Second-Order Circuits Contd

Dr. Holbert April 24, 2006

ECE201 Lect-22

Important Concepts
The differential equation for the circuit Forced (particular) and natural (complementary) solutions Transient and steady-state responses 1st order circuits: the time constant () 2nd order circuits: natural frequency (0) and the damping ratio ()
ECE201 Lect-22 2

Building Intuition
Even though there are an infinite number of differential equations, they all share common characteristics that allow intuition to be developed: Particular and complementary solutions Effects of initial conditions Roots of the characteristic equation
ECE201 Lect-22 3

Second-Order Natural Solution

The second-order ODE has a form of 2 d x(t ) dx(t ) 2 2 0 0 x (t ) 0 2 dt dt To find the natural solution, we solve the characteristic equation:

s 2 0 s 0
2 2 0

Which has two roots: s1 and s2.

ECE201 Lect-22 4

Step-by-Step Approach
1. Assume solution (only dc sources allowed):
i. ii. x(t) = K1 + K2 e-t/ x(t) = K1 + K2 es t + K3 es t
1 2

2. At t=0, draw circuit with C as open circuit and L as short circuit; find IL(0) and/or VC(0) 3. At t=0+, redraw circuit and replace C and/or L with appropriate source of value obtained in step #2, and find x(0)=K1+K2 (+K3) 4. At t=, repeat step #2 to find x()=K1
ECE201 Lect-22 5

Step-by-Step Approach
5.
i. ii.

Find time constant (), or characteristic roots (s)

Looking across the terminals of the C or L element, form Thevenin equivalent circuit; =RThC or =L/RTh Write ODE at t>0; find s from characteristic equation Simply put the answer together. Typically have to use dx(t)/dtt=0 to generate another algebraic equation to solve for K2 & K3 (try repeating the circuit analysis of step #5 at t=0+, which basically means using the values obtained in step #3)
ECE201 Lect-22 6

6.

Finish up
i. ii.

Class Examples
Learning Extension E7.10 Learning Extension E7.11

ECE201 Lect-22