Blackwell Companions to Philosophy A Companion to the Philosophy of Science Edited by W. H. NEWTON-SMITH BLACKWELL =Copyright © Blackwell Publishers Ltd First published 2000 Reprinted 2001 Blackwell Publishers Inc. 350 Main Street Malden , Massachusetts 02148 USA Blackwell Publishers Lid 108 Cowley Road Oxford OX4 JF UK All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes, of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which itis published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ‘A companion to the philosophy of science / edited by W.H. Newton-Smith p. ¢m.— (Blackwell companions to philosophy; 18) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-631-170243 (hb: alk. paper) 1. Science—Philosophy, [. Newton-Smith, W. II. Series. Q175.3.C65 2000 500—de21 99-047598 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ‘Typeset in 10 on 12% pt Photina By Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Comwall This book is printed on acid-free paperContents List of Contributors Preface List of Logical Symbols Introduction 1 10 Axiomatization FREDERICK SUPPE Berkeley M. HUGHES Biology PAUL THOMPSON Bohr DUGALD MURDOCH Causation PAUL, HUMPHREYS, Cognitive Approaches to Science RONALD N. GIERF Computing LESLIE BURKHOLDER Confirmation, Paradoxes of J.D. TROUT Convention, Role of LAWRENCE SKLAR Crai Theorem FREDERICK SUPPE xi xv xvi 12 16 26 a8) 41 44 65CONTENTS 11) Darwin SAMIR OKASHA 12 Definitions FREDERICK SUPPE 13 Descartes TOM SORELL 14 Discovery THOMAS NICKLES 15. Dispositions and Powers ROM HARRE 16 Einstein CHRISTOPHER RAY 17 Evidence and Confirmation COLIN HOWSON 18 Experiment DAVID €, GOODING 19 Explanation W. H. NEWTON-SMITH 20 Feminist Accounts of Science KATHLEEN OKRUHLIK 21 Feyerabend JOHN PRESTON 22 Galileo ROBERT E. BUTTS 23 History, Role in the Philosophy of Science BRENDAN LARVOR 24 Holism CHRISTOPHER HOOKWAY 25 Hume W. H. NEWTON-SMITH 26 Idealization YEMIMA BEN-MENAHEM. vi 68 85 102 108 117 eet 143 149 154 162 165 169Peg 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 a2 Incommensurability MUHAMMAD ALL KHALIDI Induction and the Uniformity of Nature COLIN HOWSON Inference to the Best Explanation PETER LIPTON Judgment, Role in Science HAROLD 1, BROWN Kuhn RICHARD RORTY Lakatos THOMAS NICKLES Laws of Nature ROM HARRE, Leibniz WILLIAM SEAGER Locke 3. A. J. ROGERS: ical Empiricism RY C. SALMON Logical Positivism CHRISTOPHER RAY Mach GEREON WOLTERS Mathematics, Role in Science JAMES ROBERT BROWN Measurement J.D. TROUT Metaphor in Science ELEONORA MONTUSCHI Metaphysics, Role in Science WILLIAM SEAGER CONTENTS. 172 181 184 194 213 224 229 eos 243 252 w Q wv 8 g 283CONTENTS: 3B 44 45 46 47 48 49 50. 51 52 53 54 = 56 57 58 viii Mill GEOFFREY SCARRE Models and Analogies MARY HESSE Naturalism RONALD N TERE Natural Kinds JOHN DUPRE, Newton RICHARD S. WESTPALL Observation and Theory PETER ACHINSTEIN Peirce CHERYL MISAK Physicalism WILLIAM SEAGER Popper JOHN WATKINS Pragmatic Factors in Theory Acceptance JOHN WORRALI Probability PHILIP PERCIVAN Qualities, Primary and Secondary G. ALJ. ROGERS Quantum Mechanics RICHARD HEALEY Quine LARS BERGSTROM, Ramsey Sentences FREDERICK SUPPE Realism and Instrumentalism JARRETT LEPLIN 293 299 308 311 320 340, 343 349 385 390 39359 60 61 62 63 64 66 67 68 69 70 a) 72 = 74 Reductionism JOHN DUPRE Relativism JAMES W. MCALLISTER Russell PAUL J. HAGER Scientific Change DUDLEY SHAPERE: Scientific Methodology GARY GUTTING Simplicity ELLIOTT SOBER Social Factors in Science JAMES ROBERT BROWN Social Science, PI ALEX ROSENBERG losophy of Space, Time, and Relativity LAWRENCE SKLAR Statistical Explanation CHRISTOPHER READ HITCHCOCK AND WESLEY C. SALMON Supervenience and Determination WILLIAM SEAGER Technology, Philosophy of MARY TH Teleological Explanation ANDREW WOODFIELD ‘Theoretical Terms: Meaning and Reference PHILIP PERCIVAL Theories RONALD Ne RE Theory Identity PREDERICK SUPPE CONTENTS 402 405 408 2 423 433 442 451 461 480, 483 492 495 wn wa NCONTENTS: 75 Thought Experimen JAMES ROBERT BROWN 76 Underdetermination of Theory by Data W. H. NEWTON-SMITH 77 Unification of Theories JAMES W. MCALLISTER. 78 The Unity of Science ©. A. HOOKER 79 Values in Science ERNAN MEMULLIN 80. Verisimilitude CHRIS BRINK 81 Whewell JOHN WEVTERSTEN Index 540 550 564 568List of Contributors Peter Achinstein is Professor of Philosophy at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Yemima Ben-Menahem is in the Faculty of Humanities at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Lars Bergstrém is Professor of Prac- tical Philosophy and Head of the De- partment of Philosophy at Stockholm Univers Chris Brink is Professor of Mathemat- ies and Pro Vice-Chancellor (Research) at the University of Wollongong. Aus- tralia, and Fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa. Harold I. Brown is Professor of Phi- losophy at the University of Northern Illinois at De Kalb. James R. Brown is Professor of Phi- losophy at the University of Toronto. Leslie Burkholder is Professor of Philosophy at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. Robert E. Butts (died 1997) was Pro- fessor of Philosophy at the University of Western Ontario. John Dupré is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck College of the University of London and Senior Research Fellow in the Department of Sociology at the Uni- versity of Exeter. Ronald N. Giere is Professor of Phi- losophy at the Minnesota Center for Phi- losophy of Science at the University of Minnesota. David Gooding is Professor of History and Philosophy of Science and Director of the Science Studies Centre at the Uni- versity of Bath. Gary Gutting is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana Paul Hager is Associate Professor of Edu- cation at the University of Technology in sydney, Australia Rom Harré is Emeritus Fellow of Linacre College of the University of Oxford and Professor of Psychology at Georgetown University. Richard A. Healey is Professor of Philosophy and Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Arizona. Mary Hesse is Emeritus Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge. xiLIST OF CONTRIBUTORS, Christopher R. Hitchcock is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences of the California Institute of Technology in Cliff Hooker is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia. or of eld. Christopher Hookway is Profes Philosophy at the University of Shefli Colin Howson is Reader in Philosophy at the London School of Economics, Martin Hughes is in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Durham, Paul Humphreys is Professor of Phi- losophy in the Corcoran Department of Philosophy at the University of Virginia Muhammad Ali Khalidi is Assistant Professor and Chair of the Department of Philosophy at the American Univer- sity of Beirut. Brendan Larvor is Lecturer in Philos phy in the Department of Humanities at the University of Hertfordshire. Jarrett Leplin is Professor of Philoso- phy at the University of Chicago. Peter Lipton is Professor and Head of the Department of History and Philoso- phy of Science at the University of Cambridg James W. McAllister is a member of the Faculty of Philosophy at the Univer- sity of Leiden. Ernan MeMullin is John Cardinal O'Hara Professor Emeritus of Philosophy xii at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana Cheryl Misak is Professor of Philoso- phy at the University of Toronto. Eleonora Montuschi is in the Depart- ment of Philosophy at the London School of Economic: Dugald Murdoch is a member of the Department of Philosophy at the Uni- versity of Stockholm. William H. Newton-Smith is Fairfax Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy at Balliol College. University of Oxford. Thomas Nickles is Professor of Phi- losophy at the University of Nevada in Reno. Samir Okasha is the Jacobsen Research Fellow in Philosophy at the London School of Economics. Kathleen Okrublik is Associate Protessor of Philosophy and Dean of the Faculty of Arts at the University of West- ern Ontario. Philip Percival is a member of the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Glasgow. John Preston is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at the Univer- sity of Reading. Christopher Ray is Academic Senior Master at King's College School, London. John Rogers is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Keele.