Exam 2: Cells, membranes, energy metabolism Biology I, Fall 2013

Name: ____________________________

The exam is worth 100 points. Multiple choice questions are worth 2 points each. Point values for other questions are given in parentheses. Please ask to have a sentence rephrased if you do not understand it. 1. Draw an arrow pointing to and choose from the list of cell structure names to label one cell structure or organelle visible in each of these five photographs of cells. There are multiple structures or organelles visible, but label only one in each photo. You must label a different structure or organelle in each photo. For example, you will not get 2 points for labeling the nucleus in two eukaryotic cell photos. (5 points)

3
1 4 5

Structure names to choose from: Capsule Cell wall Chloroplast Cilia Cytoplasm Endospore

Flagella Gap junction Golgi apparatus Lysosome Mitochondria Nucleus

Peroxisome Plasma membrane Ribosomes Rough ER Vacuole Vesicle

2. State the functions of each structure that you labeled in the photos in question 1. (10 points) Structure name 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Function

3. Match each eukaryotic cell structure or organelle with the simile that is most appropriate. (8 points) a. Cell wall b. Cytoskeleton c. Flagella d. Golgi apparatus e. Lysosome f. Mitochondria ___ This organelle is most like a hydroelectric generating plant. ___ This structure is most like a knights armor. ___ This organelle is most like your stomach. ___ This organelle is most like a university library. ___ This organelle is most like the FedEx distribution center in Atlanta. ___ This organelle is most like the interstate highway system. ___ This structure is most like superglue. ___ This structure is most like a motor boats propeller.

g. Nucleus h. Tight junction

4. Compare and contrast prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. How are they similar? How are they different? Include both structures and functions in your answer. (8 points)

5. What structural features of cell membranes make them selectively permeable? What characteristic of molecules determines which can cross cell membranes freely and which cannot? (6 points)

6. This cell has just been introduced into a solution of Cl- ions. Which direction will Cl- ions move across the plasma membrane through the open channel proteins? (2 points) Cl ion Cl ion channel
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6. The average solute concentration of sea water in the worlds oceans is about 1025 mOsm (a milliosmol is a measure of active solute particles per ml of solution). The solute concentration of human blood plasma is about 300 mOsm. Lake Tahoe solute concentration ranges from 5 10 mOsm. Explain what will happen if human red blood cells are placed in sea water? Explain what will happen if red blood cells are placed in Lake Tahoe water? (6 points)

7. When an ion channel receptor opens in response to the chemical signal binding, ions cross the cell membrane containing the channel receptor by _____________. a. Osmosis b. Primary active transport c. Secondary active transport d. Facilitated diffusion e. Endocytosis

8. Refer to the illustration to answer these questions: a. Is this a hydrophilic or hydrophobic signal molecule? How can you tell? (3 points)

b. Which protein makes the second messenger? (2 points)

c. Are effects shown long term or short term? Explain. (3 points)

9. Which chemical signaling pathways respond to hydrophobic signal molecules? a. Signaling pathways involving intracellular receptors b. Signaling pathways involving tyrosine kinase receptors c. Signaling pathways involving ion channel receptors d. Signaling pathways involving G protein-linked receptors e. Signaling pathways involving all four the receptors listed in choices a d 10. Which signaling pathway is amplified by acting through multiple relay proteins within the cell, some of which in turn change the activity of multiple target proteins. a. Signaling pathways involving intracellular receptors b. Signaling pathways involving tyrosine kinase receptors c. Signaling pathways involving ion channel receptors d. Signaling pathways involving G protein-linked receptors e. Signaling pathways involving all four the receptors listed in choices a d 11. In which signaling pathway does the receptor activate the first intracellular relay protein by attaching a phosphate group to it? a. Signaling pathways involving intracellular receptors b. Signaling pathways involving tyrosine kinase receptors c. Signaling pathways involving ion channel receptors d. Signaling pathways involving G protein-linked receptors e. Signaling pathways involving all four the receptors listed in choices a d

12. In which signaling pathway does binding of chemical signal to its receptor changes the shape of the receptor. a. Signaling pathways involving intracellular receptors b. Signaling pathways involving tyrosine kinase receptors c. Signaling pathways involving ion channel receptors d. Signaling pathways involving G protein-linked receptors e. Signaling pathways involving all four the receptors listed in choices a d 13. How is potential energy stored in NADH? a. In weak chemical bonds that are easy to break because negative charges repel each other b. In an ion gradient across a cell membrane c. As electrons that are easily donated in oxidation-reduction reactions d. As charged functional groups that participate in ionic bonds e. As excited electrons that have absorbed energy and moved to a higher energy shell

14. What colors of light are being absorbed by this seasonal vegetable? How can you tell? (4 points)

15. How is sunlight energy captured during photosynthesis and converted into chemical bond energy of ATP? (8 points)

16. The figure shows the relationship between cellular respiration in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts in the ecosystem. a. Why is heat released during cellular respiration? (2 points) Light energy
ECOSYSTEM

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts

CO2 + H2O

Cellular respiration in mitochondria

Organic + O 2 molecules

b. At what point during photosynthesis is O2 produced? Be specific. (2 points) ATP ATP powers most cellular work
Heat energy

c. At what point during photosynthesis is CO2 used? Be specific. (2 points)

d. In what ways is photosynthesis the opposite of cellular respiration? (4 points)

e. In what ways is photosynthesis NOT the opposite of cellular respiration. (4 points)

17. Arrange these events of cellular respiration into the order in which they occur in eukaryotic cells. I. ATP Synthase uses the potential energy of an electrochemical gradient to power ATP synthesis. II. Membrane enzymes catalyze many oxidation-reduction reactions and move H+ across the membrane. III. Glucose is oxidized to form pyruvate with some ATP and NADH made. IV. Lots of NADH (and some FADH2) is made as organic molecules are oxidized to form CO2. V. A two-carbon functional group from acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle. a. b. c. d. e. II IV III V I III II I IV V IV V III I II III V IV II I III IV V I II

18. Compare cellular respiration to fermentation. How are they similar? How are they different? (7 points)

25. Extra credit question: This short metabolic pathway can be used to generate more RuBP for the Calvin cycle from glucose-6-phosphate, an intermediate in glycolysis. (RuBP is the 5-carbon molecule to which CO2 is attached.) Enzymes that catalyze each step are listed in italics to the left of the arrows. Reactants that react with the main pathway intermediates are shown coming in at the base of curved arrows and products produced at each step are shown at the point of the curved arrows. Glucose-6-phosphate NADP+ Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase NADPH 6-phosphogluconolactone H2O Gluconolactonase H+ 6-phosphogluconate NADP+ 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase NADPH + CO2 RuBP a. Is this metabolic pathway anabolic or catabolic? How can you tell? (2 points)

b. Which electron carrier is used in the oxidation reduction reactions in this metabolic pathway? Is it oxidized or reduced? (2 points)

c. Assume that this metabolic pathway is regulated by negative feedback. Explain how this is likely to work, including in your explanation the most likely regulatory molecule, the most likely point of regulation, and how the regulatory molecule exerts its control on the enzyme that it regulates. (4 points)

d. Why might plants need to generate more RuBP for the Calvin cycle? (2 point)