DNG 7: T BIN CU TRC NHIM SC TH t bin cu trc NST c th do mt on, lp on, o on hoc chuyn on.

V vy cc bi ton t bin c lin quan n 1 NST hay nhiu NST u c th phn thnh 4 trng hp nh trn Nu bi ton yu cu xc nh dng t bin cu trc NST: C th phn thnh cc dng lin quan n s lng NST tham gia t bin: 1. Dng t bin lin quan n 1 NST + Nu c s o on NST th o on c cha hoc khng cha tm ng. Khi s lng gen trn NST khng i kch thc NST khng i, nhm gen lin kt khng i. Lm thay i trt t phn b gen trn NST Cc gen cch xa nhau trn NST + Nu xy ra s mt on NST, khi cc gen nhch li gn nhau trn 1 NST v s lng gen trn NST gim kch thc NST th thay i. + Nu xy ra lp on NST, khi s lng gen trn NST tng kch thc NST th thay i v cc gen cch xa nhau trn NST

+ Nu xy ra chuyn on trn cng 1 NST, th s lng gen trn NST khng i kch thc NST khng i, nhm gen lin kt khng i v cc gen cch xa nhau trn NST 2. Dng t bin lin quan n 2 hay nhiu NST Nu xy ra s lp on NST, th do trao i cho khng u gia 2 cromatit ca 2 NST tng ng, nn s lng trn NST tng ln kch thc NST thay i. Nu c s chuyn on trn 2 NST v chuyn on khng tng h th c th lm thay i v tr gen trn NST, kch thc NST thay i v nhm gen lin kt thay i. 3. Xc nh s thay i cu trc gen khi bit dng t bin v ngc li xc nh dng t bin khi bit s thay i cu trc gen. Dng bin Mt 1 cp - S nucltit gim i 2. - Chiu di gen gim i 3,4 , khi lng gen gim i 600 vC. - S lin kt ha tr gia cc nucltit gim i 2. t S thay i cu trc gen

nucltit

- S lin kt hiro gim 2 (mt cp A-T) hoc gim 3 (mt cp G X) - Trnh t nucltit thay i k t im xy ra t bin. Thm 1 cp - S nucltit tng ln 2. nucltit - Chiu di gen tng 3,4 , khi lng gen tng i 600 vC. - S lin kt ha tr gia cc nucltit tng ln 2. - S lin kt hiro tng 2 (thm cp A-T) hoc tng 3 (thm cp G X) - Trnh t nucltit thay i k t im xy ra t bin. Thay th cp - S nucltit khng i. nucltit - Chiu di v khi lng gen khng i - S lin kt ha tr khng i - S lin kt hiro tng 1 nu thay cp A T bng cp G X v gim 1 nu thay cp G X bng cp A T hoc khng i nu thay th cp nucltit cng loi. - Ch thay i 1 cp nucltit trong trnh t gen.

4. Xc nh t bin gen khi bit sn phm prtin to ra t khun mu gen t bin v ngc li xc nh s thay i prtin khi bit dng t bin gen. Dng t S thay i trong cu trc prtin

bin gen Mt thm cp nucltit hoc - S lng axit amin tng ln nu s dch chuyn mt cc b ba lm b ba kt thc khng xut hin v gim i nu s dch chuyn lm xut hin b ba kt thc sm. - Thnh phn, trt t sp xp cc axit amin thay i k t im xy ra t bin. Thay cp nucltit th - S lng axit amin khng i nu t bin xy ra b ba m ha v lm xut hin b ba m ha mi. - S lng axit amin tng nu t bin xut hin b ba kt thc v thay n bng b ba m ha. - S lng axit amin gim nu t bin xy ra b ba m ha v bin n thnh b ba kt thc sm. - Thnh phn, trt t sp xp axit amin khng i

khi b ba mi v b ba c cng m ha 1 axit amin; ch thay i 1 axit amin nu b ba mi v b ba c m ha 2 loi axit amin khc nhau;