Drugs from plants

Drug Action Artemisinin Antimalaria (sesquiterpenes) Plant Source Artemisia annua

Cocaine Local anaesthetic (alkaloid derived from ornithine) Codeine & Analgesic Morphine (alkaloid derived from tyrosine) Digoxin (steroid) Cardiotonic

Erythroxylum coca

Papaver somniferum (poppy)

Digitalis purpurea (foxglove)

Silymarin (flavonolignan)

Hepatoprotective

Silybum marianum (milk thistle)

eserpine Antihypertensive (terpenoid indole alkaloid) Salicin (ben!oic Analgesic & acid) antipyretic

auvolfia serpentina

Salix alba (!hite !illo!)

"axol (diterpenes)

Antit#mor

"axus brevifolia

Natural Dyes

Bixa orellana

bixin

Lawsonia inermis

lawsone

Clitoria ternatea cyanidin

Indigofera arrecta

indigo

crocin Crocus sativus

Curcuma longa curcumin

Protection against pests

Chemical Action Plant source #hrysanthemum cinerariaefolium

$yrethrin (terpenoid %nsecticidal ester)

&icotine (pyridine alkaloid)

%nsecticidal

$icotiana rustica

otenone (isoflavonoid) $isatin (isoflavonoid)

%nsecticidal

Derris elliptica

'#ngicidal

Pisum sativum

Dicam(a ()*+, Her(icidal dichloro,-, methoxy(en.oic acid) (ben!oic acid) Alpha,terthienyl nematicidal

$lant hormone

"agetes sp/

Strychnine (terpenoid indole alkaloid)

rodenticides

Strychnos nux% vomica

Essential oils
Product
Citr#s oil

Botanical source
#itrus sinensis (orange) #itrus limon (lemon) #itrus aurantium (neroli) #itrus paradisi (grapefr#it) #itrus bergamia ((ergamot)

Major constituents
Limonene* myrcene Limonene* ,pinene*, terpinene* citral Linalool* ,pinene* limonene* lynalyl acetate ,$inene* sa(inene* myrcene Linalool* linalyl acetate Menthol* menthone* isomenthone Menthol* menthone* menthyl acetate* methof#ran Carvone* limonene Cineole (e#calyptol)* , pinene Citronellol* neral* isop#legol Citronellal* geraniol* citronellol 3#genol* e#genyl acetate* caryophyllene Cedrol Citral Safrole* 5,menthoxy, e#genol* asarone Linalyl acetate* linalool Camphor*cineole*safrole ,0#lnesene* ,g#aiene* , patcho#lene* , caryophyllene* camphene* cinnamic aldehyde Citral

Main producers
0ra.il 1nited States* %taly* 2#inea* Cypr#s %taly* 1nited States* 'rance* 3gypt 1nited States %taly* %vory Coast %ndia* China* 0ra.il 1nited States %ndia China* $ort#gal* Spain* So#th Africa* 0ra.il* A#stralia China* 0ra.il* %ndia %ndonesia* China* Sri Lanka* %ndia* "ai!an* 2#atemala "an.ania* Madagascar* %ndonesia %ndia* Sri Lanka* 2#atemala* 1SA* China* 4enya China 0ra.il 'rance* %taly* Spain* H#ngary/ China* 6apan* "ai!an %ndonesia* China

Mint oil

&entha arvensis (cornmint) &entha piperita ($eppermint)

3#calypt#s

&entha spicata (spear mint) Eucalyptus globulus #orymbia citriodora

Citronella Clove oil Cedar!ood Litsea Sassafras Lavender Camphor $atcho#li

#ymbopogon spp/ Sy!ygium aromaticum #edrus spp'()uniperus spp/ *itsea cubeba +cotea pretiosa *avandula spp/ #innamomum camphora Pogostemon cablin

Lemon grass

#ymbopogon flexuosus( citratus

%ndia* 2#atemala* China

Sandal!ood 7etiver 8lang,ylang

Santalum album ,etiveria !i!anioides #ananga odorata

,Santalol* ,santalol 7etiverone* vetiverol Linalool* geranyl acetate

%ndia* %ndonesia Haiti* %ndonesia* China* e#nion Comoros* Madagascar* %ndonesia