Unit 6

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

AIM:
To recognize the English technical terms related to telecommunications and the development of this field;

OBJECTIVES:
On successfully completing this unit the student should be able to: identify correctly the terms defining telecommunications devices and systems; recognise the specific terms related to telegraph-, telephoneand broadcasting systems; characterise the operation principles of each branch of telecommunications; identify the types of equipment used for transmitting and receiving the various types of signals; describe the telecommunications system; applications made possible by each

assimilate at least 3 terms specific of sending, receiving, and converting signals;

KEY TERMS:

electronic signal, optical signal, sender, recipient, telephone system, medium, radio wave, strand of glass fibre, point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, facsimile (fax) message, broadcast, telegraph, intercity message, transcontinental message, transoceanic message, electromagnetism, prototype, decipher, switching technology, , long-distance telephone service, public communications, Morse-code telegraph signal, wireless telegraphy, mass-communication

TELECOMMUNICATIONS 6.1. Introduction Telecommunications, devices and systems that transmit electronic or optical signals across long distances! Telecommunications enables people around the "orld to contact one another, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas! Telecommunications usually involves a sender of information and one or more recipients lin#ed by a technology, such as a telephone system, that transmits information from one place to another! Telecommunications enables people to send and receive personal messages across to"n, bet"een countries, and to and from outer space! $t also provides the #ey medium for delivering ne"s, data, information, and entertainment! Telecommunications devices convert different types of information, such as sound and video, into electronic or optical signals! Electronic signals typically travel along a medium such as copper "ire or are carried over the air as radio "aves! Optical signals typically travel along a medium such as strands of glass fibres! %hen a signal reaches its destination, the device on the receiving end converts the signal bac# into an understandable message, such as sound over a telephone, moving images on a television, or terms and pictures on a computer screen!

Telecommunications messages can be sent in a variety of "ays and by a "ide range of devices! The messages can be sent from one sender to a single receiver &point-to-point' or from one sender to many receivers &point-to-multipoint'! (ersonal communications, such as a telephone conversation bet"een t"o people or a facsimile &fa)' message, usually involve point-to-point transmission! (oint-to-multipoint telecommunications, often called broadcasts, provide the basis for commercial radio and television programming! 6.2. i!tor" *ommunicating over long distances has been a challenge throughout history! +odern telecommunications began in the ,- s "ith the discovery that electricity can be used to transmit a signal! .or the first time, a signal could be sent faster than any other mode of transportation! The first practical telecommunications device to ma#e use of this discovery "as the telegraph! 6.2.1. T#$ T$%$&r'(# /eginning in the mid-,- s, the telegraph delivered the first intercity, transcontinental, and transoceanic messages in the "orld! The telegraph revolutionized the "ay people communicated by providing messages faster than any other means provided at the time! 0merican art professor 1amuel .! /! +orse pursued an interest in electromagnetism to create a practical electromagnetic telegraph in ,-32! +orse partnered "ith 0lfred 3ail and "as able to commercialize the technology "ith financial support from the 4!1! government! $n ,-53 +orse built a demonstration telegraph lin# bet"een %ashington, 6!*!, and /altimore, +aryland! On +ay 75, ,-55, the net"or# "as inaugurated for commercial use "ith the message, 8%hat hath 9od "rought:8 Telegraph use quic#ly spread; the first transcontinental lin# "as completed in ,-;, bet"een 1an .rancisco, *alifornia, and %ashington, 6!*! <ailroad companies and ne"spapers "ere the first ma=or telegraphy users! Telegraph lines "ere constructed parallel to railroad beds! Telegraphy helped the railroads manage traffic and allo"ed ne"s organizations to distribute stories quic#ly to local ne"spapers! %ithin a fe" years, several telegraph companies "ere in operation, each "ith its o"n net"or# of telegraph "ires! *onsolidation occurred in the telegraph industry &as it has in numerous telecommunications industries', and by the ,-2 s the %estern 4nion Telegraph *ompany emerged as the dominant operator! 6.2.2. Co))$rci'% *ro+t# o, t#$ T$%$(#on$ $n ,-2; 0merican inventor 0le)ander 9raham /ell ushered in a ne" era of voice and sound telecommunication "hen he uttered to his assistant the terms, 8+r! %atson, come here; $ "ant you,8 using a prototype telephone! /ell received the patent for the first telephone, but he had to fight numerous legal challenges to his patent from other inventors "ith similar devices! /ell "as able to ma#e his prototype telephone "or#, and this enabled him to attract financial bac#ers, and his company gre"! The telephone "as a vast improvement over the telegraph system, "hich could only transmit coded terms and numbers, not the sound of a human voice! Telegraph messages had to be deciphered by trained operators, "ritten do"n, and then delivered by hand to the receiving party, all of "hich too# time! The telephone transmitted actual sound messages and made telecommunication immediate! $mproved s"itching technology &used to transfer calls from one local net"or# to another' meant individual telephones could be connected for personal conversations!

The first commercial telephone line "as installed in /oston, +assachusetts, in ,-22! Early telephones required direct connections to other telephones, but this problem "as solved "ith telephone e)change s"itches, the first of "hich "as installed in >e" ?aven, *onnecticut, in ,-2-! 0 telephone e)change lin#ed telephones in a given area together, so a connection bet"een the telephone and the e)change "as all that "as needed! Telephones "ere much more convenient and personal than telegrams, and their use quic#ly spread! /y ,@,3 telephone lines from >e" Aor# *ity to 1an .rancisco had been established, and by ,@3 radio signals could transmit telephone calls bet"een >e" Aor# and Bondon, England! Eventually, long-distance telephone service in the 4nited 1tates "as consolidated into one company, the 0merican Telephone and Telegraph *ompany &no" #no"n as 0TCT *orp!', "hich "as a regulated monopoly! 6.-. RECENT .EVELO/MENTS 6.-.1. T#$ E)$r&$nc$ o, Bro'dc'!tin& Telephones and telegraphs are primarily private means of communications, sending signals from one point to another, but "ith the invention of the radio, public communications, or point-tomultipoint signals, could be sent through a central transmitter to be received by anyone possessing a receiver! $talian inventor and electrical engineer 9uillermo +arconi transmitted a +orse-code telegraph signal by radio in ,-@D! This began a revolution in "ireless telegraphy that "ould later result in broadcast radios that could transmit actual voice and music! <adio and "ireless telegraph communication played an important role during %orld %ar $ &,@,5-,@,-', allo"ing military personnel to communicate instantly "ith troops in remote locations! 4nited 1tates president %oodro" %ilson "as impressed "ith the ability of radio, but he "as fearful of its potential for espionage use! ?e banned non-military radio use in the 4nited 1tates as the nation entered %orld %ar $ in ,@,2, and this stifled commercial development of the medium! 0fter the "ar, ho"ever, commercial radio stations began to broadcast! /y the mid-,@7 s, millions of radio listeners tuned in to music, ne"s, and entertainment programming! Television got its start as a mass-communication medium shortly after %orld %ar $$ &,@3@-,@5D'! The e)pense of television transmission prevented its use as a t"o-"ay medium, but radio broadcasters quic#ly sa" the potential for television to provide a ne" "ay of bringing ne"s and entertainment programming to people! You )'" +'nt to &o 0'c1 to t#$ 1$" +ord! %i!t$d 't t#$ 0$&innin& o, t#$ unit 'nd c#$c1 t#'t "ou 'r$ ,')i%i'r +it# $'c# on$. *i2$ t#$ir Ro)'ni'n $3ui2'%$nt! 4i, n$c$!!'r"5 "ou c'n u!$ t#$ &%o!!'r" (ro2id$d 't t#$ $nd o, t#$ t$6t0oo17.

E8ERCISES
A. REA.IN* T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6$rci!$! i! to d$2$%o( r$'din& !tr't$&i$! 'nd r$in,orc$ to(ic r$%'t$d 2oc'0u%'r"5 not to c#$c1 0'c1&round 1no+%$d&$. A.1. '2in& r$'d t#$ t$6t5 d$cid$ +#$t#$r t#$ in,or)'tion &i2$n in t#$ !t't$)$nt! 0$%o+ i! tru$ 4T7 or ,'%!$ 497. Corr$ct t#$ ,'%!$ !t't$)$nt! 4t#$ !($ci,ic'tion! in 0r'c1$t! r$,$r o t#$ !$ction in t#$ t$6t +#$r$ t#$ 'n!+$r c'n 0$ ,ound7:

,! Telecommunications, devices and systems that transmit electronic or optical signals across long distances! 7! Telecommunications usually involves a sender of information and a single recipients lin#ed by a technology, such as a telephone system, that transmits information from one place to another! 3! Telecommunications devices convert different types of information, such as sound and video, into electronic or optical signals! 5! The messages can be sent from one sender to a single receiver&point-to-multipoint'or from one sender to many receivers &point-to-point'! D! *onsolidation occurred in the telegraph industry &as it has in numerous telecommunications industries', and by the ,@2 s the %estern 4nion Telegraph *ompany emerged as the dominant operator! ;! Early telephones required direct connections to other telephones, but this problem "as solved "ith telephone e)change s"itches, the first of "hich "as installed in >e" ?aven, *onnecticut, in ,-2-! 2! Telephones and telegraphs are primarily private means of communications, sending signals from one point to another, but "ith the invention of the radio, public communications, or pointto-point signals, could be sent through a central transmitter to be received by anyone possessing a receiver! -! <adio and "ireless telegraph communication played an important role during %orld %ar $ &,@,5-,@,-', allo"ing military personnel to communicate instantly "ith troops in remote locations! @! Television got its start as a mass-communication medium shortly before %orld %ar $$ &,@3@,@5D'! , ! (oint-to-multipoint telecommunications, often called broadcasts, provide the basis for commercial radio and television programming! A.2. 9i%% in t#$ &'(! ,o%%o+in& !$nt$nc$! +it# in,or)'tion '0out t$%$co))unic'tion !"!t$)! &i2$n in t#$ t$6t. ,! Telecommunications usually involves aEEEEEEEEof information and one or more EEEEEElin#ed by a EEEEEEEEE, such as a telephone system, that EEEEEEEEinformation from one place to another! 7! Telecommunications EEEEEEEEconvert different types of information, such as sound and video, into electronic or opticalEEEEEEE! 3! %hen a signal reaches itsEEEEEEEE, the device on the receiving end EEEEEEthe signal bac# into an understandable message, such as sound over aEEEEEEEE, moving images on aEEEEEEE, or terms and EEEEEEon a EEEEEEscreen! 5! (ersonal communications, such as a telephone conversation bet"een t"o people or a EEEEEEEEEE&fa)' message, usually involve EEEEEEEEEEEtransmission! D! The first practical telecommunications EEEEEEEto ma#e use of this discovery "as the telegraph! B. VOCABULARY :ORK T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6$rci!$! i! to (ro)ot$ t#$ 'c3ui!ition o, n$+ %$6ic'% it$)! 0" (ro2idin& co%%oc'tion!5 t$r)! ,o%%o+$d 0" (r$(o!ition! %$6ic'% !$t! 'nd tr'n!%'tion! o, t#$ t$r)! con!id$r$d r$%$2'nt to t#$ to(ic. B.1. Ent$r in t#$ ,o%%o+in& t'0%$ in,or)'tion r$%'t$d to t$%$co))unic'tion! d$2ic$! 4!$$ 6.17:

T'0%$ 6.1 T"($ o, d$2ic$

T"($ o, )$!!'&$

M$diu) o, tr'n!)i!!ion

A((%ic'tion

Nu)0$r o, r$ci(i$nt!

C. LAN*UA*E 9OCUS: A.VERBS USE. 9OR /RESENTIN* T E SE;UENCE O9 EVENTS T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6$rci!$! i! to d$2$%o( %'n&u'&$ '+'r$n$!! in t$r)! o, u!$ o, 'd2$r0! +#$n (r$!$ntin& t#$ !$3u$nc$ o, $2$nt! or 'ction!. C.1. S$%$ct t#$ !uit'0%$ 'd2$r0! ,ro) t#$ %i!t 0$%o+ 'nd u!$ t#$) to %in1 t+o !$nt$nc$!5 in 'ccord'nc$ +it# t#$ in,or)'tion (ro2id$d 0" !$ction 6.2 o, t#$ t$6t. Li!t 6.1. T EN5 EREA9TER5 T EREA9TER5 A9TER:AR.S5 BE9ORE5 SOON A9TER 4T AT75 SUBSE;UENTLY5 /RIOR5 AT T E SAME TIME5 MEAN: ILE5 LATER5 9IRST4LY75 SECON.4LY75 SIMULTANEOUSLY. < !o)$ ('ir! o, !$nt$nc$! c'n 0$ %in1$d 0" !$2$r'% o, t#$ 'd2$r0! in t#$ %i!t. ,! 0merican art professor 1amuel .! /! +orse pursued an interest in electromagnetism to create a practical electromagnetic telegraph in ,-32! $n ,-53 +orse built a demonstration telegraph lin# bet"een %ashington, 6!*!, and /altimore, +aryland! 7! Telegraph use quic#ly spread; the first transcontinental lin# "as completed in ,-;,! /eginning in the mid-,- s, the telegraph delivered the first intercity, transcontinental, and transoceanic messages in the "orld! 3! $n ,-2; 0merican inventor 0le)ander 9raham /ell ushered in a ne" era of voice and sound telecommunication "hen he uttered to his assistant the terms, 8+r! %atson, come here; $ "ant you,8 using a prototype telephone! /ell received the patent for the first telephone, but he had to fight numerous legal challenges to his patent from other inventors "ith similar devices! 5! <adio and "ireless telegraph communication played an important role during %orld %ar $ &,@,5-,@,-', allo"ing military personnel to communicate instantly "ith troops in remote locations! /y the mid-,@7 s, millions of radio listeners tuned in to music, ne"s, and entertainment programming! D! Television got its start as a mass-communication medium shortly after %orld %ar $$ &,@3@,@5D'! <adio broadcasters quic#ly sa" the potential for television to provide a ne" "ay of bringing ne"s and entertainment programming to people! C.2. R$'d !$ction 6.2. '&'in 'nd co)(%$t$ t#$ %i!t o, 'd2$r0! +it# ti)$ r$,$r$nc$ 0$%o+: Li!t 6.2. throughout, in, the,- s, in the mid-,- s, on +ay 75, ,-55F .. TRANSLATION T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#i! $6$rci!$ i! to d$2$%o( tr'n!%'tin& !1i%%!. ..1. Tr'n!%'t$ t#$ ,o%%o+in& !$nt$nc$! into En&%i!#: ,! TelecomunicaGiile au ca obiect transmisia de semnale optice sau electronice pe distanGe mari! 7! 6ispozitivele utilizate Hn domeniul telecomunicaGiilor transformI diferite tipuri de date, precum cele audio sau video, Hn semnale electronice sau optice!

3! Ba destinaGie, dispozitivul de receptare, transformI semnalul din nou Hn mesa=! E. S/EAKIN* T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$!$ $6$rci!$! i! to d$2$%o( !($'1in& !1i%%! +it# ' ,ocu! on (r$!$ntin& t#$ c#rono%o&ic'% ord$r o, $2$nt!. E.1. T'1in& turn!5 d$!cri0$ t#$ $2o%ution o, t$%$(#on$ !"!t$)! $'c# o, "ou (r$!$ntin& t#$ on$ i)(ort'nt !t'&$. E)(#'!i=$ t#$ c#rono%o&ic'% ord$r o, t#$ !t'&$!.

Unit >

TELECOMMUNICATIONS O/ERATION /RINCI/LES

AIM:
To recognize the English technical terms related to the operation of telecommunication systems and devices;

OBJECTIVES:
On successfully completing this unit the student should be able to: identify correctly the terms describing signal creating-, receiving-, transmitting processes;

recognise the specific terms related to signal encoding and decoding procedures and the corresponding devices; describe the separate stages in the operation of telegraph-, telephone-, radio-, television-, and internet communications and identify similarities and differences; identify the types of equipment used for each type of signal creation, transmission and reception and compare them; describe the function performed by each device;

assimilate at least 3 terms specific of signal creating-, receiving-, transmitting processes and equipment;

KEY TERMS:

convert, digital format, mathematical format, transmission, decode, modulated electrical impulses, via, modulation, contact, telegraph key, metal conductor, electrical impulse, burst of sound, dots and dashes, diaphragm, wire coil, analogue waveform, electrical waveform, speaker, cellular radio telephones, broadcast radio, electromagnetic radiation, microwave, wavelength, frequency, encode, amplitude, tuner, picture tube, electron gun, photo-sensitive display screen, analogue transmission, series of binary numbers, digits, network, broadband networks, cable television company, modem, modulator/demodulator, transmission media, copper wires, fibre-optic cable, communication satellite, microwave radio, wire-based (or wire line) telecommunications, wireless communications, cordless telephone, pager, satellite, highspeed nternet access!

o+ T$%$co))unic'tion! :or1! >.1. iNTRO.UCTION

Telecommunications begin "ith messages that are converted into electronic or optical signals! 1ome signals, such as those that carry voice or music, are created in an analogue or "ave format, but may be converted into a digital or mathematical format for faster and more efficient transmission! The signals are then sent over a medium to a receiver, "here they are decoded bac# into a form that the person receiving the message can understand! There are a variety of "ays to create and decode signals, and many different "ays to transmit signals! >.2. CREATIN* AN. RECEIVIN* T E SI*NAL >.2.1. T$%$&r'(# 6evices such as the telegraph and telephone relay messages by creating modulated electrical impulses, or impulses that change in a systematic "ay! These impulses are then sent along "ires, through the air as radio "aves, or via other media to a receiver that decodes the modulation! The telegraph, the earliest method of delivering telecommunications, "or#s by converting the contacts &connections bet"een t"o conductors that permit a flo" of current' bet"een a telegraph #ey and a metal conductor into electrical impulses! These impulses are sent along a "ire to a receiver, "hich converts the impulses into short and long bursts of sound or into dots and dashes on a simple printing device! 1pecific sequences of dots and dashes represent letters of the alphabet! $n the early days of the telegraph, these sequences "ere decoded by telegraph operators! $n this "ay, telegraph operators could transmit and receive letters that spelled terms! Bater versions of the telegraph could decipher letters and numbers automatically! Telegraphs have been largely replaced by other forms of telecommunications, such as electronic mail &email', but they are still used in some parts of the "orld to send messages! >.2.2. T$%$(#on$ The telephone uses a diaphragm &small membrane' connected to a magnet and a "ire coil to convert sound into an analogue or electrical "aveform representation of the sound! %hen a person spea#s into the telephoneJs microphone, sound "aves created by the voice vibrate the diaphragm, "hich in turn creates electrical impulses that are sent along a telephone "ire! The receiverJs "ire is connected to a spea#er, "hich converts the modulated electrical impulses bac# into sound! >.2.-. R'dio /roadcast radio and cellular radio telephones are e)amples of devices that create signals by modulating radio "aves! 0 radio "ave is one type of electromagnetic radiation, a form of energy that travels in "aves! +icro"aves are also electromagnetic "aves, but "ith shorter "avelengths and higher frequencies! $n telecommunications, a transmitter creates and emits radio "aves! The transmitter electronically modulates or encodes sound or other information onto the radio "aves by varying either the amplitude &height' of the radio "aves, or by varying the frequency &number' of the "aves "ithin an established range! 0 receiver &tuner' tuned to a specific frequency or range of frequencies "ill pic# up the modulation added to the radio "aves! 0 spea#er connected to the tuner converts the modulation bac# into sound! >.2.?. T$%$2i!ion /roadcast television "or#s in a similar fashion! 0 television camera ta#es the light reflected from a scene and converts it into an electronic signal, "hich is transmitted over high-frequency radio "aves! 0 television set contains a tuner that receives the signal and uses that signal to modulate the images seen on the picture tube! The picture tube contains an electron gun that shoots electrons onto a photo-sensitive display screen! The electrons illuminate the screen "herever they fall, thus creating moving pictures!

Telegraphs, telephones, radio, and television all "or# by modifying electronic signals, ma#ing the signals imitate, or reproduce, the original message! This form of transmission is #no"n as analogue transmission! *omputers and other types of electronic equipment, ho"ever, transmit digital information! 6igital technologies convert a message into an electronic or optical form first by measuring different qualities of the message, such as the pitch and volume of a voice, many times! These measurements are then encoded into multiple series of binary numbers, or ,s and s! .inally, digital technologies create and send impulses that correspond to the series of ,s and s! 6igital information can be transmitted faster and more clearly than analogue signals, because the impulses only need to correspond to t"o digits and not to the full range of qualities that compose the original message, such as the pitch and volume of a human voice! %hile digital transmissions can be sent over "ires, cables or radio "aves, they must be decoded by a digital receiver! >e" digital telephones and televisions are being developed to ma#e telecommunications more efficient! >.2.@. Co)(ut$r! (ersonal computers primarily communicate "ith each other and "ith larger net"or#s, such as the $nternet, by using the ordinary telephone net"or#! $ncreasing numbers of computers rely on broadband net"or#s provided by telephone and cable television companies to send te)t, music, and video over the $nternet at high speeds! 1ince the telephone net"or# functions by converting sound into electronic signals, the computer must first convert its digital data into sound! *omputers do this "ith a device called a modem, "hich is short for modulatorKdemodulator! 0 modem converts the stream of ,s and s from a computer into an analogue signal that can then be transmitted over the telephone net"or#, as a spea#erJs voice "ould! The modem of the receiving computer demodulates the analogue sound signal bac# into a digital form that the computer can understand! >.-. TRANSMITTIN* T E SI*NAL Telecommunications systems deliver messages using a number of different transmission media, including copper "ires, fibre-optic cables, communication satellites, and micro"ave radio! One "ay to categorize telecommunications media is to consider "hether or not the media uses "ires! %ire-based &or "ire line' telecommunications provide the initial lin# bet"een most telephones and the telephone net"or# and are a reliable means for transmitting messages! Telecommunications "ithout "ires, commonly referred to as "ireless communications, use technologies such as cordless telephones, cellular radio telephones, pagers, and satellites! %ireless communications offer increased mobility and fle)ibility! $n the future some e)perts believe that "ireless devices "ill also offer high-speed $nternet access! You )'" +'nt to &o 0'c1 to t#$ 1$" +ord! %i!t$d 't t#$ 0$&innin& o, t#$ unit 'nd c#$c1 t#'t "ou 'r$ ,')i%i'r +it# $'c# on$. *i2$ t#$ir Ro)'ni'n $3ui2'%$nt! 4i, n$c$!!'r"5 "ou c'n u!$ t#$ &%o!!'r" (ro2id$d 't t#$ $nd o, t#$ t$6t0oo17.

E8ERCISES
E8ERCISES

A. REA.IN* T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6$rci!$! i! to d$2$%o( r$'din& !tr't$&i$! 'nd r$in,orc$ to(ic r$%'t$d 2oc'0u%'r"5 not to c#$c1 0'c1&round 1no+%$d&$. A.1. '2in& r$'d t#$ t$6t5 'n!+$r t#$ ,o%%o+in& 3u$!tion! 4t#$ !($ci,ic'tion! in 0r'c1$t! r$,$r to t#$ !$ction in t#$ t$6t +#$r$ t#$ 'n!+$r c'n 0$ ,ound7: ,! %hat is the means of creating a signal in telegraph communicationsL 7! %hat is the means of creating a signal in telephone communicationsL 3! %hat is the means of creating a signal in radio communicationsL 5! %hat is the means of creating a signal in televisionL D! %hat is the means of creating a signal in computer-basedL A.2. 9i%% in t#$ ,o%%o+in& t'0%$ +it# in,or)'tion '0out !i&n'% )'ni(u%'tion &i2$n in t#$ t$6t. T'0%$ >.1 T"($ o, .$2ic$! .$2ic$! Tr'n!)i!!ion Tr'n!)i!!ion T"($ o, t$%$co). u!$d in u!$d ,or !($$d )$di' !"!t$) !"!t$) !i&n'% !i&n'% 4+ir$%$!!A cr$'tion r$c$(tion +ir$B 0'!$d7

B. VOCABULARY :ORK T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6$rci!$! i! to (ro)ot$ t#$ 'c3ui!ition o, n$+ %$6ic'% it$)! 0" (ro2idin& co%%oc'tion!5 t$r)! ,o%%o+$d 0" (r$(o!ition! %$6ic'% !$t! 'nd tr'n!%'tion! o, t#$ t$r)! con!id$r$d r$%$2'nt to t#$ to(ic. B.1. M'tc# t#$ o($r'tion (rinci(%$! d$!cri0$d 0$%o+ +it# t#$ t"($ o, t$%$co))unic'tion !"!t$) in t#$ %i!t. ,! The earliest method of delivering telecommunications, "or#s by converting the contacts &connections bet"een t"o conductors that permit a flo" of current' bet"een a telegraph #ey and a metal conductor into electrical impulses! These impulses are sent along a "ire to a receiver, "hich converts the impulses into short and long bursts of sound or into dots and dashes on a simple printing device! 1pecific sequences of dots and dashes represent letters of the alphabet! 7! The transmitter electronically modulates or encodes sound or other information onto the radio "aves by varying either the amplitude &height' of the radio "aves, or by varying the frequency &number' of the "aves "ithin an established range! 0 receiver &tuner' tuned to a specific frequency or range of frequencies "ill pic# up the modulation added to the radio "aves! 0 spea#er connected to the tuner converts the modulation bac# into sound! 3! 0 modem converts the stream of ,s and s from a computer into an analogue signal that can then be transmitted over the telephone net"or#, as a spea#erJs voice "ould! The modem of the receiver demodulates the analogue sound signal bac# into a digital form! a! telephone b! telegraph c! computer d! television e! radio

B.2. In $'c# !$ri$! o, ,our t$r)! &i2$n 0$%o+ t#$r$ i! on$ t$r) t#'t do$! not 0$%on& in t#$ !$ri$!. Und$r%in$ t#$ CoddD +ord 'nd Eu!ti," "our d$ci!ion5 '! !#o+n in t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6')(%$: $.&.: digital format, mathematical format, transmission, dots and dashes! ,! diaphragm, "ire coil, cable television companies, cordless telephones! 7! high-speed $nternet access, "avelength, frequency, encode! 3! photo-sensitive display screen, analogue transmission, series of binary numbers, contacts! 5! communication satellites,, contacts, telegraph #ey, metal conductor, electrical impulses! D! modem, encode, micro"ave radio, fibre-optic cable! C. LAN*UA*E 9OCUS: COM/ARISON AN. CONTRAST T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6$rci!$! i! to d$2$%o( %'n&u'&$ '+'r$n$!! in t$r)! o, $6(r$!!in& co)('ri!on 'nd t$'c# contr'!ti2$ conEunction!. C.1. R$'d t#$ !$nt$nc$! 0$%o+ 'nd id$nti," !i)i%'riti$! 'nd di,,$r$nc$! o, t#$ t#in&! d$!cri0$d. ,! +icro"aves are also electromagnetic "aves, but "ith shorter "avelengths and higher frequencies! 7! This form of transmission is #no"n as analogue transmission! *omputers and other types of electronic equipment, ho"ever, transmit digital information! 3! 6igital information can be transmitted faster and more clearly than analogue signals, because the impulses only need to correspond to t"o digits and not to the full range of qualities that compose the original message, such as the pitch and volume of a human voice! 5! %hile digital transmissions can be sent over "ires, cables or radio "aves, they must be decoded by a digital receiver! D! /roadcast television "or#s in a similar fashion as radio! C.2. Id$nti," t#$ t$r)! t#'t r$nd$r contr'!ti2$ )$'nin&. C.-. Co)(%$t$ t#$ %i!t 0$%o+ +it# ot#$r t$r)! +it# !i)i%'r )$'nin&. o+$2$r5 n$2$rt#$%$!!5 0ut5 on t#$ ot#$r #'nd5 d$!(it$ o,5 in !(it$ o,5 r$&'rd%$!! o,5 "$t5 '%t#ou&#5 $2$n t#ou&#5 $2$n i,5 $tc. .. TRANSLATION T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#i! $6$rci!$ i! to d$2$%o( tr'n!%'tin& !1i%%!. ..1. Tr'n!%'t$ t#$ ,o%%o+in& t$r)! into En&%i!#: ,! semnal optic 7! demodulare 3! modulare 5! undI radio D! lungime de undI ;! impuls electric 2! undI electromagneticI -! microundI @! medii de transmisie , ! fibrI opticI E. S/EAKIN* T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$!$ $6$rci!$! i! to d$2$%o( !($'1in& !1i%%! +it# ' ,ocu! on E.1. C#oo!$ on$ o, t#$ t$%$co))unic'tion! !"!t$)! d$!cri0$d in t#$ t$6t. :or1 in ('ir!5 co)('rin& t#$ t+o c#o!$n t$%$co))unic'tion! !"!t$)! u!in& t#$ ,o%%o+in& ('tt$rn!.

M is very much quite a lot rather some"hat slightly scarcely hardly only =ust M is

considerably cheaperK more efficient T?0> A

e)actly the same as A precisely =ust virtually practically more or less almost nearly appro)imately M is totally different from A completely entirely quite

M and A are dissimilar in every respect different "ay

Unit F

COMMUNICATION NET:ORKS

AIM:
To recognize the English technical terms related to communication net"or#s;

OBJECTIVES:
On successfully completing this unit the student should be able to: media; identify correctly the terms defining all types of transmission

recognise the specific terms related to cable net"or#s, radio "aves and communications satellites; describe the components of communications net"or#s;

identify the types of equipment used for obtaining reliable signal transmission; describe communication net"or#; the operation principle of each type of

assimilate at least 3 terms specific of signal transmission;

KEY TERMS:

wire, cable, telecommunications services, to connect, telephone switching facility, coaxial cable, video channel, subscriber, head-end, amplifier, process, retransmit, fibre-optic cable, pulsed beams of laser light, pulses of light, "backbone" link, nternet traffic, antenna, #M and $M radio, beam, dish-shaped antenna, high-capacity link, ionosphere, orbit, geostationary or geosynchronous orbit, %arth&s rotation, coverage area, relay function, "bent pipes"!

COMMUNICATION NET:ORKS F.1. :IRES AN. CABLES %ires and cables "ere the original medium for telecommunications and are still the primary means for telephone connections! %ire line transmission evolved from telegraph to telephone service and continues to provide the ma=ority of telecommunications services! %ires connect telephones together "ithin a home or business and also connect these telephones to the nearest telephone s"itching facility! Other "ire line services employ coa)ial cable, "hich is used by cable television to provide hundreds of video channels to subscribers! +uch of the content transmitted by the coa)ial cable of cable television systems is sent by satellite to a central location #no"n as the head end! *oa)ial cables flo" from the head end throughout a community and on"ard to individual residences and, finally, to individual television sets! /ecause signals "ea#en as distance from the head end increases, the coa)ial cable net"or# includes amplifiers that process and retransmit the television signals! F.2. 9IBRE O/TICS CABLE .ibre-optic cables use specially treated glass that can transmit signals in the form of pulsed beams of laser light! .ibre-optic cables carry many times more information than copper "ires can, and they can transmit several television channels or thousands of telephone conversations at the same time! .ibre-optic technology has replaced copper "ires for most transoceanic routes and in areas "here large amounts of data are sent! This technology uses laser transmitters to send pulses of light via hair-thin strands of specially prepared glass fibres! >e" improvements promise cables that can transmit millions of telephone calls over a single fibre! 0lready fibre optic cables provide the high capacity, Nbac#bone8 lin#s necessary to carry the enormous and gro"ing volume of telecommunications and $nternet traffic! F.-. RA.IO :AVES %ireless telecommunications use radio "aves, sent through space from one antenna to another, as the medium for communication! <adio "aves are used for receiving 0+ and .+ radio and for receiving television! *ordless telephones and "ireless radio telephone services, such as cellular radio telephones and pagers, also use radio "aves! Telephone companies use micro"aves to send signals over long distances! +icro"aves use higher frequencies than the radio "aves used for 0+, .+, or cellular telephone transmissions, and they can transmit larger amounts of data more efficiently! +icro"aves have characteristics similar to those of visible light "aves and transmit pencil-thin beams that can be received using dish-shaped antennas! 1uch narro" beams can be focused to a particular destination and provide reliable transmissions over short distances on Earth! Even higher and narro"er beams provide the high-capacity lin#s to and from satellites! The high frequencies easily penetrate the ionosphere &a layer of EarthJs atmosphere that bloc#s lo"-frequency "aves' and provide a high-quality signal! F.?. COMMUNICATIONS SATTELITES

*ommunications satellites provide a means of transmitting telecommunications all over the globe, "ithout the need for a net"or# of "ires and cables! They orbit Earth at a speed that enables them to stay above the same place on Earth at all times! This type of orbit is called geostationary or geosynchronous orbit because the satelliteJs orbital speed operates in synchronicity "ith EarthJs rotation! The satellites receive transmissions from Earth and transmit them bac# to numerous Earth station receivers scattered "ithin the receiving coverage area of the satellite! This relay function ma#es it possible for satellites to operate as 8bent pipes8Othat is, "ireless transfer stations for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint transmissions! *ommunications satellites are used by telephone and television companies to transmit signals across great distances! 1hip, airplane, and land navigators also receive signals from satellites to determine geographic positions! You )'" +'nt to &o 0'c1 to t#$ 1$" +ord! %i!t$d 't t#$ 0$&innin& o, t#$ unit 'nd c#$c1 t#'t "ou 'r$ ,')i%i'r +it# $'c# on$. *i2$ t#$ir Ro)'ni'n $3ui2'%$nt! 4i, n$c$!!'r"5 "ou c'n u!$ t#$ &%o!!'r" (ro2id$d 't t#$ $nd o, t#$ t$6t0oo17.

E8ERCISES
A. REA.IN* T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6$rci!$! i! to d$2$%o( r$'din& !tr't$&i$! 'nd r$in,orc$ to(ic r$%'t$d 2oc'0u%'r"5 not to c#$c1 0'c1&round 1no+%$d&$. A.1. Loo1 t#rou&# t#$ t$6t 'nd 'n!+$r t#$ ,o%%o+in& 3u$!tion!: ,! %hich is the original medium for telecommunications and the primary means for telephone connectionsL 7! %hich type of cable is used by cable television to provide hundreds of video channels to subscribersL 3! %hy is it necessary for the coa)ial cable net"or# to include amplifiers that process and retransmit the television signalsL 5! %hat #ind of transmission medium is used for cordless telephones and "ireless radio telephone services, such as cellular radio telephones and pagersL D! %hat is the name of communications satellites that provide a means of transmitting telecommunications all over the globe, "ithout need for a net"or# of "ires and cables by orbiting Earth at a speed that enables them to stay above the same place on Earth at all times! A.2. R$Br$'d t#$ t$6t 'nd d$cid$ on t#$ u!$!5 'd2'nt'&$! 'nd di!'d2'nt'&$! o, t#$ t"($! o, co))unic'tion n$t+or1! %i!t$d 0$%o+: Li!t F.1

,! *oa)ial cable net"or#s 7! .ibre-optic cable net"or#s 3! <adio "aves B. VOCABULARY :ORK T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6$rci!$! i! to (ro)ot$ t#$ 'c3ui!ition o, n$+ %$6ic'% it$)! 0" (ro2idin& co%%oc'tion!5 t$r)! ,o%%o+$d 0" (r$(o!ition! %$6ic'% !$t! 'nd tr'n!%'tion! o, t#$ t$r)! con!id$r$d r$%$2'nt to t#$ to(ic. B.1. Ent$r t#$ ,o%%o+in& t$r)! und$r t#$ '((ro(ri't$ #$'din& in t#$ t'0%$ 0$%o+:

Li!t F.2. "ireless transfer stations, micro"aves, "ireless radio telephone services, laser transmitters, to determine geographic positions, geostationary or geosynchronous orbit, satelliteJs orbital speed, high-quality signal, "ire line services, head end, coa)ial cable; T'0%$ F.1. Co'6i'% c'0%$ n$t+or1! 'nd R'dio +'2$! Co))unic'tion! !'t$%%it$! ,i0r$Bo(tic c'0%$ n$t+or1!

C. LAN*UA*E 9OCUS: ABILITYACA/ACITY T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6$rci!$! i! to d$2$%o( %'n&u'&$ '+'r$n$!! in t$r)! o, $6(r$!!in& '0i%it"Ac'('cit". C.1. R$(#r'!$ t#$ ,o%%o+in& !t't$)$nt! u!in& t#$ A(#r'!$! in 0r'c1$t!. ,! .ibre-optic cables use specially treated glass that can transmit signals in the form of pulsed beams of laser light! &?01 T?E 0/$B$TA O.' 7! .ibre-optic cables carry many times more information than copper "ires can, and they can transmit several television channels or thousands of telephone conversations at the same time! &?03E T?E *0(0*$TA' 3! >e" improvements promise cables that can transmit millions of telephone calls over a single fibre! & 0<E 0/BE TO' 5! +icro"aves use higher frequencies than the radio "aves used for 0+, .+, or cellular telephone transmissions and they can transmit larger amounts of data more efficiently! &0<E 14$T0/BE .O<' .. TRANSLATION T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#i! $6$rci!$ i! to d$2$%o( tr'n!%'tin& !1i%%!. ..1. Tr'n!%'t$ t#$ ,o%%o+in& !$nt$nc$! into En&%i!#: ,! 1ateliGii de telecomunicaGii asigurI mi=loacele de transmisie necesare Hn telecomunicaGiile de pe Hntregul glob, fIrI a necesita o reGea de cabluri! 7! 0cest tip de orbitI este cunoscutI sub denumirea de orbitI geostaGionarI sau geosincronI deoarece viteza de deplasare orbitalI a satelitului este sincronI cu viteza miPcIrii de revoluGie a pImQntului! E. S/EAKIN* T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$!$ $6$rci!$! i! to d$2$%o( !($'1in& !1i%%! +it# ' ,ocu! on d$!cri0in& t#$ ,our )'in !i&n'% tr'n!)i!!ion )$di'.

E.2. Ro%$ (%'": *rou( A: You 'r$ !'%$! )'n'&$r o, ' %'r&$ co'6i'% c'0%$ )'nu,'cturin& co)('n". *rou( B: You 'r$ !'%$! )'n'&$r o, ' %'r&$ ,i0r$Bo(tic c'0%$ )'nu,'cturin& co)('n". *rou( C: You 'r$ !'%$! )'n'&$r o, ' %'r&$ 'nt$nn'$ )'nu,'cturin& co)('n". I)'&in$ "ou 'r$ in ' con,$r$nc$ r$&'rdin& t#$ con!o%id'tion o, t#$ t$%$co))unic'tion! !"!t$) o, Ro)'ni' 'nd "ou )u!t con2inc$ t#$ contr'ctin& ('rt" o, t#$ 'd2'nt'&$! o, t#$ co)('n" "ou r$(r$!$nt.

Unit G

TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

AIM:
To recognize the English technical terms related to telecommunications systems;

OBJECTIVES:
On successfully completing this unit the student should be able to: identify correctly telecommunications systems; the terms defining all types of

recognise the specific terms related to the telecommunications devices used in each system; transmission; of device; describe the main components of each system; identify the types of equipment used for different types of describe the processes that underlie the operation of each type

assimilate at least 3 terms specific of telegraph-, telephone-, teletype-, tele)-, and facsimile transmission;

KEY TERMS:

switching station, technology, high-speed broadband connections, multimedia information, telegram, receiving party, wireless telegraphy, land-based station, voice communications, data communications, low-voltage direct current, network switches, microwave relay station, text delivery system, teletype system, telex system, facsimile machine (fax machine), terminal, telex keyboard, graphics, optical scanner, coded information, printer!

T$%$co))unic'tion! S"!t$)! G.1. INTRO.UCTION $ndividual people, businesses, and governments use many different types of telecommunications systems! 1ome systems, such as the telephone system, use a net"or# of cables, "ires, and s"itching stations for point-to-point communication! Other systems, such as radio and television, broadcast radio signals over the air that can be received by anyone "ho has a device to receive

them! 1ome systems ma#e use of several types of media to complete a transmission! .or e)ample, a telephone call may travel by means of copper "ire, fibre-optic cable, and radio "aves as the call is sent from sender to receiver! 0ll telecommunications systems are constantly evolving as telecommunications technology improves! +any recent improvements, for e)ample, offer high-speed broadband connections that are needed to send multimedia information over the $nternet! G.2. TELE*RA/ Telegraph services use both "ire line and "ireless media for transmissions! 1oon after the introduction of the telegraph in ,-55, telegraph "ires spanned the country! Telegraph companies maintained a system of "ires and offices located in numerous cities! 0 message sent by telegraph "as called a telegram! Telegrams "ere printed on paper and delivered to the receiving party by the telegraph company! %ith the invention of the radio in the early ,@ s, telegraph signals could also be sent by radio "aves! %ireless telegraphy made it practical for ocean-going ships as "ell as aircraft to stay in constant contact "ith land-based stations! G.-. TELE/ ONE The telephone net"or# also uses both "ire line and "ireless methods to deliver voice communications bet"een people, and data communications bet"een computers and people or other computers! The part of the telephone net"or# that currently serves individual residences and many businesses operates in an analogue mode, uses copper "ires, and relays electronic signals that are continuous, such as the human voice! 6igital transmission via fibre-optic cables is no" used in some sections of the telephone net"or# that send large amounts of calls over long distances! ?o"ever, since the rest of the telephone system is still analogue, these digital signals must be converted bac# to analogue before they reach users! The telephone net"or# is stable and reliable, because it uses its o"n "ire system that is po"ered by lo"-voltage direct current from the telephone company! Telephone net"or#s modulate voice communications over these "ires! 0 comple) system of net"or# s"itches maintains the telephone lin#s bet"een callers! Telephone net"or#s also use micro"ave relay stations to send calls from place to place on the ground! 1atellites are used by telephone net"or#s to transmit telephone calls across countries and oceans! G.?. TELETY/E5 TELETE8T AN. 9ACSIMILE TRANSMISSION Teletype, tele), and facsimile transmission are all methods for transmitting te)t rather than sounds! These te)t delivery systems evolved from the telegraph! Teletype and tele) systems still e)ist, but they have been largely replaced by facsimile machines, "hich are ine)pensive and better able to operate over the e)isting telephone net"or#! The $nternet increasingly provides an even more ine)pensive and convenient option! The teletype, essentially a printing telegraph, is primarily a point-to-multipoint system for sending te)t! The teletype converts the same pulses used by telegraphs into letters and numbers, and then prints out readable te)t! $t "as often used by ne"s media organizations to provide ne"spaper stories and stoc# mar#et data to subscribers! Tele) is primarily a point-to-point system that uses a #eyboard to transmit typed te)t over telephone lines to similar terminals situated at individual company locations! .acsimile transmission no" provides a cheaper and easier "ay to transmit te)t and graphics over distances! .a) machines contain an optical scanner that converts te)t and graphics into digital, or machine-readable, codes! This coded information is sent over ordinary analogue telephone lines through the use of a modem included in the fa) machine! The receiving fa) machineJs modem demodulates the signal and sends it to a printer also contained in the fa) machine!

You )'" +'nt to &o 0'c1 to t#$ 1$" +ord! %i!t$d 't t#$ 0$&innin& o, t#$ unit 'nd c#$c1 t#'t "ou 'r$ ,')i%i'r +it# $'c# on$. *i2$ t#$ir Ro)'ni'n $3ui2'%$nt! 4i, n$c$!!'r"5 "ou c'n u!$ t#$ &%o!!'r" (ro2id$d 't t#$ $nd o, t#$ t$6t0oo17.

E8ERCISES
A. REA.IN* T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6$rci!$! i! to d$2$%o( r$'din& !tr't$&i$! 'nd r$in,orc$ to(ic r$%'t$d 2oc'0u%'r"5 not to c#$c1 0'c1&round 1no+%$d&$. A.1. '2in& r$'d t#$ t$6t5 d$cid$ +#$t#$r t#$ in,or)'tion &i2$n in t#$ !t't$)$nt! 0$%o+ i! tru$ 4T7 or ,'%!$ 497. Corr$ct t#$ ,'%!$ !t't$)$nt! 4t#$ !($ci,ic'tion! in 0r'c1$t! r$,$r o t#$ !$ction in t#$ t$6t +#$r$ t#$ 'n!+$r c'n 0$ ,ound7: ,! $ndividual people, businesses, and governments use the same type of telecommunications systems! 7! 1ome systems, such as the telephone system, use a net"or# of cables, "ires, and s"itching stations for point-to-multipoint communication! 3! 1ome systems ma#e use of several types of media to complete a transmission! 5! Telegraph services use both "ire line and "ireless media for transmissions! D! %ire line telegraphy made it practical for ocean-going ships as "ell as aircraft to stay in constant contact "ith land-based stations! ;! The part of the telephone net"or# that currently serves individual residences and many businesses operates in an analogue mode, uses copper "ires, and relays electronic signals that are continuous, such as the human voice! 2! The telephone net"or# is stable and reliable, because it uses its o"n "ire system that is po"ered by high-voltage alternating current from the telephone company! -! Teletype, tele), and facsimile transmission are all methods for transmitting sounds rather than te)t! @! .a) machines contain an optical scanner that converts te)t and graphics into digital, or machine-readable, codes! , ! The receiving fa) machineJs modem demodulates the signal and sends it to a printer outside the fa) machine! A.2. 9i%% in t#$ ,o%%o+in& t'0%$ +it# in,or)'tion '0out t$%$co))unic'tion! !"!t$)! &i2$n in t#$ t$6t. So)$ o, t#$ !('c$! )'" r$)'in 0%'n15 '! t#$ in,or)'tion i! not &i2$n. T'0%$ G.1. T"($ o, .$2ic$! t$%$co))unic' $)(%o"$d in tion! !"!t$) it! o($r'tion O($r'tion (rinci(%$ T"($ o, in,or)'tion tr'n!)itt$d U!$ Curr$nt i)(ort'nc$

B. VOCABULARY :ORK T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6$rci!$! i! to (ro)ot$ t#$ 'c3ui!ition o, n$+ %$6ic'% it$)! 0" (ro2idin& co%%oc'tion!5 t$r)! ,o%%o+$d 0" (r$(o!ition! %$6ic'% !$t! 'nd tr'n!%'tion! o, t#$ t$r)! con!id$r$d r$%$2'nt to t#$ to(ic. B.1. M'tc# $'c# o, t#$ t$r)! in co%u)n A +it# ' +ord in co%u)n B: A B fa) machine fiabil to demodulate a demodula telephone net"or# tastaturI #eyboard reGea de telefonie reliable aparat fa) B.2. 9i%% in t#$ &'(! in t#$ ,o%%o+in& !$nt$nc$! +it# t#$ t$r)! r'ndo)%" %i!t$d 0$%o+: Li!t G.1. aircraft , net"or#, fibre-optic cable, land-based, broadcast, "ireless, ships, copper "ire, to receive, digital, sender, radio "aves, via, voice, "ire line, optic; T$6t G.1. ,! Other systems, such as radio and television, EEEEEEradio signals over the air that can be received by anyone "ho has a device EEEEEEEEthem! 7! .or e)ample, a telephone call may travel by means of EEEEEEEE, EEEEEEEE, and EEEEEEEas the call is sent from EEEEEEEto receiver! 3! %ireless telegraphy made it practical for ocean-going EEEEEas "ell as EEEEEEEEto stay in constant contact "ith EEEEEEEEstations! 5! The telephone net"or# also uses both EEEEEEEE andEEEEEEEEmethods to deliver EEEEEEEcommunications bet"een people, and data communications bet"een computers and people or other computers! D! EEEEEEEEtransmission via fibre-EEEEEE cables is no" used in some sections of the telephone EEEEEEthat send large amounts of calls over long distances! C. LAN*UA*E 9OCUS: ;UANTI9IERS T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6$rci!$! i! to d$2$%o( %'n&u'&$ '+'r$n$!! in t$r)! o, 3u'nti,i$r! 'nd t#$ir u!$ +it# count'0%$ noun! 'nd uncount'0%$ noun!. C.1. Loo1 't t#$ %i!t 0$%o+ 'nd d$cid$ +#ic# 3u'nti,i$r i! !uit'0%$ in t#$ &i2$n cont$6t: Li!t G.2. MUC MANY SOME 9E: LITTLE A SIN*LE A /IECE O9 /LENTY O9 A LOT O9 SEVERALAA NUMBER O9 LITTLE 9E:

,! $ndividual people, businesses, and governments useEEEEEEEEdifferent types of telecommunications systems! 7! EEEEEEEEsystems ma#e use of several types of media to complete a transmission! 3! EEEEEE recent improvement, for e)ample, offers high-speed broadband connections that are needed to send multimedia information over the $nternet! 5! The telephone net"or# also uses both "ire line and "ireless methods to deliver voice communications bet"een people, and EEEEEEEEEEEdata communications bet"een computers and people or other computers! D!EEEEEEEEEEcoded information is sent over EEEEEEEEEordinary analogue telephone lines through the use of a modem included in the fa) machine! C.2. Ent$r t#$ ,o%%o+in& t$r)! und$r t#$ '((ro(ri't$ #$'din& in t#$ t'0%$ 0$%o+: Li!t G.-. information, data, #no"ledge, advance, progress, development, cooper, fibre-optics, medium, technology, feature, advantage, disadvantage, improvement, increase, decrease; T'0%$ G.-. COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE

.. TRANSLATION T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#i! $6$rci!$ i! to d$2$%o( tr'n!%'tin& !1i%%!. ..1. Tr'n!%'t$ t#$ ,o%%o+in& !$nt$nc$! into En&%i!#: ,! 4nele sisteme utilizeazI mai multe tipuri de medii de transmisie! 7! 1pre e)emplu, un apel telefonic poate fi transmis prin intermediul cablurilor de cupru, al cablurilor de fibrI opticI, Pi al undelor radio succesiv! 3! 0cea parte a reGelei de telefonie care deservePte locuinGe sau sedii de firmI funcGioneazI pe principiul analogic utilizQnd cabluri de cupru! E. S/EAKIN* T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$!$ $6$rci!$! i! to d$2$%o( !($'1in& !1i%%! +it# ' ,ocu! on d$!cri0in& !$2$r'% t$%$co))unic'tion! !"!t$)!5 t#$ir r$%i'0i%it" 'nd o($r'tion (rinci(%$!. E.1. /r$!$nt'tion M'1$ ' 0ri$, (r$!$nt'tion o, t#$ t$%$(#on$ !"!t$). 4M'1$ !ur$ "ou inc%ud$ in,or)'tion '0out t#$ ($r,or)'nc$5 r$%i'0i%it"5 n$t+or15 tr'n!)i!!ion )$di'5 t"($ o, d't' tr'n!)i!!ion5 d$2ic$! 'nd co)(on$nt!5 o($r'tion (rinci(%$! 'nd (o!!i0%$ ,utur$ d$2$%o()$nt in t#$ ,i$%d7.

Unit 1H

.ATA TRANSMISSION AN. COM/UTER NET:ORKS

AIM:
To recognize the English technical terms related to data transmission and computer net"or#s;

OBJECTIVES:
On successfully completing this unit the student should be able to: identify correctly the terms defining radio-, television-, and computer technology; net"or#s; recognise the specific terms related to 9(1 and 9BO>011 describe the functions performed by specialized equipment;

identify the types of equipment used for data transmission and its operation principles; describe the different types of net"or#s; terms specific of data transmission

assimilate at least 3 "ithin telecommunications net"or#s!

KEY TERMS:

preset frequency, commercial broadcasts, within range, powerful transmitter, shortwave radio, electrically charged layer, commercial television, very high frequency ('($) radio waves, ultrahigh frequency ()($) radio waves, teleconferencing, videophones, video camera, private or public television, terrestrial links, scrambled signal, unscrambled signal, network operator, %uropean *hase #lternative +ine standard, high-resolution picture, sound quality, aspect ratio, ,lobal *ositioning -ystem (,*-), ,lobal .rbiting /avigation -atellite -ystem (,+./#--), positioning information, ,*- receiver, process of triangulation, military use, navigational tool, road maps, graphical information, ,*- location data, audio services, video services, text services, software services, multimedia services, ntegrated -ervices 0igital /etwork ( -0/), 0igital -ubscriber +ines (0-+), upgrade, high-speed data transmission, cable modem service, electronic mail (e-mail), text-based message delivery system, automated banking terminals, credit card transactions!

.ATA TRANSMISSION AN. COM/UTER NET:ORKS 1H.1. RA.IOB5 TV COMMUNICATIONS 1H.1.1. R'dio <adios transmit and receive communications at various preset frequencies! <adio "aves carry the signals heard on 0+ and .+ radio, as "ell as the signals seen on a television set receiving broadcasts from an antenna! <adio is used mostly as a public medium, sending commercial broadcasts from a transmitter to anyone "ith a radio receiver "ithin its range, so it is #no"n as a point-to-multipoint medium! ?o"ever, radio can also be used for private point-to-point transmissions! T"o-"ay radios, cordless telephones, and cellular radio telephones are common e)amples of transceivers, "hich are devices that can both transmit and receive point-to-point messages! (ersonal radio communication is generally limited to short distances &usually a fe" #ilometres', but po"erful transmitters can send broadcast radio signals hundreds of #ilometres! 1hort"ave radio, popular "ith amateur radio enthusiasts, uses a range of radio frequencies that are able to bounce off the ionosphere! This electrically charged layer of the atmosphere reflects certain frequencies of radio "aves, such as short"ave frequencies, "hile allo"ing higher-frequency "aves, such as micro"aves, to pass through it! 0mateur radio operators use the ionosphere to bounce their radio signals to other radio operators thousands of #ilometres a"ay! 1H.1.2. T$%$2i!ion Television is primarily a public broadcasting medium, using point-to-multipoint technology that is broadcast to any user "ithin range of the transmitter! Televisions transmit ne"s and information, as "ell as entertainment! *ommercial television is broadcast over very high

frequency &3?.' and ultrahigh frequency &4?.' radio "aves and can be received by any television set "ithin range of the transmitter! Televisions have also been used for point-to-point, t"o-"ay telecommunications! Teleconferencing, in "hich a television picture lin#s t"o physically separated parties, is a convenient "ay for businesspeople to meet and communicate "ithout the e)pense or inconvenience of travel! 3ideo cameras on computers no" allo" personal computer users to teleconference over the $nternet! 3ideophones, "hich use tiny video cameras and rely on satellite technology, can also send private or public television images and have been used in ne"s reporting in remote locations! *able television is a commercial service that lin#s televisions to a source of many different types of video programming using coa)ial cable! The cable provider obtains coded, or scrambled, programming from a communications satellite, as "ell as from terrestrial lin#s, including broadcast television stations! The signal may be scrambled to prevent unpaid access to the programming! The cable provider electronically unscrambles the signal and supplies the decoded signals by cable to subscribers! Television users "ith personal satellite dishes can access satellite programming directly "ithout a cable installation! (ersonal satellite dishes are also a subscriber service! .ees are paid to the net"or# operator in return for access to the satellite channels! +ost television sets outside of the 4nited 1tates that receive programming use different types of standards for receiving video signals! The European (hase 0lternative Bine standard generates a higher-resolution picture than the sets used in the 4nited 1tates, but these television sets are more e)pensive! +anufacturers no" offer digital video and audio signal processing, "hich features even higher picture resolution and sound quality! The shape of the television screen is changing as "ell, reflecting the aspect ratio &ratio of image height to "idth' used for movie presentation! 1H.2. .I*ITAL COMMUNICATION NET:ORKS 1H.2.1. *%o0'% /o!itionin& 'nd N'2i&'tion S"!t$)! The 4nited 1tates 9lobal (ositioning 1ystem &9(1' and the <ussian 9lobal Orbiting >avigation 1atellite 1ystem &9BO>011' are net"or#s of satellites that provide highly accurate positioning information from any"here on Earth! /oth systems use a group of satellites that orbit around the north and south poles at an altitude of ,2,D #m &, ,@ mi'! These satellites constantly broadcast the time and their location above Earth! 0 9(1 receiver pic#s up broadcasts from these satellites and determines its position through the process of triangulation! 4sing the time information from each satellite, the receiver calculates the time the signal ta#es to reach it! .actoring in this time "ith the speed at "hich radio signals travel, the receiver calculates its distance from the satellite! .inally, using the location of three satellites and its distance from each satellite, the receiver determines its position! 9(1 services, originally designed for military use, are no" available to civilians! ?andheld 9(1 receivers allo" users to pinpoint their location on Earth to "ithin a fe" meters! One type of navigational tool used in automobiles integrates a 9(1 receiver "ith an intelligent compact disc player capable of displaying road maps and other graphical information! 4pon receiving the 9(1 location data, the *6 player can pinpoint the location visually on one of the road maps contained on disc! 1H.2.2. /$r!on'% Co)(ut$r! (ersonal computers use telecommunications to provide a transmission lin# for the delivery of audio, video, te)t, soft"are, and multimedia services! +any e)perts believe that the convergence of these services "ill generate consumer demand for ne" generations of high-speed, broadband net"or#s! *urrently, the delivery of most of these audio, video, and te)t services occurs over

e)isting telephone connections using the $nternet! 1ome computers connect directly to the digital portion of the telephone net"or# using the $ntegrated 1ervices 6igital >et"or# &$16>' or 6igital 1ubscriber Bines &61B', but this requires special equipment at user locations! Telephone and cable television companies must also ma#e upgrades to their lines so that they can handle high-speed data transmission! $n many locations companies and individuals "ith high-speed data requirements no" have the option of securing 61B service from telephone companies and cable modem service from cable television companies! Electronic mail, or e-mail, is a #ey attraction of the $nternet and a common form of computer telecommunications! E-mail is a te)t-based message delivery system that allo"s information such as typed messages and multimedia to be sent to individual computer users! Bocal e-mail messages &"ithin a building or a company' typically reach addressees by travelling through "irebased internal net"or#s! E-mail that must travel across to"n or across a country to reach the final destination usually travels through the telephone net"or#! Other computer telecommunications technologies that businesses frequently use include automated ban#ing terminals and devices for credit card transactions that bill charges directly to a customerJs ban# account! You )'" +'nt to &o 0'c1 to t#$ 1$" +ord! %i!t$d 't t#$ 0$&innin& o, t#$ unit 'nd c#$c1 t#'t "ou 'r$ ,')i%i'r +it# $'c# on$. *i2$ t#$ir Ro)'ni'n $3ui2'%$nt! 4i, n$c$!!'r"5 "ou c'n u!$ t#$ &%o!!'r" (ro2id$d 't t#$ $nd o, t#$ t$6t0oo17.

E8ERCISES
A. REA.IN* T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6$rci!$! i! to d$2$%o( r$'din& !tr't$&i$! 'nd r$in,orc$ to(ic r$%'t$d 2oc'0u%'r"5 not to c#$c1 0'c1&round 1no+%$d&$. A.1. R$Br$'d !$ction 1H.1. 'nd 1H.2.2. 'nd d$cid$ on t#$ u!$! o, t#$!$ t"($! o, co))unic'tion!: 1. R'dio 2. T$%$2i!ion -. Co)(ut$r! A.2. In 1H.2.1. o, t#$ t$6t t#$ o($r'tion (rinci(%$! o, */S 'nd *LONASS 'r$ d$!cri0$d. E6(%'in t#$ '((%ic'tion! t#'t t#$!$ !"!t$)! 'r$ )o!t !uit'0%$ ,or. B. VOCABULARY :ORK T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6$rci!$! i! to (ro)ot$ t#$ 'c3ui!ition o, n$+ %$6ic'% it$)! 0" (ro2idin& co%%oc'tion!5 t$r)! ,o%%o+$d 0" (r$(o!ition! %$6ic'% !$t! 'nd tr'n!%'tion! o, t#$ t$r)! con!id$r$d r$%$2'nt to t#$ to(ic. B.1. Ent$r in t#$ ,o%%o+in& t'0%$ in,or)'tion r$%'t$d to t$%$2i!ion 4!$$ 1H.1.27: T"($ o, t$c#no%o&" Tr'n!)i!!ion A((%ic'tion! St'nd'rd! )$di'

B.2. Add t#r$$ )or$ t$r)! to t#$ ,o%%o+in& %i!t!:

1. t"o-"ay radios, cordless telephones, cellular radio telephones; 2. very high frequency &3?.', t"o-"ay telecommunications, videophones; -. satellite, receiver, calculate; B.-. 9i%% in t#$ )i!!in& t$r)!: ,! The EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE&9(1' and the EEEEEEEEEEEEE&9BO>011' are net"or#s of satellites that provide highly accurate positioning information from any"here on Earth! 7! /oth systems use a group of EEEEEEEEthat EEEEEEEEE around the north and south poles at a EEEEEEEEEEEEEof ,2,D #m &, ,@ mi'! 3! ?andheld 9(1 EEEEEEEEEallo" users to EEEEEEEEEtheir location on Earth to "ithin a fe" meters! 5! 1ome computers connect directly to the digital portion of the telephone net"or# using the EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE&$16>' or EEEEEEEEEEEEEE&61B', but this requires special equipment at user locations! D! *ommercial television is broadcast over EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE &3?.' and EEEEEEEEE &4?.' radio "aves and can be received by any television set "ithin range of the transmitter! C. LAN*UA*E 9OCUS: ACRONYMS AN. ABBREVIATIONS T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$ ,o%%o+in& $6$rci!$! i! to d$2$%o( %'n&u'&$ '+'r$n$!! in t$r)! o, 'cron")! 'nd '00r$2i'tion!. C.1. In t#$ t$c#nic'% r$&i!t$r "ou +i%% ,r$3u$nt%" $ncount$r )u%tiB+ord t$r)! t#'t 'r$ not (ronounc$d in t#$ir co)(%$t$ ,or)5 t#$ir 'cron")! or '00r$2i'tion! 'r$ u!$d in!t$'d. 9ind 't %$'!t ,i2$ !uc# t$r)! 'nd t#$ir 'cron")! in t#$ t$6t. C.2. R$'d t#$ ,o%%o+in& 'cron")! 'nd '00r$2i'tion! 'nd d$cid$ on t#$ corr$ct +'" to (ronounc$ t#$) 4'! ' n$+ +ordAr$'din& t#$ %$tt$r! !$('r't$%"7 'nd id$nti," t#$ co)(%$t$ t$r). Li!t 1H.1. 1. 4?. 2. 3?. -. 9(1 ?. 9BO>011 @. *6 6. $16> >. (* F. 61B G. E-mail 1H. mi C.-. :#'t 'r$ t#$ corr$!(ondin& Ro)'ni'n 'cron")! 'nd '00r$2i'tion!. C.?. T#in1 o, ot#$r 1H '00r$2i'tion! or 'cron")! t#'t "ou 'r$ ,')i%i'r +it#. .. TRANSLATION T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#i! $6$rci!$ i! to d$2$%o( tr'n!%'tin& !1i%%!. ..1. Tr'n!%'t$ t#$ ,o%%o+in& t$6t into Ro)'ni'n. (ersonal radio communication is generally limited to short distances &usually a fe" #ilometers', but po"erful transmitters can send broadcast radio signals hundreds of #ilometers! 1hort"ave radio, popular "ith amateur radio enthusiasts, uses a range of radio frequencies that are able to bounce off the ionosphere! This electrically charged layer of the atmosphere reflects certain frequencies of radio "aves, such as short"ave frequencies, "hile allo"ing higher-frequency

"aves, such as micro"aves, to pass through it! 0mateur radio operators use the ionosphere to bounce their radio signals to other radio operators thousands of #ilometers a"ay! E. S/EAKIN* T#$ (ur(o!$ o, t#$!$ $6$rci!$! i! to d$2$%o( !($'1in& !1i%%! +it# ' ,ocu! on (r$!$ntin& di,,$r$nt '((%ic'tion! o, d't' tr'n!)i!!ion 'nd co)(ut$r n$t+or1!. E.1. :#ic# 'r$5 in "our o(inion5 t#$ )o!t i)(ort'nt '((%ic'tion! o, */S 'nd *LONASS . Ju!ti," "our 'n!+$r.