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Towards an Integral Morphology

By

MICHELLE O’CARROLL

A TERMINAL PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL


OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTERS OF THE ARTS IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

2008

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Copyright 2008

by

Michelle O’Carroll

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To those who have inspired
me to reflect upon the inherent unity
of the life that I am.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 7

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 8

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 11

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION: “EXISTENTIAL DIALECTICS” .................................................. 16

Architectural Structures Reflect Structures of Consciousness ................................ 16


Structures of Consciousness Emerge in a Developmental Sequence .................... 16
Architectural Structures Archive the Evolution of Consciousness through the
Development of our Species .................................................................................. 16

2 LITERATURE REVIEW: “THE INTEGRAL PARADIGM” ....................................... 17

An Overview ........................................................................................................... 17
The Four Domains of the Manifest World .............................................................. 17
The Correlative Nature of Interior and Exterior Domains ..................... 17
The Correlative Nature of Individual and Collective Domains .............. 18
The “Sentient Being” ............................................................................. 18
On Holons and Holarchy ......................................................................................... 18
The Patterns that Connect .................................................................... 18
An Evolutionary Impulse ......................................................................................... 18
The Great Chain of Being: From Matter to Life to Mind to Spirit ........... 19
The Four Faces of Spirit-in-Action......................................................... 19

3 METHODOLOGY: “THE FOUR QUADRANTS MODEL” ....................................... 22

The Focus of the Study ........................................................................................... 22


An Adaptation of the Four Quandrants Model ........................................................ 22

---INTERLUDE--- THE NOOSPHERE


Human Holons: EMERGENTS in All Four Quadrants ................................................. 23
Human Holons: MUTATIONS in All Four Quadrants ................................................... 24
Human Holons and the Architectural Artifact ................................................................. 27

4 RESULTS “CROSS-SECTIONS OF THE FOUR QUADRANTS IN HUMAN


HOLONS” ............................................................................................................... 28

4.1 Archaic MUTATION


Physiology ........................................................................................... 30

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Ontology ............................................................................................... 31
Ideology ................................................................................................ 34
Morphology ........................................................................................... 36
4.2 Magical MUTATION
Physiology ............................................................................................ 40
Ontology ............................................................................................... 41
Ideology ................................................................................................ 44
Morphology ........................................................................................... 47
4.3 Magical/Mythic MUTATION
Physiology ............................................................................................ 51
Ontology ............................................................................................... 52
Ideology ................................................................................................ 55
Morphology ........................................................................................... 57
4.4 Mythic/Rational MUTATION
Physiology ............................................................................................ 64
Ontology ............................................................................................... 65
Ideology ................................................................................................ 68
Morphology ........................................................................................... 72
4.4 Scientific/Rational MUTATION
Physiology ........................................................................................... 82
Ontology ............................................................................................... 83
Ideology ................................................................................................ 86
Morphology ........................................................................................... 91
4.6 Pluralistic MUTATION
Physiology ........................................................................................... 98
Ontology ............................................................................................... 99
Ideology .............................................................................................. 102
Morphology ......................................................................................... 106

INTERLUDE- THE THEOSPHERE


Beyond Human Holons: EMERGENTS in All Four Quadrants ................................. 114

4.7 Integral MUTATION


Physiology ......................................................................................... 117
Ontology ............................................................................................. 118
Ideology .............................................................................................. 122
Morphology ......................................................................................... 125

5 DISCUSSION “LIMITATIONS OF STUDY” ................................................................. 132

6 CONCLUSION “THE BODY OF THE GODDESS” ............................................... 134

7 FUTURE WORK “WHAT IS THE BASIS OF SPATIOTEMPORAL


ORGANIZATION?............................................................................................................. 135

APPENDIX A “SCRIPTURA UNIVERSALIS” .............................................................. 136

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LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 139

FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... 142

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Dr. Bejleri for agreeing to chair a rather unconventional
project, Dr. Isenberg for introducing me to the works of Ken Wilber and continuing to
mentor me well into his retirement, and Professor Sanders for her guidance and
expertise in the field of architecture. I would also like to thank my parents- Sam and Lori
Conable- as well as my dearest friend John Begeman, whose unconditional support has
helped me through this challenging but greatly rewarding process.

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LIST OF TABLES

Figure page

0A An Overview ............................................................................ See Attachment

CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW


3A EMERGENTS of the Noosphere ................................................................... 23

CHAPTER 4.1: RESULTS- ARCHAIC MUTATION


4.1A Archaic Physiology: the Limbic System ........................................................ 30
4.1B Archaic Identity (Individual): Pre-personal ..................................................... 32
4.1C Archaic Perception of Space and Time: 0-Dimensional ................................ 33
4.1D Archaic Identity (Collective): Ego-Centric ...................................................... 35
4.1E Archaic Urban Morphology: Survival Clans .................................................. 36

CHAPTER 4.2: RESULTS- MAGICAL MUTATION


4.2A Magical Physiology: the Limbic System ........................................................ 40
4.2B Magical Cognitive Style: Sensorimotor.......................................................... 41
4.2C Magical Identity (Individual): Early Ego Formation ........................................ 42
4.2D Magical Perception of Space and Time: 1-Dimensional ................................ 43
4.2E Magical Cosmology: Animistic....................................................................... 44
4.2F Magical Deity: Nature Spirits ......................................................................... 45
4.2G Magical Identity (Collective): Ethnocentric..................................................... 46
4.2H Magical Urban Morphology: Ethnic Tribes .................................................... 47
4.2I Magical Architectural Morphology ................................................................. 48
4.2J Case Study- the Cave Dwelling (Primitive Inhabitation) ................................ 48

CHAPTER 4.3: RESULTS- MAGICAL/MYTHIC MUTATION


4.3A Magical/Mythic Physiology: Neocortical Activation ....................................... 51
4.3B Magical/Mythic Cognitive Style: Preoperational ........................................... 52
4.3C Magical/Mythic Identity (Individual): Ego Formation ..................................... 53
4.3D Magical/Mythic Perception of Space and Time: 2-Dimensional..................... 54
4.3E Magical/Mythic Cosmology: Chthonic ........................................................... 55
4.3G Magical/Mythic Deity: Mother Goddess ......................................................... 55
4.3G Magical/Mythic Collective Identity (Collective): Socio-Centric ....................... 56
4.3H Magical/Mythic Urban Morphology: From Early Permanent Settlements to
Chiefdoms to City-States. ............................................................................. 57
4.3I Magical/Mythic Architectural Morphology ..................................................... 58
4.3J Case Study- Stone Pillar Architectures (The Chthonic Object) .................... 59

CHAPTER 4.4: RESULTS- MYTHIC/RATIONAL MUTATION


4.4A Mythic/Rational Physiology: Neocortical Activation ...................................... 64
4.4B Mythic/Rational Cognitive Style: Concrete Operational ................................ 65
4.4C Mythic/Rational Identity (Individual): Late Ego Formation ............................. 66
4.4D Mythic/Rational Perception of Space and Time: 3-Dimensional
(Elementary).................................................................................................. 67

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4.4E Mythic/Rational Cosmology: Celestial ........................................................... 69
4.4F Mythic/Rational Deity: Father God .............................................................. 70
4.4G Mythic/Rational Identity (Collective): Socio/World-Centric ........................... 71
4.4H Mythic/Rational Urban Morphology: Feudal Empires/Early Nations .............. 72
4.4I Mythic/Rational Architectural Morphology .................................................... 73
4.4J Case Study- The Greek Temple (The Celestial Object) ............................... 74
4.4K Case Study- The Gothic Cathedral (The Celestial Object) ........................... 77

CHAPTER 4.5: RESULTS- SCIENTIFIC/RATIONAL MUTATION


4.5A Scientific-Rational Physiology: Dominated by Left Hemisphere of
Neocortex ..................................................................................................... 82
4.5B Scientific-Rational Cognitive Style: Formal Operational ................................ 83
4.5C Scientific-Rational Identity (Individual): Fully Developed Ego Structure ........ 84
4.5D Scientific-Rational Perception of Space and Time: 3-Dimensional
(Advanced) .................................................................................................... 85
4.5E Scientific-Rational Cosmology: Mechanistic .................................................. 88
4.5F Scientific-Rational Deity: Atheistic ................................................................ 89
4.5G Scientific-Rational Identity (Collective): World-Centric .................................. 90
4.5H Scientific-Rational Urban Morphology: Globalized Nations (Exclusive). ........ 91
4.5I Scientific-Rational Architectural Morphology ................................................ 92
4.5J Case Study- The International Style (The Mechanistic Object) ................... 93

CHAPTER 4.6: RESULTS- PLURALISTIC MUTATION


4.6A Pluralistic Physiology: Dominated by Right Hemisphere of Neocortex ......... 98
4.6B Pluralistic Cognitive Style: Early Vision-Logic .............................................. 99
4.6C Pluralistic Identity (Individual): Transcending Ego ...................................... 100
4.6D Pluralistic Perception of Space and Time: 4-Dimensional (Elementary) ..... 101
4.6E Pluralistic Cosmology: Relativistic ............................................................... 103
4.6F Pluralistic Deity: Nihilistic ............................................................................ 104
4.6G Pluralistic Identity (Collective): World-Centric (Inclusive) ............................ 105
4.6H Pluralistic Urban Morphology: Globalized Nations (Inclusive) ..................... 106
4.6I Pluralistic Architectural Morphology ............................................................ 107
4.6J Case Study- Postmodernism (The Pluralistic Object) ................................. 108
4.6K Case Study-Deconstructivism (The Deconstructed Object) ........................ 110
4.6L Case Study- Topology (The Topological Event) .......................................... 112

CHAPTER 4.7: RESULTS- INTEGRAL MUTATION


4.7A EMERGENTS of the Theosphere .............................................................. 114
4.7B Integral Physiology: Integration of Right and Left Hemispheres of
Neocortex ................................................................................................... 117
4.7C Integral Cognitive Style: Late Vision-Logic ................................................. 118
4.7D Integral Identity (Individual): Transcending Ego ......................................... 119
4.7E Integral Perception of Space and Time: 4-Dimensional (Advanced) ........... 120
4.7F Integral Cosmology: Hyperspatial ............................................................... 122
4.7G Integral Deity: Self-Actualized ..................................................................... 123
4.7H Integral Identity (Collective): Being-Centric ................................................. 124

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4.7I Integral Urban Morphology: Supranational Organization of Planetary
Consciousness ............................................................................................ 125
4.7J Integral Architectural Morphology ............................................................... 126
4.7K Case Study- Genetic Architecture (The Morphogenetic Event) .................. 127

APPENDIX
A.1 Comparison: The Genetic Code and the I Ching......................................... 137

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure page

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1A The Spectrum of Consciousness ................................................................ 142

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW


2A Ken Wilber’s Four Quadrant’s Model .......................................................... 143
2B The Correlative Development of Interior and Exterior Domains ................. 144
2C The Correlative Development of Individual and Collective Domains .......... 145
2D “Wolf”: Different Perspectives of a Sentient Being ...................................... 146
2E The Sentient Being as a Holon ................................................................... 147
2F Agency and Communion ............................................................................ 148
2G The EMERGENCE of the Physiosphere, Biosphere, Noosphere, and
Theosphere ................................................................................................. 149
2H The Correlative Evolution of the Four Domains (General) .......................... 150
2I The Correlative Evolution of the Four Domains (Specific) ........................... 151

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3A Focus of Study ............................................................................................ 152
3B An Adaptation of the Four Quadrant’s Model. ............................................. 153
3C Each Quadrant will be evaluated through Pre-Modern, Modern, Post-
Modern, and Integral MUTATIONS of Consciousness. ............................... 154

INTERLUDE- THE NOOPSHERE (AN OVERVIEW)


3D EMERGENTS of the Noosphere. ................................................................ 155
3E Isomorphic Streams of Development in the Noosphere .............................. 156
3F The Correlative Evolution of the Four Domains in the Noosphere .............. 157
3G Scales of Development: Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny ..................... 158
3H The Correlative Evolution of Human Consciousness and Architectural
Morphology ................................................................................................. 159

CHAPTER 4.1: RESULTS- MAGICAL MUTATION


4.1A Homo Erectus ............................................................................................ 160
4.1B The Limbic System ...................................................................................... 160
4.1C Egocentric, Survival-Based Existence ......................................................... 161
4.1D Survival Clans ............................................................................................. 161
4.1E Morphologies of the Physiosphere and Biosphere ...................................... 162

CHAPTER 4.2: RESULTS- MAGICAL MUTATION


4.2A Neanderthal ................................................................................................ 162
4.2B The Limbic System ...................................................................................... 163
4.2C Ochre Stained Rocks of Quafzeh Cave ...................................................... 163
4.2D Early Representation of the Human Face .................................................. 164
4.2E Nature Spirits .............................................................................................. 164
4.2F Monadic Tribal Structures ........................................................................... 165

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4.2G Interior Rotunda of Hall of Bulls. Lascaux, France ..................................... 165

CHAPTER 4.3: RESULTS- MAGICAL/MYTHIC MUTATION


4.3A Neocortical Activation ................................................................................. 166
4.3B The Agricultural Revolution ........................................................................ 166
4.3C The Emergence of Symbolic Language ..................................................... 167
4.3D The Emergence of Intuitive/Inductive Reasoning ....................................... 167
4.3E Anthropocentric Imagery in a Cave Painting .............................................. 168
4.3F Spatial Depth in Cave Painting ................................................................... 168
4.3G Polar Awareness of Earth and Sky (Spatial) ............................................... 169
4.3H Awareness of Natural Cycles (Temporal) .................................................... 169
4.3I Mother Goddess of the Earth ..................................................................... 169
4.3J Early Permanent Settlements ..................................................................... 170
4.3K Stonehedge. Wiltshire, England ................................................................. 170

CHAPTER 4.4: RESULTS- MYTHIC/RATIONAL MUTATION


4.4A Neocortical Activation (Cont’d) ................................................................... 170
4.4B The Emergence of Deductive Reasoning ................................................... 171
4.4C Anthropocentric Imagery in Greek and Medieval Sculpture and
Architecture ................................................................................................ 171
4.4D Spatial Depth in Greek and Medieval Sculpture and Architecture ............. 172
4.4E The Emergence of Linear Time ................................................................... 172
4.4F The Greek Cosmological Scheme............................................................... 173
4.4G Music of the Spheres .................................................................................. 174
4.4H The Medieval Cosmological Scheme .......................................................... 175
4.4I Father God in Heaven ................................................................................. 176
4.4J The Parthenon ............................................................................................ 176
4.4K Floor Plan of the Parthenon ....................................................................... 176
4.4L Sculptural Ornamentation in the Parthenon: The Birth of Athena ............... 177
4.4M Chartres: A Gothic Cathedral ..................................................................... 177
4.4N The Floor plan of Chartres ......................................................................... 177
4.4O Religious Symbolism in Chartres ............................................................... 177

CHAPTER 4.5: RESULTS- SCIENTIC-RATIONAL MUTATION


4.5A Dominated by Left Hemisphere of Neocortex ............................................. 178
4.5B The Scientific Method ................................................................................. 178
4.5C The Fully Developed Ego Structure ........................................................... 178
4.5D Cartesian Depiction of Perception .............................................................. 179
4.5E The Heliocentric Model of Copernicus ........................................................ 179
4.5F Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion .............................................................. 180
4.5G Moon drawn by Galileo ............................................................................... 180
4.5H The Mechanical Universe ........................................................................... 180
4.5I La Villa Savoye (Le Corbusier) ................................................................... 181
4.5J The Farnsworth House (Mies van der Rohe) ............................................. 181

CHAPTER 4.6: RESULTS- PLURALISTIC MUTATION

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4.6A Dominated by Right Hemisphere of Neocortex .......................................... 182
4.6B Contextualized Knowledge Claims ............................................................. 182
4.6C The Subject Co-creates Reality................................................................... 182
4.6D The Deconstruction of Euclidian Space ..................................................... 183
4.6E Plasticized Time ......................................................................................... 183
4.6F The Relativistic Cosmos .............................................................................. 183
4.6G A Representation of Time at 5mph.............................................................. 183
4.6H A Representation of Space at 5mph .......................................................... 184
4.6I An Object Observed at 5mph ...................................................................... 184
4.6J A Representation of Time as an Observer Approaches the Speed of Light 185
4.6K A Representation of Space as an Observer Approaches the Speed of
Light ............................................................................................................ 185
4.6L An Object Observed while approaching the Speed of Light ........................ 186
4.6M Piazza d’Italia (Charles Moore) .................................................................. 187
4.6N Sony Building (Philip Johnson and John Burgee) ....................................... 187
4.6O Portland Service Building (Michael Graves) ............................................... 188
4.6P Vitra Design Museum (Frank Gehry) ........................................................... 188
4.6Q Santa Monica Residence (Frank Gehry) ..................................................... 189
4.6R Wexner Center for the Arts (Peter Eisenman) ............................................ 189
4.6S The Mobius House (Stephen Perrella and Rebecca Carpenter .................. 190
4.6T City of Culture of Galicia (Eisenman Architects).......................................... 190
4.6U BMW Event and Delivery Center (Asymptote) ............................................ 190
4.6V Yokohama International Port Terminal (Foreign Office Architects) ........... 191
4.6W Taekwando Park (Weiss/Manfredi) ............................................................. 191

CHAPTER 4.7: RESULTS- INTEGRAL MUTATION


4.7A EMERGENTS of the Theosphere ............................................................... 192
4.7B The Integration of the Right and Left Hemispheres of the Neocortex.......... 193
4.7C Consciousness No Longer Restricted to the Body ..................................... 193
4.7D Structures of Thought Integrated into a Complex Whole ............................ 194
4.7E Dimensions Organized in Orders of Increasing Complexity ........................ 194
4.7F Space a Plastic Medium Enacted by the Subjects it Contains ................... 195
4.7G “God”-(Consciousness) Becoming .............................................................. 195
4.7H Caltrans District 7 Headquarters Building (Morphosis) ............................... 196
4.7I El Monte Sangrado Resort (Living Designs Group) ................................... 196
4.7J ADA Space (ETH) ...................................................................................... 197
4.7K Industrial Muscles (Festo Company) .......................................................... 197
4.7L Grafisoft Slider (ONL) ................................................................................. 198
4.7M Tower of Winds (Toyo Ito) .......................................................................... 198
4.7N L-Systems (Aristid Lindenmayer) ............................................................... 199
4.7O The Hyposurface (Mark Goulthourpe) ........................................................ 199

CHAPTER 7: FUTURE WORK


7A Evolution: Self-Transcendence through Self-Organization ......................... 200

APPENDIX A

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A.1 The Fundamental Structure of the Genetic Code ....................................... 201
A.2 Genetic Codons (“Words”) and their Corresponding Amino Acids .............. 202
A.3 The Two Polarities of Yin and Yang ............................................................ 203
A.4 The Four “Letters” of the I Ching ................................................................. 203
A.5 The Four “Letters” of the I Ching Correspond to the Four “Letters” of the
Genetic Code .............................................................................................. 204
A.6 The 64 Hexagrams of the I Ching ............................................................... 204
A.7 The Correlative Nature of the 64 Hexagrams of the I Ching and the 64
Codons of the Genetic Code ....................................................................... 205
A.8 The Correlative Nature of the 64 Hexagrams of the I Ching and 20 Amino
Acids ........................................................................................................... 206
A.9 The 64 Hexagrams Arranged Spatially on the Bagua Compass ................. 207

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Abstract of Terminal Project Presented to the Graduate School
of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of M.A.U.R.P.

TOWARDS AN INTEGRAL MORPHOLGY

By

Michelle O’Carroll

December 2008

Chair: Ilir Bejleri


Cochair: Shaya Isenberg
Major: Nancy Sanders

This study will use an adaptation of Ken Wilber’s four quadrant model to evaluate
the parallel evolution of human consciousness and architectural morphology from its
inception through pre-modern, modern and post-modern periods. To conclude, it will
postulate that we are on the brink of integral consciousness and set forth the theoretical
framework for an integral morphology.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
EXISTENTIAL DIALECTICS
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES REFLECT STRUCTURES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
There is a dialectical relationship between our internal realities- our structures of
consciousness- and our external patterns of spatial and temporal relationship- our
architectural structures. The physical forms that we evolve reflect the way that we
organize our experience.

STRUCTURES OF CONSCIOUSNESS EMERGE IN A DEVELOPMENTAL


SEQUENCE
Structures of consciousness unfold in a developmental1 sequence, from
complete unconsciousness at one end of the spectrum, through the various levels of
egoism, existentialism and transpersonalism, all the way to complete consciousness or
enlightenment at the other end of the spectrum (See Figure 1A). This applies to all
scales of development, from the maturation of an individual organism to the evolution of
a species as a whole.

ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES ARCHIVE THE EVOLUTION OF


CONSCIOUSNESS THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUR SPECIES
As humanity progresses through this spectrum of consciousness, it archives
each developmental stage (characterized by a particular way of perceiving space, time,
self and origin) in architectural structure. This study will use Ken Wilber’s “Integral”
Paradigm- a comprehensive evolutionary theory that charts the correlative ontogeny of
consciousness and the world of form- as a context to evaluate the relationship between
the various eras of human development and the architectures they have enacted.

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Development: the progression from a simple structure to a more complex structure.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
THE INTEGRAL PARADIGM
AN OVERVIEW
In Integral Theory, reality is a non-dual union of emptiness and form with form
innately subject to development over time. Emptiness, or “spirit”, is the timeless and
eternal ground state of all being. The world of form is “spirit-in-action”- the unfolding of
this sentience as it comes to know itself through its own incarnation. Ken Wilber’s four
quadrants model attempts to describe how form undergoes change and how sentient
beings in the world of form participate in this change until they realize their true identity
as emptiness.

THE FOUR DOMAINS OF THE MANIFEST WORLD


There are 4 primary domains in Wilber’s model of manifest existenc: subjective2,
inter-subjective3, objective4, and inter-objective5. These dimensions, represented
graphically, are the upper-left, lower-left, upper-right, and lower-right quadrants of
Wilber’s Four Quadrant Model. (See Figure 2A)
In the subjective—or upper-left (UL)—quadrant, we find the world of our
individual, interior consciousness: our thoughts, emotions, memories, states of mind,
perceptions, and immediate sensations—in other words, our “I” space.
In the intersubjective—or lower-left (LL)—quadrant, we find the world of our
collective, interior consciousness: our shared values, identities, meanings, relationships,
and cultural background—in other words, our "we" space.
In the objective—or upper-right (UR)—quadrant, we find the world of individual,
exterior things: our material body and anything that you can see or touch in time and
space—in other words, our “it” space.
In the interobjective—or lower-right (LR)—quadrant, we find the world of
collective, exterior things: systems, networks, technology, the constructed and natural
environment-in other words, our “its” space.

The Correlative Development of Interior and Exterior Domains


The development of consciousness (UL) coevolves with the complexification of
matter (UR). Atoms, whose exterior forms are physical entities such as neutrons,
protons and electrons, have an interior prehension of proto-feelings; primitive cells
exhibit irritability; organisms with neural cords have perception; animals with the
reptilian brain stem have impulses and instincts, and the triune brain is the exterior form
of an interior consciousness that contains linguistic capacities and formal cognition
(Wilber, Integral Spirituality 222). Consciousness exists in some form (however
rudimentary) at all organizational levels- every body has a mind. (See Figure 2B)

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Subjective: existing in the mind.
3
Inter-subjective: existing between minds.
4
Objective: existing in form.
5
Inter-objective: existing between forms.

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The Correlative Development of Individual and Collective Domains
Each body-mind exists in a culture (LL) and community (LR) of other body-minds
at a similar level of complexity. As physical complexity increases and individual
consciousness expands, the consciousness of the culture as a whole expands. As the
consciousness of the culture expands, the inter-objective, exterior forms -the social
structures and physical morphologies- that support the culture reflect the
complexification. (See Figure 2C)

The “Sentient Being”


Each quadrant offers a unique perspective of a single occasion, of a “sentient
being”. Take for example, the occasion of a “wolf” (See Figure 2D). A wolf possesses a
limbic system (UR), the interior correlate of which is certain basic emotions (UL). The
wolf shares this emotional worldspace with other wolves (LL) and physically orients
itself in relation to its pack through the use of a sophisticated emotional sign system
(LR) (Wilber, Theory of Everything 28).

ON HOLONS AND HOLARCHY


Each sentient being is both a distinct, living entity- a whole in itself- and is also a
part of some greater order: it is a whole-part, a system within a system. This whole-part
is known in integral theory as a “holon”. For instance, a whole atom is a part of a whole
molecule; a whole molecule is part of a whole, cell; a whole cell is part of a whole
organism and so on (See Figure 2E). The whole of one level becomes part of the whole
of the next level. The integral “kosmos”6 are a “holarchy” of holons- a series of nests
within nests within nests-indefinitely expressing a greater and greater holistic embrace
(Wilber, Brief History 17).

The Patterns that Connect


Because every holon is both a whole and a part, it has two fundamental
tendencies or drives: it has to maintain both its “agency”- its individual identity, and its
“communion”- its relation to greater wholes (See Figure 2F). If the holon fails to maintain
both its agency and communion, it dissolves into subholons: for example, cells
decompose into molecules, molecules decompose into atoms. If the holon maintains
agency and communion, it will evolve into greater and greater levels of complexity: new
holons will emerge which transcend and include lower level components while adding
their own distinctive character and EMERGENTS7. (Wilber, Brief History 19).

AN EVOLUTIONARY IMPULSE
The desire to self-transcend appears to be built into the very fabric of the
Kosmos: there is an inherent compulsion, an obscure sort of will in matter, to arrange
itself in increasingly complex holons which exhibit higher and higher levels of coherence
6
Kosmos: the patterned nature or process of all (interior and exterior) domains of
existence; this stands in contrast to the word “cosmos” which refers only to the exterior,
physical domain of existence (a Wilberian term).
7
Emergents: characteristics of systems which arise unexpectedly and are more
complex than the sum of their parts.

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and consciousness. Integral theory regards evolution as a sequence of progressive
synthesis converging towards an “omega point8”- the unification of the manifest
universe- in which an all inclusive “supermind” emerges.

The Great Chain of Being: From Matter to Life to Mind to Spirit


Through the course of evolution, physical, inanimate matter has passed through
sequential stages of increasing organization, structuralization, and complexification.
Primordial particles aggregated into simple groups in complex, geometrical patterns
forming molecules and then larger and more complex organic compounds (the
physiosphere9). So complex were these forms that they started to reproduce
themselves, and out of matter arose life (the biosphere10). Cells combined into a
multitude of living and ever more complex organisms, from primitive life to invertebrates,
fish, amphibia, reptiles, mammals. With the emergence of the early hominids another
critical threshold was crossed: out of life arose mind (the noosphere11). Cosmic
evolution became conscious of itself-it not only “knows”, but it “knows that it knows”.
Beyond the noosphere lays the potential of the theosphere12- the realm of incarnated
“divinity”- whereby consciousness awakens to the process of its own evolution and
recognizes itself as the ground state of all being. (See Figure 2G)

"...Evolution is moving through the links in the Great Chain of Being - starting with the
lowest, or matter, and moving to biological structures, then to mind, then to subtle and
causal realms, and finally to supermind or omega point. It's not that the absolute or
supermind only comes into existence at that last stage - it existed all along, but could
only be realized when consciousness itself evolved to its highest state." (Wilber, SES
48).

The Four Faces of Spirit-in-Action


The four quadrants of the manifest world are different perspectives of the same
underlying pattern of growth; as such, they show correlative development. (See Figure
2H and 2I)

The Evolution of the Brain and Organism (UR)


Cosmic evolution contains a full-spectrum of exterior development, from
subatomic particles, atoms, molecules and other elementary structures of the
physiopshere, to the prokaryotic, eukaryotic, nueronal, reptilian and paleo-mammalian
structures of the biosphere, to the neo-mammalian structures of the noossphere and
beyond. Each level of increasingly complexity emerges in a developmental progression

8
Omega Point: a predicted point of evolution in which humanity will have evolved into a
planet wide superorganism whose organizational power will come to dominate
inanimate matter and energy (an idea of Tielhard de Chardin).
9
Physiosphere: the domain of evolution that contains inanimate matter.
10
Biosphere: the domain of evolution that contains organic life.
11
Noosphere: the domain of evolution that contains self-consciousness.
12
Theosphere: the domain of evolution that contains self-actualized consciousness.

19
upon the evolutionary stratum below and enables more and more complex modes of
cognition and consciousness.

The Evolution of the Self and Consciousness (UL)


Cosmic evolution contains a parallel spectrum of interior development, from pre-
personal to personal to transpersonal consciousness. Primordial particles embedded in
the material prima of the physiosphere exhibit a pre-personal unity structure of
consciousness which exists beneath subject/object differentiation. The organismic
lifeforms of the biosphere begin to sense a boundary between their own form and
biological currents. With the emergence of the noosphere, the organism distinguishes
itself from the rest of the world: inside and outside become clearly differentiated and
personal consciousness is clearly formulated. Beyond this point, evolution proceeds
into the transpersonal domains of the theosphere which are characterized by a
continuous decline in egocentrism. Eventually, all relative selves are transcended and
included and there is only the pure self, the “empty opening through which spirit speaks”
(Wilber, Integral Spirituality132).

The Evolution of Culture and Worldview (LL)


The collective mind, or culture, is the interaction of individual minds at a particular
stage of development. Just as the individual mind progresses through a developmental
sequence of expanded identification and relation (from pre-personal unity to personal
differentiation to transpersonal unity), collective culture progresses through a
developmental sequence of pre-personal, subconscious immersion and participation in
the “group mind” (the physiosphere and biosphere- the hive mentality of ants and bees
for example) to personal differentiation and conscious participation in human culture
(the noosphere), to transpersonal unification and conscious participation in the “group
mind of the theosphere.

The Evolution of Social Systems and Environment (LR)


As culture evolves, it requires a corresponding evolution in the complexity of the
collective, external structures that contain it. The morphologies of the physiosphere and
the biosphere are natural, self-organizing living systems with their own, semi-
independent holonic reality: they are the products of genetic13 design and have arisen
autopoietically14 through natural selection (Wilber, Theory of Everything 166).
With the emergence of self-reflectivity, humans set themselves apart from nature;
by doing so, they obtain the ability to structure, control and transform it. In the
noosphere, the externally visible structures that are the process of social evolution
become less holonic and increasingly subject to human design. This is the inception of
allopoiesis15 (architecture) - externally sustained, planned systems which in and of
13
Genetics: dealing with resemblances and differences of related organisms resulting
from the interaction of their genes and the environment.
14
Autopoiesis: (“auto”- Greek for “self”, “poiesis”- Greek for “to make”) living systems
that are self-organizing, self-regenerating, and self-reproducing.
15
Allopoiesis: (“allo”- Greek for “other”, “poiesis”- Greek for “to make”) systems that are
created by an external agent; an artifact.

20
themselves do not evolve but serve as residual, objective containers for intersubjective
development.
When transpersonal consciousness awakens and the theosphere emerges, a
correlative morphology will be enacted. Speculations on this are to follow in the results
section.

21
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
AN ADAPTATION OF THE FOUR QUADRANTS MODEL
THE FOCUS OF THE STUDY
This study will focus on the development of the LR quadrant- the world of
collective, exterior form- after the critical point of self-reflectivity (the inception of Ken
Wilber’s “noosphere”) (See Figure 3A). It will use an adaptation of the four quadrants
model to evaluate the co-evolution16 of consciousness and architectural morphology
through the significant phases of human evolution, paying particular attention to the
ways that the various dualisms inherent in personal consciousness have been
manifested in the external world (especially in the rise and fall of “sacred” architectures).
To conclude, it will suggest that we are approaching another critical point in the
evolution of consciousness- the brink of the transpersonal- which will transcend these
dualisms and set the precedence for an integral design morphology.

AN ADAPTATION OF THE FOUR QUADRANTS MODEL


The adaptation of the four quadrants model that will be used for this study will to
allocate “physiology” to the objective (UR) quadrant, “ontology” to the subjective (UL)
quadrant, “ideology” to the intersubjective (LL) quadrant, and “morphology” to the
interobjective (LR) quadrant. Each quadrant will be evaluated through pre-modern,
modern, post-modern, and integral MUTATIONS17 of personal consciousness. (See
Figures 3B and 3C)

Brain and Organism→ “Physiology” (UR)


• The form and structure of the organism

Self and Consciousness→ “Ontology” (UL)


• The consciousness of the organism

Culture and Worldview→ “Ideology” (LL)


• The consciousness of the culture

Environment and Social System→ “Morphology” (LR)


• The form and structure of culture

16
Co-evolution: the simultaneous, parallel evolution of two or more categories where
variations and adaptations in one set evoke an adaptive response in the other set.
17
Mutation: an event that changes or alters compositional structure.

22
INTERLUDE: THE NOOSPHERE
HUMAN HOLONS: EMERGENTS IN ALL FOUR QUADRANTS
As evolution awakens from the prepersonal slumber of the biosphere
EMERGENTS are enacted in all four quadrants. (See Figure 3D).

QUADRANT GROUND EMERGENTS

BIOSPHERE NOOSPHERE

UR PHYSIOLOGY Structuration of Neurological


brain complex activation

UL ONTOLOGY Pre-personal, Personal,


unconscious conscious
unity differentiation
LL IDEOLOGY Pre-personal Personal
unconscious conscious
participation in participation in
the “group-mind” human culture
(unity) (differentiation)
LR MORPHOLOGY (Natural) (Mental)
Pre-Architecture Architecture
Unconscious Conscious
-“Genetic”- -Artifactual”-
(unity) (differentiation)
Table 3A- EMERGENTS of the Noosphere.

23
INTERLUDE: THE NOOSPHERE
HUMAN HOLONS: MUTATIONS IN ALL FOUR QUADRANTS
ISOMORPHIC18 STREAMS OF DEVELOPMENT
(See Figure 3E)

Since the EMERGENCE of the humankind and the noosphere, our species has
traversed a series of cognitive leaps, or MUTATIONS of consciousness. These jumps
and transformations involve structural changes that manifest in all domains of existence
(all four quadrants). In the “results” section, each mutation of consciousness will be
evaluated (with particular attention as to how it informs that epoch’s morphology) as
follows: (See Figure 3F and Chart 0A)

PHYSIOLOGY- (UR)
The biological structure of the human brain has remained the same for past
10,000 years (from primitives to moderns) but there have been increasing levels of
electrical activity and neurological activation, which have actuated increasingly
advanced forms of cognition and consciousness. This study will track the MUTATIONS
of human physiology through the complexification of our species, from the elementary
structure of the hominid limbic system in the archaic stage of development to the
synchronization of the neocortical hemispheres in the integral stage of development,
drawing relations between the physical/electrical structure and the cognitive capacities
that they enable.

ONTOLOGY- (UL)
***It should be noted that structures of thought evolve through the same sequential
progression regardless of scale (timing may vary but sequence does not). The collective
evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny) exactly mirrors the development of
the organism from birth to maturity (ontogeny). For this study, the ontological structures
outlined below will be applied to the macro-scale of the evolution of the human species
as a whole. (See Figure 3G)

Epistemological Structures- “Cognitive Style of Development”


As the human brain develops, new epistemological structures emerge. This study
will use Piaget’s stages of cognitive development from childhood to adulthood in
conjunction with Ken Wilber’s stages of cognitive development beyond adulthood and
through enlightenment to chart the MUTATIONS of human consciousness as it evolves
through the complexification of our species, from the primitive cognition of simple
images which represent only one thing or event, to symbols and concepts which
represent whole groups or classes of things or events, to rules which organize and
18
Isomorphism: A one-to-one correspondence between the elements of two sets such
that the result of an operation on elements of one set corresponds to the result of an
operation on elements of the other set.

24
integrate numerous classes and groups into entire networks and beyond, while paying
particular attention to how these structures inform the organization and content of
architectural form.

Particular relationship between “self” and “other”- “Individual Identity”


Each stage of cognitive development is characterized by a particular relationship
between the subject and the object, self and other. This study will track the
MUTATIONS of human consciousness as it evolves through the complexification of our
species, from pre-personal, pre-differentiated unity with the environment through
embryonic forms of separateness to the emergence of the full-fledged, personal
separate ego, and beyond to the transpersonal realms of subtle, causal and absolute
unity, while paying particular attention to how these developmental structures inform the
constructed relationships between nature and culture, inside and outside.

Particular mode of spatial and temporal perception- “Perception of Space and Time”
Each stage of cognitive development is revealed by its conceptions of and
relationship to space and time- increases in consciousness are accompanied by the
appearance and effectuality of a new dimension. This study will track the MUTATIONS
(structuration and spatialization) of human consciousness through the complexification
of our species as it emerges from the 0-dimensional structure of pre-personal unity,
unfolds through 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional structures of personal
differentiation, and awakens to the transpersonal transparency of 4-dimensional
structure, while paying particular attention to how these conceptions of space and time
have informed architectural constructions.

IDEOLOGY (LL)
Particular relationship between “us” and “them” - “Collective Identity”
As consciousness awakens from pre-personal, unconscious participation in the
“group mind” it consciously organizes itself through human culture. This study will track
the MUTATIONS of human culture through the complexification of our species as it
progresses through increasingly inclusive structures of collective thought and social
identification, from its egocentric inceptions through ethnocentric, socio-centric, world-
centric, and finally being-centric dimensions, while paying particular attention to the
ways in which these internally inclusive identifications have yielded externally inclusive
urban morphologies.

Conceptual model of reality- “Cosmology”


Each collective mind, or culture, at its specific stage of cognitive development,
creates a conceptual model of reality which reflects their mental capacity and their
perception of space, time, and relation to source or origin. This study will track the
MUTATIONS of these increasingly inclusive, spatialized, and abstracted conceptual
models of reality through the complexification of our species, from the localized 1–
dimensional cosmology of primitive hominids, to the polarized, 2-dimensional
cosmology of Paleolithic humans, through the spatialized, 3-dimensional cosmology of
rational humans, to the temporalized and relativisitc 4-dimensional cosmology of post-
modern humans, and into the holarichal, hyperdimensional cosmologies of integral

25
humans, while noting the correlation between such internal structures and the
organization and structuration of architectural form.

Relationship to source- “Deity”


As mind awakens from the undifferentiated unity of the slumbering
subconsciousness shared with the rest of nature, it experiences self-consciousness- a
“separate self” seemingly disconnected from origin. In response, it projects a
succession of substitute structures for superior consciousness (“Gods”) which are
incorporated into the conceptual models of reality (cosmologies) above. This study will
track the MUTATIONS of the “God” structure in human culture through the
complexification of our species, from its inception at the onset of personal
consciousness and into the transpersonal territories (where God-consciousness is
actualized as the archetypical summit of one’s own development), while paying
particular attention to the ways that these various structures have informed “sacred”
morphologies.

MORPHOLOGY (LR)
Social organization of collective identity- “Urban Morphology”
Urban morphology (LR) is a cultural product which reflects the collective identity
of the culture. This study will track the MUTATIONS of social systems through the
complexification of our species, from the autonomous and differentiated tribal culture
(spread around the global with little contact to on another) to the integration and
assimilation of societies into successively larger units of increasing wholeness,
culminating finally in the coalescence of a supranational, globalized system of planetary
intelligence.

“Architectural Morphology”
Architectural morphologies reflect MUTATIONS consciousness- epistemological
structures, conceptions of selfhood, perceptions of space and time, collective identity
and cultural meaning, cosmological hierarchies, and notions of the sacred. This study
will situate architectural morphology in the context of the other domains of evolution as
listed above.

26
INTERLUDE: THE NOOSPHERE
HUMAN HOLONS AND THE ARCHITECTURAL ARTIFACT19
Through the early development of our species (archaic and mythic eras) humans
were embedded in nature and lived off of the land, much like other animals. As humans
evolved self-consciousness, they began to set themselves apart from the world and
reflect upon, conceptualize, and analyze their experience. In time, we became less and
less alive to the ever-present ground state of being until finally, the separated “ego” no
longer identified with the rest of creation and experienced only “other”. The
dichotomization of self (subject) and other (object) that is inherent in self-
consciousness is the interior correlative (UL) of “architectural” morphology20 (LR):
through the construction of walls and partitions we created bounded domains- “forts of
egocentricity”- which separate interior from exterior, self from other. Pre-modern,
modern, and post-modern spatiotemporal schemes emphasized the stability and
permanence of the architectural “object”, a finite complex which is set apart from the
greater metabolism, negligent of the fact that it is a node in a larger ecology. The
expression of the architectural “object”, however, has changed as self- consciousness
progressed through magical/mythic, mythic/rational, scientific-rational, and pluralistic
stages of consciousness. (See Figure 3H)

19
Artifact: a substance that is not naturally present but is the product of an extrinsic
agent.

27
CHAPTER 4.1: RESULTS
CROSS-SECTIONS OF THE FOUR QUADRANTS
IN HUMAN HOLONS
---Archaic Mutation---
(Up to 2 million years ago)

28
---Archaic Mutation--- (Up to 2 million years ago)
OVERVIEW
Biospheric Fusion State.
Archaic consciousness has been predominate mode of being in all forms of life
since the beginning of evolution up to and including the first hominids. In this mode,
spirit is unconscious, instinctually embedded in a dreamy immersion and oneness with
the material world; the organism lives in a fusion state of oceanic adualism, of primitive
indifferentation, in which there is no distinction between self and environment, subject
and object, inner an outer. Experience is unmediated- there is no split between feeling
(body) and thinking (mind), experiencing and observing, being and doing (Earley 3).
This mode of consciousness is the structure behind the universal myths of the “Garden
of Eden”- the paradisiacal, primal state before “the fall” into the separation. As such, it
is not a “transpersonal haven” but a “pre-personal” slumber (Wilber, Up from Eden 143).

29
---Archaic Mutation--- (Up to 2 million years ago)
PHYSIOLOGY
Australopithecus, Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus.
• Consciousness remains centered in the limbic system. (See Figures 4.1A and
4.1B)

LIMBIC SYSTEM
Instincts- Feeding, Fighting, Sexual Behavior
Affective Functions- Emotions and Feelings
Table 4.1A- Archaic Physiology: the Limbic System.

30
---Archaic Mutation--- (Up to 2 million years ago)
ONTOLOGY
COGNITIVE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
Pre-cognition.

31
---Archaic Mutation--- (Up to 2 million years ago)
ONTOLOGY
INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY
Pre-personal.
In the archaic stage of development, the self is fused with the natural world; there
is no distinction between self and environment, subject and object, inner and outer,
body and mind.

PRE-PERSONAL
No distinction between self and environment
No distinction between subject and object, inner
and outer
No distinction between body and mind
Table 4.1B- Archaic Identity (Individual): Pre-personal.

32
---Archaic Mutation--- (Up to 2 million years ago)
ONTOLOGY
PERCEPTION OF SPACE AND TIME
0-Dimensional.
In the archaic stage of development, awareness is zero-dimensional; reality is
rendered as a spaceless and timeless whole.

0-DIMENSIONAL
PERSPECTIVE Unperspectival
OBJECTHOOD Objectless
SPACE Spaceless
TIME Timeless
Table 4.1C- Archaic Perception of Space and Time: 0-Dimensional .

33
---Archaic Mutation--- (Up to 2 million years ago)
IDEOLOGY
COSMOLOGY/DEITY
None.
In the archaic stage of development, the organism is directly connected to origin
so there is no need for mediation. Further, it lacks the mental capacity to reflect upon
the nature of existence.

34
---Archaic Mutation--- (Up to 2 million years ago)
IDEOLOGY
COLLECTIVE IDENTITY
Ego-Centric.
In the archaic stage of development, the organism starts to emerge from pre-
conscious participation in the pre-personal “group mind”; in this primitive phase,
existence is egocentric and survival based. (See Figure 4.1C)

EGOCENTRIC
Survival Based
Table 4.1D-Archaic Identity (Collective): Egocentric.

35
---Archaic Mutation--- (Up to 2 million years ago)
MORPHOLOGY
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
Survival Clans.
In the archaic stage of development, hominids are embedded in nature; they
group together in small scale survival clans and gain their subsistence from gathering
plants or hunting and scavenging wild animals. (See Figure 4.1D)

Survival Clans
Population <10
Table 4.1E- Archaic Urban Morphology: Survival Clans.

36
---Archaic Mutation--- (Up to 2 million years ago)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY
Organic.
The archaic, internal state corresponds to the external morphology of the
physiosphere and the biosphere- the atomic/molecular structures of chemistry and the
cellular/organismic structures of biology (the “natural” or “organic” world as it is normally
conceived) (See Figure 4.1E). In Hegelian terms, the “concept is infused in the
material”; there is no separation of thought and form, the finite and the infinite coexist in
synthesis (Hendrix 187).

37
CHAPTER 4.2: RESULTS
CROSS-SECTIONS OF THE FOUR QUADRANTS
IN HUMAN HOLONS
---Magical Mutation---
(2 Million-10,000 B.C.)

38
---Magical Mutation--- (2 Million-10,000 B.C.)
OVERVIEW
Emergence of the Noosphere.
In the magical stage of development, the slumbering consciousness that was
present through the entire unfolding and enfolding of the physiosphere and the
biosphere is slowly awakened. The distinct self begins to emerge from the environment
and for the first time, spirit becomes vaguely conscious of itself.

39
---Magical Mutation--- (2 Million-10,000 B.C.)
PHYSIOLOGY
Neanderthal/ Cro-Magnon.
• Consciousness remains centered in limbic system (See Figures 4.2A and 4.2B)

LIMBIC SYSTEM
Instincts- Feeding, Fighting, Sexual Behavior
Affective Functions- Emotions and Feelings
Table 4.2A- Magical Physiology: the Limbic System.

40
---Magical Mutation--- (2 Million-10,000 B.C.)
ONTOLOGY
COGNITIVE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
Sensorimotor. (See Figure 4.2C)

SENSORIMOTOR
Behaviors limited to simple motor responses
caused by sensory stimuli
Sensations coordinated into schemas
Repeats action in order to trigger a response from
environment (goal directed behavior)
Towards end of stage, beginning of symbolic
thinking
Table 4.2B- Magical Cognitive Style: Sensorimotor.

41
---Magical Mutation--- (2 Million-10,000 B.C.)
ONTOLOGY
INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY
Early Ego Formation. (See Figure 4.2D)
In the magical stage of development, the newly emerging self is coming into a
primitive awareness of an external world; the being, however, is only vaguely
interiorized and fragments of internal experience cling to the external world while
fragments of the external world cling to the self. Subject and object are confused-
mental images are identified with the physical objects they represent, leading the
subject to believe that he has special power over the object (magic) and that the object
has subjective qualities (animism). This leads the subject to believe that the he can
magically alter, control, create and govern the world.

From To
PRE-PERSONAL EARLY EGO FORMATION
No distinction between self and Subtle distinction between
environment self and environment
---self and environment
confused---
No distinction between subject Subtle distinction between
and object, inner and outer subject and object, inner and
outer
No distinction between body and No distinction between body
mind and mind
Table 4.2C- Magical Identity (Individual): Early Ego Formation.

42
---Magical Mutation--- (2 Million-10,000 B.C.)
ONTOLOGY
PERCEPTION OF SPACE AND TIME
1-Dimensional.
In the magical stage of development, consciousness emerges from the whole, no
longer a zero-dimensional structure of unitary identity but a 1-dimensional centering
which is not entirely localized but rather spread over the world of phenomenon. The
undifferentiated wholeness of experience is broken down into parts which are not
connected in any logical way, only through “magic”; the world is plastic- images
transform into one another and events are experienced blindly and confusedly, as in the
world dreams (O’Sullivan 71).

From To
0-DIMENSIONAL 1-DIMENSIONAL
PERSPECTIVE Unperspectival Unperspectival
OBJECTHOOD Objectless Objects in field of awareness,
Dream-like plasticity
(Immediate View)
SPACE Spaceless Awareness of movement and
sensation
Subtle perception of interior
and exterior
Centering of experience
TIME Timeless Registration of movement but
no temporal division
Table 4.2D- Magical Perception of Space and Time: 1-Dimensional.

43
---Magical Mutation--- (2 Million-10,000 B.C.)
IDEOLOGY
COSMOLOGY
Animistic.
In the magical stage of development, the “universe” is extremely localized. The
organism conceives the objects and beings in the immediate environment and transfers
to those objects and beings the qualities with which he is familiarly acquainted and
intimately conscious. (Hume 224). Impersonal nature is conceived as “alive”,
possessing not just prehension but explicitly personal intentions.

From NO COSMOLOGY To ANIMISTIC


“I” can control nature
Nature is “Alive”
--- Universe Extremely Localized-
Immediate view, immediate
present
Table 4.2E- Magical Cosmology: Animistic.

44
---Magical Mutation--- (2 Million-10,000 B.C.)
IDEOLOGY
DEITY
Nature Spirits. (See Figure 4.2E)
In the magical stage of development the tribe is interwoven in nature and its
elemental powers; they are represented spiritually an animal (a totem) of other
naturalistic figure. Cultic rites center on identification with wild animals and appeasing
the spirits, often the hunted.

From NO DEITY To NATURE SPIRITS


Totem
Polytheistic
Spirits reside within manifest
world
Humanity a part of nature
Table 4.2F- Magical Deity: Nature Spirits.

45
---Magical Mutation--- (2 Million-10,000 B.C.)
IDEOLOGY
COLLECTIVE IDENTITY
Ethno-Centric.
In the magical stage of development, collective identity remains “close to the
body” through blood-bound, kinship relations; individuals trace their descent to a
common ancestor and thus, in the framework of their worldview, assure themselves a
common cosmogenic origin (Habernas111-12).

From EGOCENTRIC To ETHNOCENTRIC

Survival Based Kinship Held together


Relations by Common
Blood
Table 4.2G- Magical Identity (Collective): Ethno-Centric.

46
---Magical Mutation--- (2 Million-10,000 B.C.)
MORPHOLOGY
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
Ethnic Tribes.
In the magical stage of development, humans do not distinguish between natural
and socio-cultural reality: they are a part of nature rather than superior to or separate
from it. They live off of the land in small, mobile nomadic tribal structures with biological
relatives. (See Figure 4.2F)

From SURVIVAL CLANS To ETHNIC TRIBES


Population <10 Population 10’s-100’s
Table 4.2H- Magical Urban Morphology: Ethnic Tribes.

47
---Magical Mutation--- (2 Million-10,000 B.C.)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY

From ORGANIC To PRIMITIVE INHABITATION


“Natural” World Cave Dwelling
Table 4.2I- Magical Architectural Morphology.

Case Study- The Cave Dwelling (Primitive Inhabitation)


QUADRANT MUTATION MORPHOLOGY
ONTOLOGY Personal Subtle Beginning to set self
Identity Distinction apart from “nature”-
between self inhabitation in rock
and shelters and natural
environment caves
Subtle Evidenced in images-
distinction no people (indicates only
between primitive levels of self-
subject and consciousness, if any,
object, inner have emerged), only
and outer animals “objects of
attention”
Cognitive Symbolic Evidenced in images-
Development thinking Art/symbols to represent
activities that occur in
daily life on cave walls
Goal directed Evidenced in images-
action depict “the hunt”
Perception of Unperspectival Evidenced in images-
Space simple, flat, no spatial
depth
IDEOLOGY Cosmology Animistic Live in harmony with
Deity Nature Spirits natural forces, cultic
ceremonies to appease
the spirits of nature
Table 4.2J- Case Study- The Cave Dwelling (Primitive Inhabitation)

Case Study- The Cave Dwelling (Primitive Inhabitation)


In the magical stage of development, the environment starts to become an object
of awareness which can be acted upon. Here we see the first signs of “setting apart”-
inhabitation in rock shelters and natural caves- as well as the exploration of the
emerging self-consciousness through the art and symbols on their walls. (See Figure
4.2G)

48
CHAPTER 4.3: RESULTS
CROSS-SECTIONS OF THE FOUR QUADRANTS
IN HUMAN HOLONS
---Magical/Mythic Mutation---
(10,000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)

49
---Magical/Mythic Mutation--- (10,000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)
OVERVIEW
Initial Distinction between Biosphere and Noosphere.
In the magical/mythic stage of development, spirit continues to awaken from the
unconscious slumber of pre-historical Eden; the self has already begun to differentiate
its own organism from the environment and will now begin to distinguish between its
body and its mind.

50
---Magical/Mythic Mutation--- (10,000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)
PHYSIOLOGY
• Neocortical Activation (See Figure 4.3A)

From To NEOCORTICAL
LIMBIC SYSTEM ACTIVATION
Instincts-
Feeding, Fighting, Sexual Behavior Rational Brain-
Affective Functions- Conscious Thought
Emotions and Feelings
Language
Spatial Awareness

Table 4.3A- Magic/Mythic Physiology: Neocortical Activation.

51
---Magical/Mythic Mutation--- (10,000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)
ONTOLOGY
COGNITIVE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
Preoperational. (See Figure 4.3B, 4.3C and 4.3D)

From SENSORIMOTOR To PREOPERATIONAL


Behaviors limited to simple motor
responses caused by sensory stimuli
Sensations coordinated into schemas Operates on world of objects
Repeats action in order to trigger a
response from environment
(goal directed behavior)
Towards end of stage, beginning of Masters symbolic thinking-
symbolic thinking Manifests language
Begins intuitive reasoning
Harmony of complementary, polar
opposites
Comes into an awareness of other minds
(culture)
Still egocentric-
Does not realize that other people do not
know, think, and perceive the same as
him
Table 4.3B- Magical/Mythic Cognitive Stage of Development: Preoperational.

52
---Magical/Mythic Mutation--- (10,000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)
ONTOLOGY
INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY
Ego Formation.
In the magical/mythic stage of development, the organism firmly roots itself within
the body and clearly differentiates between the interior and exterior world. It begins to
subtly distinguish between its body and its mind. (See Figure 4.3E)

From To
EARLY EGO FORMATION EGO FORMATION
Subtle distinction between self Greater distinction between
and environment self and environment
Subtle distinction between subject Greater distinction between
and object, inner and outer subject and object, inner and
outer
No distinction between body and Subtle distinction between
mind body and mind
Table 4.3C- Magical/Mythic Identity (Individual): Ego Formation.

53
---Magical/Mythic Mutation--- (10,000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)
ONTOLOGY
PERCEPTION OF SPACE AND TIME
2-Dimensional.
In the magical/mythic stage of development, the unitary, non-directional point of
1-dimensional consciousness expands to an awareness of earth and sky (enclosed
space) and with it, the rhythmic cycles of day and night, the four seasons, and cosmic
periodicity (extended, cyclical time getting nowhere but going perpetually around in
circles). (See Figures 4.3F, 4.3G and 4.3H)

From 1-DIMENSIONAL To 2-DIMENSIONAL


PERSPECTIVE Unperspectival Unperspectival
OBJECTHOOD Objects in field of awareness, Objects in field of
Dream-like plasticity awareness,
(Immediate View) Object permanence
SPACE Awareness of movement and Awareness of earth
sensation and sky (polarity21)
Subtle perception of an interior Greater awareness of
and exterior interior and exterior
Centering of experience Spatial Enclosure
TIME Registration of movement but Awareness of Natural
no temporal division Cycles (temporocity22)

Table 4.3D- Magical/Mythic Perception of Space and Time: 2-Dimensional.

21
Polarity: the doctrine that reality consists of two basic complementary principles that
account for all that exists.
22
Temporocity: the perception of time in the magical/mythic structure of consciousness
which registers the comings and goings of natural cycles but does not yet perceive time
linearly (a Gesberian Term).

54
---Magical/Mythic Mutation--- (10,000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)
IDEOLOGY
COSMOLOGY/DEITY
Chthonic/Mother Goddess.
In the magical/mythic stage of development, the primitive fusion between the self
and the environment begins to break down; the organism develops a rudimentary ego-
an independent, structured existence in space and time- but is not yet able to detach
itself completely from nature and the body. Such structures of being are found in the
peoples of the Neolithic, ancient world; each such culture worshipped some variant of
the great goddess or “earth mother” as an expression of natural, biological dependence.
(See Figure 4.3I).
With the development of polar consciousness, the “earth mother” Goddess is
complemented by the “sun father” God. The continuation of life (the fertility of the great
earth womb) depended union of these two cosmic, polar forces: through the luminary
light of the sun god penetrating the passageways of earth goddess through given
intervals of time.

From To
ANIMISTIC CHTHONIC
“I” can control nature “I” can’t control nature but
something else does
Nature is “Alive” Nature ruled by “Mother
Goddess” and “Father God”
Universe extremely localized- 2:Dimensional
Immediate view, immediate Universe spatialized according
present to polar conception of earth
and sky
Mythologies of rhythmic,
cyclical time
Table 4.3E- Magical/Mythic Cosmology: Chthonic.

From To
NATURE SPIRITS MOTHER GODDESS
Totem Matriarchal- Fertility Goddess
(Dominated)
Polytheistic Polytheistic
Spirits reside within manifest Spirits reside within manifest
world world
Humanity a part of nature Humanity a part of cosmic
perpetuation
(Fertility rites, man and woman)
Table 4.3F- Magical/Mythic Deity: Mother Goddess.

55
---Magical/Mythic Mutation--- (10,000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)
IDEOLOGY
COLLECTIVE IDENTITY
Socio-Centric.
In the magical/mythic stage of development, verbal, communicative culture
provides the framework to evolve beyond the conflicting interests of genetically related
tribe into a social structure based on shared perceptions, sentiments, and descriptive
realities. Collective identity is secured through the acceptance of the prevailing
mythological belief structure (Wilber, SES 123).

From ETHNO-CENTRIC To SOCIO-CENTRIC

Kinship Held together by Territorial Held together


Relations- common blood Relations- by common
Ethnic Tribe Chiefdoms perceptions,
language, and
mythology

Table 4.3G- Magical/Mythic Identity (Collective): Socio-Centric.

56
---Magical/Mythic Mutation--- (10,000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)
MORPHOLOGY
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
From Early Permanent Settlements to Chiefdoms to City-States.
In the magical/mythic stage of development, Neolithic humans begin to separate
themselves from nature and create permanent settlements and civilizations. Social
integration takes place through the identification with a common political ruler whose
legitimacy is given because of their connection and privileged access to mythological
powers. (See Figure 4.3J)

From To
ETHNIC TRIBES EARLY PERMANENT
SETTLEMENTS
Population Population
10’s-100’s 100’s-1000’s
(2 Million BC-10,000 BC) (10,000BC-5,000 BC)
To CHEIFDOMS
Population
1,000’S-10,000’S
(5,000 BC-3,000 BC)
To CITY-STATES
Population
10,000-100,000
(3,000BC-1,000 BC)
Table 4.3H- Magical/Mythic Urban Morphology: From Early Permanent
Settlements to Chiefdoms to City-States.

57
---Magical/Mythic Mutation--- (10,000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY

From PRIMITIVE INHABITATION To CHTHONIC OBJECT

Cave Dwelling Stone Pillar Architectures


Table 4.3I- Magical/Mythic Architectural Morphology.

General
Humankind first uses indestructible materials to erect large structures not to live
in but to worship their gods. Construction is carried out in respect to the idea of the
divine and the way that it manifests in mortal cycles of generations, years, seasons,
days, and nights.

58
---Magical/Mythic Mutation--- (10,000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY (Cont.)

Case Study- Stone Pillar Architectures (The Chthonic Object)


QUADRANT MUTATION MORPHOLOGY
ONTOLOGY Personal Greater Continuing to set self
Identity distinction apart from “nature”-
between self permanent civilizations
and
environment
Greater Greater sense of self-
distinction consciousness as
between evidenced in the
subject and anthropocentric cave art
object, interior of the early Neolithic
and exterior period

Ego structure is forming


but the self has not
completely detached
from nature. First
permanent structures
exhibit spatial holism-
use polar elements to
define space but no strict
definition between inside
and outside (no walls)
and no spatial enclosure
(no roof)

Cognitive Operates on Operates on nature/the


Development world of objects landscape, agricultural
revolution
Inductive Metrology- architecture
Reasoning- used as a monumental
knowledge calendar to measure
based on natural cycles of time
observation/
patterns of
phenomenon
Perception of Polar 2-Dimensional, columnar
space Awareness of architectures reflect polar
Earth and Sky awareness of earth and
sky

59
Perception of Cyclical Architecture charts
time nocturnal/lunar/solar
periodicity
IDEOLOGY Collective Mythology Symbolic form
Identity
Cosmology Perpetuation of Phallic symbol (pillar)
life through the penetrates the body of
union of two the earth goddess,
polar, cosmic configurations measure
forces cycles of fertility
Deity Earth Goddess/ Live in harmony with
Sun God/ nature/understand and
Constellations chart natural forces
Table 4.3J- Case Study- Stone Pillar Architectures (The Chthonic Object).

60
---Magical/Mythic Mutation--- (10,000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY

Case Study-Stone Pillar Architectures (The Chthonic Object)


The sky represents the cosmic male domain but a seed of femininity pervades
that region in the form of the moon. Equally in harmony, the cosmic male equivalent on
the earth goddess's domain is the stone pillar- a cosmic phallic symbol penetrating the
body of the Earth Goddess. These symbols were carefully arranged to chart nocturnal
and lunar periodicity (cycles of fertility).
Stonehenge in England is the best known of these complexes (See Figure 4.3K).
The stones were set up by several successive peoples inhabiting the region between
3000 and 1600 BC. Because they are arranged to align with the sun at the summer and
winter solstices, it is generally assumed that the complex served as a monumental
calendar in which rites were performed on significant days of the year. Similar circles of
stones were set up elsewhere in England, at Avebury most particularly, and in France at
Carnac.

61
CHAPTER 4.4: RESULTS
CROSS-SECTIONS OF THE FOUR QUADRANTS
IN HUMAN HOLONS
---Mythic/Rational Mutation---
(1000 BC-1400 AD)

62
---Mythic/Rational Mutation--- (1000 BC-1400 AD)
OVERVIEW
Progressive Differentiation between Biosphere and Noosphere.
In the mythic/rational stage of development, the mind has significantly
differentiated from nature and the body, creating a schism between self and world. The
organism, for the first time, begins to experience the “human condition” as an
“insufferable state of sin, exile, or delusion” (Wilber, Up from Eden, pg. 134).

63
---Mythic/Rational Mutation--- (1000 BC-1400 AD)
PHYSIOLOGY
• Increasing levels of neocortical activation (See Figure 4.4A)

NEOCORTICAL ACTIVATION
Rational Brain-
Conscious Thought
Language
Spatial Awareness
Table 4.4A- Mythic/Rational Physiology: Neocortical Activation.

64
---Mythic/Rational Mutation--- (1000 BC-1400 AD)
ONTOLOGY
COGNITIVE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
Concrete Operational. (See Figure 4.4B)

From PREOPERATIONAL To CONCRETE OPERATIONAL


Operates on world of objects Operates on thought
Masters symbolic thinking- Learns analytical skills
Manifests language
Begins intuitive reasoning Begins deductive reasoning
Harmony of complementary, polar opposites Quantification and dichotomization of
polar opposites
Comes into an awareness of other minds
(culture) Can mentally reconstruct the
Still egocentric- perspective of another organism
Does not realize that other people do not (Perceptions can be compared)
know, think, and perceive the same as him
Table 4.4B- Mythic/Rational Cognitive Style: Concrete Operational.

65
---Mythic/Rational Mutation--- (1000 BC-1400 AD)
ONTOLOGY
INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY
Late Ego Formation. (See Figure 4.4C)
In the mythic/rational stage of development, the organism completely identifies
with its interior and turns towards the world of objects; the ego-structure emerges and
the subject finds himself in confrontation with an alien world, a dualism which must be
bridged by a synthesis in thought.

From To
EGO FORMATION LATE EGO FORMATION
Greater distinction between self Even greater distinction
and environment between self and environment
Greater distinction between Even greater distinction
subject and object, inner and between subject and object,
outer inner and outer
Subtle distinction between body Greater distinction between
and mind body and mind
Table 4.4C- Mythic/Rational Identity (Individual): Late Ego Formation.

66
---Mythic/Rational Mutation--- (1000 BC-1400 AD)
ONTOLOGY
PERCEPTION OF SPACE AND TIME
3-Dimensional (Elementary). (See Figure 4.4D)
In the magical/mythic stage of development, the organism is unaware of past,
present and future; time had not yet been spatialized and was devoid of directionality.
The emerging rational mind (capable of deductive reasoning) mentally splits apart the
rhythms of cyclical, polar reality, breaking its fusion with natural temporocity. This marks
the birth of directed, linear “time” (-to “divide”, to ”take apart”) (See Figure 4.4E) and
objectified, Euclidian space, both of which man will attempt to conquer with his thinking.

From 2-DIMENSIONAL To 3-DIMENSIONAL


(ELEMENTARY)
PERSPECTIVE Unperspectival Early Perspectival
OBJECTHOOD Objects in field of Subject turns towards
awareness, objects of awareness
Object permanence
SPACE Awareness of earth and Awareness of
sky orientation in space
(polarity) “in here” vs. “out
there"
(duality23)
Greater awareness of Distinction between
interior and exterior interior and exterior
Spatial Enclosure Euclidian Space:
Orientation, Direction
TIME Awareness of Natural Extended Time:
Cycles (temporocity) Past, Present, Future

Table 4.4D- Mythic/Rational Perception of Space and Time: 3-Dimensional (Elementary).

23
Duality: the doctrine that reality consists of two basic, opposed, and irreducible
principles that account for all that exists.

67
---Mythic/Rational Mutation--- (1000 BC-1400 AD)
IDEOLOGY
COSMOLOGY
Celestial.
In the mythic/rational stage of development, the self rises above nature forming a
rift between the organism and the rest of the cosmos. Since origin is no longer
experienced directly, it must be somewhere “beyond” the physical- it must be
metaphysical. Such metaphysical dualism is evident in the spatial dualism of late Greek
and medieval cosmologies: their essential feature was the belief that the terrestrial,
physical domain of humans was qualitatively distinct from the celestial, sacred domain
of the planets and stars.

Late Greek Cosmology (1100BC-100BC)


Centermost in Greek cosmology was the Earth. The sublunary sphere- the realm
of generation, change and corruption- was comprised of the four elements (earth, water,
fire, and air). Beyond the moon was the unchanging and eternal celestial region; it was
not made of earthly material but of a mysterious, divine ‘fifth element’. (See Figure 4.4F)
Concentric crystalline spheres carried the 7 planets (which included the sun and
the moon), the circle of fixed stars (the zodiac), and the Primum Mobile (divided into
three spheres of the Crystalline Heaven, the First Moveable, and the Empyrean, or
highest heaven) around the stationary, stable Earth. The spheres were related to one
another through pure, whole-number ratios, creating the heavenly “music of the
spheres”. (See Figure 4.4G)

Medieval Cosmology (200AD-1400AD)


In time, Greek cosmology was adapted to fit medieval theology. The Prime
Mover became the Christian God, the outermost sphere became heaven, and the earth
was the center of God's attention. The cosmos was ordered according to spatial
hierarchy along the axis of sin and grace. Hell was a chasm inside of earth, purgatory a
mountain on the surface of earth, and heaven was located in the Celestial realm. The
heavenly spheres, moved by the Prime Mover, existed and rotated in perfect harmony,
but humans, habitant of the sublunary sphere corruptible since Adam's fall, could no
longer hear this music. (See Figure 4.4 H)

68
---Mythic/Rational Mutation--- (1000 BC-1400 AD)
IDEOLOGY
COSMOLOGY (Cont.)

From To
CHTHONIC CELESTIAL
2-Dimensional: 3-Dimensional:
Universe spatialized “Music of the Spheres”
according to polar
conception of earth and Geocentric
sky
Spirits reside within Metaphysical- spirit
manifest world resides beyond
manifest world
Heterogeneous space
Spatial dualism-
Distinct realms for
physical (terrestrial)
and sacred (celestial)
space
Universe as an
instrument
Spheres
geometrically
(harmonically)
related
Mythologies of rhythmic, Linear:
cyclical time Temporally directed
cosmologies: creation,
the beginning of time,
subsequent fall, work of
evolutionary restoration
Static Universe
Table 4.4E- Mythic/Rational Cosmology: Celestial.

69
---Mythic/Rational Mutation--- (1000 BC-1400 AD)
IDEOLOGY
DIETY
Father God. (See Figure 4.4I)
A monotheistic, metaphysical God is the spiritual counterpart of the awakened
ego. Humans are “here”, god is “there”- the two no longer stand as polar
correspondences or complements, but in dualistic opposition.

From To
MOTHER GODDESS FATHER GOD
Matriarchal Patriarchal
(Dominated) (Entirely)
Polytheistic Monotheistic
Goddess/God as natural God as a mental
elements (Earth, sun, abstraction
constellations)
Spirits reside within Metaphysical
manifest world (Spirit elevated to the
“heavens”- beyond the
physical domain)
Humanity a part of God as separate from
cosmic perpetuation humanity, divine and
(Fertility rites, man and all-powerful perfection
woman) outside of space and
time. Humans with
independent “souls”
severed from source.
Table 4.4F- Mythic/Rational Deity: Father God.

70
---Mythic/Rational Mutation--- (1000 BC-1400 AD)
IDEOLOGY
COLLECTIVE IDENTITY
Socio/World-Centric.
In the mythic/rational stage of development, rationality provides the framework to
evolve beyond the conflicting mythologies of socio-centric chiefdoms into a world-centric
social structure based on mutual understandings. Collective identity is secured by way
of doctrines with a universal claim; religions emerge, which place humanity in relation to
a supreme, transcendental God or universal essence.

From SOCIO-CENTRIC To SOCIO/


WORLD-CENTRIC

Territorial Held together by Territorial Held together


Relations- common Relations- by common
Chiefdoms perceptions, Feudal rationale and
language, and Empires/ universal
mythology Early Nations claims of
mythic
doctrine

Table 4.4G- Mythic/Rational Identity (Collective): Socio/World-Centric

71
---Mythic/Rational Mutation--- (1000 BC-1400 AD)
MORPHOLOGY
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
Feudal Empires/Early Nations.
Mythologies, propped up by rationality, form the feudal empires and early nations
which attempt to conquer as many people as possible. Since such mythologies can not
be supported entirely by shared evidence, they are supported imperialistically by the
military. Empires with conflicting ideologies are incompatible with one another and
maintain no diplomatic relations.

From To
EARLY PERMANENT FEUDAL EMPIRES/
SETTLEMENTS EARLY NATIONS
Population Population
100’s-1000’s 100,000’s-1,000,000’s
(10,000BC-5,000 BC) (1,000BC-1400AD)
To CHEIFDOMS
Population
1,000’S-10,000’S
(5,000 BC-3,000 BC)
To CITY-STATES
Population
10,000-100,000
(3,000BC-1,000 BC)
Table 4.4H- Mythic/Rational Urban Morphology: Feudal Empires/Early Nations.

72
---Mythic/Rational Mutation--- (1000 BC-1400 AD)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY

From To
CHTHONIC OBJECT CELESTIAL OBJECT

Stone Pillar Architectures The Greek Temple


The Gothic Cathedral

Table 4.4I- Mythic/Rational Architectural Morphology.

General
The Use of Symbolism.
Mythic/rational consciousness is for the most part, still pre-rational- truth is based
on the doctrines of religion and is inherently unscientific. The architecture of the pre-
modern era is adorned with symbolic figures-statues, sculptural decoration, and murals-
which detail the myths of creation and their implied significance for humanity.
A Sacred Order: Geometry, Ratio, and Proportion.
The architecture of the Greek and Medieval periods symbolized the sacred
harmony of the cosmos. The "music of the spheres" vibrated through the world- when
humanity made earthly architecture according to the ratio of the heavens, they
participated in the harmony of the universe. Their temples and Cathedrals intended to
bridge the separation between humans and deity, to bring God and celestial harmony
closer to earthly life.

73
---Mythic/Rational Mutation--- (1000 BC-1400 AD)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY (Cont.)

Case Study- The Greek Temple (The Celestial Object)


QUADRANT MUTATION MORPHOLOGY
ONTOLOGY Personal Even greater Continuing to set self
Identity distinction apart from “nature”-
between self
and
environment
Even greater Even greater sense of
distinction self-consciousness as
between evidenced in
subject and anthropocentric
object, interior sculptures and
and exterior ornamentation in the
Greek temple

Ego structure has almost


completely developed-
polar elements used to
define geometrical space
which registers depth,
still lacks strict definition
between inside and
outside (walls), however,
it reflects spatial
enclosure (roof)
Cognitive Analytical skills, Mathematically
Development deductive proportioned, geometrical
reasoning spaces
Perception of Early Evidenced in relief
space perspective sculptures-
registration of spatial
depth
Perception of Linear, Evidenced in relief
time Extended sculptures-
depict temporally
extended creation stories
IDEOLOGY Collective Mythology Symbolic form/
Identity ornamentation
Cosmology Music of the Proportion:
Spheres whole number ratios in
accordance

74
Deity Zeus, God of Temples dedicated to the
Thunder and 12 Gods
Sky- Ruler of (i.e. Athena Parthenos)
the 12 Gods of Each city associated with
Olympus a God/Goddess
(i.e. Athens)
Table 4.4J- Case Study- The Greek Temple (The Celestial Object).

75
---Mythic/Rational Mutation--- (1000 BC-1400 AD)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY (Cont.)

Case Study- The Greek Temple (The Celestial Object)


The Greek temple became a symbol of universal order through geometry.
Emphasis was placed on exact, whole number ratios (the chords of the music of the
spheres), particularly unitary fractions that had 1 as the numerator. (See Figures 4.1J,
4.1K and 4.1L)

76
---Mythic/Rational Mutation--- (1000 BC-1400 AD)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY (Cont.)

Case Study- The Gothic Cathedral (The Celestial Object)


QUADRANT MUTATION MORPHOLOGY
ONTOLOGY Personal Even greater Continuing to set self apart
Identity distinction between from “nature”-
self and
environment
Even greater Even greater sense of self-
distinction between consciousness as evidenced in
subject and object, anthropocentric paintings and
interior and stained glass windows of the
exterior gothic cathedral

Ego structure has completely


developed- spatial dualism-
strict definition between inside
and outside (walls), spatial
enclosure (roof), architectural
“object”, a “fort of egocentricity”

Cognitive Analytical skills, Mathematically


Development deductive proportioned, geometrical
reasoning spaces
Perception of Early perspective Evidenced in
space perspective paintings-
registration of spatial depth
Perception of Temporally Evidenced in
time extended, linear ornamentation-
Depict temporally extended
creation stories
IDEOLOGY Collective Mythologies with Symbolic Form
Identity universal claim
(only semi-rational) Relationship between interior
and exterior- stained glass
windows depict religious
mythology, filtered perception
(only semi-rational)

Cosmology Music of the Proportion:


Spheres whole number ratios in
accordance
Deity Christian God Loftiness and huge

77
dimensions convey great
glory of the Christian god
Table 4.4K- Case Study- The Gothic Cathedral (The Celestial Object).

78
---Mythic/Rational Mutation--- (1000 BC-1400 AD)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY (Cont.)

Case Study- The Gothic Cathedral (The Celestial Object)


The Gothic cathedral represented the universe in microcosm; each architectural
concept, including its loftiness and the huge dimensions of the structure- were intended
to convey the great glory of the Christian God. Mathematics and geometry, “the
fundamental harmonizer of the universe and human life” formed the foundation of the
design process and were used to convey religious significance (Harvey 68). (See
Figures 4.4M, 4.4N and 4.40)

79
CHAPTER 4.5: RESULTS
CROSS-SECTIONS OF THE FOUR QUADRANTS
IN HUMAN HOLONS
---Scientific/Rational Mutation---
(1400 AD-1960AD)

80
---Scientific/Rational Mutation--- (1400 AD-1960AD)
OVERVIEW
Differentiation/Disassociation between Biosphere and Noosphere
In the scientific-rational stage of development, the mind completely crystallizes
from the body; they become so differentiated that they tend towards disassociation.

81
---Scientific/Rational Mutation--- (1400 AD-1960AD)
PHYSIOLOGY
• Dominated by left hemisphere of neocortex (See Figure 4.5A)

From NEOCORTICAL ACTIVATION To LEFT HEMISPHERE


Rational
Rational Brain- Logical
Conscious thought Analytical/Reductionistic
Mathematics-
Algebra
(Study of structure, relation, and quantity)
Language-
Language Grammar/Vocabulary
(Literal)
Linear
Spatial Awareness Temporal
Cartesian
Table 4.5A- Scientific-Rational Physiology: Dominated by Left Hemisphere of Neocortex.

82
---Scientific/Rational Mutation--- (1400 AD-1960AD)
ONTOLOGY
STAGE OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Formal Operational. (See Figure 4.5B)

From CONCRETE OPERATIONAL To FORMAL OPERATIONAL


Operates on thought Operates on/discriminates thought
Beyond conformity
Comes up with alternatives
Draws conclusions with
experimental evidence
(Scientific Method)
Learns analytical skills Learns abstract thinking-
Entertains hypothetical possibilities
Begins deductive reasoning- Continues deductive reasoning-
Quantification and dichotomization of Quantification and dichotomization of
polar opposites polar opposites
Can mentally reconstruct the perspective Uses rationality to establish common,
of another organism universal perspective
(Perceptions can be compared)
Concerned with exteriors, surface and
objectivity
Table 4.5B- Scientific-Rational Cognitive Style: Formal Operational.

83
---Scientific/Rational Mutation--- (1400 AD-1960AD)
ONTOLOGY
INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY
Fully Developed Ego Structure.
In the scientific/rational stage of development, the conscious subject continues to
experience itself as standing apart from the contents or “objects” of his awareness. This
rigid dichotomy between the subject and the “external”, objective world of form provides
the framework for rational thought- all valid knowledge consists of the subject making
internal maps of the one true external world. (See Figure 4.5C)

From To
LATE EGO FORMATION FULLY DEVELOPED
EGO STRUCTURE
Even greater distinction between Complete distinction/disassociation
self and environment between self and environment
Even greater distinction between Complete distinction/disassociation
subject and object, interior and between subject and object, interior
exterior and exterior
Greater distinction between body Complete distinction/disassociation
and mind between mind and body
(Cartesian)
Table 4.5C- Scientific-Rational Identity (Individual): The Fully Developed Ego Structure.

84
---Scientific/Rational Mutation--- (1400 AD-1960AD)
ONTOLOGY
PERCEPTION OF SPACE AND TIME
3-Dimensional (Advanced).
The scientific-rational stage of development masters perspectival vision and
representation. Two lines extend from the eyes and meet at the object being viewed;
the image formed by the isolated sector locates the subject, the object, and the space
in-between. Such distance between humans and world is an indication of fully
developed, objectified, ego-consciousness; experience is confined to a linear sequence
of fragmented spatial segments. (See Figure 4.5D)

From 3-DIMENSIONAL To 3-DIMENSIONAL


(ELEMENTARY) (ADVANCED)
PERSPECTIVE Early Late
Perspectival Perspectival-
Single, fixed
perspective
OBJECTHOOD Subject turns towards Subject confronts
objects of awareness objects of awareness
SPACE Awareness of Disassociation between
orientation in space “in here” vs. “out there”
“in here” vs. “out there"
(duality)
Euclidian Space: Concretizes Euclidian
Orientation, Direction Space:
Orientation, Direction
TIME Extended Time: Extended Time:
Past, Present, Future Past, Present, Future
Table 4.5D- Scientific-Rational Perception of Space and Time: 3-Dimensional (Advanced).

85
---Scientific/Rational Mutation--- (1400 AD-1960AD)
IDEOLOGY
COSMOLOGY
Mechanistic.

Rationality Collapses the “Heavenly Spheres”


Heliocentrism and the Copernican Revolution.
In the pre-modern world view, the universe is bound by the outer sphere of
heaven, which is centered about the Earth. In 1543 Nicholas Copernicus proposed to
switch the places of the Earth and the Sun; he put the Sun in the center of the universe
and placed the Earth in revolution around it. To account for the daily motion of the
heavens, he set the Earth rotating about its own axis. The crystalline sphere of stars
was no longer needed- the “heavenly” bodies were scattered through a vast open
space, freed to move like normal physical objects. (See Figure 4.5E)
Discordant Music.
Belief in the uniform, circular motion of the “spheres” had been a fundamental
aspect of Western astronomy for two millennia. This belief was broken early in the 17th
century when Kepler proved that the Earth and the other planets all travel around the
Sun in elliptical orbits. The “music of the spheres” was not harmonious, it was
discordant. (See Figure 4.5F)
The Mutability of the Heavens.
With the invention of the telescope, Galileo observed that the moon was not a
perfectly smooth celestial orb but that its surface was uneven and rough. He also
observed that the sun had sunspots. Change and imperfection could occur, both on
Earth and in “Heaven”. (See Figure 4.5G)
Gravitation in the Celestial Realm.
A new explanation of how the planets continued to retrace the same elliptical
paths forever around the Sun remained a central problem of cosmology until Isaac
Newton explained how objects move under gravity. Gravity is a force of attraction
between two physical masses; if the planets’ orbits are elliptical because of gravitational
forces operating between the sun and the planets, celestial bodies must be concrete
materials. The motions in the heavens obey the same laws that determine the
movement of bodies on Earth. The ancient distinction between the physics of our earthy
sphere below the Moon and the celestial physics of a higher realm was shattered.
The Cosmological Principle.
The ancients regarded our universe as finite, extending no larger than our solar
system. Modern science revealed that our solar system is immersed in a much larger
stratum of stars. Other island universes are scattered throughout infinite, unbounded
space. Neither the earth nor any other celestial body is center: every place is the same
as every other place, all cosmological positions are equal.

86
---Scientific/Rational Mutation--- (1400 AD-1960AD)
IDEOLOGY
COSMOLOGY (Cont.)

The Unification of Celestial and Terrestrial Space


In the mythic/rational world, the spiritual realm had been secured by its intimate
relation with the cosmology of the time- Greek and medieval cosmologies
accommodated a spatial domain for both the physical and the metaphysical.
Homogenous, physical space, however, can only sustain one kind of reality; in the
Newtonian cosmos, the celestial and the terrestrial are united in one continuous
physical domain. The “heavenly spheres” collapse; the great dualistic medieval
“Kosmos” are reduced to the physical cosmos, setting modern humanity in a new spatial
scheme.

A Mechanical Universe
The modern universe is conceived as a static, Euclidean space extending equally
in all directions, holding small and indestructible parts. Each object is a concrete,
material entity, inpenetratable and separate, connecting to other objects through
external forces of power and influence. These parts interact in determined, causal ways,
like gears in a machine (See Figure 4.5H).

87
---Scientific/Rational Mutation--- (1400 AD-1960AD)
IDEOLOGY
COSMOLOGY (Cont.)

From To
CELESTIAL MECHANISTIC
3-Dimensional: 3-Dimensional:
“Music of the Spheres” Collapse of “Heavenly
Spheres”
Geocentric Heliocentric
Metaphysical Metaphysical
Heterogeneous space Homogenous space
Spatial dualism- Spatial Monism-
Distinct realms for Unification of terrestrial
physical (terrestrial) and celestial space
and sacred (celestial)
space
Space an inert, passive
arena, unaffected by
objects it contains
Universe as an Universe as machine
instrument
Spheres
geometrically
(harmonically)
related
Linear: Linear:
Temporally directed Scientific twist
cosmologies: creation, Creation: Big Bang
the beginning of time, Evolution: Darwinian
subsequent fall, work of
evolutionary restoration
Cosmological principle:
properties of space and
time same absolute
and universal, rate of
change invariant at all
locations

Static Universe Static Universe


Table 4.5E- Scientific-Rational Cosmology: Mechanistic.

88
---Scientific/Rational Mutation--- (1400 AD-1960AD)
IDEOLOGY
DIETY
Atheistic.
Scientific-rational consciousness is skeptical of all supernatural beings and cites
a lack of empirical evidence for the of existence deities.

From To
FATHER GOD ATHESTIC
Patriarchal Atheism
(Entirely)
Monotheistic Skepticism-
God as a mental Lack of empirical
abstraction evidence of
Metaphysical supernatural being(s)
(Elevated to the
“heavens”- beyond the Denial of all irrational
physical domain) knowledge claims
God as separate from (both pre-rational and
humanity, divine and post-rational)
all-powerful perfection
outside of space and
time. Humans with
independent “souls”
severed from source.
Table 4.5F- Scientific-Rational Deity: Atheistic.

89
---Scientific/Rational Mutation--- (1400 AD-1960AD)
IDEOLOGY
COLLECTIVE IDENTITY
World-Centric (Exclusive).
In the scientific/rational stage of development, increasing levels of rationality
provide the framework to break with the all-encompassing grip of religious myth and
determine that which is universal and eternal through the scientific method. Blind faith in
authority and religious dogmas which claim divine support are abandoned- everything is
questioned, examined, and explored logically. The rational sciences and philosophy
(both of which depend on reason as a platform) emerge. Truth is not forced or
ideologically imposed, but is available to anyone who wishes to share evidence. This
secures a common and mutual understanding for people of all colors, races, and
creeds.

From SOCIO/ To WORLD-CENTRIC


WORLD-CENTRIC (EXCLUSIVE)

Held together by Held together


Territorial common Territorial by rationality-
Relations- rationale and Relations- philosophy
Feudal Empires/ universal claims Globalized and the
Early Nations of mythic Nations sciences
doctrine (Exclusive)
(Religion)

Table 4.5G- Scientific-Rational Identity (Collective): World-Centric.

90
---Scientific/Rational Mutation--- (1400 AD-1960AD)
MORPHOLOGY
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
Globalized Nations (Exclusive).
In the scientific/rational stage of development, rationality frees social systems
from particular, divisive mythologies; church and state are separated and a global
market economy emerges, all grounded in universalistic reason and global forms of
intellectual intercourse. Primitive social structures, on the other hand, are considered
“irrational” and are repressed, preventing a truly “world culture” from emerging.

From To
FEUDAL EMPIRES/ GLOBALIZED
EARLY NATIONS NATIONS
Population Population
100,000’s-1,000,000’s 1,000,000’S-10,000,000
(1,000BC-1400AD) (1400AD-1900AD)
Table 4.5H- Scientific-Rational Urban Morphology: Globalized Nations (Exclusive).

91
---Scientific/Rational Mutation--- (1400 AD-1960AD)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY

From To
SACRED/MYTHIC OBJECT MECHANISTIC OBJECT
The Greek Temple
The Gothic Cathedral International Style
Table 4.5I- Scientific-Rational Architectural Morphology.

General
Modern Architecture: The Project of the New.
In attempt to break with the mythic consciousness of the pre-modern era, modern
architecture denies all traditional metaphysics and explicit reference to inherited or
conventional meaning. Its objective is to transcend regional, national and continental
identity and reference only universals, pure rationality, and absolute truth. Traditional
forms are erased and replaced with a new, rational order.

From Typology to “Form follows Function”.


In the mythic/rational era, a building had been designed from a prototype (such
as temple or a cathedral) - a basic building typology that had proven serviceable in the
past and carried specific symbolic meaning. Modern architects design from the
program: they start with a list of activities, their spatial requirements, and their
relationships to one another. This list leads to diagrams of spaces and relationships,
which then leads to the shape of the building. Modern architecture fulfills its direct
utilitarian purpose and no others. This approach is designed to assure that anything
intangible or symbolic (not scientific) will not be considered; a beauty similar to that of a
machine results.

92
---Scientific/Rational Mutation--- (1400 AD-1960AD)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY (Cont.)

Case Study- The International Style (The Mechanistic Object)


QUADRANT MUTATION MORPHOLOGY
ONTOLOGY Personal Complete Completely setting self
Identity distinction/ apart from “nature”
disassociation
between self
and
environment
Complete Even greater sense of
distinction/ self-consciousness,
disassociation attention turns from
between creating temples for the
subject and gods to creating
object, interior architecture for human
and exterior life

Ego structure has


completely developed-
spatial dualism- strict
definition between inside
and outside (walls),
spatial enclosure (roof),
architectural “object”, a
“fort of egocentricity”

Cognitive Uses rationality Elimination of symbolic


Development to establish content/ornamentation
common,
universal
perspective
Perception of Perfected 3-dimensional objects
space perspective stand in void of 3-
dimensional, Euclidian
space
IDEOLOGY Collective One universal, “International” Style
Identity scientific truth
Cosmology Mechanistic Building as a machine
Designing from program
Form follows function
Atomistic “Forts of egocentricity”
Deity Atheism No metaphysical

93
reference
Table 4.5I- Case Study- The International Style (The Mechanistic Object).

94
---Scientific/Rational Mutation--- (1400 AD-1960AD)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY (Cont.)

Case Study- The International Style (The Mechanistic Object)


The elements of classical architecture, falling subject to the purification of the
machine, are reduced to their simplest form and purest function; ornamentation is
eliminated, interior walls are disposed of, and materials are used in their clearest and
most honest expression (Jenks 19). Buildings display their construction and structure,
exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces rather of hiding them behind traditional
forms. The architectural object is decontextualized- conceived of independently of
location, context, and climate- forming a truly “international style”. (See Figures 4.5I and
4.5J)

95
CHAPTER 4.6: RESULTS
CROSS-SECTIONS OF THE FOUR QUADRANTS
IN HUMAN HOLONS
---Pluralistic Mutation---
(1960-Present)

96
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
OVERVIEW
Attempts for Reconciliation between the Biosphere and the Noosphere.
In the pluralistic stage of development, the rifts between the biosphere and the
noosphere, the body and the mind, break down.

97
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
PHYSIOLOGY
• Dominated by right hemisphere of neocortex (See Figure 4.6A)

From To
NEOCORTEX LEFT HEMISPHERE RIGHT HEMISPHERE
Rational Abstract
Rational Brain- Logical Intuitive
Conscious Analytical/Reductionistic Holistic
Thought Mathematics- Mathematics-
Algebra Calculus
(Study of structure, (Study of
relation, and quantity) change/variation)
Language- Language-
Language Grammar/Vocabulary Intonation/Pragmatic
(Literal) (Contextual)
Linear Non-linear
Spatial Temporal Spatial
Awareness Cartesian/ Post-Cartesian/
Euclidian Non-Euclidian
Table 4.6A- Pluralistic Physiology: Dominated by Right Hemisphere of Neocortex.

98
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
ONTOLOGY
STAGE OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Early Vision-Logic. (See Figure 4.6B)

From FORMAL OPERATIONAL To EARLY VISION-LOGIC


Operates on/discriminates thought Operates on structures of thought
Beyond conformity Contextualizes knowledge claims
Comes up with alternatives
Draws conclusions with experimental
evidence
(Scientific Method)
Learns abstract thinking- Learns systemic thinking-
Entertains hypothetical possibilities Sees connections between isolated “parts”
Continues deductive reasoning- Reasoning is dialectical and dialogical-
Quantification and dichotomization of Unifies opposites
polar opposites Reconciles fragments

Uses rationality to establish common, Rejects rationality


universal perspective No absolute truth
All knowledge/realities
constructed by subject or culture
Many perspectives
Must be interpreted and contextualized
Concerned with exteriors, surface and Concern with interiors, depth and subjectivity
objectivity
Table 4.6B- Pluralistic Cognitive Style: Early Vision-Logic.

99
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
ONTOLOGY
INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY
Transcending Ego.
In the scientific-rational stage of development, the world is “out there”. This
detached, externalized mode emphasizes the separation and distance between the
organism and the rest of the cosmos. The pluralistic stage of consciousness challenges
the Cartesian dualism and enlightenment epistemology, suggesting that the rational
mind (the “mapmaker”) is not a disengaged, fully autonomous subject who represents
an objective, empirical world- he is a performance of that which he seeks to know.

From To
FULLY DEVELOPED TRANSCENDING EGO
EGO STRUCTURE
Complete distinction/disassociation Questioning
between self and environment distinction between self and environment
Complete distinction/disassociation Questioning
between subject and object, interior and distinction between subject and object,
exterior interior and exterior
Complete distinction/disassociation Questioning
between mind and body distinction between mind and body
(Cartesian) (Post-Cartesian)
Table 4.6C- Pluralistic Identity (Individual): Transcending Ego.

100
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
ONTOLOGY
PERCEPTION OF SPACE AND TIME
4-Dimensional (Elementary). (See Figure 4.6C)
When things are viewed in a scientific-rational, perspectival way (objectified
space experienced in linear time) reality is rendered in detached, 3-dimensional,
temporal fragments/perspectives (slices of “presence”). Pluralistic consciousness
deconstructs objective space (See Figure 4.6D) and plasticizes linear time (See Figure
4.6E); crystallized forms unfold into the temporal domain of 4-dimensional space.

From 3-DIMENSIONAL To 4-DIMENSIONAL


(ADVANCED) (ELEMENTARY)
PERSPECTIVE Late Multiperspectival:
Perspectival- Considers various
Single, fixed perspective deformations and
configurations of 3-
dimensional space in
time
OBJECTHOOD Subject confronts objects Subject co-creates
of awareness objects of awareness
SPACE Disassociation between Breaks down dichotomy
“in here” vs. “out there” of interior and exterior
Concretizes Euclidian Counterposes
Space: preconceived notions of
Orientation, Direction space and structure-
deconstructs Euclidan
space

TIME Extended Time: Concretion of time-


Past, Present, Future Spatial plasticity
unfolding into the
temporal dimension

Table 4.6D- Pluralistic Perception of Space and Time: 3-Dimensional (Advanced).

101
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
IDEOLOGY
COSMOLOGY
Relativistic.

General Relativity
The modern “cosmological principle” stated that the properties of the universe
were the same at all locations. Time was considered absolute and universal, its rate of
change forever invariant. Space was a passive arena- the formal background of the
universe- homogenous, inert, and unaffected by the objects it contained.
The theory of general relativity overthrows absolute notions of space and time,
unifying the two constructs into a dynamic, cosmological terrain which is bent by the
presence of the objects it contains. Relativistic space-time is nothing like a machine- it is
a heterogeneous, plastic medium subject to transformation. (See Figure 4.6F).

Special Relativity
In the Newtonian model, time and space exist independently of the subject. At
any given moment, a simultaneous occurrence of events takes place in an absolute
frame-of-action. The theory of special relativity suggests that the properties of space-
time are functions of a particular frame of reference- when and where an event takes
place, as well as the way that it appears, depend on that observers relative velocity to
the universal constant- the speed of light (c).
At 5 mph, an observer will experience time as a linear sequence of past, present
and future (See Figure 4.6G) and space as expanded and 3-dimensional (See Figure
4.6H); from this frame of reference, all objects appear 3-dimesional and fixed (See
Figure 4.6I). As an observer approaches the speed of light the temporal dimension
expands to include more and more of the eternal present (See Figure 4.6J) and the
spatial dimension collapses (See Figure 4.6K); the three-dimensional object contracts
into a two-dimensional, flat plane, then into a one-dimensional, flat line, and then
ceases to exhibit spatial extension (Shlain 34). (See Figure 4.6L)
Special relativity reveals that there is no absolute coordinate system at rest, no
fixed frame-of-reference in the universe that can be considered absolute- everything of
substance exists relative to everything else. There are an infinite number of ways that
the world can be seen and each is equally valid.

102
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
IDEOLOGY
COSMOLOGY (Cont.)

From To
MECHANISTIC RELATIVISTIC
3-Dimensional: 4-Dimensional
Collapse of “Heavenly Space-time
Spheres”
Heliocentric A-centric
Metaphysical “Death of metaphysics”
No divine order
Homogenous space Heterogeneous Space
Spatial Monism-
Unification of terrestrial
and celestial space
Space an inert, passive Space a plastic
arena, unaffected by medium, bent by the
objects it contains objects it contains
Universe as machine Universe as
cosmological terrain
Linear Time:
Scientific twist
Creation: Big Bang
Evolution: Darwinian Properties of space-
Cosmological principle: time a function of frame
properties of space and of reference
time same absolute and
universal, rate of
change invariant at all
locations
Static Universe Expanding universe
Table 4.6E- Pluralistic Cosmology: Relativistic.

103
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
IDEOLOGY
DIETY
Nihilistic.
Nihilism denies the absolute values and meta-narratives upon which western
culture has based it’s “truths”; it argues that all meaning is constructed and that
existence is without objective purpose or intrinsic value.

From To
ATHEISTIC NIHILISTIC
Atheism Nihilism-
Existence is without meaning,
purpose and value

“Death of God”
“Death of Metaphysics”
No divine/cosmic order
No absolute values or truths
Nothing can be known
Skepticism- No reasonable proof or argument
Lack of empirical for the existence of a higher
evidence of creator. If one does exist,
supernatural being(s humanity has no obligation to
worship them.
Denial of all irrational
knowledge claims
(both pre-rational and
post-rational)
Table 4.6F- Pluralistic Deity: Nihilistic.

104
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
IDEOLOGY
COLLECTIVE IDENTITY
World-Centric (Inclusive).
Pluralistic consciousness recognizes that all perceptions of the world are highly
nuanced; it posits that there are no norms of reason that transcend what is accepted by
a society or an epoch- all knowledge is partial and no one interpretation is superior to
another. Rather than allowing only one (rational) structure to be valid, all structures are
recognized, presented, and accepted as relativistically valid.

From WORLD-CENTRIC To WORLD-CENTRIC


(EXCLUSIVE) (INCLUSIVE)

Territorial Held together by Territorial Held together


Relations- rationality- Relations- by tolerance
Globalized philosophy and Globalized for all cultures
Nations the sciences Nations and
(Exclusive) (Inclusive) perspectives

Table 4.6G- Pluralistic Identity (Collective): World-Centric (Inclusive).

105
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
MORPHOLOGY
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
Globalized Nations (Inclusive).
Pluralistic consciousness transcends a purely rational orientation; all structures of
knowledge are considered equal and all cultures, from primitive to modern, are
accepted. This enables, for the first time in history, the emergence of a truly inclusive
world culture.

From To
GLOBALIZED GLOBALIZED
NATIONS NATIONS
(EXCLUSIVE) (INCLUSIVE)
Population Population
100,000’s-1,000,000’s 1,000,000’s-100,000,000’s
Table 4.6H- Pluralistic Urban Morphology: Globalized Nations (Inclusive).

106
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY

From To To
MECHANISTIC PLURALISTIC/ TOPOLOGICAL
OBJECT DECONSTRUCTED EVENT
OBJECT

International Style Postmodernism Topological


Deconstructivism Architecture
Table 4.6I- Pluralistic Architectural Morphology.

General (Pluralistic/Deconstructed/Contextualized Object)


Pluralistic morphologies deny the simplicity of modernity: pure form, pure
meaning, and pure truth do not exist. There is no direct correspondence between
reason and reality - everything is conditioned and relative. The essentialist justification
for the austere language of modernism dissolves; multiplicities of meanings are favored
over objective, ultimate truths of principles (Conrads 76).

107
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY (Cont.)

Case Study- Postmodernism (The Pluralistic Object)


QUADRANT MUTATION MORPHOLOGY
ONTOLOGY Cognitive Post-rational,
Development contextual,
meaning is not
universal but Combines and grafts
determined by styles and symbols from
culture various eras and cultures
IDEOLOGY Collective All knowledge
Identity is partial, no
system better
than another
Cosmology Incorporates Multiple time periods
the element of evidenced in a single
time in spatial frame of reference
dimension
Deity Culturally Meanings from the
relative- all are various epochs of history
acceptable combined
Table 4.6J- Case Study- Postmodernism (The Pluralistic Object).

108
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY (Cont.)

Case Study- Postmodernism (The Pluralistic Object)


The pluralistic language of the postmodern morphology celebrates the
differences that modernity sought to erase. It combines and grafts historical and
contemporary styles in new and ironic ways, opening alternative readings or meanings.
The functional and formalized shapes of the international style are replaced by
unapologetically diverse aesthetics; styles collide, form is adopted for its own sake, and
new ways of viewing familiar styles and spaces abound. Architecture is steeped in
popular symbolism and designs that exaggerate or stylize cultural icons (Jenks 81). The
modern functionalist maxim “less is more” is replaced by “more is more” and “less is a
bore!”.
Piazza d’Italia. (Charles Moore)
Perhaps the best example of irony in postmodern buildings is Charles Willard Moore’s
Piazza d’Italia. Moore quotes architectural elements from the Italian renaisance and
Roman antiquity. He does so with a twist- the irony is noted when it is observed that the
pillars are covered with steel (Conrads 131). (See Figure 4.6M)
Sony Building. (Phillip Johnson and John Burgee)
“Double Coding”- the use of symbols which convey many meanings simultaneously- is
prevalent in post-modern architecture. The Sony Building in New York is a skyscraper,
which alludes to modern technology, yet the ornamental top alludes to elements of
classical antiquity. (Jenks 100). (See Figure 4.6N)
Portland Service Building. (Michael Graves)
Borrowing heavily from the past, Graves uses columns, pediments, arches, and other
historic details. (See Figure 4.6O)

109
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY (Cont.)

Case Study- Deconstructivism (The Deconstructed Object)


QUADRANT MUTATION MORPHOLOGY
ONTOLOGY Personal Questioning Dismantle/destabilize
Identity distinction form to reveal inner
between subjectivity that was
subject and present all along
object, interior
and exterior Ego structure is started
to be questioned- strict
definition between inside
and outside (walls and
roof) are challenged
through the
manipulation of structure
and building envelope

IDEOLOGY Collective All knowledge No absolute truth-


Identity is partial, no Deconstruct “pure form”
system better
than another
Cosmology Relativistic Deformed space, non-
Euclidian geometry
Deity Nihilism- no Challenges postulates of
order, no order (proportion and
meaning ratio). Calls for
incoherence, confusion,
disjuncture,
fragmentation, and lack
of sense/meaning
Table 4.6K- Case Study- Deconstructivism (The Deconstructed Object).

110
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY (Cont.)

Case Study- Deconstructivism (The Deconstructed Object)


Rather than combining forms to open new interpretations, the deconstructivists
exploit the weakness hidden within the traditional. They dismantle “pure form” to reveal
the inner deformation (subjectivity) that was present all along. New forms are generated
not by proposition but by constantly destabilizing existing forms.
Deconstruction challenges the postulates of rationality (harmony and proportion);
it calls for incoherence, confusion, disjuncture, fragmentation, and lack of sense. It is
committed to modes of representation that emphasize the discontinuities and
incommensurable aspects of a given object (Jenks 109).
Vitra Design Museum. (Frank Gehry).
The Vitra Design Museum takes the typical unadorned white cube of modernist art
galleries and deconstructs it; this subverts the functional aspects of modernist simplicity
while taking modernism, particularly the international style, of which its white stucco skin
is reminiscent, as a starting point (Conrads 93). (See Figure 4.6P)
Santa Monica Residence (Frank Gehry).
Any architectural deconstruction requires the existence of a particular archetypal
construction, a strongly-established conventional meaning to play flexibly against. The
Santa Monica Residence uses the prototypical suburban house as a starting point.
Gehry alteres its massing, spatial envelopes, planes and other expectations in a playful
subversion, an act of "deconstruction" (Conrads 65). (See Figure 4.6Q)
Wexner Center for the Arts (Peter Eisenman).
The Wexner Center deconstructs the archetype of the castle and renders its spaces and
structure with conflict and difference. A three-dimensional grid runs arbitrarily through
the building. The grid, as a reference to modernism, collides with the medieval antiquity
of a castle. Some of the grid's columns intentionally don't reach the ground, hovering
over stairways creating a sense of neurotic unease and contradicting the structural
purpose of the column (Conrads 142). (See Figure 4.6R)

111
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY (Cont.)

Case Study- Topological Architecture (The Topological Event)


QUADRANT MUTATION MORPHOLOGY
ONTOLOGY Personal Questioning Dissolution of dichotomy
Identity distinction between figure and
between ground, interior and
subject and exterior: folded space,
object, interior hypersurfaces
and exterior
Perception of Space-time Concretion of time-
space Continuum Unfolding of closed,
Perception of circumscribed space into
time dynamic, spatiotemporal
continuum

No longer concerned with


metric properties
(distances between
points) of traditional
objects and geometries,
rather concerned with
topological properties
(connectedness,
orientability)- which
describe internal spatial
relationships
IDEOLOGY Collective All knowledge Replacement of
Identity is partial, no systematic divisions by
system better an open world of
than another interconnections
Cosmology Relativistic Deformed space, non-
Euclidian geometry
Table 4.6L- Case Study- Topology (The Topological Event).

112
---Pluralistic Mutation--- (1960-Present)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY (Cont.)

Case Study- Topological Architecture (The Topological Event)


From Object to Event.
Transpersonal consciousness calls for a spatiotemporal scheme that transcends
the logic of self vs. other. Architecture evades its Cartesian definition: it no longer an
“object”- a static, essential form set in conflict with the environment- but an “event”- an
open, living system embedded within its ecology.
Topological Space.
The dynamic, continuous, and heterogeneous nature of topological space
signifies a departure from the metric, quantitative and homogenous space of Euclidian
and Cartesian geometry. The architectural surface is reconfigured as an enveloping
epidermis whose interior and exterior planes intersect, denying the duality of
inside/outside, above/below, and right/left. The dichotomy of building/landscape breaks
down; in a continuous flux from figure to ground, architecture emerges as a fluctuating
figure.
The Mobius House (Perrella and Rebecca). (See Figure 4.6S).
City of Culture of Galicia (Eisenman Architects). (See Figure 4.6T)
BMW Event and Delivery Center (Asymptote). (See Figure 4.6U)
Yokohama Port Terminal (Foreign Office Architects). (See Figure 4.6 V)
Taekwando Park (Weiss/Manfredi). (See Figure 4.6W)

113
INTERLUDE: THE THEOSPHERE
BEYOND HUMAN HOLONS:
EMERGENTS IN ALL FOUR QUADRANTS
We are currently witnessing a major reorganization of our cognitive field; the integral
structure of consciousness is emerging and will manifest in all four quadrants. (See
Figure 4.7A)

QUADRANT GROUND EMERGENTS

NOOSPHERE THEOSPHERE

UR PHYSIOLOGY Neurological Neurological synchronization


activation

UL ONTOLOGY Personal, Trans-Personal


conscious superconscious
differentiation Unity
LL IDEOLOGY Personal, Trans-Personal,
conscious superconscious
participation in participation in the
human culture “group mind”
(differentiation) (unity)
LR MORPHOLOGY (Mental) (Fusion of natural and mental)
Architecture Trans-Architecture
Conscious Superconscious
-“Artifactual”- “Genetic”, Conscious Artifact24
(differentiation) (Unity)
Table 4.7A-- EMERGENTS of the Theosphere.

24
Conscious Artifact: An artificially created entity that has acquired consciousness or
sentience

114
CHAPTER 4.7: RESULTS
CROSS-SECTIONS OF THE FOUR QUADRANTS
IN HUMAN HOLONS
---Integral Mutation---
(Unfolding)

115
---Integral Mutation--- (Unfolding)
OVERVIEW
The Emergence of the Theosphere: Transcending and Including the Biosphere and the
Noosphere.
In the integral stage of development, the biosphere and the noosphere, the body
and the mind, are mediated in a state of higher and deeper union; this results in the
enaction of the theosphere- realm of incarnated “divinity”- in which the distance between
subject and object becomes transparent to itself and spirit directly and consciously
recognizes itself as spirit.

116
---Integral Mutation--- (Unfolding)
PHYSIOLOGY
• Integration/synthesis of right and left hemispheres of neocortex (See Figure
4.7B)

INTEGRAL (SYNTHESIS)
Rational Abstract
Rational Logical Intuitive
Brain- Analytical/Reductionistic Holistic
Conscious Mathematics- Mathematics-
Thought Algebra Calculus
(Study of structure, (Study of change/variation)
relation, and quantity)
Language- Language-
Language Grammar/Vocabulary Intonation/Pragmatic
(Literal) (Contextual)
Linear Non-linear
Spatial Temporal Spatial
Awareness Cartesian/ Post-Cartesian/
Euclidian Non-Euclidian
Table 4.7B- Integral Physiology: Integration of Right and Left Hemispheres of Neocortex.

117
---Integral Mutation--- (Unfolding)
ONTOLOGY
COGNITIVE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
Late Vision-Logic.

From EARLY VISION-LOGIC To LATE VISION-LOGIC


Operates on structures of thought Integrates structures of thought
Contextualizes knowledge claims

Learns systemic thinking- Learns cross-paradigmatic thinking-


Sees connections between isolated Sees connections between systems
“parts”
Reasoning is dialectical and Reasoning is integrative-
dialogical- Synthesizes contextualized knowledge
Unifies opposites into greater schemas
Reconciles fragments

Rejects rationality Transrational


No absolute truth Many relative truths
All knowledge/realities All relative knowledge/realities are enacted
constructed by subject or culture by subject or culture at a particular stage of
development
Many perspectives Integrates all into a hierarchy of enacted
Must be interpreted and perspectives
contextualized
Concern with interiors, depth and Concerned with mutual relationship between
subjectivity exterior surfaces and interior depths
Table 4.7C- Integral Cognitive Style: Late-Vision Logic.

118
---Integral Mutation--- (Unfolding)
ONTOLOGY
INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY
Transpersonal/Integrative.
In the integral stage of development, absolute subjectivity (emphasized in the
pluralistic stage of development) and absolute objectivity (emphasized in the
scientific/rational stage) are united again in one absoluteness, one timeless act of self-
knowledge, a direct intuition which is not mediated through concept or form. The
distance between subject and object, mind and body, becomes transparent to itself as
the subject moves into expressive unity with the world, simultaneously retaining self-
consciousness and autonomous will (personal consciousness) while uniting in a
communion with the larger order (transpersonal consciousness). Identity is no longer
limited to the finite “self”: there is no constriction of consciousness to the head, no
binding of attention to the personal body; rather, consciousness becomes one with all
that is arising- a vast, open, transparent, radiant, infinitely free and full expanse that
embraces the entirety of the manifest world (See Figure 4.7C).

From To
TRANSCENDING EGO TRANSCENDING EGO
Questioning distinction between self Distinction between self and environment
and environment becomes transparent
Questioning distinction between subject Distinction between subject and object,
and object, interior and exterior interior and exterior becomes transparent
Questioning distinction between mind Distinction between mind and body
and body becomes transparent
(Post-Cartesian) (Post-Cartesian)
Table 4.7D- Integral Identity (Individual): Transcending Ego.

119
---Integral Mutation--- (Unfolding)
ONTOLOGY
PERCEPTION OF SPACE AND TIME
4-Dimensional (Advanced).
The integral structure of consciousness25 transcends and includes all historically
proceeding structure; it integrates all spatial and temporal modes and the actualities
which they make perceptible (1-dimensional timelessness, 2-dimensional temporicity,
and 3-dimensional time) into a space-and-time free, unfixed, aperspectival world where
the free consciousness has at its disposal all latent and actual forms of space and time,
without having to deny them or be subject to them. Reality is grasped in its plastic
structure; what was conceived opaque, crystallized, 3-dimensional, and time-bound
becomes transparent, right down to the pre-conscious pre-spatiotemporal origin. The
world of form is perceived the expression of spirit becoming.

From To
4-DIMENSIONAL 4-DIMENSIONAL
(ELEMENTARY) (ADVANCED)
PERSPECTIVE Multiperspectival: Aperspectival:
Considers various Includes all possible
deformations and deformations and
configurations of 3- configurations of 3-
dimensional space in time dimensional space in
time
Free consciousness has
at its disposal all latent
modes of
spatiotemporality
OBJECTHOOD Subject co-creates Subject enacts specific
objects of awareness kinds of objects at
various stages in its
development
SPACE Breaks down dichotomy The distance between
of interior and exterior subject and object
becomes transparent
Counterposes Morphogenetic
preconceived notions of Becoming
space and structure; Emergence
Spatial plasticity
Unfolding into the
temporal dimension

25
Integral: necessary for the completion of the whole. The integral structure of
consciousness integrates all previous structures of consciousness into a composite
whole. (See Figure 4.7D)

120
TIME Concretion of time- Achronicity
Time as spatial dimension Omnipresence

Table 4.7E- Integral Perception of Space and Time: 4-Dimensional (Advanced).

121
---Integral Mutation--- (Unfolding)
IDEOLOGY
COSMOLOGY
Hyperspatial.
All relative perspectives and selves are manifestations of a fundamentally unified,
entangled field of intelligence- a background connective tissue tying together the world’s
diverse phenomenon. This complex unity unfolds in a nested hierarchy of increasingly
inclusive dimensions which are maintained through the process of self-organizing,
dynamic systems (holons) that channel or metabolize energy from the environment as a
method of developing and maintaining spatiotemporal organization. Evolution can either
precede syntropically upwards to more organized, complex and conscious structures,
culminating in the actualization of the Godhead itself or it can tend retrogressively
towards disorder (complex systems dissolving into subholons). (See Figures 4.7E and
4.7F)

From To
RELATIVISTIC HYPERSPATIAL
4-Dimensional Multidimensional-
Space-time Dimensions organized
in orders of complexity
A-centric A-centric
“Death of metaphysics” “Sacred”, holonic,
No divine order integral order
Heterogeneous Space Heterogeneous space
Space a plastic Space a plastic
medium, bent by the medium, enacted by
objects it contains the subjects
(consciousness) it
contains
Universe as Universe as a
cosmological terrain morphogenetic
superorganism

Properties of space- Frame of reference a


time a function of frame function of level of
of reference evolutionary
development

Expanding Universe Universe is becoming


Table 4.7F- Integral Cosmology: Hyperspatial.

122
---Integral Mutation--- (Unfolding)
IDEOLOGY
DIETY
Self-Actualized (God Becoming).
The integral structure requires a drastic revision of traditional monotheistic
concepts of a supernatural deity as the sole creator of the cosmos. The integral cosmos
is a morphogenetic, self-creating, self-organizing and self-renewing system; each
organism, at each juncture in the cosmic cycle, is responsible for a small but possibly
indispensable contribution to the overall process of cosmic becoming. (See Figure
4.7G)

From NIHILISTIC To SELF-ACTUALIZED


Nihilism- Teleological-
Existence is without meaning, Spirit comes to know itself
purpose and value through ever-inclusive
structures of being
“Death of God” God as archetype for highest
self (higher states of
consciousness)
“Death of Metaphysics” Spirit resides in manifest world
No divine/cosmic order Self-organizing cosmic order
No absolute values or truths All truth relative but
increasingly inclusive
Nothing can be known Trans-rational:
Higher forms of knowing
through higher states of
consciousness
Table 4.7G- Integral Deity: Self-Actualized.

123
---Integral Mutation--- (Unfolding)
IDEOLOGY
COLLECTIVE IDENTITY
Being-Centric.
In the integral stage of development, the individual realizes that each structure of
consciousness is an integral part of their compound individuality; identification with a
particular perspective is transcended as attention turns from concern with cultural
inflections to the emergence of the next level cultural complexity: a transpersonal
“supermind”.

From To
WORLD-CENTRIC BEING-CENTRIC
(INCLUSIVE) (EMERGENT)

Territorial Held together by ---Emergent--- Identification with


Relations- tolerance for all The a particular
Globalized cultures and Global Mind culture or
Nations perspectives perspective is
(Inclusive) transcended

Table 4.7H- Integral Identity (Collective): Being-Centric.

124
---Integral Mutation--- (Unfolding)
MORPHOLOGY
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
Supranational Organization of Planetary Intelligence.
All of today’s tribes, cultures and nations trace their lineage back in an unbroken
fashion to the primal tribal holons upon which a human family tree was built. Their
original breakthrough- to rise above nature and begin creating the noopshere- was the
inception of the very process that would bind all of the people of the world together,
gradually and incrementally building an immense superstructure of matter and mind that
would creating the scaffolding for the next great leap upwards in the ongoing
ascendance of consciousness: the supranational organization of planetary intelligence.

From To
GLOBALIZED SUPRANATIONAL
NATIONS ORGANIZATION
(INCLUSIVE) (EMERGENT)
Population Population
1,000,000’s-100,000,000’s 100,000,000’S-1,000,000,000’S +
Table 4.7I- Integral Urban Morphology: Supranational Organization of Planetary Consciousness.

125
---Integral Mutation--- (Unfolding)
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY

From From To
PLURALISTIC/ TOPOLOGICAL MORPHOGENETIC
DECONSTRUCTED EVENT EVENT
OBJECT
Postmodernism
Deconstructivism Topology Genetic Architecture
Table 4.7J- Integral Architectural Morphology.
.

126
---Integral Mutation---
(Unfolding)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY (Cont.)

Case Study- Genetic Architecture (The Morphogenetic Event)


QUADRANT MUTATION MORPHOLOGY
ONTOLOGY Personal Distinction Applying the “BIOS”- the logic
Identity between self of self-organizing, self-
and perpetuating, holonic,
environment evolutionary systems, to the
becomes “NOOS”- the realm of human
transparent intellect and culture, enacts
“theos”, the divinization/
transmutation of the material
realm (Apotheosis26)

Biomimicry- The application of


biological methods and
systems found in nature to the
study and design of
engineering systems and
modern technology

Distinction The relation between inside


between and outside, enclosed and
subject and open is constantly renegotiated
object, interior based on feedback
and exterior
becomes Figure and ground interweave,
transparent reconfiguring dualistic notions
of self/non-self
Perception of Aspatial Multiple modes of space and
space time exist simultaneously
Perception of Atemporal
time
IDEOLOGY Collective Emergence of Humanity and its artifacts
Identity global mind/ coevolve into a single, global
Super- intelligence
organism
(Post-“Human”
Era)

26
Apotheosis: (Greek for “to Deify”), glorification to a divine level.

127
Cosmology Evolutionary Using algorithmic design
processes to generate
autonomous forms that grown
and learn
Deity Non-dual Morphogenesis as the
“God philosophical basis of design
Becoming”
Table 4.JK- Case Study- Genetic Architecture (The Morphogenetic Event)

128
---Integral Mutation--- (Unfolding)
MORPHOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY (Cont.)

Case Study-Genetic Architecture (The Morphogenetic Event)


Beyond Topology.
The forms that result from generative process of topologising are no longer
dynamic when they are constructed architecture. How can the static, inert figure be
imbued with intelligence? Can form be programmed with structures/codes that imbue it
with the potentiality for life?
Modeling the Logic of Self-Organizing Systems.
There are generic patterns of organization and change- a hierarchy of spatial and
temporal dynamics- to which all systems and organisms conform in their mutual process
of becoming. Through science (through rationality-transcend and include), we are
beginning to comprehend the logic of autopoietic process: we have broken the genetic
code, we have started creating “artificial27” intelligence28 and even “artificial” life29. An
integral morphology uses these principles to model artificially constructed holonic
systems which elucidate and participating in the evolutionary drive.
Some Examples.
Although the integral structure of consciousness is still emerging, the following
morphologies evidence early indications of its logic.
BIOS (the principle)
Energy from light (photosynthesis)
The application:
Photovoltaics directly convert solar radiation into electricity that can
be stored or used on demand while producing no pollution.
Caltrans District 7 Headquarters Building. (Morphosis). (See Figure 4.7H)
BIOS (the principle)
Waste=food (wetland metabolism)
The Application:
Living machines use a sequence of increasingly complex ecosystems to
purify wastewater.
El Monte Sagrado Resort. (Living Designs Group) (See Figure 4.7I)
The El Monte Sagrado Resort has blended architecture,
infrastructure and ecology into its prominent biolarium.
BIOS (the principle)
Code=form

27
Artificial: made by humans.
28
Artificial Intelligence: the study and design of human-made, intelligent systems which
perceive their environment and take actions to optimize their chance of success.
29
Artificial Life: a new science based on the hypothesis that the biochemical processes
that energize living matter are actually elaborate forms of computation that are
susceptible to simulation in computers.

129
Successive variations of genetic data create biomass of increasing structural
complexity
The Application
The integration of scripting language into CAD applications has enabled
visualization of objects using algorithmic transformations based on
circumstantial parameters. Forms and structures can be evolved in
morphogenetic processes within computational environments.
ADA Space. (ETH) (See Figure 4.7J)
In ADA space, each visitor entering the space is given a unique ID
number. Lights within interactive floor tiles form a visual tracking system;
sounds are created in response to the movement of the visitors. The
architectural experience is the outcome of the process of running a script
in site-specific and time-specific environment with circumstantial
parametric values.
BIOS (the principle)
Contextually responsive structural elements
Application:
Pressurized soft volumes are defined by a mesh of tensile, industrial
“muscles” which change length, height and width in response to changing
wind loads in real-time.
Industrial Muscles. (The Festo Company). (See Figure 4.7K)
BIOS (the principle)
Adaptive forms, climatic responses
Organisms are bundles of relationships that maintain themselves by adjusting
their own behavior in anticipation or response to the changing patterns of activity
around them.
Application:
Complex, interacting structures slide gently in relation to one another; they
are activated by a script which produces different values for the speed and
extent of the movements in real time (informed by climatic change).
Graphisoft Slider. (ONL) (See Figure 4.7L)
The Grafisoft Slider can produce an endless variety of configurations for a
variety of purposes. Programmatic elements include a photovoltaic cover,
a cage, sunscreens, a living box, a media box, a kitchen cloud, and a
sanitary cloud.
Tower of Winds. (Toyo Ito). (See Figure 4.7M)
The Tower of Winds is covered in acrylic mirrors with over a thousand light
bulbs inserted among twelve neon rings with aluminum panels and 30
reflectors at the base. The lights are programmed by a computer to
reproduce various designs that arrive from information gathered from the
surrounding environment. The surfaces of the panels appear solid or
translucent depending on the orientation of the reflectors which vary in
response to the direction of the wind.
BIOS (the principle)
Fractal growth.

130
Fractals are geometric patterns that are repeated at ever smaller scales to
produce irregular shapes and surfaces that cannot be represented by classical
geometry. Fractals are used especially in computer modeling of irregular patterns
and structures in nature.
Application:
In recent years, the underlying logic and mathematics of nature’s forms
are being understood. These can serve as a generative for architectural
design.
L-Systems. (Aristid Lindenmayer) (See Figure 4.7N)
In the 1960’s, theoretical biologist and botanist Aristid Lindenmayer
proposed a string-rewriting algorithm which formalizes the mathematical
structure of the processes of self-organizing systems. The algorithm
models the evolutionary growth of plants and a variety of organisms; by
increasing the recursion level, the form slowly “grows” and becomes more
complex.
BIOS (the principle)
Biological forms adapt to changing climatic conditions through transformations of
Cartesian coordinate systems.
For example, the form of the puffer fish can evolve into that of an ocean sunfish
by a transformation of the rectangular coordinate system in (A) (red dots) into a
curvilinear system in (B) that "stretches" the posterior portion of the fish.
Application:
Architectural forms adapt to changing climatic conditions through
transformations of Cartesian coordinate systems.
The “Hyposurface”. (Mark Goulthorpe). (See Figure 4.7O)
HypoSurface uses powerful 'information bus' technology to control
thousands of moving actuators which form and deform a pliable surface.
Any input, such as sound or movement, can be linked to any output. The
surface behaves like a precisely controlled liquid: waves, patterns, logos,
and text emerge and fade continually within its dynamic surface, evoking
the transformative logic of biological systems.

131
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION
LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
Due to the time constraints of this project, generalizations and oversimplifications
have been made. Future work will address the following shortcomings:

Western Consciousness/Western Morphologies


This study concentrates on the correlative development of human consciousness
and architectural morphology in the western world. Although the deep features of
consciousness structures are universal (each is characterized by a particular way of
conceiving space, time, self and origin and each unfolds in the same developmental
sequence regardless of scale and context), surface features (such as the rate of
progression through the structures of consciousness and the particulars of how they
manifest) depend on cultural factors. Future work will extend the four quadrants
methodology to the Eastern world, identifying commonalities and noting differences
between the two civilizations.

Expansive Time Periods


Only seven time periods were defined for this study: archaic (up to 2 million years
ago), magical (2 million-10,000 B.C.), magical/mythic (10,000 B.C.-1000 B.C.),
mythic/rational (1000 B.C.-1400 A.D.), scientific-rational (1400 A.D.-1950 A.D.),
pluralistic (1950 A.D.-present) and integral (unfolding); while this is sufficient to establish
the basic theoretical framework, it results in the oversimplification of historical eras and
architectural styles. As an example, the differences in Greek and medieval schemes are
profound, but for the convenience of this study, they have been lumped into the
“mythic/rational” structure. Future work will divide chapters into subchapters and
explore both the internal and external logic of each epoch in greater detail.

“Co-Evolutionary” Streams of Development


The time periods that were selected for this study were based on evidence of
major shifts in the cognitive capacities of Western consciousness. There is, however,
often a time lag between a new discovery, the restructuration of collective thinking, and
the translation of this thinking into cultural artifacts. While the scientific discoveries that
ushered in the scientific-rational structure of consciousness emerged in the 16th and 17th
centuries (with the astronomical observations of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo), it
wasn’t until the early 20th century that the implications found their proper expression in
the “international style” of architecture. Further, the architectural morphologies that were
being produced through the Renaissance (14th-17th centuries) are more adequately
characterized by the mythic/rational structure of consciousness. Future work will
address such discrepancies by drawing attention to the different rates of development
within each domain of the mutation.

Definitive Structures

132
This study outlined the primary characteristics of each major structure of
consciousness in isolation and identified the correlative architectural style which best
exemplifies it. More often than not, however, structures of consciousness blend into
and overlap one another. As such, morphologies are often hybrids which reflect several
ideologies simultaneously. For example, although international style epitomizes the
scientific-rational structure of consciousness, not all architecture produced in the
modern period denies context. Alvar Alto, an architect of the early 20th century, rejected
the machine aesthetic and evidenced consideration of both terrain and climate in his
designs (a characteristic of pluralistic consciousness). Future work will focus on
contextualizing the nuances found within each major epoch.

Urban Morphology
While this study addresses the urban scale by evidencing increasingly inclusive
and complex social structures through the course of human evolution, it does not look
specifically into the relationship between prevailing consciousness structures and urban
design. Future work will address the following questions: Is there a relationship between
the maturation of the ego-structure in the height of scientific-rational consciousness and
the atomization of individual building elements in modern urbanism? Does postmodern
urbanism, in its efforts to consider building elements as part of a larger system,
evidence a logic which echoes transpersonal consciousness? If an integral
consciousness structure does infact emerge, how will this translate into urban form?
How might we vision the “supranational organization of planetary consciousness”?

133
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION
THE BODY OF THE GODDESS
“Spiritual perfection and material synthesis are two aspects or connected parts of one
and the same phenomenon."- Tielhard De Chardin (Chardin 56).

Morphologies are the collective, external manifestation of a particular


developmental mode of being; they reflect the sequential stages of the evolving whole
through its process of becoming. The world is “the body of the Goddess”; there is no
distance between humanity and divinity, creation is drenched in spirituality and
meaning. As evolution proceeds and spirit awakens to itself, more and more complex
physical forms with more and more integrated and inclusive ways of knowing evolve,
until eventually, all relative forms have been transcended and included and a perfectly
unified, incarnate mode of being emerges.

134
CHAPTER 7: FUTURE WORK
WHAT IS THE BASIS OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL
ORGANIZATION?
Evolution
: Self-transcendence through self-organization (See Figure 7A)

There is a single pattern- a cosmic “code”- that governs the development and
complexification of all domains of existence. Future research will be directed towards
understanding and modeling the dynamics of this principle. Topics of exploration will
include evolutionary morphology, developmental biology, genetics, autopoietic/systems
theory, geometry (particularly phi) and its role in self-organization and growth, fractals,
and the use of digital programs to model morphogenetic algorithms/architectures.
Of particular interest is the relationship between the I Ching (an ancient text on
“becoming” based on the arrangement of 64 hexagrams), DNA (a genetic code for
“becoming” based on the arrangement of 64 codons) and feng shui (an eastern
methodology of space planning based on the arrangement of the 64 hexagrams of the I
Ching). (See Appendix A).

135
APPENDIX A: FUTURE WORK
SCRIPTURA UNIVERSALIS
A MORPHOGENETIC SCRIPT
Both the genetic code and the I Ching claim to contain the fundamental spatial
and temporal principles of ordering, variation and change which govern the developing
organization and formative processes of all levels of structure.

DNA: THE GENETIC “CODE OF LIFE”


An Overview
In 1953, Watson and Crick discovered the twisted, double-strand helix of DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid), which is present in every cell nucleus of every living organism,
to be the carrier of the genetic instructions used to direct the life process and program
the form, structure, development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of every form of
life, including the vegetable, animal and human kingdoms in their myriad of variation.

Fundemantal Structure
Two strands, one positive and one negative, are joined together at regular
intervals. Each rung of the helix consists of a base or “letter” (of which there are four):
Thymine (T), Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G). Three rungs of bases
(“letters”) create a codon, or genetic “word” (A-A-A, A-C-G, G-C-A etc.); there are 64
possible combinations of these letters (64 possible “words”), each of which has a
recognized meaning. One very precisely defined sequence of hundreds of such codons
(“words”) contain the instructions needed for the synthesis of an amino acid, the building
block of every living creature. The sum total of all of these code words is the “blueprint”
for producing a whole specific plant, animal, or human body with all of its
characteristics. (See Figures A.1 and A.2)

THE I CHING CODE, A “TEXT ON BECOMING”


An Overview
The I Ching is a compendium of natural philosophy from ancient China, compiled
by Fu-Hsi and edited by Confucius. It is based on the principle that there is a single,
unified whole that encompasses everything that exists. Within this unified whole, there
is movement, and this movement is created by the workings of the two fundamental,
polar forces, yin and yang. The I Ching models the mathematical language of this
continual movement; it shows how growth occurs once a basic duality is created from
the division of unity.

Fundamental Structure
The two polar forces of yin and yang, one negative and one positive (See Figure
A.3), are joined together in four possible digrams or “letters”: old yin, new yin, old yang,
young yang (See Figure A.4). Each of these correspond to a specific base or “letter” of
the genetic code (See Figure A.5) When the digrams are taken three at a time, they
form the 64 hexagrams of the I Ching (See Figure A.6). The meanings of the

136
hexagrams correspond to the 64 codons or “words” of the genetic code (See Figure
A.7) which specify the synthesis of a particular amino acid (See Figure A.8).

Comparisons between the Genetic Code and the I Ching

THE GENETIC CODE THE I CHING CODE

1. Universal Claim: genetic code 1. Universal Claim: I Ching said to


said to lie at the origin of the be lie at the origin of the whole
whole visible world, operative in visible world, operative in its
its finest details and its patterns. finest details and its patterns. All
All processes and the processes of living development
development of all living throughout nature are subject to
creatures throughout nature are one strictly detailed program
subject to one strictly detailed (procession of events)
program (vital process,
structure, form, heredity)
2. The basis of the genetic code is 2. The I Ching rests upon the basis
the plus and minus double helix of the manifestation of the world
of DNA. principle in the primal poles of
polarity: yin (--) and yang (-).
3. The double helix consists of four 3. Four “letters” suffice for life in all
“letters” its fullness
a. Thymine a. Old yang
b. Adenine b. Young yang
c. Cystosine c. Old yin
d. Guanine d. Young yin
4. Three of these “letters” at a time 4. Three of these “letters” at a time
create a “genetic word” (codon) form a hexagram, one primary
which specify the synthesis of a image of all the possible
particular amino acid dynamic effects
5. There are 64 possible “genetic 5. The I Ching consists of 64
words” (codons) hexagrams which correlate to
highly specific, dynamic states
(i.e.: repression, breakthrough,
etc.)
6. The direction in which the 6. The direction in which the
“genetic words” are read is hexagram is read is strictly
strictly determined determined.
7. Two codons have names 7. Two hexagrams have names
“beginning” and “end”. They “before completion” and “after
mark the beginning and end of a completion”, (frequently opening
code sentence of some length. and closing a sequence of
events)
8. Embodies probabilistic principles 8. Embodies probabilistic principles
in the determination of specific in the determination of specific

137
results (amino acid formation) results (predicting events)

Table A.1- Comparisons between the Genetic Code and the I Ching.
Extracted from the work of Yan and Shonberger.

The two codes share a common philosophical attitude (both claim to depict the
deep, underlying reality behind and within which all phenomenon, structure and
experience unfold) and also share exact analogies (for example, the programming of all
of life’s processes by means of 64 code words, each consisting of consisting of four
“letters”, of which three are used at a time). Are both codes manifestations of a
common principle, a single law running through the whole of nature in its diverse
processes? Is human consciousness capable of comprehending this law of nature and
reconstructing it? Does this code form the basis for an “evolutionary”, genetic
morphology? Can the ancient art/science of Feng Shui (an eastern method of spatial
and temporal planning which is based on the arrangement of the 64 hexagrams of the I
Ching) inform this process (See Figure A.9)?

138
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Schwaller de Lubicz (1990). The temple in man. Rochester: First Inner Traditions.

Schwaller de Lubicz (1990). Verbe nature. Rochester: First Inner Traditions.

Sheldrake, R. (1981). A new science of life. Los Angeles: Tarcher.

Shlain. Leonard. (1991). Art and physics: parallel visions in space, time and light. New

York: Harper Collins Publishing.

Tarthang, Tulku. (1977). Time, space and knowledge: A new vision of reality. Berkeley:

140
Dharma Publishing.

Valera, F. (1979). The principles of biological autonomy. New York: North Holland.

Vialou, Denis (1998). Prehistoric art and civilization. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc.

Wilber, Ken. (2000). A brief history of everything. Boston: Shambhala Publications.

Wilber, Ken. (2000). A theory of everything: an integral vision for politics, science, and

spirituality. Boston: Shambhala Publications.

Wilber, Ken. (2006). Integral spirituality: A startling new role for religion in the modern

and postmodern world. Boston: Shambhala Publications/.

Wilber, Ken. (2000). Sex, ecology and spirituality: the spirit of evolution. Boston &

London: Shambhala Publications.

Wilber, Ken. (1981). Up from eden: a transpersonal view of human evolution. Anchor

Press: Garden City, NY.

Yan, Johnson F. (1991). DNA and the I Ching; the Tao of life. Berkeley: North Atlanta

Books.

141
FIGURES

Figure 1A- The Spectrum of Consciousness.


Extracted from SES, pg. 134.

142
Figure 2A- Ken Wilber’s Four Quadrant’s Model.

143
Figure 2B- The Correlative Development of Interior and Exterior Domains.
Adapted from A Brief History of Everything, pg. 57.

144
Figure 2C- The Correlative Development of Individual and Collective Domains.
Adapted from A Brief History of Everything, pg. 57.

145
Figure 2D- “Wolf”: Different Perspectives of a Sentient Being.

146
Adapted from A Brief History of Everything, pg. 57.

Figure 2E- The Sentient Being as a Holon.

147
Figure 2F- Agency and Communion.

148
Figure 2G- The EMERGENCE of the Physiosphere, Biosphere, Noosphere,
and Theosphere.

149
Figure 2H- The Correlative Evolution of the Four Domains (General).

150
Figure 2I- The Correlative Evolution of the Four Domains (Specific).

151
Figure 3A- Focus of Study.

152
Figure 3B- An Adaptation of the Four Quadrant’s Model.

153
Figure 3C- Each Quadrant will be evaluated through Pre-Modern, Modern, Post-
Modern, and Integral MUTATIONS of Personal Consciousness.

154
Figure 3D- EMERGENTS of the Noosphere.

155
Figure 3E- Isomorphic Streams of Development in the Noosphere.

156
Figure 3F- The Correlative Evolution of the Four Quadrants in the Noosphere.

157
Figure 3G- Scales of Development: Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny.

158
Figure 3H- The Correlative Evolution of Personal Consciousness and Architectural
Morphology: An Overview.

159
Figure 4.1A-Homo Erectus.
Wikipedia, “Homo Erectus”, extracted October 28th, 2008.

Figure 4.1B- The Limbic System.

160
Figure 4.1C- Egocentric, Survival-Based Existence.
Prehistoric Art and Civilization, pg. 19

Figure 4.1D- Survival Clans.


Prehistoric Art and Civilization, pg. 22

161
Figure 4.1E- Morphologies of the Physiophere and Biosphere.
Wikipedia, “Biology”, extracted December 4th, 2008.

Figure 4.2A- Neanderthal.


Wikipedia, “Neanderthal”, extracted December 4th, 2008.

162
Figure 4.2B The Limbic System.

Figure 4.2C- Ochre-Stained Rocks at Quafzeh Cave.


Dates back to 100,000 B.C. These rocks were used for burial ceremonies; they indicate
that symbolic thinking has emerged.
Prehistoric Art and Civilization, pg. 31

163
Figure 4.2D- Early Representation of a Human Face.
Dates back to 90,000 B.C. Indicates that elementary forms of self-consciousness have
emerged.
Prehistoric Art and Civilization, pg. 8

Figure 4.2E- Nature Spirits.


Prehistoric Art and Civilization, pg. 98

164
Figure 4.2F- Nomadic Tribal Structures.
Old World Archeology: Foundations for Civilization, pg. 13.

Figure 4.2G- Interior Rotunda of Hall of Bulls. Lascaux, France.


Prehistoric Art and Civilization, pg. 100

165
4.3A- Neocortical Activation.

4.3B- The Agricultural Revolution.


Left: The Ruins of Kish. Modern Tell al-Uhaymir. 6000 B.C.
Right: The Ruins of Nebuchadnezzar. Babylon. 6000 B.C
Old World Archeology: Foundations for Civilization, pg. 39.

166
4.3C- The Emergence of Symbolic Language.
3000 B.C. Sumerians created first written language. This ruptures the original unity of
humanity and nature- man becomes a master of things by naming them. It also extends
the present moment into a sequence of moments (propelling time into the future).
Old World Archeology: Foundations for Civilization, pg. 49.

4.3D- The Emergence of Intuitive/Inductive Reasoning.


2500 B.C. Tablets depict Sumerian Mathematics. Evidences inductive reasoning
capacities (repeated observation used to establish rules of thumb). Elementary
mathematics used for metrology (measuring, particularly cycles of time).
Old World Archeology: Foundations for Civilization, pg. 52.

167
4.3E- Athropocentric Imagery in Cave Painting.
12,000 B.C. -100 A.D. Tadrart Acacus, Libya
As consciousness grounds itself in the ego structure, cave art becomes increasingly
focused on the human figure.
Old World Archeology: Foundations for Civilization, pg. 93.

4.3F- Spatial Depth in Cave Painting.


12,000 B.C.-100 AD. Tadrart Acacus, Libya.
Old World Archeology: Foundations for Civilization, pg. 97.

168
4.3G- Polar Awareness of Earth and Sky (Spatial).
Wikipedia, “Constellations”, extracted December 7th, 2008.

4.3H- Awareness of Natural Cycles (Temporal).


Early calendars evidence awareness of day and night, seasons, and the movement of
the constellations.
Wikipedia, “Sumerian Calendar”, extracted December 7th, 2008.

4.3I- Mother Goddess of the Earth.


Venus Figures from the Neolithic Period.
Wikipedia, “Mother Goddess”, extracted December 7th, 2008.

169
4.3J- Early Permanent Settlements.
Old World Archeology: Foundations for Civilization, pg. 111

4.3K- Stonehedge. Wiltshire, England.


Stonehedge served as a monumental calendar and was used to chart the sun and
moon’s horizon cycle, the measurement of the solstices and celestial phenomenon
(such as solar and lunar eclipses). On the 21st of June the rising sun in the North East
shines its light in between the Heel Stone onto the Alter Stone.
Wikipedia, “Stonehedge”, extracted October 28th, 2008.

4.4A- Neocortical Activation (Cont’d.)

170
4.4B- The Emergence of Deductive Reasoning.
Greek mathematics was much more sophisticated than the mathematics that had been
developed by earlier cultures. All surviving records of pre-Greek mathematics show the
use of inductive reasoning, that is, repeated observations used to establish rules of
thumb. Greek mathematicians, by contrast, used deductive reasoning. The Greeks used
logic to derive conclusions from definitions and axioms. Upper right: Pythagoreans
Theorem. Upper Left: One of Euclid’s postulates. Bottom: Original sketch extracted from
Euclid’s Elements.
Wikipedia, “History of Mathematics”, extracted December 5th, 2008.

4.4C- Anthropocentric Imagery in Greek and Medieval Sculpture and Architecture.


Left: Greek Sculpture.
Wikipedia, “Greek Sculpture”, extracted December 5th, 2008.
Middle: Caryatid Porch at the Erechtheion on the Acropolis.
Wikipedia, “Caryatid”, extracted December 5th, 2008.
Right: Stained glass window at Chartres Cathedral.
Wikipedia, “Chartres”, extracted December 5th, 2008.

171
4.4D- Spatial Depth in Greek and Medieval Sculpture and Architecture.
Left: Spatial Depth. Panatheinic Frieze at the Parthenon in Athens, Greece. 400 B.C.
Wikipedia, “Parthenon”, extracted December 5th, 2008.
Right: Early Perspective. Giotto’s “Presentation of the Virgin”. 1305 A.D.
Wikipedia, “Giotto”, extracted December 5th, 2008.

4.4E- The Emergence of Linear Time.


Art and Physics: Parallel Visions in Space, Time and Light, pg. 163.

172
Figure 4.4 F- The Greek Cosmological Scheme.
Wikipedia, “Greek Cosmology”, extracted September 3rd, 2008.

173
Figure 4.4G- The Music of the Spheres.
Wikipedia, “Music of the Spheres”, extracted May 9th, 2008.

174
Figure 4.4H- The Medieval Cosmological Scheme.
Wikipedia, “Dante’s Inferno”, extracted May 6th, 2008.

175
4.4I- Father God of Heaven.
Left: The twelve Greek gods of Mount Olympus, ruled by Zeus, the god of Sky and
Thunder.
Wikipedia, “Olympian Gods”, extracted December 2nd, 2008.
Right: A depiction of the Christian Deity (medieval period).
Wikipedia, “History or Religion”, extracted December 2nd, 2008.

Figure 4.4J- The Parthenon.


Wikipedia, “Parthenon”, extracted August 9th, 2008.

Figure 4.4K- Floor Plan of the Parthenon.


Wikipedia, “Parthenon”, extracted August 9th, 2008.

176
Figure 4.4L- Sculptural Ornamentation in the Parthenon: The Birth of Athena.
Wikipedia, “Parthenon”, extracted August 9th, 2008.

Figure 4.4M- Chartres: A Gothic Cathedral.


Wikipedia, “Chartres”, extracted August 9th, 2008.

Figure 4.4N- The Floor Plan of Chartres.


Wikipedia, “Chartres”, extracted August 9th, 2008.

Figure 4.4O- Religious Symbolism in Chartres.


Wikipedia, “Chartres”, extracted August 9th, 2008.

177
4.5A- Dominated by Left Hemispohere of Neocortex.

4.5B- The Scientific Method.


Wikipedia, “The Scientific Method”, extracted December 1st, 2008.

4.5C- The Fully Developed Ego Structure.


www.bodiestheexhibition.com, extracted November 24th, 2008.

178
Figure 4.5D- Cartesian Depiction of Perception.
Wikipedia, “Cartesian Epistemology”, extracted April 14th, 2008.

Figure 4.5E- The Heliocentric Model of Copernicus.


Wikipedia, “Copernicus”, extracted June 12th, 2008.

179
Figure 4.5F- Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion.
Wikipedia, “Kepler”, extracted June 12th, 2008.

Figure 4.5G- Moon drawn by Galileo.


Wikipedia, “Galileo”, extracted June 13th, 2008.

Figure 4.5 H- The Mechanical Universe.


Art and Physics: Parallel Visions in Space, Time and Light, pg. 39.

180
Figure 4.5I- La Villa Savoye. (Le Corbusier)
Wikipedia, “Villa Savoye”, extracted August 9th, 2008.

Figure 4.5J- The Farnsworth House. (Mies van der Rohe)


Wikipedia, “Farnsworth House”, extracted August 9th, 2008.

181
4.6A- Dominated by Right Hemisphere of Neocortex.

4.6B- Contextualized Knowledge Claims.


Euclid’s postulate of parallel lines only applies to flat surfaces.
Wikipedia, “Manifolds”, extracted December 2nd, 2008.

4.6C- The Subject Co-Creates Objects of Awareness.


Quantum mechanics has successfully challenged the belief that the observer is
independent of the reality and has no influence on what is being observed. The
Copenhagen Interpretation proposes that the world of real objects are enacted by
consciousness, that sub-atomic particles are spread out as a probability wave through
the whole of space until they are measured (observed), upon which they take on the
properties of a particle.
Wikipedia, “Copenhagen Interpretation”, extracted on December 14th, 2008.

182
4.6D- The Deconstruction of Euclidian Space.

4.6E- Plasticized Time.

Figure 4.6F- The Relativistic Cosmos.


Wikipedia, “General Relativity”, extracted August 12th, 2008.

Figure 4.6G- A Representation of Time at 5 mph.


Art and Physics: Parallel Visions in Space, Time and Light, pg. 156

183
Figure 4.6H- A Representation of Space at 5 mph.
Art and Physics: Parallel Visions in Space, Time and Light, pg. 156.

Figure 4.6I- An Object Observed at 5mph.


Art and Physics: Parallel Visions in Space, Time and Light, pg. 156.

184
Figure 4.6J- A Representation of Time as an Observer Approaches the Speed of Light.
Art and Physics: Parallel Visions in Space, Time and Light, pg.165.

Figure 4.6K- A Representation of Space as Observer Approaches the Speed of Light.


Art and Physics: Parallel Visions in Space, Time and Light, pg. 163.

185
Figure 4.6L- An Object Observed while Approaching the Speed of Light.
Art and Physics: Parallel Visions in Space, Time and Light, pg. 164.

186
Figure 4.6M- Piazza d’Italia. (Charles Moore)
Wikipedia, “Piazza d’Italia”, extracted April 9th, 2008.

Figure 4.6N- Sony Building. (Phillip Johnson and John Burgee)


Wikipedia, “Postmodernism”, extracted October 16th, 2008.

187
Figure 4.6O- Portland Service Building. (Michael Graves)
Wikipedia, “Portland Service Building”, extracted February 30th, 2008.

Figure 4.6P- Vitra Design Museum. (Frank Gehry)


Wikipedia, “Frank Gehry”, extracted November 6th, 2008.

188
Figure 4.6Q- Santa Monica Residence. (Frank Gehry)
Wikipedia, “Frank Gehry”, extracted November 6th, 2008.

Figure 4.6R- Wexner Center for the Arts. (Peter Eisenman)


Wikipedia, “Peter Eisenman”, extracted January 5th, 2008.

189
Figure 4.6S- The Mobius House Study. Stephen Perrella and Rebecca Carpenter.
Wikipedia, “Unstudio”, extracted July 2nd, 2008.

4.6T- City of Culture of Galicia. (Eisenman Architects)


www.arcspace.com, extracted on December 4th, 2008.

4.6U- BMW Event and Delivery Center. (Asymptote)


www.arcspace.com, extracted on December 4th, 2008.

190
4.6V- Yokohama International Port Terminal. (Foreign Office Architects)
www.arcspace.com, extracted on December 13th, 2008.

4.6W- Taekwando Park. (Weiss/Manfredi)


www.arcspace.com, extracted on December 4th, 2008.

191
Figure 4.7A- EMERGENTS in the Theosphere.

192
4.7B- The Integration of the Right and Left Hemispheres of the Neocortex.
Extracted from http://lecerveau.mcgill.ca/flash/capsules/articles/triunebrain.pdf on
October 14th, 2008.

4.7C- Consciousness No Longer Restricted to the Body.


www.alexgrey.com, extracted December 10th, 2008.

193
4.7D- Structures of Thought Integrated into a Complex Whole.
www.alexgrey.com, extracted December 10th, 2008.

4.7E- Dimensions Organized in Orders of Increasing Complexity.


Cymatics (Dr. Hans Jenny). Inert pastes are infused with pure tones; each higher tone
within the octave produces a form exhibiting increased coherence and complexity.
Cymatics: A Study of Wave Phenomenon and Vibration, pg. 106

194
4.7F- Space a Plastic Medium Enacted by the Subjects it Contains.
Water Crystal Studies (Dr. Masura Emoto). Suggest that human thoughts may affect the
molecular structure of water. Left: Projected thought “Love and thanks”. Right: Projected
thought “I hate you, you make me sick”.
Messages from Water, pg. 32

4.7G- “God”-(Consciousness) Becoming.

195
4.7H- Caltrans District 7 Headquarters Building. (Morphosis)
www.arcspace.com, extracted on December 4th, 2008.
Right: The BIOS; energy from light.

4.7I- El Monte Sangrado Resort. (Living Designs Group)


www.arcspace.com, extracted on December 12th, 2008.
Right: The BIOS; food from waste.

196
4.7J- ADA Space. (ETH).
www.arcspace.com, extracted on December 6th, 2008.
Right: The BIOS; code-based form.

4.7K- Industrial Muscles. (Festo Company)


www.arcspace.com, extracted on December 9th, 2008.
Right: The BIOS; contextually responsive structural elements.

197
4.7L- Grafisoft Slider. (ONL)
www.arcspace.com, extracted on December 6th, 2008.
Right: The BIOS; climatically responsive, adaptive forms.

4.7M- Tower of Winds. (Toyo Ito)


www.arcspace.com, extracted on December 6th, 2008.
Right: The BIOS; climatically responsive, adaptive forms.

198
4.7N- L-Systems. (Aristid Lindenmayer)
Wikipedia, “L-Systems”, extracted on December 8th, 2008.
Above: The BIOS; fractal growth.

4.7O- The Hyposurface. (Mark Goulthourpe)


www.arcspace.com, extracted on December 6th, 2008.
Right: The BIOS; adaptation through transformation of Cartesian coordinate system.

199
FIGURE 7A- Evolution: Self-Transcendence through Self-Organization.

200
Figure A.1 The Fundamental Structure of the Genetic Code.
Wikipedia, “Genetic Code”, extracted on October 21st, 2008.

201
Figure A.2 Genetic Codons or ‘Words” and their Corresponding Amino Acids.
DNA and the I CHING: the Tao of Life, pg. 153.

202
Figure A.3 The Two Polarities of Ying and Yang.

Figure A.4 The Four “Letters” of the I Ching.

203
Amino Acid (A) Adenine (C) Cytosine (G) Guanine (U) Uracil

Digram

Old Yang Young Yang Young Yin Old Yin

Figure A.5 The Four “Letters” of the I Ching correspond to the Four “Letters” of the
Genetic Code.
Adapted from DNA and the I CHING: the Tao of Life.

Figure A.6- The 64 Hexagrams of the I Ching.


Wikipedia, “I CHING”, extracted July 18th, 2008.

204
Figure A.7-The Correlative Nature of the 64 Hexagrams of the I Ching and the 64
Codons of the Genetic Code.
DNA and the I CHING: the Tao of Life, pg. 108.

205
Figure A.8-The Correlative Nature of the 64 Hexagrams of the I Ching and the 20 Amino
Acids.
DNA and the I CHING: the Tao of Life, pg. 121.

206
Figure A.9- The 64 Hexagrams Arranged Spatially on Bagua Compass.
Wikipedia, “Lo Pan”, extracted August 9th, 2008.
The Lo Pan compass is used in Feng Shui.

207

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