phi c mt h thng ph lm lnh, H thng lm ngui hoc lm lnh c th l nc, gi hoc cht kh lm lnh. 3.3.3.3. B khuch i cng sut pht dng cht bn dn Trong mt s trng hp, nu nh yu cu cng sut pht khng ln lm v thit b pht yu cu gn nh, v d vi cc trm mt t VSAT di ng, th b khuch i cng sut pht c th dng bn dn transistor. Cc transistor cng sut thng c la chn s dng l cc transistor hiu ng trng FET (field effect transistor). Cng sut ra trong cc trung hp ny thng khong vi chc W. Cc FET thng s dng l loi FET arsenid-gallium (GaAs-FET). u im ca cc b khuch i transistor l gi thnh thp, gn nh v gii thng rng. Tuy vy, cng sut ra b gii hn,

c tuyn ca b khuch i cng sut v vic la chn ch lm vic
c tuyn ca v khuch i cng sut l ng cong biu th quan h gia cng sut ra Pout v cng sut vo Pin ca b khuch i cng sut. T s cng sut ra/cng sut vo (Pout/Pin) chnh l h s khuch i cng sut ( li) ca b khuch i. ng c tuyn ca b khuch i cng sut cao c dng ng cong (hnh 3.13). ng c tuyn l khng tuyn tnh. Vi cng sut vo nh th h s khuch i cng sut c th xem l tuyn tnh, tc cng sut ra tng t l thun vi cng sut vo, cn nu nh cng sut vo ln th cng sut ra s khng tng theo t l thun vi cng sut vo. Cng sut ra c gi tr cc i ti im bo ho (saturation), sau s gim. Tham s cng sut cc i ca n m cc hng sn xut cung cp chnh l cng sut bo ho i vi trng hp khuch i sng mang n, thng c k hiu l Pout sat
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im b o ho
0
Nng lng u ra (dB)
-10
12 dB Backoff u ra
-20
-30
-40
Backoff u vo
-40
-30
-20
-10
Nng lng u vo (dB)
Hnh 3.13 - M t ng c tuyn b khuch i cng sut ra Do s khng tuyn tnh ca ng c tuyn b khuch i cho nn khi b khuch i lm vic vi mt s sng mang (a sng mang) th s xut hin hin tng xuyn iu ch (intermodulation) nh phn tch trong cc chng trc. Tch xuyn iu ch nm trong di thng s gy can nhiu v mi sng mang c mt ph can nhiu xuyn iu ch l (N0)im. gii hn hin tng xuyn iu ch trong trng hp b khuch i lm vic vi nhiu sng mang thng chn ch
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lm vic ca b khuch i ngoi vng bo ho. Cng sut ra trong trng hp ny s gim. Hin tng xuyn iu ch trong cc b khuch i cng sut cng nh trung hp hin tng iu ch tn hiu trong cc b trn tn. Trong mt s ti liu. Khi tnh ton d tr cng sut ra v hin tng xuyn iu ch, thng s dng hai thng s : IBO : (Input Back Off- khong li cng sut vo) OBO : (Output Back Off- khang li cng sut ra) vi nh ngha l : IBO = (Pi(n)/Pi(1))sat OBO = (Po(n) /Po(1))sat
Hnh 3.14 - ng c tuyn IBO v OBO ca b khuch i Trong : - Pi(1) l cng sut sng mang u vo b khuch i (i=input) trong trng hp sng mang n ; - Pi(n) l cng sut ca mt sng mang u vo b khuch i trong trng hp a (n) sng mang. - Po(1) l cng sut sng mang u ra b khuch i (o=output) trong trng hp sng mang n. - Po(n) l cng sut ca mt sng mang u ra b khuch i trong trng hp a (n) sng mang. V cng sut ca tch xuyn iu ch IM bc X u ra b khuch i c k hiu l Poimx. Nh vy, cng sut u ra ca b khuch i i vi mt sng mang N no Po(n) s c gi tr l :
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Po(n) = Po(1).OBO = PHPA.OBO Gi tr ti thiu ca IBO v OBO c la chn ph thuc vo cc yu cu c th lin quan n t s mt ph sng mang trn mt ph nhiu xuyn iu ch (C/N0)IM ca tuyn lin lc, s lng sng mang s dng v ng c tuyn ca b khuch i. Ngoi hin tng xuyn iu ch do c tuyn khng tuyn tnh, b khuch i cng sut cng c cc yu cu khc, v d nh n nh h s khuch i, ghp khng mong mun, h s sng dng, phi hp tr khng v.v ging nh cc b khuch i cng sut thng thng khc.

Phn h x l tn hiu trung gian bao gm cc thit b x l v chuyn i tn hiu bng c s thnh cc tn hiu sng mang v tuyn khuch i nu l nhim v pht v ngc li nu l thu th chuyn i cc sng mang t u ra b khuch i tp m thp (LNA) thnh tn hiu bng c s. Tn hiu bng c s c th l s (digital) hoc tng t (analog). Nu l tn hiu tng t th n c th l mt knh thoi trong trng hp h thng l n knh hay n sng mang (SCPC- Single Channel per Carrier); hoc c th l mt trong nhng knh thoi no nu h thng l ghp knh; c th l mt tn hiu truyn hnh (television) hoc pht thanh qung b. Nu tn hiu l s th thng l dui dng cc chui bit tng t vi cc tn hiu tng t c s ho hoc di dng cc gi d liu. Chc nng ca x l tn hiu trung gian v pha thu c th tm tt l: - Chuyn i tn hiu tn s sng mang (RF) thnh tn hiu tn s trung bnh (cn gi l trung tn IF); - Lc v cn bng; - Gii iu ch; Nu nh vic truyn l s dng phng thc a truy nhp theo thi gian (TDMA) th cn phi thit lp li th t lin tc chui bit t cc gi ca khung thu c. V pha pht cn nhm cc bit ca tn hiu bng c s trong cc khung b tr vo cc khe thi gian c phn phi cho khung. Chc nng x l tn hiu trung gian v pha pht c th tm tt l: - iu ch tn hiu bng c s vi sng mang tn s trung gian. - Lc v cn bng - Chuyn i sng mang iu ch thnh sng mang cao tn.
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3.4.2.1. Tn s trung gian Chc nng ca b bin tn (hay cn gi l b i tn) l la chn mt sng mang c th trong bng tn thu t u ra ca b khuch i tp m thp LNA v chuyn i ph tn ca sng mang thnh tn s trung gian (thng gi l trung tn IF) c la chn sn. Vic s dng trung tn IF chung ca nhiu sng mang cao tn khc nhau cho php s dng thit b c chun ho (theo trung tn la chn). Vic la chn trung tn da theo cc iu kin sau y : 1. Gi tr trung tn IF phi ln hn rng ph bin chim dng ca sng mang c iu ch. 2. Gi tr trung tn thp thun tin cho b lc thng di ca sng mang c iu ch. chn lc f ca mt b lc c c trng bi h s phm cht Q ca b lc v c xc nh bi t s f/Q , trong f l tn s gia ca b lc. Gi thit b lc c h s phm cht Q l 500 v yu cu cch bit mt tn hiu chim dng bng thng l 1 MHz th tn s lm vic ca b lc phi l 500 MHz. Trong cc h thng thit b trm mt t gi tr trung tn thng c chn s dng l 70 MHz v 140 MHz. Cc thit b c th s dng mt trung tn (mt ln bin tn) hoc hai trung tn (hai ln bin tn).
Bin tn n tc ch s dng mt trung tn IF. Tn hiu sng mang tn s v tuyn t u ra b khuch i tp m thp LNA, qua b chn lc tn s c a vo b trn sng. y tn s sng mang tn hiu fc c trn vi tn s ca b dao ng ni fLO (LO: Local Osilator) c tn hiu trung tn fIF. Hnh 3.15 m t s khi chc nng bin tn n. Nguyn l hot ng ca b bin tn y hon ton ging nguyn l hot ng trong cc my thu siu ngoi sai (superheterodyne) thng gp trong pht thanh qung b. B lc iu chnh c nhim v va chn lc c tn hiu sng mang fc mong mun, va c nhim v lc c cc tn s nh. Cc tn s nh , theo l thuyt my thu, chng c gi tr l fc 2fIF. y tn s tn hiu v trung tn l kh ln cho nn chn lc f / Q cn phi c la chn cn thn. V d nu trung tn la chn fIF = 70 MHz v tn s tn hiu sng mang fc = 4 GHz th chn lc vo khong 50 ; cn nu fc =12 GHz th chn lc vo khong 200.
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Hnh 3.15 - M t s khi chc nng bin tn n Nhc im ca b thu bin tn mt ln l b lc u vo phi c chn lc cao, nu khng th tn s nh fi (i= image) lt vo v n cng s c iu bin vi tn s fLO tr thnh trung tn fIF cng vi trung tn ca tn hiu. C th chng minh bng iu nh sau : Nu chn f IF = f LO f c (tc f c = f LO f IF ) th cng s c ( f c + 2 f IF ) f LO = f IF Khc phc hin tng lt tn s nh v thun li cho b lc u vo, cc b thu cht lng cao thng s dng phng thc iu bin hai ln. 3.4.2.3. Bin tn hai ln Bng phng thc bin tn hai ln, tc b thu s s dng hai trung tn l trung tn mt ( f IF 1 ) v trung tn hai ( f IF 2 ) s loi tr c tn s nh. y do gi tr ca trung tn mt kh ln so vi trung tn hai cho nn tn s nh u vo c gi tr l fim = f c + 2 f IF 1 cng kh ln, n s nm ngoi di thng ca b lc. iu ph hp vi thu tn hiu trong thng tin v tinh c di thng kh rng. V d, vi bng tn b thu l f1 = 3,625 GHz n f2 = 4,2 GHz ( rng bng tn f2 - f1= 575 MHz) ; trung tn mt la chn l f IF 1 =1400 MHz. Nh vy nu b lc c nh u vo c rng di thng l 575 MHz th vn m bo loi tr c cc tn s nh. Bi v trong trng hp xu nht (trng hp tn hiu thu ng vi tn s thp nht ca bng tn), fc =3,625 MHz th lc tn s nh fim = f c + 2 f IF 1 = 3,625 MHz + 2x1400 MHz =
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6,425 MHz, n s c gi tr ln hn tn s cao nht ca bng tn (f2 = 4,2 GHz) mt gi tr l 2225 MHz. Tn s nh fim hon ton nm ngoi bng tn v nm ngoi di thng. Trung tn mt f IF 1 sau c tip tc bin tn ln th hai to thnh trung tn hai, thng c la chn l f IF 2 = 70 MHz. Hot ng ca b bin tn hai cng ging nh b bin tn mt : f IF 2 = f c f IF 1 = 1470 MHz -1400 MHz = 70 MHz. Hnh 3.16a m t tn s nh fim nm ngoi di thng v hnh 3.16b m t s khi chc nng b thu c hai bin tn.
f1 Anten thu
f2
fc fc fIF1
fim
a) fIF1 fIF2
LNA
BPF (RF)
BPF (IF1)
BPF (IF2) b)
Hoc
fLO1
fLO2
Hnh 3.16 - a, Tn s nh nm ngoi di thng b, S khi chc nng ca b thu c hai ln bin tn 3.4.2.4. Bin tn ton b bng tn s dng Cc m hnh bin tn trnh by mc 3.4.2.2 v 3.4.2.3 trn l gi thit rng cc sng mang c tch bit trc b bin tn v nh vy ch c mt sng mang tng ng vi trung tn. Mt phng thc bin tn khc c th bin i ton b bng tn thu c, c ngha l ton b sng mang trong bng tn, thnh mt bng trung tn
109
cng mt lc. M hnh cu trc ny thng gp trong cc h thng n sng mang n knh (SCPC) ca thng tin v tinh. Hnh 3.17 m t v d s khi chc nng b pht v b thu vi hai ln bin i tn s: cc sng mang c iu ch trong bng tn 52-88 MHz s c bin i thnh bng tn 5,850-6,425 GHz vi hai ln bin tn, trong trung tn hai l 825 MHz. Pha thu, cc sng mang thu c trong bng tn 3,625-4,200 GHz c chuyn i thnh bng tn 52-88 MHz (vi trung tn hai l 1400 MHz). C hai ln bin tn s dng b tng hp tn s n.
Hnh 3.17 - M t s khi chc nng phn thu/pht ca b bin tn ton b bng tn s dng 3.4.2.5. Khuch i trung tn v cc b lc Cc chc nng khuch i, lc v cn bng tr nhm thng c thc hin mt cch thun tin trong khi trung tn bi v cc mch c chun ha vi mt tn s (trung tn) c nh, khng ph thuc v cc sng mang m n c quan h. V pha thu, cc b khuch i trung tn bao gm c b t ng iu khin h s khuch i AGC (Automatic Gain Control) gi cho mc in p u vo b gii iu ch khng i. V pha pht c th s dng cc b AGC h tr iu chnh back-off u vo b khuch i cao tn. B lc di thng khi trung tn xc nh ph ca sng mang c iu ch v hn ch di thng ca tp m. c tnh ca b lc ph thuc vo cc c tnh ca sng mang c lin quan. Cc b lc trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh thng s dng cc phn t LC (cm khng v dung khng) v c thit k theo cc m hnh khc nhau. M hnh thng gp l m hnh (Burtterworth) v m hnh
110
(Chebyshev). Cc b cn bng thng c kt hp vi cc b lc. B lc c tc dng loi tr c nhiu gia cc k hiu (ICI) v nhiu a sng mang (MCI). 3.4.2.6. iu ch v gii iu ch Vic iu ch tn hiu ( pha pht) v gii iu ch ( pha thu) c thc hin khi trung tn. K thut iu ch tn hiu, la chn gii php iu ch no ph thuc vo: - Phng thc a truy nhp (c th l FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, FAMA hoc hn hp) ; - Dng ca tn hiu bng c s oc iu ch vi sng mang (iu ch tng t hoc iu ch s) ; - Knh truyn (n knh hay c ghp knh).

Phn h giao din mng l giao din gia cc tn hiu bng c s ca cc thit b ca h thng thng tin v tinh vi tn hiu bng c s theo khun dng ca mng mt t. Cc chc nng ch yu l ghp knh (v tch knh) i vi cc knh thoi (bao gm c thoi s ho), nn (hoc trit) hi m v mt s chc nng c th khc v giao din.

i vi cc knh thoi trong mng mt t PSTN, mc d c ghp knh theo cc chun nhng khi truyn qua knh thng tin v tinh th ti cc trm mt t cc knh thoi c sp xp li. S sp xp tu thuc vo phng thc truy nhp ca trm mt t n b pht p v tinh v dung lng knh m trm mt t c phn phi. Cc knh thoi c cng a ch ch s c tp hp vo mt s nhm iu ch vi cng sng mang v c xem nh l mt s ghp knh n sng mang. Chng c tch knh ti trm mt t thu v kt ni vi mng mt t. Cc knh hoc cc nhm knh c th c iu ch vi cc sng mang khc nhau.
Vi phng thc truyn tng t (analog), ghp knh phn chia theo tn s th vic sp xp cc knh thoi c ghp knh mng mt t theo khuyn ngh G.322 v G.423 ca CCITT nh sau : nhm u tin l 12 knh thoi, mi knh chim 4 kHz v nm trong di tn 60-108 kHz. Nm nhm hp thnh mt siu nhm c bng tn l 312-522 kHz, Vic ghp cc nhm tu thuc vo dung lng knh c th v bng tn chim dng ca cc mc ghp knh.
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Qu trnh ghp knh y, a sng mang c s dng, do h thng cn thit lp mt khun dng a truy nhp cho php phn bit c ng truyn tuyn ln, tuyn xung v cc trm mt t khc nhau. Mi mt khun dng c nhng c im, u khuyt im khc nhau, tu thuc vo yu cu c th.

Cc chun ghp knh s y ch cp hai loi phn cp l loi 24 knh (chun ca M c tc l 1,544 Mbit/s) v loi 30 knh (chun ca CEPT- chu u c tc l 2,048 Mbit/s). Cc dng phn cp ny ang c s dng ph bin cc mng mt t v cc tuyn thng tin v tinh. Thit b ghp knh cc trm mt t trong trng hp ny c nhim v kt hp cc chui bit n t cc ngun khc nhau v c cng a ch ch. C mt vn c t ra y l vic ng b gia ng h ca trm mt t v cc ng h ca cc chui bit t cc ngun khc nhau. S thiu ng b cn do s khng n nh v sai lch ca cc b pht sng cng nh nhng bim ng v thi gian truyn ca cc tuyn. Mt khi m cc chui bit khng ng b th cn phi c cc b nh m to ng b chnh xc v cng tc bit trc khi ghp knh. Cng vic s thun li hn nhiu nu cc chui bit c ng b (ng h ng b). a truy nhp TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) c hiu l phng php ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian cc sng mang c iu ch s gia cc trm mt t trong mt mng v tinh thng qua mt b pht p v tinh chung. Vi a truy nhp TDMA th mi trm mt t pht mt burst (chui bit) ngn ca mt sng mang c iu ch s trong mt khe thi gian ca khung TDMA. Mi mt burst ca trm mt t s c ng b sao cho cc burst n b pht p v tinh ng vi cc thi im khc nhau khng b va chm nhau. C ngha l ch c sng mang ca mt trm mt t c mt b pht p ti mi thi im cho no . B pht p ch lm nhim v thu sng t tuyn ln, chuyn i tn s v truyn li tuyn xung. Mi mt trm mt t s thu nhn cc burtst t tt c cc trm mt t v cn chn ra lu lng c gi n cho chnh n.

Vi a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA th mi trm mt t b gii hn rng bng tn xc nh trong knh v tinh hoc trong h thng nhng chng khng b gii hn mi khi cn truyn. Vi a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA th mi mt cuc truyn ca trm mt t c phn nh chnh xc trong mt khe thi gian nhng n khng b gii hn bi tn s hoc rng di thng m
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n c th c s dng trong mt h thng v tinh hoc trong s phn nh knh xc nh. Vi a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) th khng c s hn ch no v thi gian hoc rng di tn. Mi mt my pht ca trm mt t c th pht bt k khi no mun v c th s dng mt phn no hoc ton b rng di tn (hoc knh) c phn nh cho mt h thng v tinh c th. Bi v khng c s gii hn v rng di tn cho nn a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA cn c gi l a truy nhp tri ph (Spread Spectrum Multiple Access) ; vic truyn c th tri trong ton b rng di tn c phn nh. Vic truyn theo m y khng lin quan n k thut mt m. Tm tt y l, cc cuc truyn ca mi trm mt t c m ha vi mt t nh phn duy nht c gi l mt m chip (chip code). Mi mt trm thu cng c mt m chip duy nht. c th thu mt cuc truyn ca mt trm mt t c th no th trm thu cn phi bit m chip ca trm pht . Vi a truy nhp CDMA th tt c cc trm mt t trong h thng c th pht trin cng tn s v cng thi gian. Mt my thu ca trm mt t trong trng hp c th ng thi thu nhiu tn hiu m ha PSK ca nhiu trm pht. Trong trng hp , cng vic ca b tng quan c phn kh khn. B tng quan lc cn phi so snh m chip thu c vi ton b ph tn thu c v phn tch ra ch mt m chip t my pht ca trm mt t mong mun. Nh vy m chip t mt trm mt t cn phi khng tung quan vi cc m chip t cc trm mt t khc.
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Chc nng chnh ca phn h thng tin trn v tinh nh sau: - Thu cc tn hiu v tuyn pht bng tn v phn cc cho trc ca trm mt t trong mng c lin quan - Thu cc tn hiu khng mong mun - Khuch i cc tn hiu nhn c, hn ch tp m v mo tn hiu - Bin i tn s sng mang thu ng ln thnh sng mang pht ng xung - Cung cp cng sut yu cu bng tn xc nh cho anten pht - Pht cc tn hiu v tuyn bng tn xc nh cng vi phn cc cho trc n ni nh l vng dch v trn mt t
Cc thng s c trng ca phn h thng tin trn v tinh l: - Bng tn cng tc (bng tn pht v thu) - Phn cc tn hiu ca tuyn ln v tuyn xung - Vng ph sng (Ph sng vng thu v pht) - S lng b pht p - rng di thng ca mi b pht p - Cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng (EIRP) (hay mt cng sut t c trong vng cho) - Mt cng sut yu cu ti anten thu a n u ra b pht p mt gi tr cn thit - H s phm cht (G/T) ca h thng thu trong vng cho - Cc c tnh khng ng hng - Cng sut u ra ca b khuch i cng sut pht - Cu hnh d phng cho my thu v b khuch i cng sut cao. - tin cy sau N nm n nh ca cc knh lm vic tt
Cc thng s chnh:
EIRP ca tuyn xung , G/T ca tuyn ln
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Phm Vn Ngc
Xt trng hp tuyn thng tin v tinh t trm mt t thng qua phn h thng tin (b qua cam nhiu v truy cp n) T s cng sut sng mang trn mt ph cng sut tp m (C/N0)T i vi tuyn xung (C/N0)T-1 = (C/N0)U-1 + (C/N0)D-1
Hnh 4.1 Mi quan h gia G/T v EIRP Trong (C/N0)U t l vi G/T (C/N0)D t l vi EIRP ca knh i vi mc ch thc hin khng i xc nh gi tr (C/N0)T nh sau: C = A(G/T)-1 + B(EIRP)-1 A, B, C l hng s i vi cu hnh cho Vi h s tng ch ca anten thu v pht l c nh i vi mt vng ph cho. Khi mi quan h gia cng sut PTX ti u ra b khuych i v nhit tp m h thng T vi mc tiu thc hin c th b vic tng nhit tp m h thng bng cch tng cng sut pht u ra ca b khuych i knh ph hp vi vic gim cng sut v gii hn h s tp m.

Gm 2 phn: Ti hu ch Tu v tr
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- Phn khng gian l khi nim ch mt phn ca h thng bao gm tt c cc thit b tr gip cho hot ng ca n nh trm iu khin v trung tm gim st v tinh. Trm iu khin v trung tm gim st hot ng gim st, o lng t xa v iu khin (TT&C) thc hin vi mc ch l gi v tinh c nh trong khng gian (qu o) ng thi kim tra cc thng s hot ng ca v tinh nh t0 an ten, ngun in c quy, nhin liu..

(ti hu ch)
Cc b pht p Cc Anten
Chc nng chnh ca ti hu ch l: Thu cc tn hiu t trm mt t pht ln Khuych i tn hiu thu v gim mc nhiu n ti a i tn s sng mang tuyn ln thnh sng mang tuyn xung Cp tn hiu vi mc cng sut yu cu trong di tn nh ra Anten pht Truyn tn hiu cao tn trong di tn v phn cc nh n Anten ca trm mt t Cc tnh nng k thut ca ti hu ch: Thu v pht cc knh sng trong di tn v phn cc a tnh m bo vng ph sng trn mt t theo yu cu m bo cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP trn cc vng ph sng m bo h s phm cht G/T ca h thu i vi tn hiu pht t vng ph sng ni trn. m bo yu cu v tuyn m bo tin cy ca knh truyn trong sut tui th ca v tinh.

B pht p n bp sng l b pht p lm vic vi anten n bp sng v ng thi cng l mng n bp sng.
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Nhim v l thu tn hiu sng mang t tuyn ln, khuch i tp m thp, chuyn i tn s (1 hoc 2 ln), khuch i cng sut a ra anten truyn tuyn xung.
Lc thng di Anten thu
K tp m thp
Trn tn
Dao ng ni (fLO)
Lc thng di
K cng sut Anten pht
T TM
Chuyn
Ti TM
Hnh 4.2 S chc nng b pht p n bp sng B lc thng di (BPF) dng lc gii hn bng thng u vo B pht p thc cht l b lp chuyn i t tn s sng mang v tuyn RF t tuyn ln sang tn s v tuyn RF tuyn xung. B khuch i cng sut cao (HPA) thng s dng b khuch i n sng chy (TWT) c nhim v khuch i cng sut tn hiu truyn tuyn xung
Cc b pht p c chc nng chnh l nhn tn hiu thu c, khuych i ln, i tn v truyn xung mt t qua Anten pht S khi ca b pht p nh sau:
Hnh 4 3: S khi b php p trn v tinh
Tn hiu nhn c t ng uplink qua b khuych i tp m thp LNA qua b dao ng ni LO, b khuych i AMP, ti b phn knh u vo
(IMUX) sau qua b tin khuych i Driver, ri qua b khuych i cng sut cao HPA, ri qua b phn knh u ra OMUX v pht tr li bng Anten pht xung trm mt t
s dng hiu qu bng tn ngi ta s dng 2 b hp knh v phn

knh u vo v u ra cho cc nhm knh chn l.
B khuych i n sng chy TWTA v khuych i transistor trng SSPA.
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Cc tng u vo ca b pht p lm vic vi ton b bng tn ca h thng v c rng vi trm MHz. Nh vy trong bng tn kh rng c th vi chc sng mang xut hin. iu s gy ra mt s ln tch xuyn iu ch do cc sng mang i qua cc tng c c tuyn ni chung l khng tuyn tnh gim s lng cc tch xuyn iu ch, t gim mc tp m xuyn iu ch cn phi gii hn s lng cc sng mang i cng mt b khuch i. Phng php n gin l phn chia bng tn thnh cc bng tn con khuch i chng theo cc b khuch i ring bit nhau. Hnh 4.4 m t c tuyn khng tuyn tnh, mc tp m xuyn iu ch v s phn chia bng tn thnh cc bng tn con vi cc b khuch i ring hay cn gi l phn knh.
Hnh 4.4 c tnh b khuch i
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S phn knh nh trn c u im sau: - Cho php thc hin khuch i cng sut vi mt s gia tng c gii hn xuyn nhiu iu ch do s sng mang qua mi b khuch i gim - Tng cng tng cng sut pht ca b php p c th chn la cng ngh thch hp cho mi knh Tuy vy, vic chia cc knh song song nh vy cng gy nn mo khi m mt phn nng lng tn hiu ca cc knh ln cn s b nh hng ln nhau

S b phn knh u vo nh sau

T my thu ti
IMUX
Ra knh chn Ra knh l
Knh 1
Knh 3
Knh 5
Hnh 4.5 S phn knh u vo Vi tn hiu li vo qua b tch sng phn cc quay tri phi ta c cc knh chn, l tch bit nhau v tn s, vi cc knh l c cng phn cc quay, cc knh chn c cng phn cc quay khi qua b tch sng phn cc ta s thu c cc tn hiu ph cc khc nhau theo cc ng thu khc nhau. Ly ra knh 1, 3, 5, vi khong cch xa nhau cho vic tch knh d dng.
Hnh 4.6 S ghp knh chn l
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Tn hiu sau khi c tch sng phn cc s c cho qua b lc tch knh u ra, vi b lc c tn s trung tm v rng bng ph hp vi bng tn nh tch knh cn thit li ra.
Hnh 4.7 S phn knh u ra Tn hiu vo cc knh s cho qua b lc cn bng knh sau qua b ghp sng mang phn cc tn s cao, cc knh c ghp theo kiu phn cc xoay tri v xoay phi cho cc knh chn l khc nhau. Sau cui cng cho qua b ghp knh phn cc xoay tri v phi ghp kt hp cc knh chn l a n anten pht phn cc ln v tinh. - Vn d phng cho thit b phn ti trng i vi IMUX v OMUX, cc b lc th t l h hng l rt thp v d phng kh khn. Ch yu trong phn ti trng v phn khuych i vi cng ngh pht trin hin nay ngi ta s dng cc ma trn chuyn mch d phng nh sau: - Chuyn mch d phng 2/3
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Hnh 4.8 S chuyn mch d phng Vi b chuyn mch d phng nh trn th tn hiu li vo knh 1 c th cho qua b khuch i 1a hoc 2a. Vi b chuyn mch d phng nh trn th tn hiu li vo knh 1 c th cho qua b khuch i 2a hoc 3a. Tc khi hot ng ch c 2 trong 3 b khuch i tng ng vi mi knh u vo hot ng cn b cn li dng d phng, khi c b khuch i no hng khng hot ng th b chuyn mch t ng chuyn sang b khuch i d phng hot ng v phn h hng c th c bo dng hoc thay th m vn m bo cht lng ca tuyn

Cc c tnh ca b lc thng di c xc nh nh l mt hm ca tn s bin v tr nhm, cc c tnh v bin v tn s c biu th bi: 1 Bin v dc cc i ca hm truyn trong di thng 2 Tc gim ca bin ti gii hn ca di thng 3 Gi tr cc tiu ca suy gim bn ngoi di thng.
Nhim v ca tng khuch i cng sut u ra l m bo cng sut u ra cho mi knh v chnh cng sut xc nh gi tr ca cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng (EIRP) ca knh. Cng sut danh nh c nh ngha l cng sut bo ho vi sng mang n ca b khuch i. im cng tc ca b khuch i c iu chnh vi cc tn hiu c pht trong knh ng vi mc tp m xuyn iu ch cho php. Vic chn im lm vic tng ng vi khong li u vo IBO hoc li u ra OBO ca ng c tuyn khuch i. Khong li u ra OBO ca ng c tuyn khuch i do s dung ho ca cng sut hu dng u ra v tp m xuyn iu ch - Nu khong li b th c cng sut u ra ln, tp m xuyn iu ch ln - Nu khong li ln th c th hn ch tp xm xuyn iu ch nhng cng sut u ra gim
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c tnh khuch i ca b khuch i cng sut l
- Cng sut ra ch bo ho - Hiu sut: t 40 50% - H s khuch i bo ho: 55dB
- Cng sut ra (t 10W n 50W) - Hiu sut: t 20 35%
- H s khuch i bo ho: 50dB (ph thuc vo s tng khuch i) - T s (C/N)im bo ho: t 10 n 12dB - T s (C/N)im bo ho: t 14 n 18dB

V tinh a bp sng l v tinh c mt s bp sng ph sng cho cc vng dch v khc nhau. pha thu, b php p, tn hiu c th xut hin cc u ra ca mt hoc nhiu anten thu. Cc tn hiu u ra cu b php p cn cung cp cho cc anten pht khc nhau. C 2 m hnh c bn l Phi hp my thu my pht to nn cc mng c lp (v tinh s c mt s b pht p c lp lm vic di tn khc nhau) Cc trm mt t nm trong vng ph sng khc nhau s c kt hp vi nhau trong cng mt mng v tuyn lin lc cn c thit lp gia mt cp trm no phi phi nm trong cc vng khc nhau

Hnh 4.9 V tinh n bp sng, a bp sng Ta thy khi ph sng bng v tinh n bp sng th rng bp sng
3dB = 17.5 0 trong khi s dng v tinh a bp sng th ta c rng bp sng
3dB = 1.75 0
u im ca v tinh a bp sng l: 1. 2. Do rng bp sng hp, tng ch ca anten ln nn s c t s (C/N0) v EIRP ln, do c th gim c cng sut pht ca v tinh. C th s dng li tn s vi cc vng ph sng hp.
Nh trong chng 2 ta c:
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(C/N0)u = EIRPES(1/Lu)(GR/T)SL(1/k)
Hz
Gi thit tp m u vo my thu v tinh l TSL = 800K = 29dBK v c lp vi vng ph sng, cho rng tn hao tuyn ln l Lu = 200dB v b qua cc tn hao khc. Nh vy biu thc trn ta c th vit li l (C/N0)u = EIRPES + GR_SL 0.4 dB (Hz) Trong GR_SL l tng ch anten thu v tinh Vi vng ph n bp sng 3dB = 17.5 0 , khi ta c GR_SL = 29000/( 2 3dB ) = 20dB Vi vng ph bp sng hp ca anten v tinh a bp sng 3dB = 1.75 0 , khi ta c GR_SL = 29000/( 2 3dB ) = 40dB Biu thc (C/N0)D i vi tuyn xung l (C/N0)D = EIRPSL(1/LD)(G/T)ES(1/k) Hz Gi s cng sut pht sng mang trn v tinh l PT = 10W = 10dB, cho rng tn hao tuyn xung l LD = 200dB v b qua cc tn hao khc. Nh vy biu thc trn ta c th vit li l (C/N0)D = GT_SL + (G/T)ES + 38.6 dB (Hz) Vi vng ph n bp sng 3dB = 17.5 0 , khi ta c GT_SL = 29000/( 2 3dB ) = 20dB Vi vng ph bp sng hp ca anten v tinh a bp sng 3dB = 1.75 0 , khi ta c GT_SL = 29000/( 2 3dB ) = 40dB Vic s dng li tn s y l s dng cng bng tn tng dng lng ca mng m khng phi tng rng bng tn, v d s dng li tn s trong cng mt bp sng bng gii php s dng phn cc trc giao. Trong trng hp v tinh a bp sng th do cc bp sng l cch nhau.. Nhc im ca v tinh a bp sng - S can nhiu gia cc bp sng khi s dng cng tn s. vng chng ln gia cc bp sng gy nhiu ng knh CCI

Vic xem xt anten v tinh c lin quan n vng ph sng. Chi tit v anten xem phn anten trm mt t (chng 3). Cc chc nng chnh ca anten v tinh l:
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1. Thu cc sng v tuyn c pht t trm mt t t trong mt vng c th theo bng tn v phn cc xc nh. 2. Loi tr cc tn hiu khng mong mun trong trng hp c th (v d t khc vng khc, khng thch ng vi phn cc hoc c tnh ca anten) 3. Pht cc sng v tuyn n mt vng ph sng c th trn b mt qu t theo bng tn v phn cc xc nh. D tr tuyn (link budget) gia v tinh v mt t ph thuc vo gi tr ca cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng (EIRP). ng vi mt cng sut pht PT th gi tr EIRP tng theo tng ch ( li) GT ca anten pht. Tng t nh vy, vi tuyn ln mt gi tr cao ca t s (h s phm cht) G/T i vi v tinh th yu cu phi c mt gi tr v li GR ca anten thu ln. Gi tr li ca anten ln khi s dng anten c hng tnh cao. Hng tnh anten ph thuc vo yu cu dch v - tc vng ph sng tng th ca mt t, vng hoc m ph sng ca anten. Anten c hng tnh cao kt hp vi vic t chc bp sng theo vng a l c ph sng cho php vic phn b khng gian s dng li tn s, s dng ph tn trong bng tn hiu qu hn. Vic s dng li tn s yu cu phi gim ti a cc mi ph ca th phng hng ca anten trnh can nhiu. Hnh 4.10 m t gii hn tng ch tham chiu theo khuyn ngh ca CCIR v th phng hng ca anten. Trong hnh 4.10 tng ng vi phn ca bp sng chnh ngoi ca vng ph sng, s thay i tng tch c biu th bi: G()=Gmax-3(/0)2 Trong 0 = 3dB / 2 Vng B xem nh l s tch bit rng cho php cc v tinh hot ng trn cng v tr qu o cung cp cho vng ph sng. tch bit ti thiu khong t -20 n -30 dB. Vng C l kt hp cc mi xa. tng ch trong vng D l G0 = 0dB. Vic s dng li tn s c th dng phn cc trc giao v trong trng hp ny cn c s cch bit phn cc ln trnh can nhiu ln nhau. (dB) (4 - 1)
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Hnh 4.10 M t cc gii hn tham chiu v th phng hng anten dch v c nh. (CCIR-R558-4) Tm li cc c tnh ca anten v tinh l : 1. m bo bp sng ph hp vi vng ph sng; 2. th phng hng ca anten c cc bp sng ph nh; 3. Gia cc phn cc trc giao c cch bit ln; 4. nh v bp sng chnh xc. Vng ph sng v rng bp sng c quan h cht ch vi cao ca v tinh v cc th tc n nh ca qu o. Cc bp sng hp v cc c tnh nh v nghim khc c th phi s dng mt h thng nh v anten tch cc.
EIRP cho tuyn xung G/T cho tuyn ln Thit k bp sng ph hp theo yu cu ph sng Mu bc x Anten c bp sng bn gim thiu cch bit cao gia cc phn cc trc giao nh hng bp sng chnh xc
Thng thng vi v tinh n nh dng Anten ng hng vi Anten sng cho bp sng ton tu v Anten phn x cho bp sng im.
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Mt trong nhng s mnh ca thng tin v tinh l xc nh hiu nng ph sng ca mt vng a l theo cc yu cu ti thiu v tn s v tuyn, c th l cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP hoc mt thng lng trn mt t, t s G/T hoc mt thng lng ti v tinh. Hiu nng dn c thc hin cc v tinh v c c trng bi cc ta a l ca chng. Cc v tr l cc im tham chiu vng ph sng. C mt s khi nim v vng ph sng : 1. Vng ph sng a l: l mt ng bao dch chuyn r rng ca vng ph sng a l t v tr danh nh ca v tinh. 2. Vng ph sng hnh hc: l mt ng bao dch chuyn r rng ca vng ph sng a l do cc hiu ng chuyn ng ca v tinh. 3. th vng ph sng v tuyn: l ng bao c trng cho mt gi tr ca hiu nng cng sut tn s v tuyn. Vng ph sng v tuyn ca v tinh l vng a l trn mt t m trong vng cc trm mt t c th thu c cc sng v tuyn pht xung t v tinh. Vng ph sng ph thuc vo bp sng pht ca anten v tinh v cng trng bc x ca cng sut pht,c trng bi cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP ti cc im thu trn mt t. T l thuyt anten bit rng,bp sng ca anten c th c nhiu dng khc nhau;c th bp sng trn,elip hoc hnh dng bt k ph thuc vo cu trc anten(theo thit k nhm phc v yu cu ph sng) hoc bp sng nhy. Bp sng trn l bp sng c mt ct ngang ca bp sng chnh dng trn . rng ca bp sng, k hiu l -3dB, l gc m nm gia hai phng ca cng sut (3dB) so vi phng ca trc chnh(0 dB). H s tng ch trn trc chnh (Gmax) ca anten (c mt phn x parabol) c tnh theo cng thc sau: Gmax = (D/)2 Hoc Gmax=48360/23dB (4 - 2b) Trong l hiu sut ca anten v -3dB c tnh theo n v (0). rng ca bp chnh, tnh mc -3dB c th tnh theo cng thc sau: 3dB = k(/D) = 70/D = 70(c/fD) (4 - 3) (4 - 2a)
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Trong k l mt h s c trng cho quan h ph thuc gia rng bp sng 3dB vi t s /D; l bc sng (=c/f) v D l ng knh ming anten (parabol). Gi tr ca k c th thay i trong khong t 57 n 80, ph thuc vo cu trc, chiu x v phn x ca anten; y ly gi tr trung bnh thc nghim l 70. Cc bin i v tng ch (theo t s /D) ca hng chnh bp sng (0 dB) v hng na cng sut (-3dB) l khng hon ton tuyn tnh vi nhau. Mt bp sng hp c dng elip c th cung cp mt cch linh hot mm do thch hp vi vng ph sng. Bp sng c c trng bi hai rng gc A v B tng ng vi trc ln v trc b ca elip v hng ca elip so vi khung tham chiu Gi thit rng, rng gc 3dB ca bp sng tng ng vi cc gc A v B, tng ch theo hng trc chnh ca bp sng (Gmax) s l: Gmax = 48360/AB (4 - 4) Trong l hiu sut ca anten v A v B c tnh theo n v (0) Cc gc A v B c quan h vi ng knh D ca anten theo biu thc = 70(/D) nh nu cc mc trc. Qu trnh tnh ton c tng ch cc i bin vng ph sng ca anten cng ging nh vi bp sng trn. Trong thc t, vng ph sng dch v thng c hnh dng bt k, khng phi trn cng khng phi elip. Vic ph sng ra ngoi vng dch v yu cu va lng ph cng sut va gy can nhiu cho cc vng dch v khc. C mt gii php l o gt bp sng sao cho th bc x ca anten ph hp vi vng ph sng yu cu. Trong k thut dng bp sng ny c gi l bp sng c o gt. (shaped beam) V nguyn l, c hai phng php thc hin vic o gt bp sng theo a hnh vng ph sng mong mun, l: 1. Thay i s phn b cng sut trong mt bp sng c to ra bi mt ngun n. Vic o gt bp sng c thc hin bng cch thay i hnh dng c kh ca gng phn x (xem l thuyt anten). K thut ny, mt khi anten c thit k sn xut v c lp t trn v tinh l bt di bt dch, khng th thay i c hnh dng bp sng.
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Hnh 4.11 M t v d cc vng ph sng ca v tinh INTELSAT VI. 2. Vic o gt bp sng c th c thc hin bng cch phi hp s bc x ca mt vi bp sng phn t. Cc bp sng c pht bi mt anten c vi phn t c kch thch bi cc tn hiu thch hp (coherent) c phn b pha v bin xc nh. u im ca gii php k thut ny l c kh nng thay i vng ph sng tn s v tuyn ca anten bng cch iu khin s phn b bin v pha ca cc phn t bc x. Kh nng c th c thc hin ngay khi v tinh ang hot ng trn qu o bng h thng iu khin t xa. Nhc im k thut l h thng anten phc tp hn. Vng ph a bp sng. Khng ging nh cc vng ph sng gii thiu cc mc trc s dng mt bp sng (multiple beam coverage) l vng c ph bi nhiu bp sng v chng c th c cc bng tn v phn cc khc nhau. Cc bp sng c th cch bit nhau v cng c th lin k nhau. Vng ph a bp sng cch bit nhau l vng ph sng bao gm nhiu vng a l cch bit nhau. Cc vng c dng hnh hc n gin v c chiu bi cc bp sng trn (mt ct ngang bp sng trn) t anten v tinh. Cc vng c th l thnh ph, th x v gia chng c yu cu cn thit lp cc tuyn lin lc dung lng ln. Cc bp sng c th phn phi cng tn s nu nh cch bit gc gia chng m bo. Trong trng hp s tch bit gc nh, khng m bo th c th s
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dng phn cc trc giao. Hnh 4.12 m t mt vng a l c ph sng theo kiu a bp sng cch bit nhau.
Hnh 4.12 Vng a l c ph sng theo kiu a bp sng tch bit nhau Dch v i vi mt vng ph sng hnh hc xc nh c th s dng gii php nhiu bp sng hp lin k nhau thay v s dng mt bp sng n (hnh 4.13). Bi v bp sng hp cho nn n khng th ph sng ton th vng yu cu dch v, nhng b li mi bp sng tng ng vi tng ch ca anten ln hn. iu thch hp vi cc trm mt t s dng loi anten c ng knh b. Bi v cc bp sng c phn chia lin k nhau c s gi ln nhau cho nn tn s s dng ca chng cn c s khc bit nhau. S phn chia gi tn c th thc hin theo khuyn ngh ca ITU. Dung lng ca mi bp sng trong trng hp ny c th gii hn c bit l khi s bp sng tng nhiu. m bo s kt ni trong h thng, y cn c mt k thut m bo nh tuyn c cc tn hiu cn c s lin lc gia cc bp sng.
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Hnh 4.13 M t cu hnh vng ph a bp sng Li bp sng. Cc khi nim v a bp sng c gii thiu trn c th kt hp vi vic s dng li tn s m rng vng ph sng. Vic s dng li tn s c th l gim rng bng tn cho mi bp sng. Gii php v nguyn l cng ging nh vic phn chia t bo trong thng tin di ng. Hnh 4.14 m t cc bp sng s dng cc tn s khc nhau v vic s dng li tn s.
Hinh 4.14 M t ph sng theo li bp sng: Trong hnh 4.14 cng m t s thay i v khong cch gc gia cc bp sng c s dng li tn s. Khong cch c lin quan n nhiu trong bng tn v s phn chia vic s dng li tn s.

Nguyn l hot ng ca anten trong h thng vin thng ni chung khng c g khc nhau. Ph thuc vo cc yu cu pht v thu sng c th m c s la chn
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thit k thch hp. Di tn cng tc c thng tin v tinh l thuc siu cao, do tt c cc anten sng siu cao v nguyn l c th s dng trong thng tin v tinh. Cc loi anten thng c s dng trn v tinh thng gp l khe bc x (loa), anten c mt phn x, anten thu knh hoc anten dn.
Anten loa l mt loi anten c hng tnh n gin nht. N thng c s dng cho vng ph sng rng. rng bp sng -3dB ca anten l 17.50 tn s cng tc l 4GHz v ng knh khe h l 30cm. Nu c yu cu rng bp sng nh hn th rng khe h loa phi ln hn v vic kch thc ln s kh khn cho vic lp t antan v tinh. Anten loa c c tnh bp sng ph nh. C nhiu loi anten loa c kt cu khc nhau. Chiu di ca loa c th gim bng cch s dng h thng kch thch vi mt anten vi di. Anten loa trn v tinh thch hp nht l dng lm b chiu x (ngun s cp) cho anten c mt phn x.
Anten phn x thng c s dng to cc bp sng vt hoc cc bp sng c phn chia.Anten phn x thng gp nht l anten parabol,gm c m gng phn x parabol c chiu bi mt hoc nhiu phn t bc x t ti tiu im ca parabol
Cp in a bp sng a/ Anten mt a phn x
Cp in a Phn x ph bp sng b/ Anten hai a phn x
Hnh 4.15 Anten phn x parabol Gng phn x parabol c hnh dng paraboloid, c ch to t hai lp si cc-bon trn nha ph ln hai mt li (parabol) nhm c c l nh t ong. K thut
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c kh nng chc bn v c kh v chu nhit tt. Tn hao phn x l kh nh, b hn 0,1dB bng tn Ku. Chi tit v cu trc v th phng hng xem mc 3.2.2 (anten trm mt t). C kh nng thay i phng nh v ca bp sng anten trn qu o bng mt thit b iu khin t xa. Vi anten s dng dn chiu x th vic nh v c th thc hin bng cch thay i pha ca ngun cung cp in cho cc b chiu x. Anten c th c hai gng phn x: Gng phn x chnh (parabol) v gng phn x ph (hyperbol); l la anten Cassegrain hoc anten Gregorian. Anten Cassegrain c u im l chc chn v c kh do b chiu x c t nh parabol v b phn x s cp c gia i xng, tuy vy n c nhc im l bp sng ph ln do bp sng b che chn mt phn bi b phn x s cp v cc gi . Vic s dng mt phn b phn x chnh parabol (tc parabol b ct b i mt phn) s trnh c vic b chiu x v gi che chn bp sng cng nh to c bp sng ph hp vi vng ph sng mong mun. Anten cng c th gp li khi phng v tinh.

V nguyn l, anten phn x c mt phn x l trn, v d ming parabol, th mt ct ngang ca bp sng c dng trn. Vic un nn bp sng c th thc hin mt cch n gin bng thay i hnh dng ca b phn x. N cng ging nh trng hp mt b phn x dng elip to ra bp sng c mt ct ngang dng elip. Trong thc t, vic o gt bp sng bng cch thay i hnh dng m (aperture) ca anten gii hn bp sng c mt ct elip. Mt mt phn x c hnh dng qu phc tp s gp nhiu kh khn trong vic phi hp th chiu x tp chung v iu dn n hiu sut chiu x thp, cc bp sng ph gia tng. Cng c th s dng b phn x c m dng trn nhng chiu x nghing th mt ct cng c dng elip.
Bng cch t mt dn chiu x ti tiu im ca anten phn x v dn chiu x c cp in cng mt tn hiu nhng bin v gc pha ca mi b chiu x khc nhau th c th to ra mt bp sng c o gt hoc a bp sng. S phn b v bin v pha c th thc hin bng cc b lm lch pha (phase shifters), cc b ghp (couplers) v cc b chia cng sut (power splitters)
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K thut s dng nhiu b chiu x cng c s dng to ra vng ph sng dng li. Kch c ca dn chiu x cng gia tng theo kch c ca li v trong trng hp ny, cc b chiu x t bin ca dn s cnh xa tiu im mt on no : iu ny dn n vic suy gim th bc x tng ng. Khi m s bp sng yu cu nhiu th vic gim s lng b chiu x c th thc hin bng cch phn chia cc b chiu x theo mt s bp sng: mt s bp sng theo hng xc nh s nhn c mt s phn b thch ng v bin v pha ca mt sng mang t mt s b chiu x.
C th sng bc x phn cc hon ton trc giao bng mt anten phn x c hai b chiu x dng thanh c t vung gc nhau. B chiu x y l cc thanh dn in (dng trn t) t song song nhau (kiu dn trn t th ng dt song song). L thuyt v trng in t bit rng, khi c sng v tuyn chiu vo cc thanh trn t thu ng th ch c thnh phn in trng song song vi thanh c phn x. Dng in c th chy trong thanh nhng thnh phn in trng vung gc khng tn ti.Sng phn x t hai b chiu x dng thanh t vung gc s c c tnh trc giao cao v c th s dng to ra bc x trc giao qua b phn x chnh. Gi l cc thanh nhng vi tn s siu cao, kch thc chng rt b (v d bng tn Ku, thanh c kch thc 0,2m, khong cch gia cc thanh l 1mm) thng c sn sut theo mt cng ngh c bit.
B phn x lng hng (dichroic reflector) hay cn gi l mt lng tnh (dichroic surface) l b phn x ch phn x cc sng v tuyn trong mt bng tn xc nh nhng li trong sut vi cc tn s nm ngoi bng tn . Bng cch s dng hai b phn x (mt b phn x chnh parabol v mt b phn x ph lng hng) v hai b chiu x c hai tn s khc nhau c th t t mt b phn x chnh c th c bc x ca hai sng c tn s khc nhau. Hn na mt trong hai b chiu x c th thc hin bc x sng phn cc trc giao. Cc b chiu x c t trn cc tiu im. Hnh 4.16 m t s nguyn l anten c b phn x lng hng c thit k lm vic vi hai tn s thuc bng tn Ka v Ku (12GHz v 20GHz). Tn s 12GHz s dng sng phn cc trc giao.
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Hnh 4.16 M t cu trc nguyn l anten c s dng b phn x lng hng sc bc x sng c hai tn s khc nhau

Anten thu knh thuc loi anten mt. Nguyn l hot ng ca anten thu lnh tng t nh nguyn l ca thu knh quang hc. Tia sng i qua thu knh s bi khc x. Ty thuc vo thng s v chit sut, cu trc hnh hc ca thu knh m c th bin i cc mt sng s cp u vo thu knh c mt sng v cc tia sng u ra c dng mong mun. Nu anten thu knh l pht v c cc cu to sao cho cc mt bc x l cc mt phng ng pha th sng bc x l cc sng phng. Vi anten thu knh thu th qu trnh bin i ngc li, thu knh s bin i sng phng thnh sng cu hi t ti tiu im (b thu) Mt anten thu knh gm c hai phn chnh: Thu knh v b chiu x. Ty thuc vo loi thu knh m b chiu x c cu trc thch hp. Vic to thnh tia song song mt ra ca thu knh c th do s khc x sng ti mt mt ca thu knh hoc c th ti c hai mt ca thu knh ty thuc vo kt cu c th. C hai loi thu knh c s dng ph bin trong cc anten thu knh, l thu knh chm (gi l thu knh li) v thu knh nhanh (thu knh lm). Cc phng php thu knh c th l:
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1- Dng cht in mi ng nht. Thu knh snar sut theo phng php ny c u im l di thng rng nhng khi lng ln. 2- Dng cc ng dn sng kim loi ghp li (thu kch chia theo bc hoc theo vng)v sp xp sao cho c th bin i cc sng cu n thnh sng phng. Thu knh loi ny nh nhng di thng tng i hp. 3- Dng cc ng dy tr kt ni vi cc phn t bc x. rng di thng loi thu knh ny tng i ln v trng lng trung bnh (gia thu knh ng dn sng v thu knh in mi). Ni chung, anten thu knh c khi lng ln v ng dng dnh ring cho v tinh qun s do dung lng i vi cu hnh ng c th to c th bc x cu anten c tng ch bng khng ti mt vng mong mun c th no . V d v tinh DSCS ca M c mt anten thu vi 61 bp sng 20 v hai anten pht, mi anten c 19 bp sng. Anten thu knh c u im so vi anten phn x i xng l dn chiu x c t pha sau mt bc x (radiating aperture) do khc phc c hin tng che bp sng (blocking the beam).
Anten dn s dng mt s ln cc phn t bc x t phn bit trn mt din tch to ra mt bc x (hnh 4.17). th bc x c to ra l do s hn hp v bin v pha ca cc sng bc x t cc phn t ca dn (nguyn l ca dn anten). V nguyn l hot ng ca dn cng tng t nh mt dn chiu x t tiu im ca anten phn x. Khc nhau y l s phn t bc x v din tch b mt: Cc yu t c xc nh bi yu cu v tng ch v rng ca bp sng ca anten theo hng bc x ca dn. Cc phn t chiu x c th l anten dng loa, dipol, hc cng hng, cc phn t mch in v.v.. Hiu sut ca anten l hm ca chiu sng (c gi tr t 0,8 n 1) v c xc nh bi trng s bin bin ca dn v tn hao trong cc b chia cng sut, cc b lm lch pha. Bng vic cp in c bin v pha theo cc gi tr xc nh c th cho cc phn t xc nh c th c cc phn t bc x c th to c mt bp sng o gt v din tch vng ph sng theo mong mun. Vic iu khin ng c thc hin cc b chia cng sut v cc b lm lch pha. Khong cch gia cc phn t bc x ca anten dn l khong 0.6. th bc x ca anten c chnh sa bng cch thay i bin v gc pha ca ngun
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cp in cho cc phn t bc x qua mt b chia cng sut v dch pha c th iu khin c. V d, nu cp in cho cc phn t bc x l ng pha v ng bin th bp sng nhn c ging nh bp sng c to ra bi anten phn x vi chiu ng nht: tng ch cc i t l vi t s (D/)2 v rng bp sng 3dB l khong /D radian (khong 60/D ). Bng cch gim bin trn vng bin ca mt bc x c th lm gim mi ph v tng rng bp sng Bng cch cp in cho cc phn t bc x c s thay i pha mt cch tuyn tnh t phn t ny sang phn t khc, c th lm thay i hng bp sng.
Hnh 4.17 Dn anten pha
Anten tch cc l loi anten m vic cp in cho cc phn t bc x c thc hin trc tip bi mt modun khuch i c u ni trc tip vi mt phn t bc x n hoc mt nhm cc phn t bc x. Trong trng hp anten thc hin chc nng c pht v thu sng th modun tch cc bao gm c b khuch i tp m thp v b khuch i cng sut ra. Chng
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c tch bit nhau bi b nh hng vng (circulartor). V nguyn l, mt anten thch hp gm mt dn bc x trc tip. C th phi hp anten tch cc vi mt hoc hai mt phn x. V d mt phn x parabol. Vic la chn s dng anten dn bc x trc tip hoc dn c cc mt phn x ph thuc vo hnh dng v s bp sng yu cu cng nh cng ngh v cng sut s dng. Cc phn t c s dng o gt bp sng (nh cc b suy gim cng sut v cc b lm lch pha) u l cc b phn ca cc m-un tch cc. Chng c t ngc vi cc b khuch i cng sut v thun dng vi cc b khuch i tp m thp. Vic o gt bp sng c th thc hin hoc ti tn s cng tc ca anten hoc ti tn s trung gian. u nhc im ca cc anten tch cc s dng cc b khuch i cng sut nh dng cht bn dn l c tuyn tnh, tin cy ln c th kt ni song song mt s ln cc phn t ng nht. Anten tch cc cng cho php c c cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng (EIRP) ln, thch hp ng dng trong thng tin v tinh qung b trc tip hoc thng tin di ng v tinh. Vi mt anten cho (c xc nh bi vng ph sng) th gii hn ca cng sut bc x ph thuc vo cc gii hn v k thut ca cng sut ca b khuch i n cho mi knh (cng sut c gi tr khong 250W) nu dng anten sng chy khuch i tng cui. Cng sut bc x ca anten tch cc cn ph thuc vo cng sut ca mdun tch cc c s phn t bc x s dng. Nhc im ca anten tch cc ch yu xut hin trong phn kt ni v tn hao trong cc mdun (tn hao Ohm).
Gm 6 h thng con nh sau: H thng iu khin trng thi bay ca v tinh c chc nng duy tr v tr v hng ca v tinh trn qu o sao cho Anten hng trc tip vo vng c phc v Yu cu v n nh t th l 0.10 hng Bc - Nam v 0.05 0 hng ng Ty. H thng gim st o xa v iu khin (TT&C): h thng ny c chc nng chnh nh sau: Cung cp nhng thng tin d liu kim tra iu khin cc h thng con trn v tinh cho trung tm iu khin mt t
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Nhn lnh t trung tm iu khin mt t thc hin iu khin trng thi, v tr ca v tinh v nhng cng vic phc v cho thng tin Gip trm mt t theo di tnh trng thit b H thng ngun in: Cung cp ngun in 1 chiu cho cc thit b H thng iu khin nhit: Nhm duy tr mc t0 khc nhau cho cc h thng con khc nhau trong gii hn t0 cho php H thng y: to ra nhng lc y a v tinh ln qu o v duy tr v tr v tinh trn qu o
H thng khung: Cung cp nhng chng c hc i vi ton b cu trc v tinh.

V tinh c trang b cc b pht p ti sinh c gi l v tinh ti sinh B pht p ti sinh khc b pht p truyn thng l b pht p ti sinh c b gii iu ch v gii iu ch li m cc b pht p truyn thng khng c. Tc l tn hiu bng c s c iu ch vi sng mang tuyn ln c thu qua b khuch i tp m thp, gii iu ch thnh tn hiu bng c s sau iu ch li thnh tn hiu bng c s, sau iu ch li vi sng mang tuyn xung v khuch i cng sut truyn tuyn xung Tn hiu bng c s sau gii iu ch c th c x l (lu tr, m ho) tu thuc vo yu cu x l tn hiu ca h thng.
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Hnh 4.18 M hnh b pht p tnh sinh v truyn thng

Knh xem xt y l knh truyn tin s. Gi thit rng xc sut li bit y l tnh u ra b gii iu ch, ph thuc vo dng iu ch s v ph hp vi l thuyt phn tch iu ch s. Ch xt nh hng ca tuyn lin lc
Hnh 4.19 So snh tuyn lin lc vi b pht p ti sinh v khng ti sinh - i vi tuyn lin lc s dng b pht p truyn thng (hnh 4.19) th hiu nng ca tuyn c c trng bi xc sut li ti u ra ca b gii iu ch ca trm mt t. Xc sut li bit l hm ca t s (E/N0) ca ton tuyn. (E/N0)T = (C/N0)T/Rc
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Trong (E/N0)T v (C/N0)T l t s nng lng bit trn nng lng tp m v t s mt cng sut sng mang trn mtt cng sut tp m ca ton tuyn. Rc l tc d liu sng mang. (C/N0)T ton tuyn l bao gm (C/N0)U ca tuyn ln (C/N0)D ca tuyn xung. Ta c (C/N0)T-1 = (C/N0)U-1 +(C/N0)D-1 Bi v (E/N0)U = (C/N0)U/Rc v (E/N0)D = (C/N0)D/Rc cho nn ta c (E/N0)T-1 = (E/N0)U-1 +(E/N0)D-1 - i vi tuyn lin lc s dng b pht p ti sinh th xc sut li bit c biu th bi xc sut li tuyn ln BERU v xc sut khng li tuyn xung (1BERU) hoc vi xc sut khng li tuyn ln (1- BERD) v xc sut li tuyn xung BERD. ta c: BER = BERU(1 BERU) + (1 BERD)BERD Cho rng BERU v BERD kh nh so vi 1 ta c BER = BERU + BERD Trong BERU l hm ca (E/N0)U v BERD l hm ca (E/N0)D T ta c xc sut li bit yu cu l khng i vi mi tuyn.
Hnh 4.20 So snh tuyn trm mt t - Trm mt t vi BER = 10-4, knh tuyn tnh vi b pht p ti sinh v khng ti sinh + Vi v tinh khng ti sinh, gi tr ca (E/N0)T c xc nh bi xc sut li c trng cho tuyn, ta thu c ng cong A
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+ i vi tuyn v tinh ti sinh bng cch tnh ton BERU v BERD theo biu thc trn vi t l li bit BER = 10-4, ta thu c ng cong B v C
Knh khng tuyn tnh, khng c can nhiu l gn ng vi h thng thc, khng tuyn tnh v c bng tn gii hn. S khng tuyn tnh y l c trm mt t v b pht p bao gm cc b lc. i vi cc b pht p ti sinh th c s cch bit gia tuyn ln v tuyn xung do y ch c mt pha khng tuyn tnh v cc b lc. Hnh 4.21, m t trng hp (E/N0)U ln hn nhiu so vi (E/N0)D ta thy vi b pht p ti sinh c th cho php E/N0 gim t 2 5dB so vi b pht p truyn thng m thu c cng mt li BER
T l li bit (BER) 10-2 QPSK B pht p ti sinh HPA: TWTA, IBO = 2.0 dB B pht p khng ti sinh HPA: IBO = 3.0dB = 7dB = 12dB
10-3
10-4
10-5 B pht p khng ti sinh B pht p ti sinh 10

-6
10-7
10-8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
dB E/N0
Hnh 4.21 Xc sut li bit vi = (E/N0)U/(E/N0)D p dng cho tuyn s dng b pht p ti sinh v khng ti sinh
i vi b pht p khng ti sinh th gi tr (C/N0)T ca ton tuyn ph thuc vo (C/N0)T khng nhiu v gi tr (C/N0)T c nhiu c tuyn ln v tuyn xung. (C/N0)T-1 = (C/N0)-1T khng nhiu + (C/N0)-1D Trong (C/N0)-1T khng nhiu = (C/N0)U-1 + (C/N0)-1D
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(C/N0)i-1 = (C/N0)-1i u + (C/N0)-1i-D Thay th (E/N0)T-1 = (E/N0)-1T khng nhiu + (E/N0)i-1 Mi quan h trn c biu th trn hnh 4.22 - i vi b pht p ti sinh th ng cong di hnh 4 22, m t quan h gia (E/N0)T khng nhiu v (E/N0)i. vi gi tr c lng BER = 10-4 th (E/N0)i nh hn so vi tuyn c s dng b pht p ti sinh.
dB (E/N0) T
18
17 16 15 B pht p khng ti sinh (E/N0) T = 11dB
14
13 12 11 10 dB 12 13 14 15 16 17 (E/N0) T khng nhiu 18 B pht p khng ti sinh (E/N0) T = 9dB
Hnh 4.22 So snh mc nhiu cho php ca tuyn s dng v tinh ti sinh v khng ti sinh

Do b pht p ti sinh c gii iu ch sng mang tuyn ln thnh tn hiu bng c s cho nn cc tn hiu bng c s y c th c x l theo mong mun. vic x l c th l m ho, chuyn mch, chuyn i tc bit, qut bp sng.

Trong thng tin v tinh, vi b pht p ti sinh c th thc hin vic m ho knh pht hin v sa li c tuyn ln v tuyn xung. Vi b m ho knh tuyn xung th b m ho c t trong b pht p v tinh ti sinh v c kch hot bi mt b iu khin t xa. Trong trng hp ny tuyn s gim c li bit. Nhng ngc li l cn phi tng tc truyn dn ca tuyn v tng tc tuyn
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dn t l nghch vi t l m ho. iu ny hm tuyn b gii hn bi cng sut ch khng b gii hn bi bng tn. Nu tuyn xung b gii hn bng tn th tc truyn phi gi nguyn. Nh vy tc truyn tin c tuyn ln v tuyn xung s b gim. Vic gim thng lng s tnh trong d phng (C/N0)D ca tuyn xung tng ng vi li m ho Cho rng (C/N0)1 v (C/N0)2 l cc gi tr trong trng hp khng m ho knh v c m ho knh, ta c: (C/N0)1 = (Eb/N0)1 Rb1 Rb1 l tc thng tin bng vi tc iu ch sng mang Rc (C/N0)2 = (Eb/N0)2 Rb2 Trong Rb2 = RC ( l t l m ho) d tr ni trn c tnh theo cng thc sau: D tr = (C/N0)D = (C/N0)1 - (C/N0)2 = [(Eb/N0)1 - (Eb/N0)2] 10lg = li m ho + li gim tc truyn V d m ho s dng m knh tc l 1/3 v li gii m l 3dB, rng di tn khng i. Gi tr d tr liu cu (C/N0)D phi l 10dB

b pht p ti sinh th u ra ca b gii iu ch sng mang tuyn ln l cc tn hiu s bng c s. iu cho php thc hin chuyn mch gia anten thu v pht ngay ti bng c s. Mt loi chuyn mch bng c s ang c s dng hin nay l chuyn mch thi gian khng gian - thi gian (TST) c cu trc nguyn l nh sau 1 - B nh (T) cho php lu tr cc s nh phn ca tuyn ln (sau gii iu ch) theo chu k xc nh 2 - Mt ma trn kt ni S 3 - B nh T cho php lu tr cc s trc khi truyn di dng ghp knh vi cc thng tin c tp hp b trm mt t thu Nh vy, chui cc trng thi chun mch camt ma trn chuyn mch tn s v tuyn c thay th bi b nhi v km theo l vic ghp cc s nh phn wocj nh trc khi truyn n cc tuyn xung khc nhau.
143
Cu trc chuyn mch TST ni trn cng rt thun tin cho cc chuyn mch knh thoi. Cc cu trc mi TST hin nay thuc dng tch hp dch v, c cu trc trn c s nguyn l chuyn mch gi v phng thc truyn khng ng b ATM

Vi Cc b pht p truyn thng th vic thay i tc tuyn ln v tuyn xung l khng th thc hin c. Nh vy cc trm mt t ch c th ki ni vi cc sng mang c cng dung lng. V d, vic kt ni gia cc trm mt t ca mt amngj chu lc lu lng ln vi cc trm mt t nh (VSAT) ca mt mng ring no qua v tinh th phi qua hai bc nh hnh 4.23. Ngc li, vi b pht p ti sinh c b gii iu ch th cc bit nh phn ca lu lng gia cc mng khc nhau thu c t cc sng mang c tc khc nhau s c chuyn mch ti bng c s v c phi hp trc khi truyn trn cc tuyn xung khc nhau ph hp vi a ch ch ca chng v khng ph thuc vo dung lng ca sng mang. Trong hnh 4.23 m t mt v d thc hin kiu chuyn mch . Trong cc b pht p, trnh tng lng lng v tiu hao cng sut, thng cc sng mang tc cao, lu lng ln gi n cc sng mang tc thp mi c nh tuyn n b gii iu ch tc cao. Cc sng mang khc thng c chuyn mch tn s v tuyn (hot ng khng ti sinh)
144
Hnh 4.23 Kt ni gia 2 trm mt t s dng b pht p ti sinh v khng ti sinh

Trong k thut to cc bp sng anten theo thi gian thc linh ng ang c ng dng rng ri trong cc h thng v tinh thay th cho cc v tinh a bp sng bng cch s dng cc v tinh bp sng n voi mt bp sng qut thi gian thc cc vng dch v nh m t hnh 4.24. Tp cc vng c dng li ph sng mt cch tun t to thnh vng ph sng ca h thng. Khi m bp sng ngng mt vng ph no th cc thng tin ch i vi cc trm mt t trong vng c trch t b nh ca b pht p v c truyn qua b ghp knh. ng thi cc trm mt t cng truyn cc thng tin n cc trm mt t khc qua v tinh. Cc thng tin d liu cng c nh b pht p v tinh cho n khi bp sng qut n bp sng a ch nhn th s c truyn theo tuyn xung. u im ca k thut qut bp sng ny l khng c nhng bp sng c nh ng nht cho nn khng c can nhiu ng knh CCI.
Hnh 4.24 M t v tinh qut bp sng
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So vi cc h thng v tinh trong sut th h thng v tinh ti sinh cho php gim c gi thnh cc trm mt t do gim c yu cu v cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP ca cc trm v t s G/T ca cc trm. i vi tuyn ln thng tnh ton hiu nng theo tham s C/N0 ca ton tuyn v n c xc nh bi C/N0 ca tuyn xung m C/N0 ca tuyn xung b gii hn bi cng sut pht ca b pht p v tinh. i vi b pht p khng ti sinh th t s C/N0 ca ton tuyn c tnh theo biu thc trn v trong trng hp ny cn mt gi tr = ( E / N 0 )U /( E / N 0 ) D = (C / N 0 )U /(C / N 0 ) D khong 10dB. i vi b pht p ti sinh, theo tnh ton xc xut li bit ph thuc vo dng iu ch th gi tr ln hn khong 2dB. Do vic gim t s dn ti vic gim cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP ca trm mt t tc l gim gi thnh trm mt t Cn mt yu t khc c th gim yu cu v EIRP l c s d tr cc s nh phn trong thit b chuyn mch bng c s ca b pht p ti sinh cho nn cc trm mt t ca mt vng no c th lin tc pht trn cc tn s khc nhau theo FDMA nh hnh 4.25. So vi phng php TDMA th vic lin tc pht tn s khc nhanh , tc truyn ca trm mt t s km hn, c th c biu th nh sau: Vi TDMA: (C/N0)U = (E/N0)RTDMA Vi FDMA: (C/N0)U = (E/N0)RFDMA Trong RFDMA = RTDMA(TB/TF); TB l khong thi gian truyn burst trong TDMA v TF l khong thi gian khung. Gi tr TB/TF <1 do (C/N0) ca FDMA yu cu nh hn so vi TDMA i vi tuyn xung. Hnh 4.25. B khuch i ca b pht p s pht mt sng mang n c iu ch bng ghp knh cc s nh phn c a ch bi cc trm mt t theo bp sng tng ng. So vi h thng FDMA thng sut v tinh khng ti sinh, b pht p lm vic ch bo ho. Tuyn xung c li l t EIRP cc i ca v tinh v t s G/T ca cc trm mt t c th c gim, so vi h thng TDMA th cc burst thu c t mt sng mang n khi u t b to sng v tinh thay th cho vic pht bi cc trm mt t khc nhau vi cc b to sng c lp vi nhau.
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Hnh 4.25 Mng v tinh ti sinh vi cc trm mt t truy cp theo phng thc TDMA v FDMA
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Cc b khuch i cng sut cao (HPA: High Power Amplifier) cc my pht trm mt t (chng 3) dng n in t klyston hoc n sng chy TWT v cc b khuch i cng sut cao cc my pht ca b pht p v tinh l cc thit b c c tuyn khng tuyn tnh; h s khuch i cng sut ca chng ph thuc vo mc tn hiu u vo. Hnh 5.1 m t ng c tuyn biu th cng sut u vo/u ra in hnh ca b pht p HPA .
Mc gim cng sut u ra
im cc i 2dB
Vng khng tuyn tnh
-0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11
2dB
4dB
Vng tuyn tnh
2dB
-12
-11
-10 -9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
Mc li cng sut u vo (dB)
Hnh 5.1 ng c tuyn biu th cng sut u vo/u ra ca b khuch i cng sut cao HPA T hnh 5.1 thy rng, ti vng ng cong gn im bo ho, cng sut vo gim 4 dB th cng sut ra ch gim 1 dB. Hin tng c ti liu gi l nn cng sut (power compression). Nh phn tch trong chng 3, gim ti a hin tng nhiu xuyn iu ch gia cc tn hiu sng mang do s khng tuyn tnh ca ng c tuyn ca b khuch i PHA, th cn phi gim cng sut u vo
148
khong vi dB. Khong li (so vi im bo ho) ca cng sut vo v ra tng ng c k hiu l IBO (Input Back - Off) v OBO (Output Back - Off). Nh vy, b khuch i HPA s lm vic trong vng c tuyn tng i tuyn tnh hn, trnh c nhiu xuyn iu ch. Mc cng sut u ra b ko li t cc mc d kin ban u tng ng nh mt s mt cng sut v trong mt s ti liu gi l tn hao cng sut li, k hiu l Lbo (Back-off loss).
i vi b khuch i cng sut, mun c cng sut ra ln th b khuch i phi lm vic gn vng bo ho trong iu kin c th. Cng sut u ra bo ho c thit k ca b khuch i cng sut, k hiu n gin l Pt , i vi mt trm mt t trong h thng thng tin v tinh thng ln hn nhiu so vi cng sut ra ca cc trm viba mt t. Trong tnh ton cc h thng thng tin v tinh, cng sut pht Pt thng c tnh theo n v dBW. Nu khng tnh n tn hao ca anten v phi th cng sut ra Pt chnh bng cng sut bc x ca anten pht. Trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh hin i, truyn tin s thng s dng k thut iu ch kho dch pha (PSK: Phase Shift Key) hoc iu ch bin cu phng (QAM) nhiu mc; thnh thong mt s h thng s dng iu ch FM (iu tn). Vi iu ch PSK hoc QAM th tn hiu bng tn c s u vo ni chung l dng PCM c m ho v ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM). Mt khc vi iu ch PSK v QAM th mt vi bit c th c m ho trong mt phn t pht n. Nh vy, mt thng s quan trng i vi cng sut sng mang s mang nng lng cho mt bit, k hiu l Eb, V ton hc, Eb c th biu th bi biu thc: Eb = P T.Tb Trong : Eb l nng lng ca mt bit n (J/bit); PT l cng sut ra ca khuch i pht (W hoc J/s); Tb l thi gian tn ti ca mt bit n (s); Tb = 1/fb trong fb l tc bit (bit/s) T c th vit: (5.1)
P f
T b
J /s ; = J / bit bit / s
(5.2)
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V d 5.1 Cho cng sut pht ca mt trm mt t PT = 1000W. Hy xc nh nng lng bit Eb ng vi tc truyn l 50Mbit/s. Gii:
Tb =
fb
50.10
bit / s
= 0,02.10 s
Thay t vo (5.1) c: Eb = 1000J/s.(0,02.10-6s) = 20 J C th biu th theo n v dB: Eb = 10lg(20.10-6) = -47 dBJ PT = 10lg1000 = 30 dBW Eb = Pt -10lg fb = Pt - 10lg(50.106) = 30dBW - 77dB = -47 dBW/bit/s hoc
= -47 dBJ
Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng, k hiu l EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) c biu th bi: EIRP = PT . GT Trong : PT l cng sut pht (W); GT l tng ch ca anten pht (khng th nguyn) Lu rng, trong mt s ti liu k thut s dng khi nim cng sut hiu dng tng ng, cng k hiu l EIRP v c biu th bi: EIRP = Pvo Anten .GT Trong : Pvo Anten l cng sut ca b khuch i HPA c kh nng a n u vo ca anten (W); GT l tng ch anten pht.
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Trong thng hp c tnh ton n khong li cng sut th cng sut u vo anten (Pvo Anten) l bng cng sut bo ho ca b khuch i cng sut HPA tr i khong li cng sut u ra (OBO) v tn hao anten - phi (nu c). V d 5.2. Mt my pht trm mt t c kh nng khuch i a ra cng sut PHPA = 10kW (40 dBW); tn hao anten - phi LFTX = 3 dB; khong li cng sut cn thit LOBO = 3 dB; tng ch anten pht l GT = 40 dB. Hy xc nh cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP. Gii: EIRP = PHPA - LFTX - LOBO + GT = 40 dBW - 3 dB - 3 dB + 40 dB = 74 dBW
Trong cc h thng viba mt t th tp m trong mt my thu hoc trong mt thnh phn no trong my thu u c c trng chung bi thng s nhit tp m. Trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh nhiu khi cn phi phn bit mc tp m vi mt gia s rt nh, c th l mt phn mi hoc mt phn trm dB. C s phn bit nh vy, l cho s tnh ton c chnh xc. Do vy, y s dng khi nim nhit mi trng (T) v nhit tp m tng ng (Te) nh gi hiu nng mt h thng thng tin v tinh. Bit rng, cng sut tp m c th biu th bi biu thc: N = kTB Hoc Trong : N l cng sut tp m ton b (W); k l hng s Boltzman (J/oK); B l rng di tn (Hz); T0 l nhit ca mi trng (oK). Nhit tp m tng ng (T) c quan h vi nhit tp m T0 theo biu thc: T = N/kB (5.4a) (5.4b)
=1+
T T
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Hoc Trong :
T = T0 (F - 1)
T l nhit tp m tng ng (oK); F l h s tp m (khng th nguyn); T0 l nhit ca mi trng (oK). Nhit tp m tng ng ca ca cc my thu trong cc b pht p v tinh thng c gi tr khong 1000 K. i vi cc my thu ca cc trm mt t th gi tr nhit tp m tng ng c gi tr trong khong t 20 K n 1000 K. y cn lu rng, nhit tp m tng ng l mt gi tr c tnh cht gi thit a vo phc v tnh ton ch khng phi gi tr c o lng. Nhit tp m tng ng c s dng khi cn biu th mt cch chnh xc hiu nng ca mt my thu hoc mt thit b trong h thng thng tin v tinh. Trong cc tnh ton, nhit tp m tng ng thng c biu th theo n v dBK: T(DBK) = 10lgT V d, nu nhit tp m tng ng l 100K th T(dBK) = 10lg100 = 20 dBK. Bng 5.1. So snh cc n v tp m v tham s tp m
H s tp m F (khng th nguyn) 1,2 1,3 1,4 2,5 10,0 H s tp m NF (dB) 0,79 1,14 1,46 4,0 10,0 Nhit tng ng T (oK) 60 90 120 450 2700 dBK 17,78 19,54 20,79 26,53 34,31
V d 5.3: Hy chuyn i cc h s tp m c gi tr l 4 dB v 4,1 dB sang nhit tp m tng ng T. Cho nhit mi trng T0 = 300K Gii: NF1 = 4 dB F1 = 2,512 NF2 = 4,1 dB F2 = 2,57
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p dng biu thc (5.5b) T1 = T0 (F1 - 1) = 300 (2,512 - 1) T2 = T 0(F2 - 1) = 300 (2,57 - 1) = 453,6 K = 471 K
T v d trn nhn thy rng, s khc nhau v h s tp m l 0,1 dB th nhit tp m tng ng T c s khc nhau l 17,4oK. Cng do vy vic s dng khi nim nhit tp m tng ng cho php so snh v hiu nng tp m ca hai my thu hoc hai thit b mt cch chnh xc hn.
C th hiu mt cch n gin, mt tp m (N0) l cng sut tp m c chun ho vi mt rng bng tn l 1 Hz hoc ni cch khc, l cng sut tp m hin din trong mt rng bng tn 1 Hz. Mt tp m N0 c th biu th bi biu thc ton hc:
N0 = N B = kTB B = kT
(5.6)
Trong : N0 l mt tp m (W/Hz); (trong nhiu trng hp ch s dng W); N l cng sut tp m ton b (W); B l rng di tn (Hz); k l hng s Boltzman (oK); T l nhit tp m tng ng (oK). Nu biu th theo n v dB: N0(dBW/Hz) = 10lgN - 10lgB = 10lgk + 10lgT V d 5.4: Cho rng bng tn tp m l 10 MHz v cng sut tp m ton b l 0,0276pW. Hy xc nh mt tp m v nhit tp m tng ng. Gii: - p dng biu thc (5.6): (5.7) (5.8)
N0=
N B
2, 76.1016 W 10.106 Hz
= 276.1023 W/Hz
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hoc N0 = 10lg(276.10-23) = -205,6 dBW/Hz - Cng theo (5.6) c:
N0 k
276.1023 J 1,38.1023 J/K
= 200 K
= 10lg200 = 23 dBK Hoc c th tnh cch khc: T = N0 - 10lgk = N0 - 10lg1,38.10-23 = -205,6dBW - (-228,6dBWK) = 23 dBK
T s mt cng sut sng mang trn tp m C/No l c tnh vi cng sut trung bnh bng rng ca sng mang bao gm cng sut sng mang v cc bng ph ca n. Mt tp m y l tp m nhit hin din trong rng bng tn l 1 Hz c chun ho. T s mt sng mang trn tp m c th c vit nh l mt hm ca nhit tp m. Biu thc ton hc ca C/No l:
C N0 = C T
(5.9a)
Hoc biu th theo dB

C (dB) = C( dBW ) N 0( dBW ) N0
(5.9b)
T s mt nng lng bit trn tp m Eb/N0 l mt t s quan trng nht v thng c s dng khi nh gi mt h thng pht thanh s. T s Eb/N0 l mt tham s rt thch hp cho vic so snh cc h thng truyn tin s c tc truyn, phng thc iu ch hoc k thut m ho khc nhau. T s Eb/N0 c th biu th di dng ton hc:
Eb N0 = C / f b CB = N / B Nf b
(5.10)
T s Eb/No thng c s dng trong vic tnh ton v nh gi hiu nng cc h thng truyn tin s, nhng n cng rt thch hp cho vic nh gi t s mt
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cng sut sng mang trn tp m v chuyn i t s v dng Eb/No, t biu thc (5.10) c th vit:
Eb N0 = C B . N fb
Tc l, t s Eb/No l tch s ca t s sng mang trn tp m (C/N) v t s rng bng tn tp m trn tc bit (B/fo). Nu biu th theo dB:
10 2
10 3
10 4
T l li bit
10 5
10 6
BPSK, QPSK, OK-QPSK & MSK (m ho Gray) DE-BPSK & DE-QPSK
10 7
10 9
D-BPSK
D-QPSK
10 3
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
C / No
(dB)
Hnh 5.2 M t quan h gia xc sut li bit P(e) v t s C/N0 ng vi mt s dng iu ch s Nng lng bit, mt cng sut sng mang trong bng tn, tc bit l cc tham s khng i. Mt tp m cng s l hng s nu nhit tp m tng ng khng i. T c th nhn xt rng, vi mt cng sut sng mang, tc bit v nhit tp m cho th t s Eb/No s gi nguyn khng i, khng quan tm n k thut m ho, phng thc iu ch hoc rng bng tn s dng. Vic xc nh cc tham s C/N v Eb/No c quan h vi xc sut li bit P(e) ca h thng. Hnh 5.2 m t quan h gia xc sut li bit mong mun P(e) v t s
155
C/N cc tiu c yu cu t c P(e) . T s C/N y l i vi rng bng tn Nyquist ti thiu tnh c hai bin. V d 5.5 Mt my pht iu ch kho dch pha nh phn ng nht BPSK v lm vic vi tc bit l 20 Mbit/s. Xc sut li bit l P(e) = 10-4. a/ Hy xc nh t s C/N cc tiu v l thuyt v c t s Eb/No i vi mt rng bng tn my thu bng rng bng tn cc tiu Nyquist ly c hai bin. b/ Hy xc nh t s C/N nu nh tp m c o mt im trc b lc thng di vi rng di tn l gp i rng bng tn Nyquist ly c hai bin. c/ Hy xc nh t s C/N nu nh tp m c o mt im trc b lc thng di v rng bng tn bng ba rng bng tn Nyquist. Gii: a/ Vi iu ch BPSK, rng bng tn ti thiu l bng tc bit: 20 MHz. Ta c t s ti thiu l 8,8 dB. p dng biu thc (5.9) c:
Eb No
C B . N fb
20.10 6 20.10 6
Hay = 8,8 dB + 10 lg
= 8,8 dB + 0 dB = 8,8 dB y cn ch : - T s Eb/No cc tiu bng C/N cc tiu khi m rng bng tn tp m my thu bng tc bit, m y i vi iu ch BPSK l cng bng rng bng tn Nyquist. T s Eb/No ti thiu tnh c l 8,8 dB - Vic gia tng rng bng tn tp m s c nh hng nh th no n cc t s C/N v Eb/No cc tiu? Cng sut sng mang bng rng l hon ton c lp vi rng bng tn tp m. Nh vy, mt s gia tng trong bng tn gy nn mt s gia tng cng sut tp m tng ng. V mt s gim t s C/N l t l trc tip vi s gia tng rng bng tn tp m. Gi tr ca Eb ph thuc vo cng sut sng mang bng rng v tc bit. Nh vy c ngh l Eb khng b tc ng bi s gia tng rng bng tn tp m. Gi tr No l c chun ho rng bng tn l 1Hz v n cng khng b nh
156
hng bi s gia tng bng tn Nyquist khng nh hng n t s Eb/No . T biu thc (5.9) c:
Eb No = C B . N fb
Hay = 8,8 dB + 10 lg
40.106 20.106
= 8,8 dB - 10lg 2 = 8,8 dB - 3 dB = 5,8 dB c/ T s C/N ti mt im trong my thu vi rng bng tn bng ba rng bng tn Nyquist ti thiu c gi tr l:
C N
Eb No
10 lg
60.10 6 20.10 6
= 8,8 dB - 10lg 3 = 4,03 dB Cc t s C/N tnh c bng 8,8 dB; 5,8 dB v 4,03 dB ni ln rng, cc t s C/N c th c xc nh ti ba im ring bit trong my thu c th t c t s Eb/No ti thiu v xc sut li bt P(e) mong mun. Bi v t s Eb/No khng c o lng trc tip m ch thng qua biu thc tnh ton (5.9) vi t s mt cng sut sng mang bng rng trn tp m c o, do xc nh mt cch chnh xc t s Eb/No th rng bng tn tp m ca my thu cn phi c bit.
V d 5.6
Mt my pht c tn hiu iu ch 8-PSK v tc bit l 90 Mbit/s. Xc sut li bit l 10-5. a/ Hy xc nh cc t s C/N v Eb/No theo l thuyt i vi mt my thu c rng bng tn bng rng bng tn Nyquist hai bin ti thiu. b/ Hy xc nh cc t s C/N nu nh tp m c o mt im trc b lc thng di vi rng bng tn gp i rng bng tn Nyquist. c/ Hy xc nh cc t s C/N nu nh tp m c o mt im trc b lc thng di vi rng bng tn gp i rng bng tn Nyquist.
Gii:
a/ BIt rng, iu ch 8-PSK c hiu sut rng bng tn l 3 bit/s/Hz, do yu cu rng bng tn ti thiu s l bng 1/3 tc bit. T hnh 5.2 tnh c t s C/N l 18,5 dB. p dng biu thc (5.9):
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Eb 30 MHz = 18,5dB + 10 lg No 90 Mbit/s = 18,5 dB +(-4,8 dB) = 13,7 dB 10 lg 60.10 6 20.10 6
b/ p dng biu thc (5.9) v thay th gi tr Eb/No vo s c
C 60 MHz = 13,7dB 10 lg N 90 Mbit/s

= 13,7 dB - (-1,77 dB) = 15,47 dB c/ p dng biu thc (5.9) v thay th gi tr Eb/No vo s c:
C 90 MHz = 13,7dB 10 lg N 90 Mbit/s

= 13,7 dB - 0 dB = 13,7 dB T cc v d 5.5 v 5.6 nhn thy rng, cc gi tr ca t s Eb/No v C/N ch bng nhau khi m rng di tn tp m bng tc bit. Khi m rng di tn ti im xem xt tng th t s C/N s gim. Khi m phng thc iu ch, tc bit, rng di tn v t s C/N ca hai h thng pht thanh s l khc nhau th thng gp kh khn xc nh xem h thng no c xc sut li bit thp hn.
T s tng ch (hay cn gi l li) trn nhit tp m tng ng (G/T) l mt tham s c s dng biu th cht lng ca mt my thu v tinh hoc my thu trm mt t. T s G/T ca mt my thu l t s ca tng ch ca anten thu trn nhit tp m tng ng (T) a my thu. Bi v cng sut sng mang ti im thu l rt nh cho nn trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh thng s dng b khuch i tp m thp LNA t im cp in ca anten. Trong trng hp ny G/T l mt t s ca tng ch anten thu cng thm h s khuch i (tng ch) ca b khuch i LNA trn nhit tp m tng ng T. Biu thc ton hc ca t s G/T trong trng hp ny l:
C N = Ar + ALNA T
Hoc biu th theo dB:
158
G (dBK -1 ) = A r(dB) + ALNA ( dB ) T( dBK ) T
(5.12)
T s G/T l mt thng s thng c s dng xc nh cc t s Eb/No v C/N ti cc my thu ca b pht p v tinh cng nh ti cc my thu ca trm mt t v thng c s dng khi tnh ton d tr tuyn.
V d 5.7
Mt b pht p v tinh c tng ch anten thu l 12 dB; li b khuch i tp m thp LNA l 10 dB v nhit tp m tng ng l 26 dBK. Hy xc nh t s G/T.
Bi gii:
p dng biu thc (5.12) c:

G = 12 dB + 10 dB - 26 dBK = - 4 dBK -1 T
Bit rng, hiu nng ca mt h thng thng tin v tinh l c th d on trc. Khi nh gi hiu nng ca mt h thng thng tin v tinh s th cc thng s ca tuyn ln v ca tuyn xung c tnh ton ring r, sau tng hp li ton tuyn nh chng 2. Hnh 5.3 m t cc tham s tnh ton trong mt h thng thng tin v tinh in hnh, t trm mt t n trm mt t qua b pht p v tinh.
Hnh 5.3 - M t cc tham s tnh ton trong mt tuyn thng tin v tinh in hnh. Ch thch:
159
HPA: B khuch i cng sut cao PT: Lf : G T: P0: Cng sut u ra ca b khuch i (HPA)
LFTX: Tn hao truyn dn qua Phi (tng ng LFTX_ES) Tn hao phn nhnh/kt ni Tng ch anten pht (tng ng GT_ES) Cng sut bc x ton b = PT LFTX LMC - Lf
EIRP: Cng sut bc x ng hng hiu dng LFS Tn hao ng truyn khng gian t do (ng ln hoc ng xung) LAu, LAd: GR : Tng hao ng ln, ng xung trong tng kh quyn Tng ch anten thu
G/T: T s tng ch trn nhit tp m tng ng my thu C/N0: T s cng sut sng mang trn mt cng sut tp m Eb/N0: T s nng lng bit trn mt cng sut tp m C/N: T s sng mang trn cng sut tp m
Cc biu thc nu sau y c tnh cht h thng l thuyt, phn bit gia tuyn ln v tuyn xung ca h thng thn tin v tinh c sng mang tn s n. Trong cc biu thc cng ch nu cc tham s ch yu v tng ch, tn hao, hiu ng tp m nhit i vi cc my pht, my thu ca trm mt t cng nh ca b pht p v tinh. Biu thc ca tuyn ln:
G PG G P G C = T in R = T in . R N 0 LFS LAu kT LFS LAu k T
(5.13)
Trong cc tham s nh ch thch trong s 5.4. Cc k hiu LAu, LAd l tn hao ni chung trong tng kh quyn i vi tuyn ln v tuyn xung do tn hiu qu qua kh quyn b hp th. Ph thuc vo gc ngng v khong cch m sng v tuyn i qua tng kh quyn, tnh t trm mt t n v tinh, m cc tn hao LAu, LAd c cc gi tr khc nhau. T s G/T l tng ch ca anten thu trn nhit tp m tng ng. Biu th (5.13) di dng dB:
160
C GR 4 R = 10 lg GT Pin 20 lg + 10 lg N0 T
EIRP trm mt t Tn hao ng truyn khng gian t do G/T v tinh
10 lg LAu 10 lg k
Tn hao kh quyn
(5.14)
Hng s Boltzman
= EIRP (dBW) - LFS (dB) + Biu thc ca tuyn xung:
G (dBK 1 ) - LAu (dB) - K(dBWK) T
(5.15)
G PG G P G C = T in R = T in . R N 0 LFS LAd kT LFS LAd k T
(5.16) Biu th (5.16) di dng dB:

C 4 R = 10 lg GT Pin 20 lg N0 + G 10 lg R T 10 lg LAd 10 lg k 5.17)
EIRP trm mt t
Tn hao ng - truyn khng gian + t do
G/T v tinh
Tn hao kh quyn
Hng s Boltzman
= EIRP (dBW) - LFS (dB) +
G (dBK 1 ) - LAd (dB) - k(dBWK) (5.18) T
D tr tuyn (link budget) l mt bi ton thng gp trong thit k, tnh ton cc tuyn lin lc trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh. Bng 5.2 sau y nu v d cc thng s c tnh ton ca ba h thng thng tin v tinh in hnh. Cc s liu v tham s ny c tnh cht gi thit lm v d ch hin nay c nhiu thay i do cng ngh i mi v khi tnh ton cn c vo cc iu kin c th.
V d 5.8
Tnh d tr tuyn cho mt h thng thng tin v tinh (trm mt t - v tinh trm mt t) vi nhng thng s cho sau: Tuyn ln:
161
1- Cng sut ra my pht trm mt t ch bo ho l 2000W: 33 dBW

Bng 5.2: M t v d vi cc tham s gi thit ca ba h thng thng tin v tinh

%
*

&
&
'

&
&
'

"
&
'
"
"
Tuyn ln: Cng sut pht (bo ha, dBW) Tn hao li cng sut ca ES (dB) Tn hao phi v kt ni (dB) Tn hao kh quyn (dB) Tng ch anten trm mt t (dB) Tn hao khng gian t do (dB) Tng ch anten thu v tinh (dB) Tn hao phi v kt ni (dB) Nhit tp m tng ng SL (K) G/T v tinh (dBK-1) Tuyn xung: Cng sut pht (bo ha, dBW) Tn hao li cng sut ca ES (dB) Tn hao phi v kt ni (dB) Tn hao kh quyn (dB) Tng ch anten v tinh (dB) Tn hao khng gian t do (dB) Tng ch anten thu trm mt t (dB) Tn hao phi v kt ni (dB) Nhit tp m tng ng SL (K) G/T trm mt t (dBK-1) 18 0,5 1 0,8 16 197 51 3 250 27 20 0,2 1 1,4 44 206 44 3 1000 14 10 0,1 0,5 0,4 30,8 205,6 62 0 270 37,7 35 2 3 0,6 55 200 20 1 1000 -10 25 2 3 0,4 45 208 45 1 800 13 33 3 4 0,6 64 206,5 23,7 0 800 -5,3
2- Tn hao li cng sut trm mt t 3- Tn hao phi v kt ni (ES) 4- Tng ch anten pht (ES) tn s 14 GHz (15m) 5- Tn hao kh quyn tuyn ln
3 dB 4 dB 64 dB 0,6 dB
162
6- Tn hao ng truyn khng gian t do 14 GHz 206,5 dB 7- T s G/T my thu v tinh 8- Tn hao phi v kt ni (SL) 9- Tc bit 10- Phng thc iu ch Tuyn xung: 1- Cng sut ra b pht p bo ha 2- Tn hao li cng sut (SL) 3- Tn hao phi v kt ni (ES) 4- Tng ch anten pht v tinh 12 GHz (0,37m) 5- Tn hao kh quyn tuyn xung 10 dBW 0,1 dB 0,5 dB 30,8 dB 0,4 dB 5,3 dBK-1 0 dB 120 Mbit/s 8-PSK
6- Tn hao ng truyn khng gian t do 12 GHz 205,6 dB 7- Tng ch anten thu trm mt t (15m, 12 GHz) 8- Tn hao phi v kt ni 9- Nhit tp m tng ng trm mt t 10- T s G/T trm mt t 11- Tc bit 12- Phng thc iu ch
Gii:
62,0 dB 0 dB 270K 37,7 dBK-1 120 Mbit/s 8-PSK
D liu tuyn ln: EIRP (trm mt t) = PT + GT - LMC - LFTX = 33 dBW + 64 dB - 3 dB - 4 dB = 90 dBW Mt cng sut sng mang ti v tinh l: C' = EIRP (trm mt t - LFS - LAu) = 90 dBW - 206,5 dB - 0,6 dB = -117,1 dBW T s C/No ti v tinh l:
C C 1 C = = . N 0 kT k T
trong :
C G = C '. T T
163
Phm Vn Ngc
Nh vy:
C G 1 = C '. . N0 T k
Biu th theo dB:

C G = C '. 10 lg(1,38.1023 ) N0 T
= -117,1 dBW + (-5,3 dBK-1) - (-228,6 dBWK) = 106,2 dB T s Eb/No s l: Eb C / f b C = = 10 lg f b No No No = 106,2 dB - 10lg(120.106) = 25,4 dB Nh vy, i vi mt h thng c rng di tn cc tiu: C Eb B 40.106 = = 25,4 10 lg = 30,2 dB N N o fb 120.106 D tr tuyn xung: EIRP (b pht p v tinh) = PT + GT - LMC - LFTX = 10 dBW + 30.8 dB - 0,1 dB - 0,5 dB = 40,2 dBW Mt cng sut sng mang ti anten trm mt t: C' = EIRP - LFS - LAd = 40,2 dBW - 205,6 dB - 0,4 dB = -165,8 dBW T s C/No ti my thu trm mt t:
C G = C '+ 10 lg(1,38.1023 ) N0 T
= -165,8 dBW + (37,7 dBK-1) - (-228,6 dBWK) = 100,5 dB C th tnh t s C/No theo phng php khc:
164
C = C '+ GR T k No
= -165,8 dBW + 62 dB - 10lg270 - (-228,6 dBWK) = -165,8 dBW + 62 dB - 24,3 dBK-1 + 228,6 dBWK = 100,5 dB. Kt qu cho ging nhau. Eb C = 10 lg f b No No = 100,5 dB - 10lg(120.106) = 100,5 dB - 80,8 dB = 19,7 dB i vi mt h thng c rng bng tn cc tiu s c: C Eb B 40.10 6 = 19,7 10 lg = 24,5 dB N No fb 120.10 6 Nu tnh t s mt nng lng bit trn tp m mt cch y , tng hp c tuyn ln v tuyn xung th c th biu th theo biu thc ton hc v tnh ton nh sau: Eb ( Eb / N 0 )u .( Eb / N 0 ) d (ton b) = ( Eb / N 0 )u + ( Eb / N 0 ) d No Trong cc t s (Eb/No) l cc gi tr tuyt i, v theo v d trn th t s Eb/No ton b s l: (346,6).(93,3) Eb (ton b) = = 73,5 (346,7 + 93,3) No = 10lg73,5 = 18,7 dB Cc thng s s dng trong tnh ton d tr tuyn v d 10.8 trn l ly h thng C trong bng v d 5.2 hnh 5.5 m t tng ch ca anten theo ng knh (ming parabol) v hnh 5.6 m t tn hao ng truyn trong khng gian t do theo khong cch c th s dng tham kho trong cc tnh ton tuyn.
165
0,3 70
10
30
100 10 x 106
60
ns T Hz ) (G100
,25 14 ,7 11 60 40
1 x 10
tng ch anten (dB)
50
100 x 10
40
10 x 10 3
30
1 x 10
20
100
10
Hiu sut anten = 55 %
10
0 0,1 0,3 1 3 10 30
ng knh (m)
Hnh 5.4 th biu th quan h gia tng ch ca anten v ng knh ca anten theo biu thc A(dB) = 10lg(D/2) trong : D: ng knh anten; : bc sng; : hiu sut anten (=0,55) Nu = 100% th cng thm 2,66 dB
166
Mt v tinh hot ng tn s ng ln l 14 GHz v khong cch 38000 km so vi trm mt t, cng sut u ra b khuch i cng sut cao ti anten l 1000 w, Anten trm mt t c h s khuych i l 17dB theo hng pht ti v tinh. Tm cng sut nhn c ti u ra ca anten thu trn v tinh hng ti trm mt t pht, bit anten trn v tinh l anten parabol din tch b mt l 10 m2 , hiu sut anten l 60%.

Mt v tinh hot ng tn s ng ln l 13.6 GHz v khong cch 36000 km so vi trm mt t, cng sut ra b khuch i cng sut cao ti anten l 2000 w, Anten trm mt t c h s khuych i l 32.3 dBi theo hng pht ti v tinh. bit anten thu trn v tinh c h s tng ch theo hng cc i l 25dBi, vi rng bp sng 3dB l 20 vi anten thu trn v tinh thu lch trc so vi anten pht trm mt t l 10 tm cng sut nhn c ti u ra anten thu trn v tinh.

Mt h thng thng tin v tinh hot ng ng xung vi tn s 4GHz vi tng ch ca anten l 40dB, v nhit tp m u vo ca anten l 300 K v kt ni vi u vo my thu c suy hao l 1dB. Ti im u ni c nhit l Tin: Tin = 50K GRF = 23dB l h s khuych i b khuych i tp m thp
TRF = 150K
Gm = 0dB l h s khuych i ca b chuyn i tn s sng mang.
GIF = 30dB l h s khuych i ca b khuych i trung tn my Tm = 500K thu. Suy hao u ni ti cc b l khng ng k coi bng 0, TIF = 1000K Tnh tng nhit tp m ca ton b h thng thu ca trm mt t (T) Tnh h s phm cht ca anten thu (G/T)

167
Mt v tinh hot ng vi sng mang tn s 11.7GHz, v tinh v tr qu o ng b a tnh. Bp sng pht vi cng sut li ra b khuch i cng sut pht trn v tinh l 200W anten hng ti trm mt t vi h s tng ch l 18.9dBi. Ti trm mt t thu c s dng anten parabol thu, pht tn hiu c ng knh 11m vi hiu sut ca anten l 55% tnh? Vi mt mt trn ng truyn l 205dB A, Cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng ca v tinh [dBW, dBm] B, Tnh h s tng ch ca anten thu trm mt t [dBi] C, Tnh cng sut tn hiu nhn c ti u ra ca anten thu ti trm mt t [W, dBW]
Mt v tinh hot ng vi sng mang tn s 12.7GHz, v tinh v tr qu o ng b a tnh cch trm mt t 36800km, Bp sng pht vi cng sut li ra l 300W anten hng ti trm mt t vi h sng tng ch l 19 dBi. Ti trm mt t thu c s dng anten parabol c h s tng ch cc i hng ti v tinh thu l 50 dBi, ngoi suy hao trong khng gian t do cn c nh hng ca ma v vt chn ca anten thm vo gy ra suy hao thm vo tng cng trn ng truyn l 4 dB. A, Cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng ca v tinh [dBW, dBm] B, Tnh mt mt trn ng truyn [dB] C, Tnh cng sut tn hiu nhn c ti u ra ca anten thu ti mt t [dBW, dBm]
Mt v tinh s dng bng Ku vi ng rng di thng hp cho php truyn thng gia cc trm mt t c nh, cc thng s c a ra trong bng sau:
Tn s (GHz) rng bp sng (0) Hiu sut anten (%) Tng cng sut u vo anten cc i vi ch hot ng n sng mang (dB) Nhit tp m u vo h thng 300
14 1 60 1
11 2 60 1
400
168
(K) H s khuych i, rng di thng (MHz) chnh xc (0)
36 0.5 1
Khong cch ti v tinh (km) Suy hao mt mt do ng truyn 206 (dB)
39000 204
A, Tm G/T ca trm mt t vi v tinh v tr bin ca vng ph sng ca anten trm mt t.. B, Tm h s khuych tng ch cc i ca anten pht trn v tinh, EIRP pht ca trm v tinh, coi v tinh pht hng thng ti trm mt t thu.

Cc thuc tnh ca mt h thng dch v s trn v tinh c a ra vi cc thng s nh sau: Tn s 14.9 GHz ng ln v 11.3 GHz ng xung Anten parabol: rng bp sng 3dB l 1.50 cho ng ln v ng xung Hiu sut anten l 60%
Cng sut u ra bo ha b ghp sng l 20W H s khuych i cng sut cao mc bo ha l: 40dB rng bng thng ca b tch sng, khuych i cng sut cao l 36MHz Phn mt mt 14.9 GHz trong ng truyn l 208dB Phn mt mt 11.3 GHz trong ng truyn l 206dB
169
Cc thng s trm mt t c cho di y: ng knh anten 3m Hiu sut ca anten l 65% tn s 11.3GHz v 60% tn s 14.9GHz Mt mt ng dn sng gia anten v b khuych i tp m thp LNA l 1dB. B khuch i tp m thp c h s khuch i l 30dB rng bng trung tn IF l 36MHz, hng s Boltzman = 1.379x10-23 W/HzK A, Cho mt trm mt t v tr nh im ca khu vc hi t ca anten v tinh. Tnh ton cng sut pht ca v tinh yu cu trng thi bo ha ca b tip sng khuych i u ra. B, Tm yu cu G/T ca trm mt t c (C/N) = 18dB ti b khuych i IF trm mt t.

Mt khu vc h thng thng tin v tinh s dng di tn 6/4 GHz c cc thng s nh di y: V tinh: H s tng ch b chuyn tip thay i trong di 80 100dB Di thng b chuyn tip 36MHz Cng sut u ra ln nht b chuyn tip l 6.3W Tng ch anten thu (6GHz) l 22dBi Anten pht (4GHz) l 20dBi Trm mt t: Tng ch anten thu (4GHz) l 46dBi Anten pht (6GHz) l 51.3dB Nhit tp m h thng (phn thu) l 500K Phn mt mt ng ln l 200dB Phn mt mt ng xung l 196dB. C 4 trm mt t ging nhau chia s cng mt b chuyn tip s dng k thut FDMA. Vi vic cp php dung lng knh nh sau:
170
Trm 1 v 2: c 132 knh/10 MHz v trm 3, 4: c 24 knh/5MHz rng di thng Trong kiu FDMA b chuyn tip c hot ng vi li u ra (OBO) l 5dB b iu ch hot ng chnh xc. Hng s Boltzman = 1.379x10-23 W/HzK A, Tm cng sut pht yu cu mi mt trm mt t, nu h s khuych i ca b chuyn tip l 90dB. Ti u ra ca b chuyn tip l 6.3dB B, Tnh C/N0 ca mt trm mt t v tr trm mt t nhn c ti u vo my thu, bit trm mt t ti v tr ng bao 3dB ca bp sng anten pht v tinh. Vi cng sut u vo anten pht v tinh l 20dBW, v anten trm mt t thu hng trc ti anten pht trm mt t.

Mt v tinh pht truyn hnh vi iu ch tn s trong rng bng l 36MHz vi sng mang c EIRP l 34dBW. Vi khong cch t v tiinh ti trm mt t l 39500km v tn s trung tm (tn s sng mang) l 3700MHz. Ti trm mt t thu c cc thng s nh sau: ng knh anten l 6m (vi hiu sut anten l 65%), nhit tp m ti anten l 90K Nhit tp m ca thit b nhn l 170K b qua s mt mt ca ng dn sng mang. Hng s Boltzman = 1.379x10-23 W/HzK Xc nh t s C/N [dB] ti trm mt t thu [dB, dBm]

Mt thit b nhn hot ng tn s 3800MHz c ch ra trong s khi di y. Tnh G/T [dBK-1] ti vo (ti) u vo ca anten:
Mt h thng v tinh hot ng ng xung lm vic vi tn s 12GHz c cc thng s sau:
171
Cng sut u ra ca b khuych i cng sut cao trn v tinh l 800W, suy hao u ni gia b khuych i cng sut cao v anten pht trn v tinh l 1.4 dB. Anten pht v tinh l anten parabol c h s tng ch l 24dBi v c rng bp sng -3dB l 2.50, anten pht lch trc so vi hng anten thu trm mt t l 1.250. Khong cch t v tinh ti trm mt t thu l 38500km. Ti trm mt t thu c cc thng s nh sau: Vi anten thu l anten parabol c ng knh anten l 6m v lch trc so vi anten pht v tinh l 0.050 . Hiu sut ca anten thu v anten pht l 60%, h thng hot ng di tri ma vi mc suy hao l 1.5dB, nhit tp m h thng thu trm mt t l 3500K. Tnh C/N0 ca trm mt t thu ti u ra anten thu trm mt t, bit hng s Bolksman l 1.38x10-23J/K

Mt h thng v tinh hot ng ng ln lm vic vi tn s 13.8 GHz, bng tn truyn trn knh v tinh c rng bng thng l 72MHz c cc thng s nh sau: Cng sut u ra ca b khuych i cng sut cao ti trm mt t l 2KW, suy hao u ni gia b khuych i cng sut cao v anten pht ti trm mt t l 1.1 dB. Anten pht trm mt t l anten parabol c ng knh 15m, anten thu v tinh ra bp sng ca anten pht trm mt t. Vi v tinh s dng Anten thu l anten parabol c h s tng ch l 20dBi v hng thng ti anten pht trm mt t. Khong cch t trm mt t pht ti v tinh l 39000km Hiu sut ca anten thu v anten pht l 60%, h thng hot ng di tri ma vi mc suy hao l 2.2dB, nhit tp m h thng v tinh thu l 4500K Tnh C/N ca v tinh thu c ti u ra anten thu v tinh. Bit hng s Bolksman l 1.38x10-23J/K.

Mt h thng thng tin v tinh gm c mt v tinh ng b qu o a tnh vi v tr kinh 300 ty v mt trm mt t v tr kinh 300 ty v v l 450 bc. V tinh cch tm tri t l 42000km, bn knh tri t l 6400km Trm mt t pht vi cng sut b khuych i pht l 3000W, anten pht trm mt t hng thng ti v tinh c h s tng ch l 55dBi. Mt mt do ng dn sng gia b khuych i pht v anten pht l 0.7dB. Sng mang truyn trn ng ln vi tn s l 14GHz Tnh mt thng lng cng sut nhn c ti u vo anten thu trn v tinh.
172
Mt h thng v tinh gm hai trm mt t v mt v tinh chuyn tip tch cc hot ng vi mt sng mang nh sau: Ti v tinh c cng sut ca b khuych i pht 600W, anten pht v tinh hng thng ti trm mt t c h s tng ch l 26dBi. Mt mt do ng dn sng gia b khuych i pht v anten pht trn v tinh l 1dB. Suy hao ng xung l 204dB ti tn s sng mang l 11GHz Ti trm mt t thu s dng anten thu l anten parabol c ng knh l 8m, v tinh nm ti bin ca bp sng thu ca anten trm mt t thu. Sau khi thu c tn hiu t anten thu tn hiu c a ti b khuych i tp m thp vi h s khuych i l 22dB v suy hao ng dn sng gia anten thu v b khuyc i tp m thp l 1dB. Khi tn hiu c cho qua b khuych i tp m thp c a n b i tn c h s khuych i l 0dB v suy hao kt ni gia b khuych i tp m thp v b i tn l 0dB. Hiu sut ca anten trm mt t l 60% Tnh cng sut tn hiu ra ca b i tn. Vi nhit tp m h thng l 8000K, Tnh t s cng sut tn hiu trn nhit tp m h thng thu ti u vo my thu (C/T)

Mt v tinh hot ng vi sng mang tn s 11.8GHz, v tinh v tr qu o ng b a truyn trn ng xung t v tinh ti trm mt t vi tng suy hao trn ng truyn v khng gian t do l 206.6dB, bp sng anten pht trn v tinh vi cng sut li ra l 300W anten pht v tinh hng ti anten thu trm mt t vi h s tng ch l 18.9dBi. Ti trm mt t thu c s dng anten parabol thu, pht tn hiu c ng knh 5m vi hiu sut ca anten l 60%. Vi tng nhit tp m h thng thu trm mt t l 850K hy xc nh: A, H s phm cht ca anten thu (G/T) ca trm mt t [dBK-1] B, Cng sut tp m nhn c vi rng bng thng ca tn hiu l 36MHz, [W, dBm] C, Tnh t s C/N ca h thng thu ng xung vi bng thng ca tn hiu l 36 MHz [dB]. Hng s Boltzman = 1.379x10-23W/HzK

V tinh INTELSAT V hot ng tn s ng ln 14GHz h thng thu pht cc bp sng m pha ty c h s G/T cho phn thu l 3.3 dBK-1 vi cng sut u vo
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anten pht trm mt t l 30dBW. Phn truyn ca b pht lp cho ra anten pht v tinh c EIRP l 44.4 dBW. rng di thng l 72MHz, tn s trung tm ca sng mang ng xung l 12 GHz cho ng xung. V tinh s dng di thng c tuyn l 72 MHz gia 2 trm mt t, suy hao ng ln l 206dB, v ng xung l 204 dB. Anten trm mt t pht s dng anten parabol c ng knh 9m, anten trm mt t thu c h s tng ch l 35dBi v trm mt t thu c nhit tp m tng cng l 320K, c hai anten trm mt t c hiu sut l 60%. Hng s Boltzman = 1.379x10-23 W/HzK A, EIRP cho ng ln, W, dBW B, T s C/N cho ng ln dB C, T s C/N cho ng xung dB D, C/N cho ton tuyn

Mt v tinh hot ng tn s ng ln 14GHz h thng nhp bp sng m c h s G/T cho phn thu l 6 dBK-1. Cng sut u vo anten pht trm mt t l 20dBW. Phn truyn ca b pht lp cho ra anten pht v tinh c EIRP l 40 dBW. rng di thng l 36MHz, tn s trung tm ca sng mang ng xung l 11GHz cho ng xung. V tinh s dng di thng c tuyn l 36MHz gia 2 trm mt t. C hai ng ln v ng xung c khong cch l 39000 km t trm mt t ti v tinh. Anten thu pht trm mt t c h s tng ch l 46dB, trm mt t thu s dng anten parabol c ng knh 6 m v trm mt t thu c nhit tp m tng cng l 400 K, c hai anten trm mt t c hiu sut l 60%, hng s Boltzman = 1.379x10-23 W/HzK A, EIRP cho ng ln, W, dBW B, T s C/N cho ng ln dB C, T s C/N cho ng xung dB D, C/N cho ton tuyn

Mt h thng thng tin v tinh gm c mt v tinh ng b qu o a tnh c v tr kinh 450 ty v mt trm mt t v tr kinh 150 ty v v l 450 bc. V tinh cch tm tri t l 42000 km, bn knh tri t l 6400 km Trm mt t pht vi cng sut b khuych i pht l 1500W, anten pht trm mt t hng thng ti v tinh c h s tng ch l 56dBi. Mt mt do ng dn sng gia
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b khuych i pht v anten pht trm mt t l 1.3dB. Sng mang truyn trn ng ln vi tn s l 14GHz. Anten pht ra bp sng ca anten thu v tinh, anten thu v tinh c h sng tng ch l 28dBi Tnh cng sut nhn c ti u ra ca anten thu trn v tinh.

Mt h thng v tinh hot ng ng xung lm vic vi tn s 11.6 GHz ti rng bng tn l 18 MHz c cc thng s nh sau: Cng sut u ra ca b khuych i cng sut cao trn v tinh l 900W, suy hao u ni gia b khuych i cng sut cao v anten pht trn v tinh l 1.5dB. Anten pht v tinh c h s tng ch l 24dBi v c rng bp sng l -3dB l 30. Khong cch t v tinh ti trm mt t thu l 38500 km. Ti trm mt t thu tn hiu v v tinh c cc thng s nh sau: Vi anten thu l anten parabol c ng knh anten l 7m v anten thu lch trc so vi anten pht v tinh l 0.080. Hiu sut ca anten thu v anten pht l 50%, h thng hot ng di mt tri ma vi mc suy hao l 2dB, nhit tp m h thng l 4500K Tnh t s C/N ca trm mt t thu, bit hng s Boltzman l 1.38x10-23 J/K

Mt h thng v tinh ng xung c tn s 4 GHz cc thng s nh sau: Anten thu l anten parabol c rng bp sng na cng sut l 20, hiu sut ca anten l 55% TA = 50k TLNA = 50 GLNA = 20dB GT = -1dB
TT = 500K GK = 30dB TK = 1000K. Suy hao u ni gia b khuych i tp m thp v b i tm l 1dB. Suy hao u ni gia b i tn v b khuych i ti trung tn l 0dB. Nhit mi trng xung quanh ng dn sng v cc thit b thu l 290K Suy hao u ni gia anten v my thu l 1dB Tnh h s phm cht ca anten thu?

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Cc thuc tnh ca mt h thng dch v s a ra trn v tinh vi cc thng s nh sau: Vi mt v tinh ch gm c mt anten thu, mt b i tn, mt b khuych i cng sut cao v mt anten pht. H thng hot ng tn s 14GHz cho ng ln v 11GHz cho ng xung Anten s dng trn v tinh l anten parabol, vi h s tng ch l 30dBi cho ng ln v 28dBi cho ng xung. Cng sut bo ha b khuych i cng sut cao trn v tinh l 1000W khi hot ng n sng mang, v li u ra ca b khuych i khi hot ng a sng mang l 3dB Nhit tp m u vo h thng v tinh l 500K H s khuch i b khuch i cng sut cao trn v tinh trong min tuyn tnh l 100 dB khi hot ng n sng mang Phn mt mt cho ng ln l 208dB v ng xung l 205dB H s khuch i ca b i tn l -1dB Cc thng s trm mt t nh sau: Vi anten parabol c ng knh 6m Hiu sut ca anten l 60% cho ng ln tn s 14GHz Mt mt gia ng dn sng gia li ra b khuch i cng sut cao v anten pht ti trm mt t l 2dB Tnh cng sut li ra ca b khuch i cng sut cao ti trm mt t pht hot ng trong mi trng a sng mang cng sut li ra trn v tinh bt u chuyn sang trng thi hot ng trong min ph tuyn a sng mang.

Mt h thng v tinh ng xung c tn s 11.5 GHz cc thng s nh sau: Cng sut pht u ra b khuych i cng sut cao trn v tinh l 600W, suy hao u ni gia b khuych i cng sut cao v anten pht l 0.2 dB. Vi anten pht c h sng tng ch l 23dB v c rng bp sng 3dB, anten pht hng lch so vi anten thu l 10. Vi khong cch t trm v tinh ti trm mt t l 39500km. Ti trm mt t thu c cc thng s nh sau: ng knh anten thu l 15m v hng lch trc so vi anten pht v tinh l 0.050. Hiu sut ca c anten thu v pht l 60%. Suy hao u ni gia anten v my thu l 0.5dB. Nhit tp m h thng thu trm mt t l 800K. Hng s Boltzman = 1.38x10-23J/K
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Tnh t s cng sut tn hiu thu c trn nhit tm m h thng thu ca trm mt t thu c ti u vo my thu trm mt t.
M t cu hnh mt trm mt t in hnh.
Gii thch chc nng cc phn h trong cu trc trm mt t: Anten-phi , thu, pht, khp knh v giao din, bm v tinh v iu khin.

M t cu hnh, nguyn l thu pht sng v th phng hng ca anten
parabol.
M t cu hnh, nguyn l thu pht sng v th phng hng ca anten Cassegrain.

So snh u nhc im ca anten parabol v anten Cassegrain.
Mt anten parabol c ng knh ming parabol D = 4 m; cng sut ca b chiu x l 10W; tn s cng tc f = 6 GHz; hiu sut = 0,55; hiu sut khu (ch thu) AR = 0,55. Hy xc nh:
a, rng bp sng chnh. b, H s tng ch ch pht. c, H s tng ch ch thu. d, Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP.
: nh ngha v biu th bng hnh v gc ngng v gc phng v ca mt anten trm mt t.

M t mt anten trm mt t c sa dng h thng bm v tinh. M t s khi chc nng ca phn h tn s v tuyn trm mt t.
M t s khi chc nng phn pht trm mt t.
Gii thch cu to nguyn l hot ng ca b khuch i cng sut dng n in t klystron.

Gii thch cu to nguyn l hot ng ca b khuch i cng sut dng n sng chy TWT.

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Gii thch ngha ca vic li cng sut u vo (IBO) v u ra (OBO) ca b khuch i cng sut cao (HPA).

Mt h thng thng tin v tinh lm vic tn s 14 GHz cho tuyn ln v 12
GHz cho tuyn xung; xc sut li bit truyn l P(e) = 10-6 ; phng thc iu ch l 8-PSK; tc truyn l 80Mbit/s; nhit tp m tng ng ca my thu l 350 K; rng bng tn tp m bng tn Nyquist ti thiu. Hy xc nh cc thng s sau: a, T s C/N l thuyt ti thiu. b, T s Eb/N0 l thuyt ti thiu. c, Mt tp m, tp m u vo my thu. d, Cng sut sng mang ti thiu u vo my thu. e, Nng lng/bit ti u vo my thu.
Mt h thng thng tin v tinh c cc thng s: - Tn s tuyn ln: fu = 6 GHz; - Tn s tuyn xung: fD = 4 GHz; - Xc xut li bt: P(e) = 10-5; - Phng thc iu ch: 4-PSK; - Tc truyn 80 Mbit/s; - Nhit tp m tng ng ca my thu: T = 120 K; - rng bng tn tp m bng tn bng tn s Nyquist ti thiu.
Hy xc nh: a, T s C/N ti mt im trong my thu trc b lc thng di BPF vi rng di tn bng hai tn s Nuquist cc tiu. b, T s C/N ti mt im trong my thu trc b lc thng di c rng di tn bng ba tn s Nyquist ti thiu.
: Trong hai h thng vi cc tham s o sau y, hy xc nh h thng no c t l li bt BER tt hn:
a, QPSK; C/N = 16 dB; B = 2 fN ; fb = 40 Mbit/s. b, 8-PSK; C/N = 18 dB; B = fN ; fb = 60 Mbit/s.
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Mt my pht ca mt trm mt t c cng sut ra ca b khuch i cng sut HPA bo ho l 12 kW; khong li cng sut OBO l 4 dB; tn hao kt ni l 1,5 dB; tn hao phi l 3 dB; tng ch anten l 38 dB. Hy xc nh gi tr ca cng

sut bc x v cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP.
:. Xc nh cng sut tp m ton b ca mt my thu c rng di tn u vo l 40 MHz v nhit tp m tng ng l 800 K.

Xc nh mt tp m theo cc thng s cho bi 18.
Xc nh t s C/N yu cu ti thiu c th t c xc sut li bt P(e) = 10 ca tn hiu c truyn i vi mt my thu QPSK, c rng di tn bng tn s Nyquist ti thiu.

-6
Xc nh t s mt nng lng bt trn tp m ( Eb/N0) khi cng sut u vo my thu l -85 dBW, nhit tp m u vo my thu l 400 K v tc truyn l 50 Mbit/s.

Xc nh t s mt cng sut sng mang trn tp m (C/N0) i vi mt
my thu c cng sut sng mang u vo l -80 dBW, nhit tp m tng ng l 240 K v rng di tn l 10 MHz.

Xc nh t s C/N ti thiu i vi mt h thng PQSK vi tc truyn l
80 Mbit/s, t s nng lng bit trn tp m l 16 dB, rng di tn bng tn s Nyquist.
Mt my thu trm mt t c nhit tp m tng ng l 400 K, rng bng tn tp m l 30 MHz, tng ch anten thu l 44 dB, tn s sng mang l 12 GHz.

Hy xc nh cc thng s: G/Te; N0 v N.
Mt v tinh c t s Eb/N0 ca tuyn ln l 16 dB Eb/N0 ca tuyn xung l 13 dB. Hy xc nh t s Eb/N0 ca ton tuyn ln v xung.
Xc nh d tr tuyn vi cc thng s cho sau y:
Cc thng s tuyn ln: 1. Cng sut ra ca trm mt t bo ho: 12 kW; 2. Khong li cng sut: 4 dB; 3. Tn hao phi v kt ni: 2 dB; 4. Anten parabol trm mt t: D = 10 m; f = 14 GHz 5. Tn hao khng gian t do f = 14 GHz;
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6. Tn hao kh quyn: 1 dB; 7. B pht p v tinh c: G/Te = -3 dB; 8. Tc truyn 80 Mbit/s; 9. iu ch tn hiu: 4-PSK; Cc thng s tuyn xung: 1. Cng sut ra ca b pht p bo ho: 5W; 2. Anten barabol v tinh: D = 0,5 m; f = 12 GHz; 3. Tn hao li cng sut: 1 dB; 4. Tn hao khng gian t 12 GHz; 5. Tn hao kh quyn: 1 dB; 6. Anten barabol thu ca trm mt t: D = 10; f = 12 GHz; 7. Nhit tp m tng ng ca trm mt t: 300 K; 8. Tc truyn 80 Mbit/s; 9. iu ch tn hiu: 4-PSK;

M t chc nng ca b pht p t trn v tinh. Cc thng s k thut c trng cho cc thit b vin thng t trn v tinh.
ngha ca vic s dng phn cc trc giao trong cc h thng thng tin v
tinh. Cho v d v phn b gii tn ca b pht p v tinh trong trng hp s dng phn cc trc giao.

: M t v gii thch s khi chc nng ca b pht p v tinh n sng Hot ng v u nhc im ca b phn knh trong b pht p v tinh.
bp.

c im ca b khuch i cng sut ca b pht p. M t cu trc v hot ng ca b khuch i cng sut dng n sng chy TWT.

c im ca b khuch i cng sut dng transistor trong cc b pht p.
S khc nhau gia b pht p n bp sng v b pht p a bp sng. M t vic kt ni trong v tinh a bp sng.

C nhng phng thc chuyn mch no trong b pht p a bp sng. M
t cu trc v hot ng ca ma trn chuyn mch trong b pht p a bp sng.
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M t cu trc s khi chc nng v hot ng ca b pht p ti sinh. So snh vi b pht p trong sut ( khng ti sinh ).
Cho v d v mt h thng thng tin v tinh c s dng b pht p ti sinh.
M t cu trc v hot ng ca b chuyn mch tn hiu bng c s loi thi gian - khng gian - thi gian (TST) trong b pht p ti sinh.

Gii thch cc khi nim v vng ph sng a l, vng ph sng hnh hc v vng ph sng v tuyn ca mt anten v tinh.

Gii thch khi nim vng ph sng v tinh v ph sng dch v. Cho v d trong thc t.

M t mt phng php to bp sng anten theo vng ph sng ng vi mt
a hnh dch v mong mun.
Cu trc v c im ca anten v tinh. M t v hot ng ca anten c s dng b phn x lng hng sc bc x c hai tn s khc nhau.

M t cu trc v hot ng ca mt anten dn pha.
M t cu trc v hot ng anten c a parabol b ct bt mt phn ( loi c mt a phn x, loi c hai a phn x ).

M t anten phn x c bc x phn cc trc giao. So snh u nhc im ca v tinh a bp sng so vi v tinh n bp sng
So snh gi tr EIRP yu cu i vi trm mt t trong trng hp ph sng n bp sng v ph sng a bp sng ca v tinh

So snh gi tr G/T yu cu i vi trm mt t trong hai trng hp: vng
ph sng -3dB = 1,750 v -3dB = 17,50 .
M t phng thc kt ni bng cch chuyn b pht p trong mng v tinh a bp sng.

M t nguyn l chuyn mch t trn v tinh (SS-TDMA).
M t nguyn l kt ni mng bng phng php qut bp sng trong mng v tinh a bp sng.
M t cc phng thc kt ni lin lc gia v tinh v v tinh (LEO-GEO,
GEO-GEO).
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Ph lc: V tinh VINASAT I
l v tinh vin thng a tnh u tin ca Vit Nam c phng vo v tr 22h 16p ngy 18 thng 4 nm 2008 (gi UTC) (tc 5 gi 17 pht ngy 19
thng 4 nm 2008 (gi Vit Nam)). D n v tinh VINASAT-I khi ng t nm 1988 vi tng mc u t l khong hn 300 triu USD. Vit Nam tin hnh m phn vi 27 quc gia v vng lnh th c c v tr 132 ng trn qu o a tnh. V tinh VINASAT-I c sn xut vi cng ngh tin tin nht, cao 4m, nng 2.600kg, c tui t 15 - 20 nm. V tinh VINASAT-I cng m bo cc ch tiu k thut, cht lng theo chun quc t, khng gy can h nhiu n cc h thng thng tin khc trong qu trnh khai thc. Sau mt thng o v kim tra cc h thng trn qu o, hng Lockheed Martin s bn giao VINASAT-I cho VNPT khai thc thng mi.
Sn sng cho khai thc Vinasat - 1, VNPT thnh lp Trung tm Thng tin v tinh Vinasat; xy dng v lp t thit b ti hai trm iu khin v tinh ti cc Trung tm k thut vin thng quc t H Ty, Bnh Dng, nhm m bo kim sot v iu khin v tinh Vinasat - 1 n nh, khng gy nh hng n cc h thng thng tin khc. H thng trm iu khin c thit k c h s tin cy v sn sng l hn 99,9% m bo cho mc tiu iu khin v tinh VINASAT-1 hot ng n nh trn
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v tr qu o 1320 ng v cc thng s hot ng ca v tinh ng cc ch tiu. Trm iu khin chnh c t pha bc ti tnh H Ty v trm d phng t pha nam ti tnh Bnh Dng. Hai trm ny c thit k cho php d dng m rng iu khin thm cc v tinh khc ca Vit Nam sau ny.

Trm iu khin Qu Dng l trm iu khin chnh, gm cc phn: h thng thi gian thc, b m ha lnh iu khin, h thng chuyn ng bay, h thng gim st v iu khin, h thng thng tin, h thng o to v m phng v tinh chuyn ng, h thng m phng o xa v tinh, h thng thit b RF v h thng anten. Ta trm iu khin:
Kinh : 105041E V :
21005 N
Trm iu khin Bnh Dng l trm iu khin d phng nn mt s phn s ch c trm in khin chnh m khng c trm d phng nhng n vn m bo tin cy v tnh sn sng ca ton b h thng thng tin v tinh, c th gm cc phn: h thng thi gian thc, h thng chuyn ng bay, h thng gim st v iu khin, h thng thng tin, h thng m phng o xa v tinh, h thng thit b RF v h thng anten. Ta : Kinh : 106037E V : 11005 N
Trung tm NOC l mt phn khng th thiu trong h thng thng tin v tinh. Qui m trm NOC c thit k ti u cho dung lng v tinh khai thc v cc loi hnh dch v cung cp cho khch hng cng nh kh nng m rng khi c thm cc v tinh.
Theo di v qun l cng sut vng ph sng ca v tinh Tnh ton v theo di cht lng cc sng mang ca khch hng Kim tra v gim st cc dch v cung cp cho khch hng Trin khai vic o th dch v, h tr khch hng Pht hin cc loi nhiu nh hng n dch v
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Cung cp dch v pht/thu hnh, dch v truyn hnh qung b n tng h gia nh (DTH) Cung cp cc dch v VSAT (DAMA, TDM/TDMA, PAMA) Cung cp mng dng ring cho khch hng V nhiu dch v khc.
Cao 4 mt, trng lng kh khong hn 2,7 tn. Dung lng 20 b pht p (8 b bng C, 12 b bng Ku). V tr qu o: qu o a tnh 132E (cch tri t 35768Km) Tui th theo thit k: ti thiu 15 nm v c th ko di thm mt vi nm ty thuc vo mc tiu hao nhin liu. n nh v tr kinh v v : +/-0,05
S b pht p: 08 b (36 MHz/b) ng ln (Uplink):

o o
Tn s pht Tx: 6.425-6.725 MHz Phn cc: Vertical, Horizontal
ng xung (Downlink): Tn s thu Rx: 3.400-3.700 MHz Phn cc: Horizontal (nm ngang), Vertical (thng ng) Mt dung lng bo ha (SFD): -85 dBW/m2 Vng ph sng bao gm: Vit Nam, ng Nam , Trung Quc, Triu Tin, n , Nht Bn v Australia.
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Vng ph sng bng C-Band ca v tinh VINASAT-1 Bng EIRP v G/T Thnh ph Ha Noi Ho Chi Minh Haiphong Danang Nhatrang Qui Nhon Hue Can Tho Nam Dinh Vinh My Tho Cam Ranh Vung Tau Phnompenh Bangkok Chiang Mai Singapore Alor Star Quc gia Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Cambodia Thailand Thailand Singapore Malaysia EIRP (dBW) 44.2 43.7 44.2 44.2 43.9 44.0 44.3 43.5 44.2 44.3 43.6 43.8 43.6 43.7 43.5 43.7 41.1 42.0 G/T (dB/K) -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.8 -0.7 -0.2
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Thnh ph Kota Kinabalu Jakarta Medan Kupang YANGON MANILA Zamboanga Banda Seiri Begawan Chittagong Beijing Dalian Shanghai Taipei Hong Kong Kunming Calcutta New Delhi Karachi Tokyo Osaka Seoul Port Moresby Colombo Ulan-Bator Vladivostock Sydney Melbourne Wellington Honolulu
Quc gia Malaysia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Myanmar Philippines Philippines Brunei Bangladesh China China China China China China India India Pakistan Japan Japan S-Korea New Guinea Srilanka Mongolia Russia Australia Australia New Zealand USA
EIRP (dBW) 41.7 39.0 41.0 40.6 43.1 41.4 40.5 41.7 42.3 40.1 39.3 39.5 40.1 42.9 43.7 41.9 39.7 38.2 34.9 35.3 37.8 36.5 39.2 39.9 36.7 35.2 35.0 34.2 34.0
G/T (dB/K) -2.1 -2.4 -0.7 -2.6 -1.1 -2.4 -2.6 -1.8 -1.4 -1.4 -2.2 -1.5 -1.4 -1.3 -0.6 -1.7 -2.2 -3.0 -6.7 -8.1 -3.3 -9.4 -3.0 -3.5 -3.9 -7.2 -6.4 -8.3 -8.6
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S b pht p: 12 b (36 MHz/b) ng ln (Uplink):

o o
Tn s pht Tx: 13.750-14.500 MHz Phn cc: Vertical Tn s thu Rx: 10.950-11.700 MHz Phn cc: Horizontal
ng xung (Downlink):
o o
Mt dung lng bo ha (SFD): -90 dBW/m2 Vng ph sng bao gm: Vit Nam, Lo, Campuchia, Thi Lan v mt phn Mianma.
Vng ph sng bng Ku-Band ca v tinh VINASAT-1 Bng EIRP v G/T bng Ku Thnh ph Hanoi Ha Long Dien Bien Phu Thanh Hoa Da Nang Nha Trang Hochiminh City Can Tho Phnom Penh Quc gia Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Cambodia EIRP (dBW) 55 54.6 54.9 54.3 54.0 54.0 54.0 54.2 54.0 G/T (dB/K) 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.0 7.8 7.9 7.8 8.1 8.2
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Thnh ph Vientiane) Bangkok Hoang Sa Truong Sa1 Truong Sa2 Bach Long Vi Sittwe Tanung-gyi Yangon Pattani Phuket Louang Namthon
Quc gia Laos Thailand Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Mianma Mianma Mianma Thailand Thailand Thailand
EIRP (dBW) 54.3 53.9 48.2 46.7 47 54.3 47.5 52.4 51.2 47.2 49.5 54.5
G/T (dB/K) 8.1 7.7 0.2 -2.5 -1.5 7.9 3.6 6.0 5.2 1.0 5.2 8.3
Kinh doanh dch v trn v tinh VINASAT-1
Cung cp n khch hng trn b pht p trn bng tn v tinh hoc thu l dung lng s dng cho cc mc ch kinh doanh
hoc phc v cng ch. i tng l cc khch hng ang s hu v khai thc trm mt t. Hnh thc phc v: K hp ng s dng dch v di hn
L cc dch v do Trung tm Vinasat cung cp bao gm c phn on khng gian v phn on mt t.
- Knh thu ring cho cc doanh nghip-Pht hnh lu ng - o to t xa - Truyn hnh DTH - Truyn hnh hi ngh - Knh thu ring cho thng tin di ng - Truyn d liu cho cc ngn hng - ng truyn cho nh cung cp dch v Internet - in thoi vng su vng xa...

s ph sng ton b lnh th Vit Nam, ngoi ra cn ph sng Nht Bn, min ng Trung Quc, bn o Triu Tin, n , cc nc

188
ng Nam , c, bin ng v mt phn Myanma. Vinasat-1 l mt v tinh vin thng a tnh, sau khi phng ln c th cung cp dch v ng truyn v tinh pht trin cc dch v ng dng nh dch v thoi, truyn hnh, thng tin di ng, truyn s liu, Internet, cc dch v o to v y t t xa, truyn tin cho ng dn trn bin, d bo thi tit, m bo an ninh quc phng... c bit cung cp ng truyn thng tin cho cc trng hp khn cp nh thin tai, bo lt, ng truyn cho cc vng su, vng xa, hi o m cc phng thc truyn dn khc kh vn ti c. V tinh VINASAT-1 c ngha rt ln vi vic ph sng vin thng, lin lc ti mi vng su, vng xa, bin gii v hi o ca t nc, bo m an ninh quc phng vi kh nng truyn ti thng tin, hnh nh t mi ni, khng ch trn lnh th Vit Nam m cn trong c khu vc ng Nam . Bn cnh , khi a vo khai thc, VINASAT- 1 s c ngha x hi rt ln, gp phn hon thin c s h tng thng tin quc gia theo hng hin i, nng cao an ton cho mng li vin thng, thc y v pht trin cc dch v vin thng, cng ngh thng tin, thng mi, gii tr... cng nh cc dch v chuyn dng khc. Ngoi ngha kinh t, vic phng v tinh Vinasat-1 cn khng nh ch quyn ca Vit Nam trong khng gian vo nng v th ca Vit Nam trn trng quc t. Nh , Vit nam tr thnh nc th 93 trn th gii v nc th 6 trong khu vc ng nam c v tinh ring bay vo qu o.
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

Cc trm pht Phn mt t

Hnh 1.4 S b pht p n gin

B phn tuyn B khuch i cng sut (HPA) iu ch IF

B khuch i tp m thp (LNA)

Bng 1.1 Phn nh bng tn cho cc h thng thng tin v tinh

7,25 FSS chnh ph 500

8,4 FSS chnh ph 500 8/7 - G H z bng X

12,7 BS S 500 500 21,2

250 250 250 250 17,7 FSS 2500

1000 FSS chnh ph

K hoch phn nh tn s s dng trong thng tin v tinh

Tn hiu Audio vo (di thng 15kHz)

2.690 2.535 2.500 2.690

3.400 4.200 4.500 4.800

INMARSAT-2 F2 (980W) INMARSAT-3 F2 (15.50W)

INMARSAT-3 F5 (250E) INMARSAT-3 F4 (540W)

INMARSAT-3 F1 (640E) INMARSAT-3 F3 (980E)

INMARSAT-2 F3 (650E) INMARSAT-2 F1 (1790E)

Ton cu Vng 2 Vng 2 Ton cu Ton cu Ton cu Ton cu

Trng lng phng S v tinh/qu o ISL OBP S bp sng vt

10/7 5/7 Khng Khng 61

1998, 2000, 2001 2.4kbps

0.6 9.6 kbps (thoi) 2.4kbps (d liu)

4 kbps (thoi) 2.4, 4.8, 9.6 kbps (d liu)

Ton cu trn 500 v tuyn nam

1610 1626.5 2483.5 2500 W-CDMA

GMSK (tuyn ln), QPSK, O-QPSK BPSK/QPSK (tuyn xung)

Hnh 1.11 - M t cc lc tc ng ln chuyn ng ca v tinh trn qu o

Hnh 1.12 Qu o v tinh trong khng gian

Gc ngng ( ) l gc c xc nh theo hng ln t mt phng nm ngang ca anten trm mt t hng ti v tinh.

l gc tm, l gc gia im v tinh con v giao im ca im P = BOT

l gc tm gia im v tinh con v im P = POT

cos( )=cos( )cos(Lp )+sin( )sin(L p )cos(PBT)

) sin(TBA ) sin(TAB = sin( ) sin(L s )

= PBA = / 2 do ng kinh tuyn vung gc vi ng xch o (v ) Vi TAB = ( / 2) TBP Do TBA

) cos(PBT) sin( / 2) sin( / 2 PBT = = sin( ) sin(Ls ) sin(Ls )

cos( )=cos(I)cos(L s )cos(L p ) + sin(L p ) sin (L s )

Gc ngng ( ) l gc c xc nh theo hng ln t mt phng nm ngang ca anten trm mt t hng ti v tinh.

Gc l gc tm gia trm mt t v v tinh, l vecto gia Re v r l gc (trong tam gic) c xc nh t vect Re v R.

Theo quy lut hm sin trong tam gic ta c:

T = I v cung PT = , p dng nh lut cosin ta c: Xt tam gic cu QPT, PQ

cos Ls sin I sin

S ng Bc ca G S ng Nam ca G Bn cu Nam S Ty Bc ca G S Ty Nam ca G S ng Bc ca G S ng Nam ca G

1800 + 1800 + 1800 1800 -

(c) SSP pha ty bc ca ES Az = 180 0 +

Hnh 1.17 Phng din hnh hc xc nh gc phng v

L gc gia phng ca tm tri t O v phng ca trm mt t hng ti v tinh.

sin( ) = sin( )Re / R

T c th rt ra iu kin kh nng nhn thy v tinh l: (1 17)

Trn mt qu o ng b a tnh, rt gn phng trnh cui ta c

Gc ngng theo biu thc (1 - 10) trong trng hp ny l : Cos(El) =

Gc phng v Az theo biu thc (1 13) l :

hoc R = Re 2 + r 2 2 Re r cos Trong :

Gc ngng nm trong mt phng cha 3 im l v tinh, trm mt t v tm tri t:

T hnh v ta c Cos El = (r/R)sin Hay El = arcos sin R

Bng 1.9: Xc nh gc phng v

Quan h gia Az v Az = 1800 Az = Az = 1800 + Az = 3600

l thi gian truyn sng

f l tn s hot ng ca tuyn c l vn tc nh sng

Ls = 0 - Ngoi ra cn c qu o thp, qu o tm trung v qu o tm cao

Hnh 1.20: a truy cp phn chia theo tn s trong TTVT

Xung thng tin

A B A Cc trm thng tin Trm chun N